Trees and Shrubs

Information about the diameter and the height of woody species is fundamental to developing growth and yield models in forest stands. Ten nonlinear height-diameter functions were fitted and evaluated for the site. The dataset consisted of 957 selected individuals of three dominant woody species (Acer campestre L., Acer tataricum L., and Cornus mas L.) and represented a wide range of woody species sizes. Changes in these equations following dieback of oak canopies were analysed. Residual standard error (RSE) results of the two-parameter functions showed that the "Wykoff et al. 1982" and "Bates and Watts 1980-Ratkowsky 1990" functions had lower RSE values in 1972. After oak decline the "Larson 1986" and "Bates and Watts 1980-Ratkowsky 1990" functions had lower values. The RSE data for the three-parameter functions showed that the "Pearl and Reed 1920" function had fitted RSE values at the start of the long-term study. After the canopy decline function, the "Ratkowsky 1990" function RSE value was lowest for A. campestre and C. mas. "Pearl and Reed 1920" was the best-fitted function for A. tataricum. Height-diameter equations increase our knowledge about the growth of these species, which will enable us to improve management planning in oak forests. Résumé : L'information concernant le diamètre et la hauteur des espèces ligneuses est essentielle pour la mise au point des modèles de croissance et de production des peuplements forestiers. Dix fonctions nonlinéaires reliant la hauteur au diamètre ont été ajustées et évaluées pour la station. Le jeu de données était composé de 957 individus sélectionnés parmi trois espèces ligneuses dominantes (Acer campestre L., Acer tataricum L., et Cornus mas L.), chacune représentée par une large gamme de tailles. Nous avons analysé les changements dans ces équations a ` la suite du dépérissement du couvert dominant de chêne. Les résultats d'écart-type résiduel (ETR) provenant des fonctions a ` deux paramètres ont montré que les valeurs d'ETR de la fonction de Wykoff et al. (1982) et de celle de Bates et Watts (1980) et de Ratkowsky (1990) étaient les plus basses en 1972. Après le dépérissement du chêne, la fonction de Larson (1986) et celle de Bates et Watts (1980) et de Ratkowsky (1990) avaient les plus basses valeurs d'ETR. Les résultats d'ETR des fonctions a ` trois paramètres ont montré que la fonction de Pearl et Reed (1920) avait les meilleures valeurs d'ETR au début de l'étude a ` long terme. Après le dépérissement du couvert dominant, la valeur d'ETR de la fonction de Ratkowsky (1990) était la plus basse pour A. campestre et C. mas alors que la fonction de Pearl et Reed (1920) s'ajustait le mieux a ` A. tataricum. Les équations reliant la hauteur au diamètre améliorent nos connaissances sur la croissance de ces espèces, ce qui nous permettra de bonifier la planification de l'aménagement des chênaies. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Mots-clés : écart-type résiduel, Acer campestre, strate arbustive, taille, modèle de croissance.

The unplanned urbanization, industrialization, tourism, construction of barrages and the areas like airports, have exhorted pressures on the natural resources of Turkey. The faulty decisions in the land- use have caused disruption and destruction of forests, agricultural and other natural areas. In this way, the ecological balance framed for millions of year have been deteriorated. Bu sebeplerden dolayı,  Peyzaj onarımın Türkiye için ne kadar önemli olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır.  Plants are the most effective materials for landscape reclamation practices. But they must be chosen and used correctly. Several researches including vegetation studies on field and road side slope stabilisation with plants helped to list herbaceous perennials, shrubs and trees for reclamation purposes for Mediterranean and Aegean Regions with their peculiarities such as ecological needs, size/shape and sensibility to environmental factors.

Во дворното место на Шумарскиот факултет и Факултетот за земјоделски науки и храна во Скопје при Универзитетот „Св. Кирил и Методиј“ во Скопје, во 1947 година, со основањето на еден од првите факултети во нашата земја, Земјоделско-шумарскиот факултет, започнал да се создава еден од најинтересните паркови на дрвенести растенија на Балканскиот Полуостров. Од 1950 година паркот го добива и денешниот назив- дендропарк. Оттогаш, дел од дрвенестите видови поради абиотски и биотски фактори се исчезнати, а и просторот на којшто се развивале и растеле овие претставници на дендрофлората е намален со изградбата на неколку факултетски објекти. Ne oborrin e Fakultetit te Pylltarise dhe Fakultetit ne shkencave bujqesore dhe ushqimit eshte ngritur dendroparku me i llojllojshem ne Gadishullin Ballkanik. Qe nga fillimet e tij, me themelimin e njerit prej fakulteteve te para te shtetit tone me vitin 1947, Fakulteti i Bujqesise-Pylltarise, ky park i bimeve drurore ngadale po e fitonte vendin e duhur ne shkencen dhe procesin arsimor. Prej vitit 1950 e mer edhe emrin e sotshem-dendropark. Qe atehere, nje pjese e bimeve drurore per shkak te faktoreve abiotik dhe biotik jane zhdukur, dhe nga ana tjeter edhe hapesira na te cilen jane zhvilluar dhe rritur jane zvogeluar me ndertimin e disa objekteve per nevojat e fakulteteve. The backyard of the Faculty of Forestry and the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food in Skopje has one of the most diverse dendroparks on the Balkan Peninsula. Ever since its establishment, with the foundation of one of the first faculties in our country in 1947, the Agricultural-Forestry Faculty, this park of woody plants originating from the countries all over the world slowly received its position in the science and in the educational process. In 1950 the park was named as of today's name – dendropark. From then onwards, part of the woody plants due to abiotic and biotic factors became extinct, and the space where they grew and developed was reduced and taken by several faculty facilities.

The study of intra-specific variations in growth and plant physiological response to drought is crucial to understand the potential for plant adaptation to global change. Carbon isotope composition (d13C) in plant tissues offers an integrated measure of intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi). The intra-specific association between d13C and productivity has been extensively studied in herbaceous crops, but species-specific information on woody plants is still limited and has so far provided contradictory results. In this work we explored the general patterns of the relationship between d13C and growth traits (height, diameter and biomass) using a meta-analysis. We compiled information from 49 articles, including 176 studies performed on 34 species from 16 genera. We found a positive global intra-specific correlation between 13C and growth (Gr= 0.28, P<0.0001), stronger for biomass than for height, and non-significant for diameter. The extent of this intra-specific association increased from Mediterranean to subtropical, temperate and boreal biomes, i.e. from water-limited to energy-limited environments. Conifers and shrubs, but not broadleaves, showed consistent positive intra-specific correlations. The meta-analysis also revealed that the relationship between d13C and growth is better characterized at juvenile stages, under near-optimal and controlled conditions, and by analyzing d13C in leaves rather than in wood.


Key words: water-use efficiency; growth; height; diameter; genetic variation; biomass

Woody expansion has been documented for years in many different systems, often the result
of anthropogenic changes to the environment. Causes and consequences of woody expansion have been
well documented, but comparatively few studies have focused on functional traits that mechanistically
allow for dramatic expansion in range. Our objectives were to investigate functional traits and plant
resource strategies that contribute to rapid expansion of an invasive, nitrogen-fixing shrub, Elaeagnus
umbellata Thunb. (Elaeagnaceae) compared with two sympatric native shrubs, Clethra alnifolia L.
(Clethraceae) and Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Ericaceae). We quantified morphological, physiological and
biochemical functional traits linked explicitly to three main resources that directly influence plant growth:
light, water and nutrients. We attribute high photosynthetic efficiency found in E. umbellata to traits
associated with light capture and use (e.g., specific leaf area, pigment concentrations, leaf display).
Compared to coexisting species, leaf-level water demand was supported through high hydraulic capacity,
yet E. umbellata also maintained high water use efficiency evident in d13C values. Fixed nitrogen allowed for
higher foliar %N observed in E. umbellata. This supports both high rates of electron transport and hydraulic
capacity as seen in the relationships between foliar %N and electron transport rate (ETR) and percent loss
of conductivity (PLCmidday). Overall, functional traits of E. umbellata allowed for high resource acquisition
that when combined contribute to success in a wide variety of habitats. Conversely, native sympatric
shrubs exhibited functional traits representative of slower-growing species (e.g., lower light capture, water
use and nutrient acquisition). Our results support the hypothesis that traits associated with photosynthesis,
water use efficiency, specific leaf area and leaf N are under selective pressure and highlight the importance
of relationships among photosynthetic efficiency, hydraulic capacity and leaf N content that allow for the
success of an expanding woody species.