Guyana

The telecom regulator in Guyana, with the backing of the Government, introduced competition in the mobile market sector in the year 2006. However, the fixed-line market and the international telecom sector in Guyana has been dominated by a 40-year (monopoly) license that holds exclusivity over landline voice, data connectivity (internet) and international voice and data access.
The telephone company, GT&T has, over its life, made contributions to the national economy while creating the opportunity for its own expansion and growth as well as the international expansion of its parent company.
This quantitative correlational study analyzed the results of a web based and face-to-face survey to quantify the value of the telecoms monopoly (i.e. fixed-line market and international telecom sector) to Guyana, a developing country.
This research found that there is no significant relationship between telecom monopoly in the country and Guyana’s economy. The study has shown that the impact of liberalization will neither negatively impact the economic well-being of the national economy of Guyana nor that of the incumbent, GT&T.
This study also supported the hypothesis that there is significant impact of telecoms market liberalization on the satisfaction of the telecoms subscribers in Guyana. The study further concluded that there is significant difference in the satisfaction experienced from telecom services between the male population and the female population of Guyana.
This study also concludes that customers’ acceptance of and satisfaction with liberalization is directly correlated to their satisfaction with the company’s products, its customer care and quality of service – which are usually the factors that influence customers’ willingness to pay higher prices with the converse being true for lower prices.

The study tour to Jamaica has been somewhat of an eye opener for me. Being a final year International Relations student, I have always held the view that having international exposure to various cultures, practices and networking is important for anyone who wishes to make a major impact on the international arena. My study tour to Jamaica gave me the opportunity to interact firsthand with the Jamaicans and appreciate their culture, food, and hospitality. During the tour, I was able to visit the Jamaica's Parliament and observe a sitting between the Public Accounts Committee and the Special Select Committee. I had also attended various lectures at the University of the West Indies, Mona Campus with my fellow third and final year International Relations colleagues of that University. What I find interesting in Jamaica, is the fact that the Island have a rich history dating back from pre-colonialism right up to post independence. While I was there I also took the time to speak with some of the locals and was inquiring about the major issues affecting the Island. I was informed by multiple persons on various occasions that Jamaica experiences a class issue dating back from colonial era right up present. A lot of poor families were able to escape a life of poverty through sacrifices and education according to one of our Chauffer. There is a wide gap between the rich and the poor and what is amazing is that e.g. In Beverly Hills, which is way up the mountains, they are lots of wealthy people living in mansions and driving luxury vehicles there but down in the valleys they

Small loggers’ associations in Guyana have grown from one to 73 between 2000 and 2014 with over 2 000 members and 4 000 chainsaw millers. They hold 128 2-year renewable harvest licences to 488 Kha, generally in rainforest already degraded by uncontrolled logging. The slippages between government policies and actual practices in respect of the associations are traced through the evolution of chainsaw milling from the mid-1980s. Using the institutional analysis of property theorists, SLAs are shown to be associations in name only. The State regulatory agency controls access to concession licences and the structure and functioning of the associations. The political patronage system, administrative discretion and the short-term licences awarded on the one hand and the individual milling operations of members on the other hand lead to dysfunctional associations. Only 1/3 of the associations have formally registered legal personality and so the majority are ineligible for bank credit or direct donor support.

The recent discovery of oil in Guyana has prompted a series of actions by Venezuela, Guyana’s western neighbor on the South American coast. ExxonMobil Corporation, an American oil company issued a press release on May 20, 2015 stating that it had found “Significant Oil Discovery Offshore”  in Guyana. This development prompted Venezuela to amass thousands of troops close to Guyana’s border. This paper posits that although the Venezuelan actions constitute a challenge to Guyana’s sovereignty, it has not been effective in disturbing the Arbitral Award of 1899.

Brazil's ties with its South American neighbours have been marked by a hybrid of cordiality and cooperation on the one hand, and responsibility and pragmatism on the other. Thus, the relationship between Brazil and Guyana seeks to generate prosperity and cohesion in South America, while aimed at promoting regional development in the Amazon. The aim of this paper is to understand the "non-indifference" as a principle of Brazilian South American policy and a road map of international relations of Brazil in itsneighbourhoodand surroundings. The non-indifference, as a belief-idea, would support Brazilian-Guyanese historical relations, explaining why Brazil approached a country considered by many as low political and economic relevance in South America, but that has gained importance into the Brazilian reading on regional integration.

Clothes are a means to demonstrate wealth, status, and socio-religious hegemony. Practices of consuming and exchanging clothing enhance or lower one’s status by displaying and creating taste and capital. In Guyana, many Hindus relate charitable clothing distributions exclusively to Christian missions. They commonly state that the distribution of used clothing is a means to convert Hindus to Christianity. While indeed in the past only Christians were able to conduct such distributions due to their links to colonial powers, today and as a result of transnational migration to North America Guyanese Hindus also organize distributions of clothing. For this purpose, migrants collect used clothes and ship them to Guyana. This article proposes that as Hindus remain a minority in Guyana, the practice of and discourse about charitable distributions are a means to counter and resist the perceived ‘threat’ of conversion. It demonstrates how charitable distributions thereby influence the local socio-religious hierarchy and challenge established power structures.

The Guyana-Suriname boundary dispute is one that is just about two centuries old and provisionally accepted by the two neighbouring colonial provincial governors. Both governments have made claims to an almost uninhabited forest area of approximately 6,000 square miles called the New River Triangle, which is flanked by the Corentyne River to the east and the New River to the West.

This article examines the encroachment of capitalist resource extraction on Amerindian lands in late colonial and postcolonial Guyana. Amerindians practiced sustainable resource extraction and horticulture along the coast and in the interior of Guyana long before the colonial era. However, the ways of life introduced by European colonialism have been socially and environmentally destructive and unstable. The postcolonial era has inherited all of the contradictions of the colonial era, and with increased investment in extractive industries during the fifty years since Independence, the destructive impact of these industries on Amerindian life and land has increased as well. Extractive capitalism in the Guyanese interior has been characterized by miserable social and labour conditions for its workers, and has posed a serious threat to the health and survival of Amerindian communities. This article argues that while Guyana has been deeply racially divided (historically and at present), ending the domination of extractive industry by national and international capital will require the involvement of Guyanese workers from all sectors and from all backgrounds acting in solidarity with one another. In order for development in Guyana to be socially and environmentally sustainable, ownership and control of its extractive industries and natural resources need to be in the hands of its workers and indigenous people.

This essay examines climatic and ontological change within the Anthropocene among the Makushi in Guyana. During fieldwork in the Makushi village of Surama, the author was frequently told how the wet and dry seasons have become irregular, the temperature has increased, and ecological changes have occurred in the forests and savannas. These perceived changes impact Makushi subsistence practices and have emerged concurrent with the local development of eco-tourism and increased interactions with outside entities in Surama. The author examines local ontological shifts related to these expanded interactions with outsiders, who advocate concepts of ‘climate change’, ‘sustainability’, and ‘conservation’. Recent encounters with climate change and outside entities in Guyana provide an ethnographic case of the broader climatic and related changes occurring in Amazonia. This case is analysed herein through an ontological approach. Based on fieldwork data, the author examines how local transformations are situated within the greater dimensions of the Anthropocene.

This work argues for the strategic importance of the Caribbean in the context of China's advance, with specific attention to the strategic importance of Guyana and the need for the US not to allow environmental considerations from limiting how it engages with Guyana and the rest of the Caribbean basin.

This report presents an overview of the chaîne operatoire of the ceramic production among the Carib in Guyana. The information regarding this production sequence comes from the analyses of ceramic vessels in museum collections and anthropological studies. As part of an ongoing research over the styles of ceramic production among Cariban speaking peoples in the Amazon, this report highlights the importance of using ethnographic sources and museum collections to better understand archaeologi- cal oriented questions, such as the relationship between identities, language, and material culture.

Amerindians constantly and actively fabricate their bodies and the bodies of others. The growing literature on the topic highlights the importance of consuming and sharing substances as well as how social relations are used to construct persons. But how does this logic operate when Amerindians deal with Euro-American concepts such as international borders, passports, political, civil, and social rights? Which of these are bodies and which are bodily substances? Why and how are Euro-American bodies and substances consumed, shared, and circulated? Each substance has its specific properties that affect the building of the body and consequentially the social relatedness of the person. This paper will look at ethnographic data from the Makushi people to reflect on why and how the manipulation of the body – thought of as an amalgam, not as a container – is the preferred way to interact with Euro-American concepts.

This report is based on a study of the first 338 reports of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) received by the Child Advocacy Centres (CACs) operated by ChildLink, Guyana, as well as interviews with teenage CSA victims and their supportive caretakers. It provides insight into the situation of child victims including vulnerabilities, pathways for services, and effects of the abuse. Extensive participant quotes are provided as well as statistical information.

Guyanese English Creole is a non-standardized language that persists almost solely through speech. This analysis includes a personal reflection from a native speaker on the advantages and limitations of the language along with a glimpse of the phonology and syntax that distinguishes it from standard dialects.

(Revised 2015, with attached handout for presentations).

Extra-procedural document regarding the pending case "Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899 (Guyana v.Venezuela)", which presents to the International Court of Justice and public opinion in general, the view and main arguments of the Venezuelan Civil Society about the controversy over the frontier Guyana-Venezuela, and raises particular questions about the jurisdiction of the Court and the admissibility in relation to the unilateral Application that the Government of Guyana filed in the Registry of the International Court of Justice on 29 March 2018, instituting proceedings against the Government of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Las dos primeras décadas de la historia diplomática en el diferendo territorial por la Guayana Esequiba y las propuestas para el desarrollo conjunto de la Zona en Reclamación entre el Presidente Carlos Andrés Pérez y el Primer Ministro Forbes Burnham

A partir de la firma del Acuerdo de Ginebra del 17 de febrero de 1966, Venezuela consiguió el reconocimiento británico y guyanés frente a la Organización de Naciones Unidas de que existe una controversia, independientemente de su carácter jurídico o político, en torno a la soberanía territorial del vasto territorio al Oeste del río Esequibo: la Guayana Esequiba. Sin embargo, mientras la postura británico – guyanesa ha reiterado desde entonces que la decisión arbitral que definió el límite entre los Estados Unidos de Venezuela y la colonia de la Guayana Británica (el Laudo de París) es perfecta e inapelable, Venezuela sostiene que el acuerdo alcanzado en 1966 implícitamente reconoce la necesidad de negociar soluciones mutuamente satisfactorias para el arreglo práctico y definitivo que pueda resarcir los efectos políticos y jurídicos que se derivaron de la usurpación británica al territorio venezolano en Guayana. Luego del vencimiento del periodo de cuatro años de labores en la que estuvo instalada la Comisión Mixta estipulada por el Acuerdo de Ginebra, Venezuela y Guyana acordaron la firma de un protocolo que prorrogó las negociaciones bilaterales por doce años, con la intensión de promover el entendimiento y mejorar las relaciones diplomáticas entre ambos países. Este instrumento, conocido como el Protocolo de Puerto España, fue fuertemente criticado por supuestamente “congelar” la reclamación venezolana y anular los esfuerzos previamente realizados para la recuperación del territorio. No obstante, por el contrario, los pormenores en el periodo que estuvo en vigencia el Protocolo (entre 1970 y 1982) atestiguan los esfuerzos de ambos gobiernos por alcanzar un arreglo práctico, lo que implicó la necesidad de la negociación política como método para la resolución del diferendo, y revelan la disposición guyanesa de reconocer la soberanía venezolana en un espacio de 18.470 km2 y una amplia proyección marítima hacia el océano Atlántico en la Zona en Reclamación, a cambio de financiamiento y apoyo logístico en la construcción del Proyecto Hidroeléctrico del Alto Mazaruni.

The first full-length study of Grace Nichols's work. Rather than seeing Nichols's 'Caribbeaness' and 'Britishness' as dual affliations, simplistically opposed, it argues that Nichols's writing is more productively read in terms of a series of border-crossings. Nichols's major female protagonists are seen as epic journeyers travelling, literally and imaginatively, across different cultural and psychic landscapes. It also shows how Nichols's poetry explores the boundaries of race, class and gender as part of the lived experience of being a black woman in Britain. Specific focuses include the critical neglect of black British Woman's writing, the problems and potentialities of different feminist reading strategies, the role of rewriting history and revisioning myth in Nichols's poetry and the nature of diaspora, cultural hybridity and the complex meaning of home for the migrant writer

This article concerns the practice of cassava gardening among the indigenous Makushi people of Amazonian Guyana. By focusing on the cassava garden (mîî) as a primary site of multispecies engagement, I explore some of the heterogeneous modes that people-plant relationships take in everyday life and ritual practice. Plants, for the Makushi, are typically thought of as 'persons' (pemon), and gardening is predicated upon maintaining relationships of interspecies care via regular human-plant communication. In the idiom of human kinship, cassava plants are spoken of as being 'children' (more yamî'), both of human gardeners and Cassava Mama, the tutelary spirit of cultivated plants. Human-plant communication is both verbal, in the form of poetic language (taren) and songs (eremu), and embodied, in the form of tactile engagement and substance-based transfers. It is in the cultivation of communicative relationships with plants and their spirits, I argue, that Makushi gardeners create and nourish human persons and, ultimately, reproduce society. I go on to address the anthropological problem of plant animism in Amazonia, arguing that a more embodied, sensorial and, following Strathern, 'immanentist' notion of spirit is required to better account for the complex entanglement of bodies and souls that undergirds human-plant interpenetration in indigenous Amazonia. In dialogue with literature from the multispecies turn, I suggest that an anthropology beyond the human, much like Makushi gardening, might usefully be thought of as a process of more-than-human ontogenesis.

Hinduism in Guyana consists of various traditions and subgroups such as the Sanatan, Madras, and Arya Samaj traditions. Influenced by various historical conditions and the dominant Christian influence, members of the so-called Sanatan tradition have sought to establish their practices as the 'Great' or Sankritic Hindu tradition, for example through sanskritisation processes. In this context, specific practices such as possession rites and animal sacrifices were defined as inappropriate and excluded from mainstream Hinduism in Guyana, creating orthodoxy. These 'inappropriate' practices were consolidated in what is today known as the Madras tradition or Kali-Mai Puja, a shaktistic tradition which continues to be marginalised and stigmatised in contemporary society. Highlighting how members of the various Hindu traditions seek to establish and legitimise their traditions, this article demonstrates that these traditions are constructed in relation to each other and that they are based on socio-cultural othering processes within the heterogeneous 'Indian' ethnic group in Guyana. Based on participant observation and ethnographic interviews, this anthropological contribution discusses that the Madras tradition is an 'invented' yet 'authentic' tradition and elaborates how various socio-political conditions have led to phases of its revitalisation.

Historical Perspectives of the Portuguese in the Caribbean by Dr. Joanne Collins-Gonsalves
This paper is an historical analysis of the Portuguese from Madeira, the Azores and Cape Verde Islands in the English-official Caribbean  territories of Guyana, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Bermuda, St. Kitts, Grenada and Antigua from the nineteenth century. Grounded in the nineteenth century, this research includes contemporary references and builds on the existing scholarship on the Portuguese in the Caribbean. The paper is presented thematically with a focus on arrivals across the Caribbean, entrepreneurship, inter-country communication and travel, culture, religion, country statistics and historical gastronomical references. Lusophone connections are
explored and assessed in a comparative context.

The very strange and extremely tragic adventures of
Antoine Biet
A Senlis missionary during the Fronde (Revolt) on the
French equinoctial Island of Cayenne
Jean-Marc Popineau, Doctor of Medieval History and
Vice President of the Society of History and Archeology
of Senlis.
In the middle of the period of Revolt, an ambitious
expedition was to be organized, backed by a lot of
publicity, with a view to colonizing Guyana, which
to date had remained free of any durable European
occupation. The land which was called “Equinoctial
France” or “The Lands of the Golden King” was
presented as overflowing with wealth of all kinds and
the commercial company “Terra Firma of America” was
created to exploit this, with the founding stockholders
calling themselves “The 12 Lords”. Among these was
: a soldier, a religious scholar, a geographer, a high
government official and a missionary – the parish
priest of Senlis, Antoine Biet who subsequently was
to publish the tale of his adventures in Madera, Brazil,
Guyana, Barbados, Guadeloupe and Martinique. Their
experience regarding navigation and colonization led
everyone to believe that the company had started up
in the best of conditions. However the expedition,
which was to last two years in total from 1652 to 1654
involving more than 700 colonials and which was to
witness the beginnings of slavery in Guyana but also
that of a true republic in Cayenne-Cépérou, proved to
be a series of unbelievable catastrophies. Between the
death of the religious leader of the expedition, who
was drowned in the Seine as he boarded his ship, the
bloody war with the American Indians, an incredible
succession of mutineries, conspiracies, famines and
desertions, the story told by Antoine Biet is worthy
of the most fantastic Hollywood scenarios. It was not
until twenty years later that France established itself
definitively in Guyana.

ICT are currently integral to many educational changes throughout the world. They have dramatically changed the learning and teaching environment, and have opened up new opportunities and access to educational resources well beyond those traditionally available.

The ICT Professional Development Strategy for Teachers in Guyana was developed in 2011. It is based on the assumption that, if teacher training programmes embrace ICT, there will be improvements in learner performance, and it acknowledges the central role that education officials, teacher trainers, educators and learners play in the implementation and support of ICT in education. Although the strategy was originally devised in response to challenges — relating to education, migration and the economy, for example — in Guyana, it can be adapted to meet the needs of other countries in the developing world facing similar challenges. At the very least it could provide some potentially relevant lessons from which other countries contemplating the introduction of ICT could learn.

The Commonwealth of Learning (COL), the Commonwealth
Secretariat (ComSec), and Microsoft recently supported
the creation of an ICT Professional Development Strategy
for Teachers in Guyana, building on the UNESCO ICT
Competence Framework for Teachers1 (CFT). The ICT CFT
intends to inform educational policy makers, teacher educators,
providers of professional learning and working
teachers on the role of ICT in educational reform, as well as
to assist countries in developing national ICT competency
standards for teachers with an ICT in Education Master
Plan approach.

In Guyana, the ICT Professional Development Strategy
for Teachers is based on the assumption that, if teacher
training programmes embrace ICT, there will be improvements
in learner performance. It acknowledges the central
role that education officials, teacher trainers, educators,
and learners play in the implementation and support of
ICT in education.

The Hakka Chinese have been known to have attained important political offices in East and Southeast Asia and in South America. This paper contributes to the discussion of Hakka political leaders by analyzing the conditions of Hakka people in China, Taiwan, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines and Guyana, and the rise of a few of these Hakka individuals to top leadership positions in their respective country. The argument is that despite being a minority and initially political outsiders, some of their descendants have capitalized on their outsider position to climb to the top political leadership

From "Area Impossible: Notes Toward an Introduction" (GLQ 22.2) by Anjali Arondekar and Geeta Patel: "Temporality, the promise and peril of area studies, then might provide an epistemic demeanor for the impossible nexus of area with sexuality. Each of the three long essays in this special issue is somewhat configured through time, in [Ronaldo] Wilson’s words 'capturing the patterns,' a 'poetics of asking what happens through improvisation, or in the gesture of writing about the scene, the area/arena where the story is experienced within time that folds through multiple modes of the event.' The essays translate time through area, as it were, in possibly incommensurable directions...Aliyah Khan ferries in the historical legislative record alongside the labor of desire to translate shipboard intimacies between men and between women into kinship. The nominalizations jahaji bhai and jahaji bahin (ship brother and ship sister) provide her leverage into both the racialized landscape of the Anglophone Caribbean and the more contemporary lesbian fictional narrative with which she sites the 'voyager who is not, however, a permanent exile.' Home, then, through the crossed chronologies of desire, of sexuality, of traffic across water, loosens its vantage, dropping area in its wake."