Social Representations

L’idéologie est partout, le mot est si galvaudé que le concept s’est comme évaporé : on dit qu’une grève est idéologique pour éviter de dire qu’elle a d’autres raisons qu’une stricte revendication. On dit qu’une réforme est idéologique pour éviter de dire qu’elle s’inscrit dans la grande reprise en main autoritaire et libérale actuelle. Ce livre éclaire la notion d’idéologie, tout d’abord en précisant ce qu’elle n’est pas : ni une surface miroitante et trompeuse jetée par-dessus le réel qu’elle masquerait à des spectateurs consommateurs hypnotisés. Ni une superstructure mécaniquement déterminée par sa base économique et sociale, vision qui est celle d’un « marxisme » abâtardi. Isabelle Garo prend le contre-pied de ces interprétations convenues. Elle suit l’évolution de Marx sur la question de l’idéologie – depuis L’Idéologie allemande jusqu’au Capital – et elle en propose la poursuite contemporaine. Cette confrontation passé/présent montre que l’idéologie ne peut pas se définir une fois pour toutes, qu’elle est inséparablement liée aux affrontements et aux conflits d’idées d’un moment, au domaine des luttes et à celui des analyses théoriques. « Il s’agit d’arracher la notion d’idéologie à toute tentative de définition figée et de lui rendre sa capacité à débusquer les contradictions profondes qui reconduisent sans cesse les idées dominantes à l’ensemble d’un mode de production ».

This book provides an introduction to political psychology through a focus on European politics and topics. It describes a style of doing political psychology in Europe that has developed out of dialogue with as well as critique of North American approaches. By emphasising the theoretical and methodological diversity of political psychology, the book is intended to contribute to a greater understanding of the strength and utility of the field. • Opens up and extends the study of political psychology to a variety of socio-political contexts and manifestations of political behaviour • Clearly outlines the usefulness and promises of distinctive critical approaches in social and political psychology • Explicitly considers the role of language, communication, identity and social representations in the construction of political meanings. Political Psychology will appeal to upper-level students and scholars who seek to extend their knowledge of the complex relationship between psychology, politics and society.

The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the content and structure of social representations of the body among adolescence and early adulthood, performed using the prototypical analysis of Vergès. The study showed that in the modern culture the human embodiment is estimated on the basis of aesthetic rather than functional categories. Using this method was able to identify that the modern culture of human embodiment is rated according to its compliance with the standard specified social person's appearance, rated on a “aesthetic” scale - a fashionable, slim, beautiful, etc. Functionality facilities of embodiment - the power, performance, flexibility, endurance, etc. pale into insignificance by interpreting aesthetic categories, or do not appear at all. Furthermore, in the study we found, that the significance and central element of the core zone of social representations of the body is slim. According to a number of foreign researchers, thin-ideal internalization is factor associated with the deformation of representations of the body and risk of eating disorders. This element in youth group is in the core zone, and in the teenage group - in the area of potential change (peripheral system) with conventional research and in the nuclear area in the study of with instruction substitution. Identified age features of social representations of the body reveal the most optimal period of prevention of deformation of body image and eating disorders, which is just adolescence.
Key words: social representation, structural approach, central core theory.

A presente dissertacao tem como proposito apresentar os resultados obtidos por meio da analise de dezoito cancoes dos rappers Criolo e Emicida que fazem referencia direta aos orixas. Em relacao aos objetivos da pesquisa buscou-se identificar de que maneira os orixas presentes nas letras sao contextualizados e ressignificados por meio da linguagem do Rap, um estilo musical reconhecido por sua habilidade em tratar de diversos problemas sociais relacionados a pobreza, a desigualdade social e racial, ao racismo, entre outros. Para tal, foi aplicada a metodologia de Analise de Conteudo. A analise dos dados coletados e as categorias construidas a partir do metodo em questao contribuiram para o discernimento acerca do fenomeno investigado. Para alcancar uma melhor compreensao, foi buscado, tambem, como aporte teorico metodologico, o estudo de Representacoes Sociais, de Serge Moscovici, como forma de entender os processos de insercao e de ressignificacao dos orixas nas cancoes. Neste estudo...

espanolEste trabajo estudia las representaciones sociales sobre un barrio socialmente vulnerable del extrarradio de Palma, el analisis se lleva a cabo a traves de articulos publicados en los medios de comunicacion. La presentacion que se hace en estos es de suma importancia a la hora de influir en el discurso general dominante, en caso de ser negativo se refuerza un estigma que no favorece la difusion de factores potencialmente positivos del barrio y su entorno social. EnglishThis work studies the social representations on a socially vulnerable neighborhood it gives the suburb of Palma, the analysis it is carried out through articles published in the media. The presentation that is made in these is it gives paramount importance when influencing in the dominant general speech, in the event of being negative a stigma is reinforced that doesn't favor the diffusion it gives factors potentially positive it gives the neighborhood and its social environment.

Resumo Este estudo propõe analisar as capas da revista ELLE Brasil, ao longo dos seus 28 anos, de forma objetiva e comparativa, mensurando a frequência das aparições de modelos de representação e interpretando qualitativamente os dados. Como método, aplicamos a Análise de Conteúdo do corpus, criteriosamente selecionado. Concluímos que, em sua história, a revista expressa uma representação quase que uníssona, privilegiando corpos magros de mulheres brancas, sendo a representatividade da mulher negra e seus traços fenotípicos praticamente inexistente. Contudo, em uma análise acurada da última década, a pluralidade de representações se fez presente, pela primeira vez, possivelmente um fenômeno em emergência. Palavras-chave: Gênero, raça e etnia. Representatividade. Análise de Conteúdo. ELLE Brasil. Abstract This study proposes to analyze the ELLE Brasil covers, throughout its 28 years, in an objective and comparative way, measuring the frequency of the sightings, which represent models of representation, and qualitatively interpreting the data. As a method, it has been applied the Content Analysis of the corpus, carefully selected. We have concluded that over the years there was an almost unisonous representativeness, privileging slim bodies of white

This article investigates the reception of two of the most popular TV programs depicting Italian American mafiosi: The Untouchables (1959-63) and The Sopranos (1999-2007).  Italian American organizations protested against both these ethnic representations, winning concessions from producers in the 1960s but coming up empty by the turn of the last century.  The paper argues that the relative success or failure of these antidefamation efforts is not a mere barometer of white ethnics' cultural status nor aesthetic achievement.  Rather, the cultural status of television itself affected the ways the protesters made their claims and whether or not their demands were met.

""L’objectif est de mettre au jour la construction de l’événement dans sa rhétorique et sa performance, sa diffusion médiatique et sa reconnaissance sociale. Comment la production discursive autour de la Marche des Fiertés 2011 interroge-t-elle les enjeux
de représentations – et donc l’identité LGBT et l’action du mouvement ?

L’étude du cas de 2011 permet d’interroger les potentialités médiatiques et communicationnelles du discours polémique. Pourquoi y a-t-il eu polémique ? Quels enjeux cristallise l’affiche ? Y a-t-il réellement eu polémique ? En quoi les discussions
suscitées par l’affiche de l’édition 2011 de la Marche des Fiertés révèlent les enjeux de l’événement qu’elle est censée promouvoir ? Finalement, en quoi « l’affaire de l’affiche » marque-t-elle une rupture et témoigne-t-elle (déjà) des transformations
du « répertoire d’action collective » [Tilly, 1986] ?

La polémique autour de l’affiche implique différents acteurs : l’Inter-LGBT, les associations LGBT, l’agence créative, les journalistes et, dans un second temps, le grand public. J’ai analysé le conflit interprétatif à travers le prisme du temps (la
durée) et celui des médias (la capacité à diffuser). J’ai étudié ce cas de manière diachronique, en tenant compte des trois dimensions de « l’affaire de la Marche des Fiertés 2011 » : en amont, en nous intéressant aux raisons et conditions de
conception de l’affiche (entretiens avec des membres de l’Inter-LGBT et l’agence créative chargée de la conception de l’affiche) ; en suivant le déroulé de l’affaire, en considérant les acteurs et les espaces médiatiques mobilisés ; et en aval, en
analysant la reconnaissance de l’affiche (test de l’affiche).

Si à ses débuts la Gay Pride était subversive – au sens strict puisqu’illégale –, elle fait aujourd’hui partie du calendrier festif parisien. La montée en généralité opérée dans le discours d’accompagnement, et notamment le passage de l’homosexualisation de l’espace public à sa sexualisation tout court, réinterrogent cette subversion dans le cadre du mouvement LGBT.

Le discours d’escorte participe à la représentation du groupe cible en ce qu’il le raconte : un système complexe de discours polyphoniques s’articule selon une double logique identitaire et médiacentrique. La polémique autour de l’affiche de la Marche 2011 participe de ce discours et voit dans le médiatique sa modalité privilégiée. Avec la polémique – médiatique – comme cadre, l’affiche 2011 devient prétexte à des discours identitaires qui la dépassent : l’objet de la dispute s’éloigne du visuel-affiche pour venir se placer au niveau plus global de la représentation
du mouvement LGBT, représentation mise en tension entre l’idéologie d’une organisation militante et les réactions-commentaires polémiques du public à travers
les médias – sociaux. Il s’agit alors de distinguer l’objectif des médias de « faire polémique », les effets involontaires d’une communication inappropriée et les objectifs stratégiques que pourrait avoir une organisation militante à exploiter les
potentialités communicationnelles d’une polémique médiatique.

Finalement, dans le discours d’escorte de la Marche des Fiertés LGBT, la représentation des sexualités alternatives – et de la sexualité en général – n’est plus un signe subversif mais un signe de reconnaissance et un mécanisme de captation,
elle correspond à un horizon d’attente, à une demande sociale.

Mots clés : polémique, médias, représentation, sexualité, mouvement LGBT, militantisme""

Located in the southwestern part of China, Chongqing Municipality represents a relatively new political and administrative entity since it was established only in 1997, with the purpose of revitalizing this economically depressed area and providing a direct link with the central government in view of the construction of the Three Gorges Dam. Despite of its short history as municipality, the city of Chongqing is actually a place rich of memories connected not only with the war of Resistance and the foundation of the People’s Republic of China, but also with a more remote past that goes back to the ancient Ba-Shu reign. Therefore, the urban territory is covered with more or less visible traces of architectonic facts that in a particular historical moment have added some significance to the man-environment relationship, re-shaping the understanding of the urban space in virtue of its transformation.
This paper presents some projects of urban parks designed in three different historical circumstances: The Republican period, the establishment of New China after 1949, and the contemporary urban planning envisioned with the purpose of enlarging the urban boundaries of a city in continuous growth. The discourses concerning these public spaces allow the unraveling of their political and cultural meaning in time, while their spatialization as territorial practice implies the performance of specific logics, strongly connected with the need to recursively construct a collective identity in relation to the local. The analysis aims to highlight the planning of these urban spaces as a structure of signification, legitimation, and performative activity in their specific contexts, also considering their contribution to the shaping of the image of the city.

L’histoire actuelle du champ de la santé est marquée par des transformations profondes qui affectent aussi bien les définitions officielles de la santé que les objectifs assignés aux institutions de santé ou les relations entre soignants et soignés, en raison de la place nouvelle reconnue à ces derniers, à leur participation et leur expérience. Cette situation confère à l’étude des représentations sociales une pertinence particulière en ce qu’elle permet de prendre en considération le rôle de la culture et des valeurs, l’articulation entre connaissances savantes et profanes, le sens que les investissements psychologiques des malades et de leur entourage assignent à la gestion des états pathologiques.

Au moment où le Covid 19 se répand partout dans le monde, il peut être intéressant de voir comment le thème de la pandémie mortelle s'inscrit dans une vieille tradition apocalyptique. En effet, depuis les origines du genre, l’apocalypse a toujours fasciné les auteurs de science fiction qui ont puisé dans les écrits de Saint Jean des thèmes et des images durablement enracinés dans notre mémoire collective. S’il est vrai que la menace a souvent changé au fil du temps, le châtiment est resté le même pour une humanité qui a déçu son Créateur ou trahi la Nature : la fin du monde, ou pour le moins, la fin d’un monde, et en particulier celui des villes qui, à l’image de Babylone, sont présentées comme le réceptacle impur de tous les maux de nos sociétés. Même si la proposition est en apparence ludique, analyser les discours sur l’apocalypse dans les récits de science-fiction (romans, films, bandes dessinées, jeux vidéos…), permet donc de mieux comprendre les dysfonctionnements politiques, économiques et sociaux qu’ils révèlent dans un monde réel perçu comme toujours plus vulnérable, à la confluence entre géographies imaginaires, lieux symboliques et souvenirs d’un futur incertain.

What happens to foreign politics when actors, things or processes are presented as threats? This book explains state’s international behavior based on a reflexive framework of insecurity politics. It argues that governments act on knowledge of international danger available in their societies, and that such knowledge is organized by varying ideas of who threatens whom and how. The book develops this argument and illustrates it by means of various European case studies. Moving across European history and space, these show how securitization projected abroad evolving – and often contested – local ideas of the organization of international insecurity, and how such knowledges of world politics conditioned foreign policymaking on their own terms. With its focus on insecurity politics, the book provides new perspectives for the study of international security. Moving the discipline from systemic theorizing to a theory of international systematization, it shows how world politics is, in practice, often conceived in a different way than that assumed by IR theory. Depicting national insecurity as a matter of political construction, the book also raises the challenging question of whether certain projections of insecurity may be considered more warranted than others.

Apostolidis, T., Santos, F. & Kalampalikis, N. (2020). Society against covid-19: challenges for the socio-genetic point of view of social representations. Papers on Social Representations, 29(2), 3.1-3.14.

Today we are experiencing a radical break in our daily lives in the face of the covid-19 pandemic. Faced with a situation of widespread threat, our societies are caught in an unprecedented spiral of coercive measures and social control. In this context, we are not only witnessing a global health pandemic, but also, and above all, a social pandemic under the prism, in particular, of over-focusing media and the flood of communications. Indeed, the covid-19 is not only a medical and scientific object, but an eminently social one. The social representations approach offers a unique paradigm for studying this exceptional phenomenon. Our reactions to the virus do not only inform us of the risks that the virus poses to us, but also constitute a mirror of ourselves, our systems of thought, our relationships, values, theories on common worlds and the principles that organize our social functioning. It is in this sense that covid-19 is a powerful revealer of individual and social realities. We argue that the socio-genetic approach to social representations is heuristic and allows us to study this unprecedented pandemic phenomenon in its entirety. We rely on various illustrative examples to identify the processes of objectification and anchoring of this object in and through social thinking in order to show the relevance of some conceptual tools in the field of social representations to analyze the construction of covid-19. We discuss several challenges for socio-representational research for a better understanding of psychosocial processes involved in the current pandemic context.

Bringing together this work's different dimensions and perspectives, this book seeks to challenge both the accepted status quo of Black young people's negative overrepresentation in most aspects of life - including education, criminal justice, housing and health - and their under-representation in empiric literature. It seeks to help find ways forward. Offering insights into issues that confront Black young people and presenting strategies for change, the chapters in this book chart the shifts in British social policy - recruitment, restriction, repatriation, multiculturalism, and mainly now integration. It shows how, before meaningful work around integration and cohesion can begin, there must be greater understanding of the realities Black young people face, and of the various contexts for work with them.

Bizumic et al. (2013) have recently shown that attitudes towards peace and war reflect two distinct constructs rather than two poles of a single dimension. We present an attempt at validating the French version of their 16-item Attitudes toward Peace and War Scale (APWS) on five distinct (mainly Belgian) French-speaking samples (total N = 808). Confirmatory factor and criterion validity analyses confirmed that attitudes toward peace and war, although negatively related, are distinct in terms of their antecedents and consequences. On the one hand, antecedents of attitudes toward peace included egalitarian ideological beliefs and empathic concern for others, and consequences included intentions to engage in pro-peace behaviors. On the other hand, antecedents of attitudes toward war included national identification and authoritarian ideological beliefs, and consequences included intentions to engage in pro-war behaviors. Furthermore, both attitudes toward peace and war were, respective...

Nosso objeto de estudo são cenas de “Onde nascem os fortes”, supersérie exibida pela TV Globo em 2019, e rodada no cariri paraibano, na qual o silêncio do sertão grita tão forte que semelha um personagem. Partimos da pergunta “Até que ponto o sertão da obra fornece espaço de reflexão sobre as ideias acerca do homem nordestino (construídas pela Literatura e ressignificadas pelo Cinema Novo), e que evidenciam a sutil e permanente presença do machismo?”. Nosso objetivo é entender como essas ideias perpassam os cursos da Comunicação (TÁVOLA) - discurso, recurso, incurso, excurso -, a partir dos conceitos de dialogia e cronotopo (BAKHTIN), da perspectiva de gênero (JOAN SCOTT) e do machismo invisível (CASTAÑEDA). Como metodologia, usamos as tecnologias do imaginário (MACHADO) para buscar respostas à nossa indagação. Acreditamos que seja possível encontrar, no discurso verbo-visual, resultados que evidenciam o quanto é forte e arraigada no imaginário nacional a presença de um vigor masculino próprio do homem do sertão, através do qual repousam traços frequentes e seculares que alimentam uma estrutura machista perpetuada sorrateiramente ao longo dos séculos.

Shifting from representationally-oriented analysis of images to analysis of practices—the production, circulation and consumption of tourists’ images, and from photos created by tourists to photos staged, produced and displayed by the industry, this article offers a qualitative, ethnographic study of tourism’s visual culture.
Through observations conducted on a cruise ship, the author offers up-close depiction of photo-taking routines, and of the public display of multiple images of vacationing tourists. The article critically accounts for tourists’ desire to be photographed and portrayed by the industry in terms of visual surveillance (Foucault) under contemporary neoliberal visual regime. It is further argued that public displays of tourists’ images create, through collective  ediation/mediatization, a commercially assembled touristic collective or public.

O artigo tem como intenção analisar as associações comumente feitas entre representação e representatividade, que supõem que a representatividade entre produtores leva necessariamente à representação positiva de determinados grupos e minorias sociais em obras faccionais, ou que toda e qualquer representação ficcional levam à representatividade positiva (no sentido de identificação, aceitação e reconhecimento) de determinados grupos sociais nessas obras. Para isso, são propostas reflexões sobre as (não) falas das personagens protagonistas do vídeo Angry black woman (Porsha O., 2014) e do filme Vênus negra (Abdellatif Kechiche, 2010).

Esta presentación se propone abordar diversas cuestiones de discursividad, representación y ficcionalización de lo salvaje, lo esencial, lo natural y lo social en la película Zootopia, estrenada en marzo del año 2016.
En ella se presentan numerosos personajes, mamíferos antropomórficos que habitan un mundo ficcional donde hay una ciudad denominada Zootopia (del griego, zoo, animal y topos, lugar, el lugar de los animales). Como una suerte de “Pangea” urbana, dicha urbe tiene diversos “barrios” que corresponden a una clasificación muy rudimentaria de regiones climáticas -o mejor dicho biosferas, pues a cada región corresponde un ecosistema de organismos vivos- pobladas por mamíferos. Problemáticas o no, estas representaciones hablan mucho de cómo los directores y guionistas del film consideran la coexistencia entre seres y sus caracterizaciones.
Una de las partes de este trabajo se dedicará a pensar, en el habla del personaje principal, la coneja Judy Hopps, las ideas sobre convivencia, paz, diversidad, equidad, igualdad y libertad desde el análisis del discurso. Otro eje tratará lo problemático de la representación antropomórfica, la sexualización y la asignación genérica, las actitudes corporales y la gordura humanizadas. Un tercero pensará las cuestiones socioculturales relacionadas con los tres tamaños normativos de seres, el idioma “universal” que manejan y la convivencia interespecífica, desde la normativa de una suerte de “contrato social”, desde Jean Jacques Rousseau. Finalmente, siguiendo las ideas de John Berger y Phillipe Descola pensaremos qué de lo humano es proyectado en la construcción de las relaciones sociales y las animalidades.
Nosotros sostenemos que entre los animales existen determinaciones y diferencias biológicas gestadas en estadíos evolutivos que datan de hace varios milenios, y que permiten el desarrollo de numerosas biosferas o ecosistemas en base a este intercambio de materia en energía a través de la alimentación. La convivencia silvestre es agonística: no es ni ideal ni está viciada, es una situación producto y causa de la selección natural y la evolución, cuyos principales pilares, según conoce la ciencia, son la diversidad de especies y el cambio azaroso producto del desarrollo temporal. Toda metaforización de dicha situación es cultural, y por lo tanto el film incurre en una serie de representaciones y teatralizaciones problemáticas que llevan a caracterizar de manera confusa, dudosa y, en el peor de los casos, racista y esencialista, al mundo animal como metáfora de las relaciones humanas. Ideas sobre la convivencia, la esencia de los depredadores, la división del trabajo, la libertad, la justicia y las relaciones sociales se extraen de la cultura norteamericana globalizada del siglo XXI y se aplican de manera acrítica a una supuesta ciudad pacífica y multicultural en la intención de generar cierto mensaje sobre la tolerancia, la convivencia y la diferencia.

Acceso en: http://eventosacademicos.filo.uba.ar/index.php/EIAPA/IEIAPA/paper/view/4359

The aim of this paper is to analyse the relationship between the
diffusion process of social representations of justice by the press and their appropriation by readers. Two simultaneous cross-sectional studies were carried out. Study 1 analysed the meaning and the frequency of the word justice in the most important newspaper in Buenos Aires. The results indicate that the representation of justice has a retributive and institutional meaning. Study 2 investigated university students’ social representations of justice (N = 404) through a word association technique. The results showed that the central core of social representation has a retributive and institutional meaning, similar to the representations diffused by the most important newspaper. Nevertheless, significant differences were found with regard to the value attached to justice depending on the newspaper that the participants claimed to read. We can conclude that there is a mutual constitutive circular movement between the social representation of justice diffused by the newspapers and university students’ social representations. Moreover, the differences identified in the way justice was evaluated in the peripheral elements might express the existence of different positionings related to a hegemonic social representation.