Lymph Node

Neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) secondary to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) may be frequent in various stages of prostate cancer (PC), particularly in castration-resistant PC (CRPC). NED generally involves more aggressive PC clinical behavior and an unfavorable prognosis. The identification of neuropeptides secreted by NE cells and of different proliferative and anti-apoptotic pathways has led to attention being focused on probable diagnostic targets and therapeutic options for a subtype of PC. Emerging evidence suggests that the acquisition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype are associated with the development of NED in PC, responsible for a complex interaction between ADT, the onset of CRPC and NED, in which EMT and CSC could play a central role, providing potential therapeutic targets. In this article, we review the pathogenetic, prognostic and predictive significance of NED in human PC, providing an insight into innovative ag...

This is the second part of a series of three articles on trimming instructions of rat and mouse protocol organs and tissues in regulatory type toxicity studies, covering the respiratory, male and female genital, and the endocrine systems. The article is based on the experience of the European RITA and American NACAD working groups and is an extended revision of trimming guides published in 1995 (Bahnemann et al.). The optimum localization for tissue preparation, the sample size, the direction of sectioning and the number of sections to be prepared is described organ by organ. These descriptions are illustrated for each organ by a schematic drawing and/or a macro-photograph showing the plane of section as well as a low magnification of the H&E stained slide demonstrating the optimum "end-product". The objectives of this work, as addressed in detail in the first part (Ruehl-Fehlert et al. 2003), are to standardize tissue sampling and trimming, to improve the comparability of historical data obtained from different studies and different laboratories, ensure the presence of all relevant target sites for histopathological evaluation and provide technical advice for preparatory techniques during necropsy, fixation and trimming. dardize tissue sampling and trimming, to improve the comparability of historical data obtained from different studies and different laboratories, ensure the presence of all relevant target sites for histopathological evaluation and provide technical advice for preparatory techniques during necropsy, fixation and trimming.