Incidence

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood and can profoundly affect the academic achievement, well-being, and social interactions of children; the American Academy of Pediatrics first published clinical recommendations for the diagnosis and evaluation of ADHD in children in 2000; recommendations for treatment followed in 2001.

To study incidence and distribution of deciduous molar ankylosis. study design: longitudinal retrospective study. A total of 512 consecutive subjects (aged 5 to 15 years) were examined at the Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry Department of the Genoa University School of Dentistry; for each subject an ortopantomography x-ray was taken. Thirty-four children were affected by deciduous molars ankylosis (6.6%). A statistically significant difference was revealed between the distributions: the lower deciduous molars were ankylosed more frequently than the upper ones (P < 0.001); the second deciduous molars were ankylosed more frequently than the first molars (P < 0.001). No statistical significance was found between sex and number of infraoccluded teeth (P = 0.74). This study found an incidence of deciduous molar ankylosis of about 6.6%; the lower deciduous molars and second deciduous molars were ankylosed more frequently (P < 0.001).

Vascular problems such as thrombosis and stenosis of the hepatic artery, portal vein, and hepatic vein are serious complications after living-donor liver transplant and can cause increased morbidity, graft loss, and patient death. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence, treatment, and outcome of recipient vascular complications after living-donor liver transplant in a single Egyptian center. Between November 2006 and March 2014, we performed 226 living-donor liver transplants for 225 patients at Dar Al Fouad Hospital in 6th of October City in Egypt. Review of all patients with vascular complications was performed. In 20 of 225 recipients (8.9%), there were vascular complications that occurred from day 0 to 14 (mean, 5.6 ± 3.4 d). Complications included isolated hepatic artery thrombosis in 7 patients (35%), isolated portal vein thrombosis in 6 patients (30%), isolated hepatic vein stenosis in 3 patients (15%), and isolated hepatic artery stenosis in 1 patient (5%). Combin...

The global prevalence of dementia has been estimated to be as high as 24 million, and is predicted to double every 20 years until at least 2040. As the population worldwide continues to age, the number of individuals at risk will also increase, particularly among the very old. Alzheimer disease is the leading cause of dementia beginning with impaired memory. The neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer disease include diffuse and neuritic extracellular amyloid plaques in brain that are frequently surrounded by dystrophic neurites and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles. The etiology of Alzheimer disease remains unclear, but it is likely to be the result of both genetic and environmental factors. In this review we discuss the prevalence and incidence rates, the established environmental risk factors, and the protective factors, and briefly review genetic variants predisposing to disease.

From the New England Research Institutes, Watertown, Massachusetts (VK, GRC, RCR), Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois (MPF), Cornell University, Weill Medical College, New York, New York (SAK), and Ferring International Pharmascience Center, ...

Background Infections of wild birds with highly pathogenic avian influenza (AI) subtype H5N1 virus were reported for the first time in the European Union in 2006. ... Objectives To capture epidemiological information on H5N1 HPAI in wild bird populations through large-scale ...

SummaryA score that can accurately determine the risk of major bleeding during anticoagulant therapy may help to make decisions on anticoagulant use. RIETE is an ongoing registry of consecutive patients with acute venous thromboembolism (VTE). We composed a score to predict the risk for major bleeding within three months of anticoagulant therapy. Of 19,274 patients enrolled, 13,057 (67%) were randomly assigned to the derivation sample, 6,572 to the validation sample. In the derivation sample 314 (2.4%) patients bled (fatal bleeding, 105). On multivariate analysis, age >75 years, recent bleeding, cancer, creatinine levels >1.2 mg/dl, anemia, or pulmonary embolism at baseline were independently associated with an increased risk for major bleeding. A score was composed assigning 2 points to recent bleeding, 1.5 to abnormal creatinine levels or anemia, 1 point to the remaining variables. In the derivation sample 2,654 (20%) patients scored 0 points (low risk); 9,645 (74%) 1–4 poin...

Prospective studies on overuse injuries and their impact on athletic training among youth team sports are scarce. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence, severity and player related risk factors of overuse injuries among young (12–20 years) basketball and floorball players. A total of 387 players participated in a 3-year prospective study. Each player completed a baseline questionnaire regarding their background information. Overuse injuries that prevented players to fully or partly participate in their regular training were collected. In all, 204 overuse injuries were registered (injury incidence 1.51 injuries/1 000 h of exposure; 95% CI 1.35–1.78). Most of the injuries involved the knee (35%) and lower back (21%), and were classified as severe (44%). Injury incidence was 1.51 (95% CI 1.2–1.82) and 1.61 (95% CI 1.32–1.91) in basketball and floorball, respectively. Incidence was significantly higher among female compared with male players (incidence rate ratio 1....

People who inject drugs (PWID) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, have an estimated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence of 42%-50% compared with 6.9% among the general population. Extensive evidence supports methadone maintenance to lower morbidity, mortality, and transmission of HIV and other infectious diseases among PWID. In 2011, the Tanzanian government launched the first publicly funded methadone clinic on the mainland of sub-Saharan Africa at Muhimbili National Hospital. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of methadone-naive patients enrolling into methadone maintenance treatment. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were constructed to assess retention probability. Proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate the association of characteristics with attrition from the methadone program. Overall, 629 PWID enrolled into methadone treatment during the study. At 12 months, the proportion of clients retained in care was 57% (95% confidence interval [CI], 53%-62%). Compared with those receiving a low dose (<40 mg), clients receiving a medium (40-85 mg) (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.50 [95% CI, .37-.68]) and high (>85 mg) (aHR, 0.41 [95% CI, .29-.59]) dose of methadone had a lower likelihood of attrition, adjusting for other characteristics. Older clients (aHR, 0.53 per 10 years [95% CI, .42-.69]) and female clients (aHR, 0.50 [95% CI, .28-.90]) had a significantly lower likelihood of attrition, whereas clients who reported a history of sexual abuse (aHR, 2.84 [95% CI, 1.24-6.51]) had a significantly higher likelihood of attrition. Patient retention in methadone maintenance is comparable to estimates from programs in North America, Europe, and Asia. Future implementation strategies should focus on higher doses and flexible dosing strategies to optimize program retention and strengthened efforts for clients at higher risk of attrition.

Oligonucleotides (ONs) are short fragments of nucleic acids, currently being investigated as therapeutic agents. When administered subcutaneously (sc) ONs cause a specific local reaction originating around the injection site, such as erythema, itching, discomfort and pain, including more severe manifestations such as ulceration or necrosis. These injection site reactions (ISRs) are common, but rather poorly described in the literature. With this review, we aim to provide an overview on the extent of the problem of ISRs, based on reported incidence. A structured literature search was performed to identify reported incidence and clinical features of ISRs which yielded 70 manuscripts that contained information regarding ISRs. The data from literature was combined with data on file available at our institution. All sc administered ONs described in literature lead to the occurrence of ISRs. The percentage of trial subjects that developed ISRs differed per ON ranged from 22 to 100%. The m...

Objective: Research has shown associations between college women's alcohol and/or drug consumption and the risk of sexual assault, but few studies have measured the various means by which sexual assault is achieved. Participants: The authors' Campus Sexual Assault Study obtained self-report data from a random sample of undergraduate women (N = 5,446). Methods: The authors collected data on sexual assault victimization by using a cross-sectional, Web-based survey, and they conducted analyses assessing the role of substance use. The authors also compared victimizations before and during college, and across years of study. Results: Findings indicate that almost 20% of undergraduate women experienced some type of completed sexual assault since entering college. Most sexual assaults occurred after women voluntarily consumed alcohol, whereas few occurred after women had been given a drug without their knowledge or consent. Conclusions: The authors discuss implications for campus sexual assault prevention programs, including the need for integrated substance use and sexual victimization prevention programming.

We wished to estimate the incidence of preeclampsia among a group of Hispanic women in the greater Detroit metropolitan area. We reviewed delivery records of 559 Hispanic women from a Detroit hospital and prenatal records of 134 Hispanic women who received care from an affiliated federally qualified health center in southwest Detroit. A retrospective chart review was conducted. The physician's diagnosis was used to study hospital patients. The health center patients were diagnosed on the basis of criteria established in the National High Blood Pressure Education Working Group Report. In 1998, Hispanic women who delivered at the study hospital had an incidence of preeclampsia or pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) of 1.3% (7/559), compared to non-Hispanics 5.3% (118/2241) (chi2(1) = 10.35, P < .05). The relative risk was .24. From health center prenatal records, the incidence of preeclampsia/PIH among the 134 patients was 3.7%. The difference in the incidence of preeclampsia/...