Gunnar Lehmann
Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Archaeology, Faculty Member
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Levantine Archaeology, Theoretical Archaeology, Anthropological Approaches In Archaeology, Ancient Economy and Society In the Levant, Settlement archaeology, Pottery studies, and 81 moreMethodology of Field Archaeology, Archaeology, Israel/Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Iron Age, Excavations, Pottery, Chronology, Survey, Persian Period, Achaemenid Period, Archaeological Surveys, Greek Pottery In Levant, Akko Plain, Near Eastern Archaeology, Ancient Near East, Ceramics (Archaeology), Ziyaret Tepe, Assyrian archaeology, Assyria, Assyriology, Mesopotamian Archaeology, Phoenician Punic Archaeology, Phoenician trade, Phoenician, Phoenician and Punic Studies, western Phoenician archaeology, Carthage, Punic Pottery, Mediterranean archaeology, Phoenician Punic Archaeology, Punic world and Punic Archaeology, Phoenician and Punic Studies, archaeology of Sardinia in phoenician age, Phoenician Punic Pottery, Phoenician Pottery, Mediterranean archaeology, Near Eastern Archaeology, Iron Age, Phoenician Pottery of the 7th Century BCE, Phoenician pottery, Phoenician and Punic Pottery, Cilicia, Anatolian Archaeology, Anatolian Archaeology (Archaeology), Ancient Anatolia, Syria (Archaeology), North Syrian archaeology, Syrian Art and Archaeology, South Syrian Archaeology, Northern Syrian Archaeology, Syrian and northern Mesopotamia archaeology, Syrian Archaeology, Lebanon, Syria, Israel and Palestine (History and Archaeology), Archaeology Lebanon, Archaeology of Lebanon, Lebanon (Archaeology), Lebanese archaeology, Archaeology of the Levant, Archaeology of the Southern Levant, Pre-Exilic Ancient Israel - Hebrew Bible and Archaeology; Phoenician-Punic language and epigraphy; Levantine Archaeology (espeically Biblical Archaeology), The Stone Age archaeology of the southern Levant., Biblical and Levantine History and Archaeology, Archaeology of the southern Levant in the Bronze Age, Archaeology in the Levant, Cyprus and Greece, Aegean Archaeology Anatolian Archaeology Egyptian Archaeology Levantine Archaeology, Levantine Archaeology EBIV, Archaeology of the Iron Age in the Levant, Levant Archaeology, 3rd Millennium Levant Archaeology, Aegean Archaeology Anatolian Archaeology Egyptian Archaeology Levantine Archaeology, levantine Art and Archaeology, Iron Age archaeology of the Levant, Archaeology In the Levant, Archaeology of Cyprus, Cyprus Archaeology, Byzantine architecture and archaeology, medieval Cyprus, Archaeology, Cyprus and the Ancient Eastern Mediterranean, Judaic Studies, Archaeology of Ancient Cyprus, Ancient History, Archaeology and Religion of Cyprus and Eastern Mediterranean, History of Archaeology In Cyprus and Greece, Byzantine Pottery, Topography of Byzantine and Medieval Cyprus, Prehistoric Archaeology in Cyprus and the Near East, British Archaeology in Cyprus, Archaeology, Art, Cyprus, Middle Bronze Age Lebanon, Cypriot Archaeology, Cypriot Bronze Age, Cyprus and the East Mediterranean, and Phoenician and Punic Amphorae edit
The Encyclopedia of Material Culture in the Biblical W orld (EBW) builds on the German »Standardwerk« Biblisches Reallexikon (BRL), edited by Kurt Galling 1937, second edition 1977 (2BRL). It is a reference book for biblical scholars,... more
The Encyclopedia of Material Culture in the Biblical W orld (EBW) builds on the German »Standardwerk« Biblisches Reallexikon (BRL), edited by Kurt Galling 1937, second edition 1977 (2BRL). It is a reference book for biblical scholars, historians, and archaeologists. The EBW focusses on the material culture from the Neolithic Age to the Hellenistic period, giving attention to the material from the Bronze and Iron Ages, including the Persian period. The geographic regions covered by the entries include primarily the records of Palestine (= the Southern Levant) limited by (excl.) the southern fringe of Lebanon and Hermon (North), the Wadi al-Ariš, the Sinai peninsula and North-Arabia (South), the Mediterranean Sea (West) and the Transjordanian desert (East). If appropriate to the entry, the neighboring evidence from Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, and Mesopotamia is included. The Encyclopedia presents and documents the material culture based on the archaeological, epigraphical, and iconographical data in historical order and documents the state of current research. The entries do not only list or mention the most important material data, but try to synthesize and interpret it within the horizon of a history of Southern Levantine culture, economy, technical development, art, and religion.
The EBW consists of around 120 articles and an introductory part pertaining to the chronology of the EBW, archaeology and cultural History, epigraphy, and iconography, written by specialists from 15 different countries.
The EBW consists of around 120 articles and an introductory part pertaining to the chronology of the EBW, archaeology and cultural History, epigraphy, and iconography, written by specialists from 15 different countries.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
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This paper, jointly written by participants of a workshop held in 2021, argues for an increased recognition and application of neutron activation analysis (NAA) in the archaeology of the ancient Mediterranean. Discussing the... more
This paper, jointly written by participants of a workshop held in 2021, argues for an increased recognition and application of neutron activation analysis (NAA) in the archaeology of the ancient Mediterranean. Discussing the methodological strengths and challenges, it highlights the great potential NAA has for collecting proxy data from ceramics in order to develop progressive concepts of archaeological research within and beyond the Mediterranean Bronze and Iron Age, pointing out opportunities to revisit long-held assumptions of scholarship and to refine visual/macroscopic provenance determinations of pottery. To take full advantage of NAA’s strengths toward a better understanding of the socioeconomic background of ceramics production, distribution, and consumption, the paper emphasises the need for both interdisciplinary collaboration and basic data publication requirements.
Research Interests:
History, Archaeology, Geology, Mediterranean Studies, Provenance, and 13 moreArchaeometry, History of the Mediterranean, Ceramics (Archaeology), Mobility (Archaeology), Mediterranean archaeology, Ancient Trade & Commerce (Archaeology), Provenance studies of archaeological material, Pottery, Neutron Activation Analysis, Connectivity, Scholarship, Ceramic Analysis Archaeology, and Pottery Archaeology
This article presents a preliminary comparative stratigraphy of excavated sites in Plain Cilicia and one in Rough Cilicia. It is the outcome of three workshops held in 2014, 2015 and 2017. Plain Cilicia at the junction of Anatolia,... more
This article presents a preliminary comparative stratigraphy of excavated sites in Plain Cilicia and one in Rough Cilicia. It is the outcome of three workshops held in 2014, 2015 and 2017. Plain Cilicia at the junction of Anatolia, Syro-Mesopotamia and Cyprus is one of the most fertile regions of the Ancient Near East. In recent years, archaeological research in the region has intensified, re-opening questions of chronology. The comparative stratigraphy discussed in the workshops is presented here in form of a gazetteer of the participating sites and a chart. This is to be understood as a first step towards a more comprehensive chronology.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
The transition from the Iron Age I to the Iron Age IIA during the 10th century BCE was a period of profound political and socio-economic transformations in the Levant. One of these developments was the emergence of early Phoenicia. In its... more
The transition from the Iron Age I to the Iron Age IIA during the 10th century BCE was a period of profound political and socio-economic transformations in the Levant. One of these developments was the emergence of early Phoenicia. In its course, Phoenicia emanated as an interface of international exchange connecting Mediterranean and continental economies of the Levant. This had a profound impact on the societies of the Southern Levant in general and ancient Israel in particular. Phoenician influence was not just marginal for the history of ancient Israel but developed into an integral component of Israelite economic and political history.
Research Interests:
The Phoenicians are the population of ancient Lebanon during the 1st millennium bce. However, Phoenician settlement was also located on the coast of modern Syria and Israel. The Phoenicians were not immigrants and developed out of the... more
The Phoenicians are the population of ancient Lebanon during the 1st millennium bce. However, Phoenician settlement was also located on the coast of modern Syria and Israel. The Phoenicians were not immigrants and developed out of the local Bronze Age populations of the 2nd millennium bce. Some scholars do not distinguish the Late Bronze Age (1550–1150 bce) city-states of Lebanon from those of the Phoenicians in the Iron Age of the 1st millennium bce. Rather than defining “Phoenicia” with ethnic features, the approach chosen here emphasizes aspects of the political economy. With the sociopolitical changes at the end of the Late Bronze Age, new communities emerged with a specific pattern of social and political organization and economic activities that increasingly included “private” entrepreneurial initiatives. With these developments, a new form of Levantine city-state emerged from previous Bronze Age formations. Another specific feature of the Phoenician phenomenon is the developm...
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Research Interests:
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... Karmon, Israel, 32-35, der auf die Eignungvon L?ss unter semiariden Bedingungen f?r Weizen und Gerste hinweist. 13 Karmon, Israel, 10 Fig. 3. 14 Na'aman, Brook of Egypt, 238-264; Na'aman, Shihor of... more
... Karmon, Israel, 32-35, der auf die Eignungvon L?ss unter semiariden Bedingungen f?r Weizen und Gerste hinweist. 13 Karmon, Israel, 10 Fig. 3. 14 Na'aman, Brook of Egypt, 238-264; Na'aman, Shihor of Eypt, 265-278. 15 Keel/K?chler, Orte und Landschaften, 102. Page 4. ...
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... 50 Finkelstein, Israelite Settlement, 336-348. 51 Levy/Adams/Shafiq, Jabal Hamrat Fidan, 293-308; Levy/ Holl, Migrations, 83-118; Le? vy/Adams/Muniz, Shasu Nomads; Redford, Ancient Times, 269-273. 52 F?r die ?Hatzerim" s. Gophna,... more
... 50 Finkelstein, Israelite Settlement, 336-348. 51 Levy/Adams/Shafiq, Jabal Hamrat Fidan, 293-308; Levy/ Holl, Migrations, 83-118; Le? vy/Adams/Muniz, Shasu Nomads; Redford, Ancient Times, 269-273. 52 F?r die ?Hatzerim" s. Gophna, ?Haserim", 173-180; Gophna, ...
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The Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age transition involves profound cultural and political changes in the southern Levant. The transition is dated to the 12th century BC, based on archaeological artifacts and historical documents. A more... more
The Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age transition involves profound cultural and political changes in the southern Levant. The transition is dated to the 12th century BC, based on archaeological artifacts and historical documents. A more precise absolute date for this transition for the southern Levant based on radiocarbon is difficult since the14C calibration curve reduces precision significantly due to wiggles that form an approximately 200-yr-long plateau. This article analyzes14C samples from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age transition at Qubur el-Walaydah. To increase the resolution of14C dates within the plateau,14C samples were collected only from well-defined multilayered contexts.14C dates from 11 contexts were obtained and these were analyzed using a Bayesian model that incorporated the stratigraphic information. Using this integrative approach we date the Late Bronze Age III levels at Qubur el-Walydah, containing the initial phase of locally produced Philistine pottery be...
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Archaeology, Experimental Archaeology, Near Eastern Archaeology, Geology, Geochemistry, and 12 moreZooarchaeology, Ethnoarchaeology, Archaeological Science, Archaeological Soil Micromorphology, Phytolith Analysis, Taphonomy, Ancient Near East, Cooking and Food Preparation (archaeology), FTIR, Fuel, Archaeological Fire Structures Studies, and PSR
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... | Ayuda. Decorated Pottery Styles in the Northern Levant during the Early Iron Age and their Relationship with Cyprus and the Aegean. Autores: Gunnar Lehmann; Localización: Ugarit-Forschungen, ISSN 0342-2356, Nº. 39, 2007 , pags.... more
... | Ayuda. Decorated Pottery Styles in the Northern Levant during the Early Iron Age and their Relationship with Cyprus and the Aegean. Autores: Gunnar Lehmann; Localización: Ugarit-Forschungen, ISSN 0342-2356, Nº. 39, 2007 , pags. 487-550. ...
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The transition from the Iron Age I to the Iron Age IIA during the 10th century BCE was a period of profound political and socioeconomic transformations in the Levant. One of these developments was the emergence of early Phoenicia. In its... more
The transition from the Iron Age I to the Iron Age IIA during the 10th century BCE was a period of profound political and socioeconomic transformations in the Levant. One of these developments was the emergence of early Phoenicia. In its course, Phoenicia emanated as an interface of international exchange connecting Mediterranean and continental economies of the Levant (for the latest synthesis examining Phoenicians see Sader 2019). This had a profound impact on the societies of the Southern Levant in general and ancient Israel in particular. Phoenician influence was not just marginal for the history of ancient Israel but developed into an integral component of Israelite economic and political history.
Research Interests:
During the Persian (or Achaemenid) period, simply band-painted bowls, plates, jugs, table amphorae and hydriae are documented in the Levant — in particular in the coastal regions — as one of the most common groups of decorated ceramics.... more
During the Persian (or Achaemenid) period, simply band-painted bowls, plates, jugs, table amphorae and hydriae are documented in the Levant — in particular in the coastal regions — as one of the most common groups of decorated ceramics. Vessels of this style — mostly drinking vessels — were recorded in significant quantities at most coastal sites in southern Turkey, Syria, Israel, Cyprus, and occasionally also in Egypt. The band-painted decoration resembles East Greek styles and initial studies identified these vessels as variations of East Greek ceramics imported to the eastern Mediterranean from Ionian cities. In this study, we examined a large sample of this pottery from the northern and southern Levant, both stylistically and by fabric analysis, applying Neutron Activation Analyses (NAA), Wavelength Dispersive XRay Fluorescence (WD-XRF) and petrography. We demonstrate that almost all the vessels of this particular, and popular, style were produced at one site only — Kelenderis, in Cilicia — which during the Persian period distributed its merchandise extensively to large parts of the eastern Mediterranean. The newly identified Mediterranean NAA group was labelled ‘Kelenderis A’ (KelA). The results require a reconsideration of commercial and other Mediterranean interconnections during this period.
Keywords Levantine Archaeology, Persian/Achaemenid period, Neutron Activation Analysis and XRF pottery analysis, Mediterranean archaeology, ancient pottery
Keywords Levantine Archaeology, Persian/Achaemenid period, Neutron Activation Analysis and XRF pottery analysis, Mediterranean archaeology, ancient pottery
Research Interests:
Archaeology of Ancient Israel, Levantine Archaeology, Mediterranean archaeology, Archaeology of Mediterranean Trade, Bronze and Iron Ages in Eastern Mediterranean (Archaeology), and 14 moreAncient Greek Pottery, East Greek Pottery, Mediterranean archaeology; petrography, Aegean Archaeology, Mediterranean Archeology, the island of Crete, East Mediterranean Archaeology, Archaeology of the eastern Mediterranean, Neutron Activation Analysis, Archaeology of the Southern Levant, archaic Greek Pottery, Archaeology of the Levant, Greek Pottery In Levant, Instrmental Neutron Activation Analysis, Archaeological petrography, and Archaeology of ancient Palestine
The Phoenicians are the population of ancient Lebanon during the 1st millennium BCE. However, Phoenician settlement was also located on the coast of modern Syria and Israel. The Phoenicians were not immigrants and developed out of the... more
The Phoenicians are the population of ancient Lebanon during the 1st millennium BCE. However, Phoenician settlement was also located on the coast of modern Syria and Israel. The Phoenicians were not immigrants and developed out of the local Bronze Age populations of the 2nd millennium BCE. Some scholars do not distinguish the Late Bronze Age (1550–1150 BCE) city-states of Lebanon from those of the Phoenicians in the Iron Age of the 1st millennium BCE. Rather than defining “Phoenicia” with ethnic features, the approach chosen here emphasizes aspects of the political economy. With the sociopolitical changes at the end of the Late Bronze Age, new communities emerged with a specific pattern of social and political organization and economic activities that increasingly included “private” entrepreneurial initiatives. With these developments, a new form of Levantine city-state emerged from previous Bronze Age formations. Another specific feature of the Phoenician phenomenon is the development of an alphabetic writing that had significant influence on ancient scripts of the 1st millennium BCE, such as Hebrew, Aramaic, or ancient Greek writing. This bibliography focuses on the archaeology of the Phoenician homeland in the Levant during the Iron Age and the Persian period (c. 1150–330 BCE). Scholars have repeatedly investigated the problem of defining the Phoenicians—if this is at all possible. The appellation “Phoenicians” originates in ancient Greek views and does not represent the self-definition of “Phoenicians” themselves, who preferred to identify themselves with their urban communities, such as “man of Tyre” or “woman of Arwad.” The unprecedented rise of the Phoenician economy after the 9th century BCE had a significant impact on social and cultural changes in the Levant and the Mediterranean. Phoenician material culture appeared in all the neighboring economies of Phoenicia and led eventually to a colonization in the western Mediterranean. However one wants to define the Phoenicians, they were among the principal agents of an early globalization of the Mediterranean and the ancient Near East.
Research Interests:
Archaeology of Ancient Israel, Levantine Archaeology, Biblical Archaeology, Phoenician, Phoenician Punic Archaeology, and 10 moreLebanon, Syria, Israel and Palestine (History and Archaeology), Archaeology of the Southern Levant, Carthage, Punic Pottery, Mediterranean archaeology, Phoenician Punic Archaeology, Punic world and Punic Archaeology, Phoenician and Punic Studies, archaeology of Sardinia in phoenician age, Phoenicians and Punic, Ancient Near Eastern culture, Biblical Studies, Archaeology, Biblical and Levantine History and Archaeology, Israel and Palestine Archaeology, Archaeology of Palestine, Archaeology of ancient Palestine, and Archaeology in Palestine
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in D. Varga; Y. Abadi-Reiss; G. Lehmann; and D. Vainstub (eds.), Worship and Burial in the Shfela and Negev Regions Throughout the Ages: Proceedings of the 15th Annual Southern Conference. Beersheba: Israel Antiquities Authority and... more
in D. Varga; Y. Abadi-Reiss; G. Lehmann; and D. Vainstub (eds.), Worship and Burial in the Shfela and Negev Regions Throughout the Ages: Proceedings of the 15th Annual Southern Conference. Beersheba: Israel Antiquities Authority and Ben-Gurion University, pp. *17-*30.
Research Interests:
Levantine Archaeology, Death and Burial (Archaeology), Burial Practices (Archaeology), Lebanon, Syria, Israel and Palestine (History and Archaeology), Archaeology of the Southern Levant, and 4 moreBiblical and Levantine History and Archaeology, Israel and Palestine Archaeology, Archaeology of Palestine, and Archaeology of ancient Palestine
This study defines early Iron Age burials in Northern Israel as a coherent assemblage with traditions that are archaeologically distinguishable from those of northern Phoenician and southern Philistine societies. These burial traditions... more
This study defines early Iron Age burials in Northern Israel as a coherent assemblage with traditions that are archaeologically distinguishable from those of northern Phoenician and southern Philistine societies. These burial traditions are distinct from funerary customs of the Late Bronze Age and Iron IIB. The study discusses the main developments and regional differentiations of early Iron Age burial traditions with an emphasis on their chronological contexts.
Keywords Early Iron Age, Burials, Early Iron Age pottery, Northern Israel
Keywords Early Iron Age, Burials, Early Iron Age pottery, Northern Israel
Research Interests:
Archaeology of Ancient Israel, Levantine Archaeology, Syro-Palestinian archaeology, Archaeology of burials, Lebanon, Syria, Israel and Palestine (History and Archaeology), and 4 moreArchaeology of the Southern Levant, Archaeology of the Levant, Tradition (Archaeology) X Death and Burial (Archaeology) X Burial Practices (Archaeology) X Burial (Ritual) X Archaeology of Burials X Archaeology of Death and Burial X Burial Customs (Ancient World), and Archaeology in Palestine
Research Interests:
Archaeology of Ancient Israel, Levantine Archaeology, Lebanon, Syria, Israel and Palestine (History and Archaeology), Archaeology of the Southern Levant, Biblical and Levantine History and Archaeology, and 5 moreIsraelite Archaeology, Israel and Palestine Archaeology, Archaeology of Palestine, Archaeology of ancient Palestine, and Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology
The question under discussion is whether the dates of the Late Bronze (LBIIB)-LBIII (Iron IA) transitions in three sites in the southern Levant, namely Megiddo, Tell es-Safi/Gath and Qubur el-Walaydah occur at the same time, as has been... more
The question under discussion is whether the dates of the Late Bronze (LBIIB)-LBIII (Iron IA) transitions in three sites in the southern Levant, namely Megiddo, Tell es-Safi/Gath and Qubur el-Walaydah occur at the same time, as has been proposed by Israel Finkelstein in his article in 2016 in Egypt and Levant. Here we respond to Finkelstein's comments. We add some new data, clarify the issues that were raised, and conclude that the Late Bronze (LBIIB)-LBIII (Iron IA) transitions occurred at different times in northern and southern Israel.
Research Interests:
Archaeology of Ancient Israel, Levantine Archaeology, Late Bronze Age archaeology, Iron Age (Archaeology), Mediterranean archaeology, and 12 moreBronze And Iron Age In Mediterrarranean (Archaeology), Aegean Late Bronze Age, History of Palestine and Israel, Early Iron Age, Late Bronze Age, Early Iron Age, the Sea Peoples, XIX - XX Dynasty in Egypt, the Hittites, the Late Bronze Age in the Eastern Medittaranean, Ancient Israel, Radiocarbon Dating (Archaeology), Pre-Exilic Ancient Israel - Hebrew Bible and Archaeology; Phoenician-Punic language and epigraphy; Levantine Archaeology (espeically Biblical Archaeology), Archaeology of the Southern Levant, Late Bronze Age Levant and new kingdom Egypt, and Archaeology of the Levant
Excavations by the Ben-Gurion University at Tell el-Far'ah (South) in 1999 and 2002. Persian and Hellenistic levels.
Research Interests:
Archaeology of Ancient Israel, Levantine Archaeology, Mediterranean archaeology, Hellenistic Pottery, Persian Period, and 9 moreLebanon, Syria, Israel and Palestine (History and Archaeology), Ancient Israel, Archaeology of the Southern Levant, a) Archaeology, History and Historiography in the Iron Age, Persian and Hellenistic periods., Archaeology of the Levant, Hellenistic and Roman pottery, Achaemenid Persian Period, Persian Period Pottery, and Biblical History of the Babylonian and Persian Period
Technological analyses of the lithic assemblage recovered from the excavations at Qubur el-Walaydah offer new insights into the nature of the specialized production system of sickle blades during the Late Bronze-Iron Age, and provide new... more
Technological analyses of the lithic assemblage recovered from the excavations at Qubur el-Walaydah offer new insights into the nature of the specialized production system of sickle blades during the Late Bronze-Iron Age, and provide new data sets concerning the decline of chipped-stone technologies. Although the knapping technology used for the production of flint sickle segments was relatively simple, the spatial distribution of this system, the hafting procedures, and other technological considerations suggest that the specialists were no longer solely flint knappers, but had become sickle artisans. They produced the complete sickles that the farmers, who in turn lost their role in the manufacturing process, used. This specialized system can be characterized as a kind of vertical production integration. The organization of the production of flint sickles, moreover, may offer insights on the last stage of the stone-metal replacement process. If the intrinsic properties of iron and its availability must have played an important role, the flint-iron substitution might be facilitated by the fact that the production system was already characterized by a form of specialization where the users of these objects were no longer the producers. In this regard, the simultaneous fall of ad hoc flint tools represent another facet of the same phenomenon. If within the lithic production system the manufacture of sickles and ad hoc tools represent two distinct subsystems , the large-scale adoption of iron implements suggests the emergence of a single specialized system producing different types of cutting tools, then used for different tasks. Thus, the end of chipped stone tools is related not only to the efficiency of iron implements, but also to a structural change in the relationship between tool consumers and producers.
Research Interests:
Archaeology, Levantine Archaeology, Lithic Technology, Bronze and Iron Ages in Eastern Mediterranean (Archaeology), Early Iron Age, and 5 morethe Sea Peoples, XIX - XX Dynasty in Egypt, the Hittites, the Late Bronze Age in the Eastern Medittaranean, Late Bronze Age, Archaeology of the Southern Levant, Late Bronze Age Levant and new kingdom Egypt, and Archaeology of the southern Levant in the Bronze Age
This article presents a preliminary comparative stratigraphy of excavated sites in Plain Cilicia and one in Rough Cilicia. It is the outcome of three workshops held in 2014, 2015 and 2017. Plain Cilicia at the junction of Anatolia,... more
This article presents a preliminary comparative stratigraphy of excavated sites in Plain Cilicia and one in Rough Cilicia. It is the outcome of three workshops held in 2014, 2015 and 2017. Plain Cilicia at the junction of Anatolia, Syro-Mesopotamia and Cyprus is one of the most fertile regions of the Ancient Near East. In recent years, archaeological research in the region has intensified, reopening questions of chronology. The comparative stratigraphy discussed in the workshops is presented here in form of a gazetteer of the participating sites and a chart. This is to be understood as a first step towards a more comprehensive chronology.
Research Interests:
Kinet Höyük excavations
Research Interests:
Lehmann, Gunnar, 2016, The Archaeology of the Assyrian Period in Cilicia in the Light of the Kinet Höyük Excavations. in J. MacGinnis; D. Wicke; and T. Greenfield (eds.), The Provincial Archaeology of the Assyrian Empire. Oxford: Oxbow; McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, pp. 321-333.more
This paper focuses on the archaeological evidence for the period of Assyrian domination in Cilicia and will approach historical questions only in passing. The period investigated here is the time between Tiglathpileser III and... more
This paper focuses on the archaeological evidence for the period of Assyrian domination in Cilicia and will approach historical questions only in passing. The period investigated here is the time between Tiglathpileser III and Ashurbanipal. The paper discusses the available evidence against the results of the recently concluded excavations at Kinet Höyük which are currently
being prepared for publication.
being prepared for publication.
Research Interests:
The Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age transition involves profound cultural and political changes in the southern Levant. The transition is dated to the 12th century BC, based on archaeological artifacts and historical documents. A more... more
The Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age transition involves profound cultural and political changes in the southern Levant. The transition is dated to the 12th century BC, based on archaeological artifacts and historical documents. A more precise absolute date for this transition for the southern Levant based on radiocarbon is difficult since the 14C calibration curve reduces precision significantly due to wiggles that form an approximately 200-yr-long plateau. This article analyzes 14C samples from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age transition at Qubur el-Walaydah. To increase the resolution of 14C dates within the plateau, 14C samples were collected only from well-defined multilayered contexts. 14C dates from 11 contexts were obtained and these were analyzed using a Bayesian model that incorporated the stratigraphic information. Using this integrative approach we date the Late Bronze Age III levels at Qubur el-Walydah, containing the initial phase of locally produced Philistine pottery between 1185–1140 BC, and the Late Bronze to Iron Age transition between 1140–1095 BC.
Research Interests:
Gur-Arieh, Shira; Shahack-Gross, Ruth; Maeir, Aren M.; Lehmann, Gunnar; Hitchcock, Louise; and Boaretto, Elisabetta 2014 The taphonomy and preservation of wood and dung ashes found in archaeological cooking installations: case studies from Iron Age Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 46: 50-67more
Cooking installations are among the most abundant features in Bronze and Iron Age archaeological sites in the southern Levant, yet until now their study has been mostly descriptive. We present a study of 11 purported archaeological... more
Cooking installations are among the most abundant features in Bronze and Iron Age archaeological sites in the southern Levant, yet until now their study has been mostly descriptive. We present a study of 11 purported archaeological cooking installations from three different Bronze and Iron Age sites in Israel in which we deployed a variety of microarchaeological techniques. We provide direct physical evidence, based on Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy demonstrating that the archaeological installations were operated with temperatures as high as 900 C. Using this technique we also demonstrate that all the mud-constructed installations studied by us were internally-fueled and therefore should be identified as Tannurs rather than the externally-fueled Tabuns. We studied in detail the quantities of ash-related microscopic remains, including opaline phytoliths, calcitic wood ash pseudomorphs and dung spherulites. We show that phytolith morphotype analysis cannot distinguish between wood-dominated and dung-dominated fuel materials, while a newly developed method that calculates the ratio of ash pseudomorphs to dung spherulites (PSR method) makes such a distinction possible. Moreover, we experimented with the effect of partial dissolution on fuel ash PSR values and utilize the results to explain taphonomy and diagenesis associated with two types of archaeological cooking installations e pebble hearths and baking ovens. In addition, we identified micromorphological criteria that can be used to assess whether ash deposits in or above a cooking installations are in situ and/or disturbed. Taken together, all lines of evidence used in this study indicate that wood was the major fuel material across time and space in the studied archaeological contexts, while dung was a secondary source of fuel. This observation also cross-cuts different culture-historical entities (Philistines, Canaanites, Israelites and Egyptians). In addition, wood was preferred as fuel irrespective of environmental differences among the studied sites. This study is yet another demonstration of the value of integrating microarchaeological techniques and approaches to traditional macroscopic archaeology.
Research Interests:
Archaeology of Ancient Israel, Levantine Archaeology, Taphonomy, Phytoliths, History of Palestine and Israel, and 9 morePhilistines, Pre-Exilic Ancient Israel - Hebrew Bible and Archaeology; Phoenician-Punic language and epigraphy; Levantine Archaeology (espeically Biblical Archaeology), Archaeology of the Southern Levant, Archaeology of the Levant, LHIIIC, Aegean Bronze Age, Philistines, New papers on Phytoliths, New papers on PhytolithsNew papers on Phytoliths, Archaeology of the southern Levant in the Bronze Age, and The Philistines and Sea Peoples Cultures
Abstract Cooking installations are among the most abundant features in Bronze and Iron Age archaeological sites in the southern Levant, yet until now their study has been mostly descriptive. We present a study of 11 purported... more
Abstract
Cooking installations are among the most abundant features in Bronze and Iron Age archaeological sites in the southern Levant, yet until now their study has been mostly descriptive. We present a study of 11 purported archaeological cooking installations from three different Bronze and Iron Age sites in Israel in which we deployed a variety of microarchaeological techniques. We provide direct physical evidence, based on Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy demonstrating that the archaeological installations were operated with temperatures as high as 900°C. Using this technique we also demonstrate that all the mud-constructed installations studied by us were internally-fueled and therefore should be identified as Tannurs rather than the externally- fueled Tabuns. We studied in detail the quantities of ash-related microscopic remains, including opaline phytoliths, calcitic wood ash pseudomorphs and dung spherulites. We show that phytolith morphotype analysis cannot distinguish between wood-dominated and dung-dominated fuel materials, while a newly developed method that calculates the ratio of ash pseudomorphs to dung spherulites (PSR method) makes such a distinction possible.. Moreover, we experimented with the effect of partial dissolution on fuel ash PSR values and utilize the results to explain taphonomy and diagenesis associated with two types of archaeological cooking installations – pebble hearths and baking ovens. In addition, we identified micromorphological criteria that can be used to assess whether ash deposits in or above a cooking installations are in situ and/or disturbed. Taken together, all lines of evidence used in this study indicate that wood was the major fuel material across time and space in the studied archaeological contexts, while dung was a secondary source of fuel. This observation also cross-cuts different culture-historical entities (Philistines, Canaanites, Israelites and Egyptians). In addition, wood was preferred as fuel irrespective of environmental differences among the studied sites. This study is yet another demonstration of the value of integrating microarchaeological techniques and approaches to traditional macroscopic archaeology.
Cooking installations are among the most abundant features in Bronze and Iron Age archaeological sites in the southern Levant, yet until now their study has been mostly descriptive. We present a study of 11 purported archaeological cooking installations from three different Bronze and Iron Age sites in Israel in which we deployed a variety of microarchaeological techniques. We provide direct physical evidence, based on Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy demonstrating that the archaeological installations were operated with temperatures as high as 900°C. Using this technique we also demonstrate that all the mud-constructed installations studied by us were internally-fueled and therefore should be identified as Tannurs rather than the externally- fueled Tabuns. We studied in detail the quantities of ash-related microscopic remains, including opaline phytoliths, calcitic wood ash pseudomorphs and dung spherulites. We show that phytolith morphotype analysis cannot distinguish between wood-dominated and dung-dominated fuel materials, while a newly developed method that calculates the ratio of ash pseudomorphs to dung spherulites (PSR method) makes such a distinction possible.. Moreover, we experimented with the effect of partial dissolution on fuel ash PSR values and utilize the results to explain taphonomy and diagenesis associated with two types of archaeological cooking installations – pebble hearths and baking ovens. In addition, we identified micromorphological criteria that can be used to assess whether ash deposits in or above a cooking installations are in situ and/or disturbed. Taken together, all lines of evidence used in this study indicate that wood was the major fuel material across time and space in the studied archaeological contexts, while dung was a secondary source of fuel. This observation also cross-cuts different culture-historical entities (Philistines, Canaanites, Israelites and Egyptians). In addition, wood was preferred as fuel irrespective of environmental differences among the studied sites. This study is yet another demonstration of the value of integrating microarchaeological techniques and approaches to traditional macroscopic archaeology.
Research Interests:
Wimmer, S.; and Lehmann, G. 2014 Two Hieratic Inscriptions from Qubur el-Walaydah. Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant 24: 343-348. Faigenbaum, S.; Sober, B.; Finkelstein, I.; Moinester, M.; Piasetzky, E.; Shaus, A.; and... more
Wimmer, S.; and Lehmann, G.
2014 Two Hieratic Inscriptions from Qubur el-Walaydah. Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant 24: 343-348.
Faigenbaum, S.; Sober, B.; Finkelstein, I.; Moinester, M.; Piasetzky, E.; Shaus, A.; and Codonsky, M.
2014 Multispectral Imaging of two Hieratic Inscriptions from Qubur el-Walaydah. Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant 24: 349-353.
Two articles on two Hieratic inscriptions from Qubur el-Walaydah, Israel. The articles mention i.a. personal working in an Egyptian estate in Palestine during the 12th century BCE. The research was a cooperation between Ben-Gurion University and Tel Aviv University.
2014 Two Hieratic Inscriptions from Qubur el-Walaydah. Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant 24: 343-348.
Faigenbaum, S.; Sober, B.; Finkelstein, I.; Moinester, M.; Piasetzky, E.; Shaus, A.; and Codonsky, M.
2014 Multispectral Imaging of two Hieratic Inscriptions from Qubur el-Walaydah. Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant 24: 349-353.
Two articles on two Hieratic inscriptions from Qubur el-Walaydah, Israel. The articles mention i.a. personal working in an Egyptian estate in Palestine during the 12th century BCE. The research was a cooperation between Ben-Gurion University and Tel Aviv University.
Research Interests:
Levantine Archaeology, Biblical Archaeology, New Kingdom (Egyptology), Foreigners, ethnicity and the problem of otherness in New Kingdom and Late Period Egypt, Pre-Exilic Ancient Israel - Hebrew Bible and Archaeology; Phoenician-Punic language and epigraphy; Levantine Archaeology (espeically Biblical Archaeology), and 5 moreArchaeology of the Southern Levant, Late Bronze Age Levant and new kingdom Egypt, Biblical and Levantine History and Archaeology, Egypt in the New Kingdom, and Greeks in the Ancient Near East
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Summary of the archaeology of the Achaemenid or Persian period in the Levant
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Lehmann, Gunnar, 2013, Aegean-Style Pottery in Syria and Lebanon during Iron Age I. in The Philistines and Other 'Sea Peoples' in Text and Archaeology, eds. A. E. Killebrew and G. Lehmann. Society of Biblical Literature Archaeology and Bbiblical Studies 15. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.more
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Iron Age I - IIA grave, Israel, archaeology
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Lehmann, Gunnar 2011 Cooking Pots and Loomweights in a ‘Philistine’ Village: Preliminary Report on the Excavations at Qubur el-Walaydah, Israel. Pp. 287-314 in On Cooking Pots, Drinking Cups, Loomweights and Ethnicity in Bronze Age Cyprus and Neighbouring Regions: An International Archaeological Symposium held in Nicosia, November 6th – 7th 2010, eds. V. Karageorghis and O. Kouka. Nicosia: Leventis Foundation.more
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Joffe, AH 1999 Slouching toward Beersheva: Chalcolithic Mortuary Practices in Local and Regional Con-text. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Boston. Joffe, AJ, and Dessel, JP 1995... more
Joffe, AH 1999 Slouching toward Beersheva: Chalcolithic Mortuary Practices in Local and Regional Con-text. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Boston. Joffe, AJ, and Dessel, JP 1995 Redefining Chronology and ...