Free Access
Role of Transmitter Uptake Mechanisms in Synaptic Neurotransmission
L. L. IVERSEN,
L. L. IVERSEN
Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
Search for more papers by this author
L. L. IVERSEN,
L. L. IVERSEN
Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
Search for more papers by this author
References
- Aprison, M. H. & Werman, R. (1965). The distribution of glycine in cat spinal cord and roots. Life Sci., 4, 2075–2083.
- Avakian, O. V. & Gillespie, J. S. (1968). Uptake of noradrenaline by adrenergic nerves, smooth muscle and connective tissue in isolated perfused arteries and its correlation with the vasoconstrictor response. Br. J. Pharmac. Chemother., 32, 168–184.
- Axelrod, J., Weil-Malherbe, H. & Tomchick, R. (1959). The physiological disposition of H3-epinephrine and its metabolite metanephrine. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 127, 251–256.
- Axelrod, J. & Kopin, I. J. (1969). The uptake, storage, release and metabolism of noradrenaline in sympathetic nerves. In: Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 31, Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission, ed. K. Akert and P. G. Waser, pp. 21–32. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
10.1016/S0079-6123(08)63224-0 Google Scholar
- Blackburn, K. J., French, P. C. & Merrills, R. J. (1967). 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake by rat brain in vitro. Life Sci., 6, 1653–1663.
- Blasberg, R. & Lajtha, A. (1965). Substrate specificity of steady state amino acid transport in mouse brain slices. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 112, 361–377.
- Born, G. V. R. & Gillson, R. E. (1959). Studies on the uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine by blood platelets. J. Physiol., Lond., 146, 472–491.
- Brown, G. L. (1965). The Croonian Lecture 1964: The release and fate of the transmitter liberated by adrenergic nerves. Proc. R. Soc. B., 162, 1–19.
- Brown, G. L. & Gillespie, J. S. (1957). The output of sympathetic transmitter from the spleen of the cat. J. Physiol., Lond., 138, 81–102.
- Burgen, A. S. V. & Iversen, L. L. (1965). The inhibition of noradrenaline uptake by sympathomimetic amines in the rat isolated heart. Br. J. Pharmac. Chemother., 25, 34–49.
- Callingham, B. A. (1967). The effects of imipramine and related compounds on the uptake of noradrenaline into sympathetic nerve endings. In: First International Symposium on Antidepressant Drugs, Excerpta Medica Int. Congress Series. No. 122, pp. 35–43.
- Callingham, B. A. & Burgen, A. S. V. (1966). The uptake of isoprenaline and noradrenaline by the perfused rat heart. Mol. Pharmac., 2, 37–42.
- Chase, T. N., Breese, G. R., Carpenter, D. O., Schanberg, S. M. & Kopin, I. J. (1968). Stimulation-induced release of serotonin. Adv. Pharmac., 6A, 351–364.
10.1016/S1054-3589(08)61191-6 Google Scholar
- Clarke, D. E., Jones, C. J. & Linley, P. A. (1969). Histochemical fluorescence studies on noradrenaline accumulation in the isolated rat heart. Br. J. Pharmac., 37, 1–9.
- Colburn, R. W., Goodwin, F. K., Murphy, D. L., Bunney, W. E. & Davis, J. M. (1968). Quantitative studies of norepinephrine uptake by synaptosomes. Biochem. Pharmac., 17, 957–964.
- Coyle, J. T. & Snyder, S. H. (1969a). Catecholamine uptake by synaptosomes in homogenates of rat brain: stereospecificity in different areas. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 170, 221–231.
- Coyle, J. T. & Snyder, S. H. (1969b). Antiparkinsonian drugs: inhibition of dopamine uptake in the corpus striatum as a possible mechanism of action. Science, N. Y., 166, 899–901.
- Curtis, D. R. (1969). The pharmacology of spinal postsynaptic inhibition. Progr. Brain Res., 31, 171–189.
- Curtis, D. R. & Crawford, J. M. (1969). Central synaptic transmission—microelectrophoretic studies. Ann. Rev. Pharmac., 9, 209–240.
- Curtis, D. R. & Watkins, J. C. (1965). The pharmacology of amino-acids related to gamma-aminobutyric acid. Pharmac. Rev., 17, 347–391.
- Curtis, D. R., Hösli, L. & Johnston, G. A. R. (1968). A pharmacological study of the depression of spinal neurones by glycine and related amino acids. Expt. Brain Res., 6, 1–18.
- Douglas, W. W. (1968). The First Gaddum Memorial Lecture. Stimulus-secretion coupling: the concept and some clues from chromaffin and other cells. Br. J. Pharmac., 34, 451–474.
- Draskoczy, P. R. & Trendelenburg, U. (1968). The uptake of 1- and d-norepinephrine by the isolated perfused rabbit heart in relation to the stereospecificity of the sensitizing action of cocaine. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 159, 66–73.
- Draskoczy, P. R. & Trendelenburg, U. (1970). Intraneuronal and extraneuronal accumulation of sympathomimetic amines in the isolated nictitating membrane of the cat. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 174, 290–306.
- Farnebo, L. O. & Malmfors, T. (1969). Histochemical studies on the uptake of noradrenaline and α-methylnoradrenaline in the perfused rat heart. Eur. J. Pharmac., 5, 313–320.
- Ferry, C. B. (1967). The autonomic nervous system. Ann. Rev. Pharmac., 7, 185–202.
- Foster, R. W. (1969). An uptake of radioactivity from (±)-3H-isoprenaline and its inhibition by drugs which potentiate the responses to (–)-isoprenaline in the guinea pig isolated trachea. Br. J. Pharmac., 35, 418–427.
- Gaddum, J. H. (1950). Estimation of substances liberated by adrenergic nerves. Methods in Medical Research, 3, 116–130.
- Gaddum, J. H. & Goodwin, L. G. (1947). Experiments on liver sympathin. J. Physiol., Lond., 105, 357–369.
- Gaddum, J. H. & Holzbauer, M. (1957). Adrenaline and noradrenaline. Vitamins and Hormones, 15, 151–203.
- Gaddum, J. H. & Kwiatkowski, H. (1938). The action of ephedrine. J. Physiol., Lond., 94, 87–100.
- Gaddum, J. H. & Kwiatkowski, H. (1939). Properties of the substance liberated by adrenergic nerves in a rabbit's ear. J. Physiol., Lond., 96, 104–108.
- Gaddum, J. H. & Lembeck, F. (1949). The assay of substances from the adrenal medulla. Br. J. Pharmac. Chemother, 4, 401–408.
- Gaddum, J. H. & Paasonen, M. K. (1955). The use of some molluscan hearts for the estimation of 5-hydroxytryptamine. Br. J. Pharmac. Chemother., 10, 474–483.
- Gaddum, J. H., Peart, W. S. & Vogt, M. (1949). The estimation of adrenaline and allied substances in blood. J. Physiol., Lond., 108, 467–481.
- Gerschenfeld, H. M. & Stefani. E. (1968). Evidence for an excitatory transmitter role of serotonin in molluscan central synapses. Adv. Pharmac., 6A, 369–392.
- Gillespie, J. S. & Muir, T. C. (1970). Species and tissue variation in extraneuronal and neuronal accumulation of noradrenaline. J. Physiol., Lond., 206, 591–604.
- Gillespie, J. S., Hamilton, D. N. H. & Hosie, R. J. A. (1970). The extraneuronal uptake and localization of noradrenaline in the cat spleen and the effect on this of some drugs, of cold and of devervation. J. Physiol., Lond., 206, 563–590.
- Glowinski, J. & Baldessarini, R. J. (1966). Metabolism of norepinephrine in the central nervous system. Pharmac. Rev., 18, 1201–1238.
- Hamberger, B. (1967). Reserpine-resistant uptake of catecholamines in isolated tissues of the rat. Acta physiol. scand., 71, suppl. 295.
- Hebb, C. (1970). CNS at the cellular level: identity of transmitter agents. Ann. Rev. Physiol., 32, 165–192.
- Hertting, G., Suko, J., Widhalms, S. & Harbich, I. (1967). Uber den Mechanismus der Potenzierung der Katecholaminwirkung nach chronisch postganglionarer sympathischer Denervierung. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak, 257, 40–54.
10.1007/BF00585357 Google Scholar
- Iversen, L. L. (1963). The uptake of noradrenaline by the isolated perfused rat heart. Br. J. Pharmac. Chemother., 21, 523–537.
- Iversen, L. L. (1965). The uptake of catecholamines at high perfusion concentrations in the rat isolated heart: a novel catecholamine uptake process. Br. J. Pharmac., 25, 18–33.
- Iversen, L. L. (1966). Accumulation of α-methyl tyramine by the noradrenaline uptake process in the isolated rat heart. J. Pharm. Pharmac., 18, 481–484.
- Iversen, L. L. (1967). The Uptake and Storage of Noradrenaline in Sympathetic Nerves. London: Cambridge University Press.
- L. L. Iversen (1970a). Neuronal uptake processes for amines and amino-acids. In: Biochemistry of Simple Neuronal Models, E. Costa & E. Giacobini ed. New York: Raven Press.
- Iversen, L. L. (1970b). The uptake of biogenic amines. In: The Role of Biogenic Amines and Physiological Membranes in Modern Drug Therapy, ed. J. Biel New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. (In the Press).
- Iversen, L. L., Glowinski, J. & Axelrod, J. (1966). The physiological disposition and metabolism of norepinephrine in immunosympathectomized animals. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 151, 273–284.
- Iversen, L. L. & Kravitz, E. A. (1968). The metabolism of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the lobster nervous system—uptake of GABA in nerve muscle preparations. J. Neurochem., 15, 609–620.
- Iversen, L. L. & Neal, M. J. (1968). The uptake of 3H-GABA by slices of rat cerebral cortex. J. Neurochem., 15, 1141–1149.
- Iversen, L. L. & Salt, P. J. (1970). Inhibition of catecholamine Uptake2 by steroids in the isolated rat heart. Br. J. Pharmac. Chemother., 40, 528–530.
- Iversen, L. L. & Whitby, L. G. (1962). Retention of injected catechol amines by the mouse. Br. J. Pharmac. Chemother., 19, 355–364.
- Jonsson, G. & Sachs, C. (1970). Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on the uptake and storage of noradrenaline in sympathetic adrenergic neurones. Europ. J. Pharmac., 9, 141–155.
- Kalsner, S. (1969a). Mechanism of hydrocortisone potentiation of responses to epinephrine and norepinephrine in rabbit aorta. Circulation Res., 24, 383–395.
- Kalsner, S. (1969b). Steroid potentiation of responses to sympathomimetic amines in aortic strips. Br. J. Pharmac. Chemother., 36, 582–593.
- Kirpekar, S. M. & Cervoni, P. (1963). Effect of cocaine, phenoxybenzamine and phentolamine on the catecholamine output from spleen and adrenal medulla. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 142, 59–70.
- Kopin, I. J. (1968). False adrenergic transmitters. Ann. Rev. Pharmac., 8, 377–394.
- Krnjevic, K. (1970). Glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid in brain. Nature, Lond., 228, 119–124.
- Langer, S. Z. (1970). The metabolism of 3H-noradrenaline released by electrical stimulation from the isolated nictitating membrane of the cat and from the vas deferens of the rat. J. Physiol., Lond., 208, 515–546.
- Langer, S. Z. & Trendelenburg, U. (1969). The effect of a saturable uptake mechanism on the slopes of dose-response curves for sympathomimetic amines and on the shifts of dose-response curves produced by a competitive antagonist. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 167, 117–142.
- Langer, S. Z., Draskoczy, P. R. & Trendelenburg, U. (1967). Time course of the development of supersensitivity to various amines in the nictitating membrane of the pithed cat after denervation or decentralization. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 157, 255–273.
- Liang, C. C. & Quastel, J. H. (1969). Uptake of acetylcholine in rat brain cortex slices. Biochem. Pharmac., 18, 1169–1185.
- Lightman, S. & Iversen, L. L. (1969). Role of Uptake2 in the extraneuronal uptake and metabolism of catecholamines in the isolated rat heart. Br. J. Pharmac., 37, 638–649.
- Marchbanks, R. M. (1968). The uptake of 14C-choline into synaptosomes in vitro. Biochem. J., 110, 533–541.
- Mitchell, J. F. & Srinivasan, V. (1969). Release of 3H-γ-aminobutyric acid from the brain during synaptic inhibition. Nature, Lond., 224, 663–666.
- Muscholl, E. (1966). Autonomic nervous system: newer mechanisms of adrenergic blockade. Ann. Rev. Pharmac., 6, 107–128.
- Neal, M. J. & Iversen, L. L. (1969). Subcellular distribution of endogenous and 3H-γ-aminobutyric acid in rat cerebral cortex. J. Neurochem., 16, 1245–1252.
- Neal, M. J. & Pickles, H. G. (1968). Uptake of 14C-glycine by spinal cord. Nature, Lond., 222, 679–680.
- Otsuka, M., Iversen, L. L., Hall, Z. W. & Kravitz, E. A. (1966). Release of gamma-aminobutyric acid from inhibitory nerves of lobster. Proc natn. Acad. Sci., USA, 56, 1110–1115.
- Pletscher, A. (1968). Metabolism, transfer and storage of 5-hydroxytryptamine in blood platelets. Br. J. Pharmac., 32, 1–16.
- Potter, D. D. (1968). The chemistry of inhibition in crustaceans with special reference to gamma-aminobutyric acid. In: Structure and Function of Inhibitory Neuronal Mechanisms. ed. U. S. Euler, S. Skoglund and S. Soderberg Oxford: Pergamon Press.
- Ross, S. B. & Renyi, A. L. (1967). Accumulation of tritiated 5-hydroxytryptamine in brain slices. Life Sci., 6, 1407–1415.
- Schayer, R. W. (1964). A unified theory of glucocorticoid action. Perspect. Biol. Med., 8, 71.
- Shaskan, E. G. & Snydfr, S. H. (1970). Kinetics of serotonin uptake into slices from different regions of rat brain. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 175, 404–418.
- Schuberth, J. & Sundwall, A. (1967). Effects of some drugs on the uptake of acetylcholine in cortex slices of mouse brain. J. Neurochem., 14, 807–812.
- Sisken, B. & Roberts, E. (1964). Radioautographic studies of the binding of γ-aminobutyric acid to the abdominal stretch receptors of the crayfish. Biochem. Pharmac., 13, 95–103.
- Sneddon, J. M. (1969). Sodium-dependent accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine by rat blood platelets. Br. J. Pharmac., 37, 680–688.
- Snyder, S. H. & Coyle, J. T. (1968). Regional differences in H3-norepinephrine and H3-dopamine uptake into rat brain homogenates. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 165, 78–86.
- Stacey, R. S. (1961). Uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine by platelets. Br. J. Pharmac. Chemother., 16, 284–295.
- Strasberg, P. & Elliott, K. A. C. (1967). Further studies on the binding of γ-aminobutyric acid by brain. Can. J. Biochem., 45, 1795–1807.
- Thoenen, H. (1969). Bildung und funktionelle Bedeutung adrenerger Ersatztransmitter. Exp. Med. Path. Klinik., Band 27, Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
- Thoenen, H. & Tranzer, J. P. (1968). Chemical sympathectomy by selective destruction of adrenergic nerve endings with 6-hydroxydopamine. Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak., 261, 271–288.
- Thoenen, H., Hürlimann, A. & Haefely, W. (1964a). The effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation on volume, vascular resistance and norepinephrine output in the isolated perfused spleen of the cat and its modification by cocaine. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 143, 57–63.
- Thoenen, H., Hürlimann, A. & Haefely, W. (1964b). Wirkungen von Phenoxybenzamin, Phentolamin und Azapetin auf adrenergische Synapse der Katzenmilz. Helv. physiol. pharmac. Acta, 22, 148–161.
- Thoenen, H., Hürlimann, A. & Haefely, W. (1968). Mechanism of amphetamine accumulation in the isolated perfused heart of the rat. J. Pharm. Pharmac., 20, 1–11.
- Todrick, A. & Tait, A. C. (1969). The inhibition of human platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake by tricyclic antidepressive drugs. The relation between structure and potency. J. Pharm. Pharmac., 21, 751–762.
- Tranzer, J. P. & Thoenen, H. (1967). Electronmicroscopic localization of 5-hydroxydopamine (3,4,5-trihydroxy-phenyl-ethylamine), a new “false” sympathetic transmitter. Experientia, 23, 743–745.
- Trendelenburg, U. (1966). Mechanisms of supersensitivity and subsensitivity to sympathomimetic amines. Pharmac. Rev., 18, 629–640.
- Trendelenburg, U., Draskoczy, P. R. & Pluchino, S. (1969). The density of adrenergic innervation of the cat's nictitating membrane as a factor influencing the sensitivity of the isolated preparation to 1-norepinephrine. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 166, 14–25.
- Uretsky, N. J. & Iversen, L. L. (1970). Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on catecholamine containing neurones in the rat brain. J. Neurochem., 17, 269–278.
- Vane, J. R. (1969). The Second Gaddum Memorial Lecture. The release and fate of vasoactive hormones in the circulation. Br. J. Pharmac., 35, 209–242.
- Weinstein, H., Varon, S., Muhleman, D. R. & Roberts, E. (1965). A carrier-mediated transfer model for the accumulation of 14C-γ-aminobutyric acid by subcellular brain particles. Biochem. Pharmac., 14, 273–288.
- Welsh, J. H. (1957). Serotonin as a possible meurohumoural agent; evidence obtained in lower animals. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 66, 618–663.
- Werman, R., Davidoff, R. A. & Aprison, M. H. (1967). Inhibition of motoneurones by iontophoresis of glycine. Nature, Lond., 214, 681–683.
- Whitby, L. G., Axelrod, J. & Weil-Malherbe, H. (1961). The fate of H3-norepinephrine in animals. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 132, 193–201.
- White, T. D. & Keen, P. (1970). The role of internal and external Na+ and K+ on the uptake of 3H-noradrenaline by synaptosomes prepared from rat brain. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 196, 285–295.