Probiotics

Halitosis is an unpleasant condition that may be the origin of concern not only for a possible health condition but also for frequent psychological alterations which may lead to social and personal isolation. The most frequent sources of halitosis that exist in the oral cavity include bacterial reservoirs such as the dorsum of the tongue, saliva and periodontal pockets. Volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) are the prominent elements of oral malodour. Genuine halitosis and pseudo-halitosis should be in the treatment realm of dental practitioners. Clinical Relevance: Halitosis can be a symptom of underlying systemic disease, therefore the exact diagnosis and its source (oral or non-oral) is important in the proper approach to its management.

The microbiome located in the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) comprises the largest community (diverse and dense) of bacteria, and in conjunction with a conducive internal milieu, promotes the development of regulated pro- and anti-inflammatory signals within the GIT that promotes immunological and metabolic tolerance. In addition, host-microbial interactions govern GIT inflammation and provide cues for upholding metabolic regulation in both the host and microbes. Failure to regulate inflammatory responses can increase the risk of developing inflammatory conditions in the GIT. Here, we review clinical studies regarding the efficacy of probiotics/prebiotics and the role they may have in restoring host metabolic homeostasis by rescuing the inflammatory response. The clinical studies reviewed included functional constipation, antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, Clostridium difficile diarrhoea, infectious diarrhoea/gastroenteritis, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel diseases and necrotizing enterocolitis. We have demonstrated that there was an overall reduction in risk when probiotics were administered over placebo in the majority of GIT inflammatory conditions. The effect size of a cumulative reduction in relative risk for the GIT conditions/diseases investigated was 0.65 (0.61–0.70) (z = 13.3); p < 0.0001 that is an average reduction in risk of 35 % in favour of probiotics. We also progress a hypothesis that the GIT comprises numerous micro-axes (e.g. mucus secretion, Th1/Th2 balance) that are in operational homeostasis; hence probiotics and prebiotics may have a significant pharmacobiotic regulatory role in maintaining host GIT homeostasis in disease states partially through reactive oxygen species signalling.

Consumers around the globe are now more aware of the relation between nutrition and good health. This has led to a number of scientific studies identifying food and food components that have specific health benefits. Functional foods are defined as foods that, in addition to nutrients, supply the organism with components that contribute to the cure of diseases, or to reduce the risk of developing them. One of the first countries in the world to recognize the concept of functional foods was Japan. The Japanese government defines FOSHU (Foods for Specific Health Use) as Foods which are expected to have certain health benefits, and have been
licensed to bear a label in the product claiming the health effect (Sanders, 1998).
The establishment of a microflora rich in bifidobacteria poses an advantage with respect to maintaining and improving health. In the past two to three decades, one of the main targets of the functional food industry has been the development of products aimed at improving gut health. The idea of manipulating the intestinal microflora in order to prolong life can be tracked down to the early part of the twentieth century. In 1907, the Nobel Prize winner Eli Metchnikoff published his book The Prolongation of Life, where he postulated that the long life span of Bulgarian people was due to the consumption of fermented milks that contained the microorganism Bacillus bulgaricus, currently known as Lactobacillus delbrueckii. According to Metchnikoff, the consumption of these bacteria would have the effect of eliminating putrefactive bacteria in the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT). In the same period, the French pediatrician Henry Tissier discovered the predominance of bifidobacteria in the feces of The establishment of a microflora rich in bifidobacteria poses an advantage with respect to maintaining and improving health. In the past two to three decades, one of
the main targets of the functional food industry has been the development of products aimed at improving gut health. The idea of manipulating the intestinal microflora in order to prolong life can be tracked down to the early part of the twentieth century. In 1907, the Nobel Prize winner Eli Metchnikoff published his book The Prolongation of Life, where he postulated that the long life span of Bulgarian people was due to the
consumption of fermented milks that contained the microorganism Bacillus bulgaricus, currently known as Lactobacillus delbrueckii. According to Metchnikoff, the consumption of these bacteria would have the effect of eliminating putrefactive bacteria in the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT). In the same period, the French pediatrician Henry Tissier discovered the predominance of bifidobacteria in the feces of The term probiotic, from Greek “for life,” was used for the first time by Lilly
and Stillwell (1965) to define substances produced by microorganisms which would
enlarge the growth phase of other microorganisms. Later, Parker (1974, pp. 366)
changed this definition to “organisms and substances that contribute to intestinal balance.”
Fuller (1989, pp. 366) eliminated the concept of substances from the definition
of probiotics, and substituted it for “live microbial feed supplements which beneficially
affect the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance.” This definition
was later extended to include a viable mono or mixed culture of bacteria that
will beneficially affect the host when applied to human or animals by improving the
properties of the indigenous microflora. Contrarily, Salminen et al. (1999, pp. 109)
stated that there are documented health effects of nonviable probiotics and even the
cell wall components on some probiotic microbes. This led to the establishment of
the following definition: “Probiotics are microbial cell preparations or components of
microbial cells that have a beneficial effect on the health and well-being of the host.”
This definition introduces a second novelty with respect to the one proposed by Fuller,
and it is the beneficial effect of probiotics on human health in general rather than
specifically on intestinal health. The most accepted definition nowadays is that given
by the World Health Organization as “live microorganisms that, when administered
in adequate amounts confer a health benefit to the host” (Araya et al., 2002, pp. 8).
Prebiotics have been defined as nondigestible food ingredients beneficially affecting
the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of a limited number
of bacteria in the colon and thus improving the host health (Gibson et al., 2004b).
Probiotics and prebiotics can be combined in symbiotic preparations (symbiotics).
These mixtures beneficially affect the host in different ways. For instance, by improving
the survival and implantation of live microbial dietary supplements in the GIT;
by selectively stimulating the growth and/or by activating the metabolism of one or a
limited number of health-promoting bacteria, and thus improving the host well-being
(Hamilton-Miller, 2003).

Many healthy subjects and patients are taking natural bioactive products for the prevention and treatment of multiple conditions, including gastrointestinal disorders. Based on current evidence, the scientific validity of the use of many of these commercial compounds by the ...

As studies uncover the breadth of microbes associated with human life, opportunities will emerge to manipulate and augment their functions in ways that improve health and longevity. From involvement in the complexities of reproduction and fetal/infant development, to delaying the onset of disease, and indeed countering many maladies, microbes offer hope for human well-being. Evidence is emerging to suggest that microbes may play a beneficial role in body sites traditionally viewed as being sterile. Although further evidence is required, we propose that much of medical dogma is about to change significantly through recognition and understanding of these hitherto unrecognized microbe-host interactions. A meeting of the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics held in Aberdeen, Scotland (June 2014), presented new views and challenged established concepts on the role of microbes in reproduction and health of the mother and infant. This article summarizes some o...

Use of probiotics, alone or as adjunct to other established therapies, has been reported to have potential benefits. Recently, we have reported protective potential of probiotic against Salmonella-induced liver injury. However, co-supplementation with prebiotics did not result in meaningful synergism at systemic level. Owing to the action of probiotics at the mucosal level and of arginine at systemic level, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum alone or in conjunction with arginine to combat endotoxin-mediated liver injury in rats. Bacterial endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was injected intraperitoneally and animals were sacrificed 8h post-challenge. Efficacy of L. plantarum alone or in conjunction with l-arginine was determined on the basis of enzyme markers, histology, levels of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in addition to identification of amino acids by paper chromatography. Prior supplementation of LPS-cha...

Al though the aetiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains unknown, the pathogenesis is gradually being unravelled, seeming to be the result of a combination of environmental, genetic, and immunological factors in which an uncontrolled immune response within the intestinal lumen leads to inflammation in genetically predisposed individuals. Multifactorial evidence suggests that a defect of innate immune response to microbial agents is involved in IBD. This editorial outlines the immunopathogenesis of IBD and their current and future therapy. We present IBD as a result of dysregulated mucosal response in the intestinal wall facilitated by defects in epithelial barrier function and the mucosal immune system with excessive production of cytokines growth factors, adhesion molecules, and reactive oxygen metabolites, resulting in tissue injury. Established and evolving therapies are discussed in the second part of this editorial and at the end of this section we review new therapi...

Present study is aimed at encapsulating eight probiotic organism (I1, I2, I3, I4, I5, I6, I7,I8), isolated from millet based fermented drink (koozh), using skim milk. Organisms weregrown in Avin's skim milk (10% w/v) containing 0.5% (w/v) commercially available yeast extract, for 6 hours and freeze-dried at the condenser temperature of -80° C and pressure of
50 mTorr. The obtained probiotic containing skim milk powder was tested for the percentage survivability of organisms after freeze drying, in simulated gastric medium, and simulated intestinal medium. Freeze-dried powder containing I5, I6, I7, and I8 isolates were stored for 1 month at three different temperatures – room temperature, 4°C, and
-20°C and were tested for percentage viability of the organisms at periodic intervals. Molecular characterization of the isolates was done on the basis of 16s rRNA sequence. Freeze dried skim milk containing I2 isolate was incorporated in ice cream and was tested
for cell survivability in the product. The results of the study indicated high tolerance of organisms to low temperature, and gastrointestinal conditions. An average cell number of 109 – 1010 cells/g was obtained in freeze dried probiotic containing skim milk powder. In simulated gastric medium, organism have shown high tolerance till 60 – 90 minutes, and in simulated intestinal medium, high cell survivability was observed till 2 hours of incubation. In case of I2 isolate, high cell viability was observed till 4 hours of incubation in SIF. On the basis of 16s rRNA characterization of isolates, it was found that I2 isolated belongs to Lactobacillus plantarum species and others to Enterococcus species. High probiotic cell number (~108 CFU/g) was found in icecream
incorporated with freeze dried skim milk powder containing I2 isolate.

The objective of this study was to assess how probiotic bacteria added to diets of 60 hybrid barrows (Landrace-Yorkshire x Duroc) affected the basic chemical composition of meat, the fatty acid profile of intramuscular fat (IMF), m. longissimus lumborum (LL) and lipid quality indices, because IMF cannot be removed before consumption and this inevitably has an impact on human health. After 78 days, the pigs were divided into the control group (CT, n=30) and the experimental group (BP, n=30), which until 97 days of rearing were supplied with BioPlus YC probiotic (Bacillus licheniformis DSM 5749 and Bacillus subtilis DSM 5750). After slaughter, 12 carcasses of similar weight (90 ± 5 kg) from each group were selected for testing. Supplementation with probiotic Bacillus did not affect the basic chemical composition of meat. It was established that BioPlus YC had a significant impact on capric-C10:0 (0.08 vs. 0.13), eicosatrienoic-C20:3 n-3 (1.76 vs. 2.14) and ΣPUFA n-3 acids (1.88 vs. 2.41), causing a reduction in their percentage, which was thereby different than in the CT group. Among lipid quality indices, IMF LL of pigs from the BP group, the thrombogenicity index (TI) was characterized by a significantly (P≤0.01) higher value than in the CT group (1.08 vs. 0.99). These results suggest that further research is needed to study differences in compounds affecting the fatty acid profile of pork, and to confirm the association of the lipid profile with the use of BioPlus YC probiotic in pig fattening.

In a young evolving science, there are always more questions than answers. That is also the situation in the emerging field of Probiotics, and this was made very clear at the International Probiotics Workshop in Amsterdam. In the report of this workshop, we present a selection of the most urgent questions in the field of probiotics. In addition, we propose a few strategies for the future of probiotics research. During the workshop, 120 experts--from disciplines including Human Nutrition, Gastroenterology, Nutritional Therapy, Cell Biology, Microbiology and Immunology--discussed new views on microbe-host interactions and the role of probiotics in prevention and alleviation of gastro-intestinal, atopic and auto-immune diseases. There is a general consensus among the experts that administering defined strains can help in preventing and curing gut flora related diseases: the first clinical trials show a promising role for probiotics. But the system is very complex, and most underlying m...

Abstract The article studies the multimodal discourse of the producers of food and supplements containing probiotics–potentially beneficial bacteria marketed as the means to strengthen the body's 'defence mechanisms' at the time of increased media reporting on food scares and other health risks.

The term probiotics stands for bacterial strain acting for the upliftment of beneficial gut microflora as well as restricting the growth of decay or disease causing bacteria and other agents. They protect us from disease causing microorganisms and are vital for the digestion of nutrients and food. Researchers are now trying to explore the possibilities of therapeutic applications of probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease, treating diarrhea, eczema prevention in children, and reducing bladder cancer recurrence and urinary tract infections. The best known probiotic strains are Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, and Streptococcus thermophilus and can be found in food products such as yoghurts, fermented and unfermented milk, miso, tempeh, and some juices and soy beverages. Thus, as a substitute to the use of antibiotics, the dietary supplementation with probiotic bacteria is being widely employed in the aquaculture industry. This chapter is an attempt to shift the paradigm of research in probiotic area to the marine environment and to find ways of expanding the research in marine probiotics development.

Ильясов, Р.А., Марсова, М.В., Ковтун, А.С., Ватлин, А.А., Юнес, Р.А., Гайфуллина, Л.Р., Каскинова, М.Д., Николенко, А.Г., Квон, Х.В., Даниленко, В.Н., 2021. Генетические аспекты сохранения популяций медоносной пчелы Apis mellifera. In: Еськов, Е.К. ed. 5-ая Международная научно-практическая конференция "Пчеловодство холодного и умеренного климата". ФГБОУ ВО «Российский государственный аграрный заочный университет», Москва-Псков, pp. 38-47.
Ilyasov, R.A., Marsova, M.V., Kovtun, A.S., Vatlin, A.A., Younes, R.A., Gaifullina, L.R., Kaskinova, M.D., Nikolenko, A.G., Kwon, H.W., Danilenko, V.N., 2021. Genetic aspects of the conservation of populations of the honeybee Apis mellifera. In: Eskov, E.K. ed. The 5th International Scientific and Practical Conference "Cold and moderate climate beekeeping". Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation "Russian State Agrarian Correspondence University" Moscow-Pskov, pp. 38-47.
Аннотация. Под влиянием факторов окружающей среды и деятельности человека изоляция географических подвидов была нарушена и локальным генофондам подвидов стала угрожать опасность интрогрессивной гибридизации. Идентификация подвидов пчел молекулярно-генетическими методами позволяет снизить процесс гибридизации подвидов. Применение генетических методов в изучении популяции пчел позволяет оценить основные популяционно-генетические характеристики, такие как аллельное и генетическое разнообразие, инбридинг, эффективный размер популяции, эффекты бутылочного горлышка. Знания генетических показателей популяции позволят разработать эффективные стратегии сохранения генофонда подвидов пчел. Показано, что микробиом кишечника вовлечен в модуляцию практически всех систем организма медоносной пчелы и играет важную роль в иммунитете и адаптации пчел к условиям среды обитания. Комплексные исследования генома и метагенома микробиома кишечника пчел могут открыть новые перспективы в консервативной генетике популяций подвидов пчел.
Abstract. Under the influence of environmental factors and human activities, the isolation of geographic subspecies was disrupted and the local gene pools of the subspecies were threatened by the danger of introgressive hybridization. The identification of subspecies of bees by molecular genetic methods makes it possible to reduce the process of hybridization of the subspecies. The use of genetic methods in the study of the population of bees makes it possible to assess the main population genetic characteristics, such as allelic and genetic diversity, inbreeding, effective population size, and bottleneck effects. Knowledge of the genetic parameters of the population will make it possible to develop effective strategies for preserving the gene pool of bee subspecies. It has been shown that the gut microbiome is involved in the modulation of almost all systems of the honeybee and plays an important role in the immunity and adaptation of bees to environmental conditions. Comprehensive studies of the genome and metagenome of the gut microbiome of bees may open up new perspectives in the conservative genetics of populations of subspecies of bees.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal syndrome afflicting fertile, premenopausal and pregnant women. BV is associated with important adverse health conditions and infectious complications. Therapy with oral or local recommended antibiotics is often associated with failure and high rates of recurrences. The dominance of lactobacilli in healthy vaginal microbiota and its depletion in BV has given rise to the concept of oral or vaginal use of probiotic Lactobacillus strains for treatment and prevention of BV. This review investigated the evidence for the use of a single strain or cocktail of probiotics, administered orally or intravaginally, either alone or in conjunction with antibiotics for the treatment of BV. Lactobacilli use in BV is supported by positive results obtained in some clinical trials. The majority of clinical trials yielding positive results have been performed using probiotic preparations containing high doses of lactobacilli suggesting that, beside stra...

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Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the potentials and effects of Bacillus subtilis and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as probiotics on broiler growth, health, and Salmonella infection. Materials and Methods: To evaluate the inoculum size applicable for broilers, 1-day-old broilers were orally fed fresh cultures of single strains and a B. subtilis KKU213/Pediococcus pentosaceus NP6 mixture at 108 and 1012 colony-forming unit (CFUs)/mL/chick. The body weight gain (BWG), Salmonella contamination level and total Bacillus and LAB abundances in the crop and intestine were measured. Subsequently, 1-day-old broilers were orally fed of KKU213, CH403, and Pediococcus acidilactici SH8 at 1010 CFUs/mL, followed by inulin. After 35 days, the BWG, Bacillus and LAB abundances in the cecum, blood parameters, and KKU213 colonization were assessed. Results: The broilers fed single strains or KKU213+NP6 exhibited a higher BWG and a higher crop LAB abundance than the controls (p&lt;0.05). Probiotic...