While people across the world value honesty, it is undeniable that it can sometimes pay to be dishonest. This tension leads people to engage in complex behaviors that stretch the boundaries of honesty. Such behaviors include strategically avoiding information, dodging questions, omitting information, and making true but misleading statements. Though not lies per se, these are nonetheless deviations from honesty that have serious interpersonal, organizational, and societal costs. Based on a systematic review of 169 empirical research articles in the fields of management, organizational behavior, applied psychology, and business ethics, we develop a new multidimensional framework of honesty that highlights how honesty encompasses more than the absence of lies—it has relational elements (e.g., fostering an accurate understanding in others through what we disclose and how we communicate) and intellectual elements (e.g., evaluating information for accuracy, searching for accurate information, and updating our beliefs accordingly). By acknowledging that honesty is not limited to the moment when a person utters a clear lie or a full truth, and that there are multiple stages to enacting honesty, we emphasize the shared responsibility that all parties involved in communication have for seeking out and communicating truthful information.

Articles denoted with * represent articles included in the systematic review

REFERENCES

Abeler, J., Nosenzo, D., & Raymond, C. 2019. Preferences for truth-telling. Econometrica, 87(4): 1115–1153. Google Scholar
*Ackert, L. F., Church, B. K., Kuang, X. (Jason), & Qi, L. 2011. Lying: An Experimental Investigation of the Role of Situational Factors. Business Ethics Quarterly, 21(4): 605–632. Google Scholar
Allan, B. A. 2015. Balance among character strengths and meaning in life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(5): 1247–1261. Google Scholar
Amos, C., Zhang, L., & Read, D. 2019. Hardworking as a heuristic for moral character: Why we attribute moral values to those who work hard and its implications. Journal of Business Ethics, 158: 1047–1062. Google Scholar
*Aquino, K., & Becker, T. E. 2005. Lying in negotiations: How individual and situational factors influence the use of neutralization strategies. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(6): 661–679. Google Scholar
Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. 2007. Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(2): 150–166. Google Scholar
Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. 2008. The HEXACO model of personality structure and the importance of the H factor. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(5): 1952–1962. Google Scholar
Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. 2020. Objections to the HEXACO model of personality structure—And why those objections fail. European Journal of Personality, 34(4): 492–510. Google Scholar
Aslani, S., Ramirez-Marin, J., Brett, J., Yao, J., Semnani-Azad, Z., et al. 2016. Dignity, face, and honor cultures: A study of negotiation strategy and outcomes in three cultures. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(8): 1178–1201. Google Scholar
*Ayal, S., Celse, J., & Hochman, G. 2021. Crafting messages to fight dishonesty: A field investigation of the effects of social norms and watching eye cues on fare evasion. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 166: 9–19. Google Scholar
*Baur, C., Soucek, R., Kühnen, U., & Baumeister, R. F. 2020. Unable to Resist the Temptation to Tell the Truth or to Lie for the Organization? Identification Makes the Difference. Journal of Business Ethics, 167: 643–662. Google Scholar
Bavelas, J. B., Black, A., Chovil, N., & Mullett, J. 1990. Truths, Lies, and Equivocations: The Effects of Conflicting Goals on Discourse. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 9(1–2): 135–161. Google Scholar
*Beck, T., Bühren, C., Frank, B., & Khachatryan, E. 2020. Can Honesty Oaths, Peer Interaction, or Monitoring Mitigate Lying? Journal of Business Ethics, 163: 467–484. Google Scholar
*Berger, L., Guo, L., & King, T. 2020. Selfish Sharing? The Impact of the Sharing Economy on Tax Reporting Honesty. Journal of Business Ethics, 167: 181–205. Google Scholar
*Bernardi, R. A., Metzger, R. L., Bruno, R. G. S., Hoogkamp, M. A. W., Reyes, L. E., et al. 2004. Examining the Decision Process of Students’ Cheating Behavior: An Empirical Study. Journal of Business Ethics, 50: 397–414. Google Scholar
*Bitterly, T. B., & Schweitzer, M. E. 2019. The impression management benefits of humorous self-disclosures: How humor influences perceptions of veracity. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 151: 73–89. Google Scholar
Bitterly, T. B., & Schweitzer, M. E. 2020. The economic and interpersonal consequences of deflecting direct questions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118(5): 945–990. Google Scholar
*Blay, A. D., Gooden, E. S., Mellon, M. J., & Stevens, D. E. 2019. Can Social Norm Activation Improve Audit Quality? Evidence from an Experimental Audit Market. Journal of Business Ethics, 156: 513–530. Google Scholar
*Blodgett, M., Dumas, C., & Zanzi, A. 2011. Emerging Trends in Global Ethics: A Comparative Study of U.S. and International Family Business Values. Journal of Business Ethics, 99: 29–38. Google Scholar
*Boles, T. L., Croson, R. T. A., & Murnighan, J. K. 2000. Deception and Retribution in Repeated Ultimatum Bargaining. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 83(2): 235–259. Google Scholar
*Bourdage, J. S., Roulin, N., & Tarraf, R. 2018. “I (might be) just that good”: Honest and deceptive impression management in employment interviews. Personnel Psychology, 71(4): 597–632. Google Scholar
*Bourdage, J. S., Wiltshire, J., & Lee, K. 2015. Personality and workplace impression management: Correlates and implications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(2): 537–546. Google Scholar
Brambilla, M., Sacchi, S., Rusconi, P., & Goodwin, G. P. 2021. The primacy of morality in impression development: Theory, research, and future directions . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 64: 187–262. Elsevier. Google Scholar
Brett, J. M., & Mitchell, T. D. 2022. Searching for Trust in the Global Economy. University of Toronto Press. Google Scholar
*Brink, W. D., Eaton, T. V., Grenier, J. H., & Reffett, A. 2019. Deterring Unethical Behavior in Online Labor Markets. Journal of Business Ethics, 156: 71–88. Google Scholar
*Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. 2005. Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97(2): 117–134. Google Scholar
Brown, P., Levinson, S. C., & Levinson, S. C. 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
*Brunner, M., & Ostermaier, A. 2019. Peer Influence on Managerial Honesty: The Role of Transparency and Expectations. Journal of Business Ethics, 154: 127–145. Google Scholar
Bucciol, A., & Piovesan, M. 2011. Luck or cheating? A field experiment on honesty with children. Journal of Economic Psychology, 32(1): 73–78. Google Scholar
*Buchheit, S., Pasewark Jr, W. R., & Strawser, J. R. 2003. No Need to Compromise: Evidence of Public Accounting’s Changing Culture Regarding Budgetary Performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 42: 151–163. Google Scholar
Burgoon, J. K., Blair, J. P., & Strom, R. E. 2008. Cognitive Biases and Nonverbal Cue Availability in Detecting Deception. Human Communication Research, 34(4): 572–599. Google Scholar
Byerly, T. R. 2022. Intellectual Honesty and Intellectual Transparency. Episteme, 1–19. Google Scholar
*Castille, C. M., Buckner, J. E., & Thoroughgood, C. N. 2018. Prosocial Citizens Without a Moral Compass? Examining the Relationship Between Machiavellianism and Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 149: 919–930. Google Scholar
Chen, A., & Treviño, L. K. 2023. The consequences of ethical voice inside the organization: An integrative review. Journal of Applied Psychology, Advance online publication. Google Scholar
*Chu, A. G. H., Du, X., & Jiang, G. 2011. Buy, Lie, or Die: An Investigation of Chinese ST Firms’ Voluntary Interim Audit Motive and Auditor Independence. Journal of Business Ethics, 102: 135–153. Google Scholar
*Chu, A. M. Y., So, M. K. P., & Chung, R. S. W. 2018. Applying the Randomized Response Technique in Business Ethics Research: The Misuse of Information Systems Resources in the Workplace. Journal of Business Ethics, 151: 195–212. Google Scholar
*Chung, J., & Hsu, S. 2017. The Effect of Cognitive Moral Development on Honesty in Managerial Reporting. Journal of Business Ethics, 145: 563–575. Google Scholar
*Cialdini, R., Li, Y. J., Samper, A., & Wellman, N. 2021. How Bad Apples Promote Bad Barrels: Unethical Leader Behavior and the Selective Attrition Effect. Journal of Business Ethics, 168: 861–880. Google Scholar
Clark, H. H. 1996. Using language. Cambridge university press. Google Scholar
*Cohen, T. R. 2010. Moral Emotions and Unethical Bargaining: The Differential Effects of Empathy and Perspective Taking in Deterring Deceitful Negotiation. Journal of Business Ethics, 94: 569–579. Google Scholar
Cohen, T. R., Panter, A. T., Turan, N., Morse, L., & Kim, Y. 2014. Moral character in the workplace. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(5): 943–963. Google Scholar
Cohn, A., Fehr, E., & Maréchal, M. A. 2014. Business culture and dishonesty in the banking industry. Nature, 516(7529): 86–89. Google Scholar
Cohn, A., & Maréchal, M. A. 2018. Laboratory measure of cheating predicts school misconduct. The Economic Journal, 128(615): 2743–2754. Google Scholar
Cohn, A., Maréchal, M. A., Tannenbaum, D., & Zünd, C. L. 2019. Civic honesty around the globe. Science, 365(6448): 70–73. Google Scholar
*Costas, J., & Fleming, P. 2009. Beyond dis-identification: A discursive approach to self-alienation in contemporary organizations. Human Relations, 62(3): 353–378. Google Scholar
*Coyle-Shapiro, J. A.-M., Kessler, I., & Purcell, J. 2004. Exploring Organizationally Directed Citizenship Behaviour: Reciprocity or ‘It’s my Job’?. Journal of Management Studies, 41(1): 85–106. Google Scholar
Crittenden, V. L., Hanna, R. C., & Peterson, R. A. 2009. Business students’ attitudes toward unethical behavior: A multi-country comparison. Marketing Letters, 20(1): 1–14. Google Scholar
*Cronan, T. P., Mullins, J. K., & Douglas, D. E. 2018. Further Understanding Factors that Explain Freshman Business Students’ Academic Integrity Intention and Behavior: Plagiarism and Sharing Homework. Journal of Business Ethics, 147: 197–220. Google Scholar
Cushman, F., Young, L., & Hauser, M. 2006. The Role of Conscious Reasoning and Intuition in Moral Judgment: Testing Three Principles of Harm. Psychological Science, 17(12): 1082–1089. Google Scholar
Cusimano, C., & Lombrozo, T. 2021a. Reconciling scientific and commonsense values to improve reasoning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(11): 937–949. Google Scholar
Cusimano, C., & Lombrozo, T. 2021b. Morality justifies motivated reasoning in the folk ethics of belief. Cognition, 209: 104513. Google Scholar
*Dai, Z., Galeotti, F., & Villeval, M. C. 2018. Cheating in the lab predicts fraud in the field: An experiment in public transportation. Management Science, 64(3): 1081–1100. Google Scholar
Dana, J., Weber, R. A., & Kuang, J. X. 2007. Exploiting moral wiggle room: Experiments demonstrating an illusory preference for fairness. Economic Theory, 33(1): 67–80. Google Scholar
*Dannals, J. E., Reit, E. S., & Miller, D. T. 2020. From whom do we learn group norms? Low-ranking group members are perceived as the best sources. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161: 213–227. Google Scholar
*Day, A. L., & Carroll, S. A. 2008. Faking emotional intelligence (EI): Comparing response distortion on ability and trait-based EI measures. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(6): 761–784. Google Scholar
De Cremer, D., & Moore, C. 2020. Toward a better understanding of behavioral ethics in the workplace. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 7: 369–393. Google Scholar
DeJeu, E. B. 2022. The Ethics of Delivering Bad News: Evaluating Impression Management Strategies in Corporate Financial Reporting. Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 36(2): 190–230. Google Scholar
*de Kerviler, G., Heuvinck, N., & Gentina, E. 2021. “Make an Effort and Show Me the Love!” Effects of Indexical and Iconic Authenticity on Perceived Brand Ethicality. Journal of Business Ethics, 179: 89–110. Google Scholar
DePaulo, B. M., & Bell, K. L. 1996. Truth and investment: Lies are told to those who care. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(4): 703–716. Google Scholar
*DeRue, D. S., Conlon, D. E., Moon, H., & Willaby, H. W. 2009. When Is Straightforwardness a Liability in Negotiations? The Role of Integrative Potential and Structural Power. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(4): 1032–1047. Google Scholar
*Dhaliwal, N. A., Patil, I., & Cushman, F. 2021. Reputational and cooperative benefits of third-party compensation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 164: 27–51. Google Scholar
Diabes, M. A., Ervin, J. N., Davis, B. S., Rak, K. J., Cohen, T. R., et al. 2021. Psychological Safety in Intensive Care Unit Rounding Teams. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 18(6): 1027–1033. Google Scholar
*Dierdorff, E. C., & Fisher, D. M. 2021. Problematic personalities in teams: Implications for performance trajectories and resilience to unexpected change. Personnel Psychology, 75(3): 589–617. Google Scholar
Dorison, C. A., Minson, J. A., & Rogers, T. 2019. Selective exposure partly relies on faulty affective forecasts. Cognition, 188: 98–107. Google Scholar
Duncan, S., Levine, E. E., & Small, D. 2023. What Is Wrong With ‘Poverty Porn’? Understanding Ethical Judgments of Charity Advertising Tactics. manuscript in preparation. Google Scholar
*Dunlop, P. D., Bourdage, J. S., de Vries, R. E., McNeill, I. M., Jorritsma, K., et al. 2020. Liar! Liar! (When stakes are higher): Understanding how the overclaiming technique can be used to measure faking in personnel selection. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(8): 784–799. Google Scholar
Edmondson, A. C. 2018. The fearless organization: Creating psychological safety in the workplace for learning, innovation, and growth. John Wiley & Sons. Google Scholar
Edmondson, A. C., & Bransby, D. P. 2023. Psychological Safety Comes of Age: Observed Themes in an Established Literature. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 10(1): 55–78. Google Scholar
Edmondson, A. C., & Lei, Z. 2014. Psychological safety: The history, renaissance, and future of an interpersonal construct. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1): 23–43. Google Scholar
*Erat, S., & Gneezy, U. 2012. White Lies. Management Science, 58(4): 723–733. Google Scholar
Fischbacher, U., & Föllmi-Heusi, F. 2013. Lies in disguise—An experimental study on cheating. Journal of the European Economic Association, 11(3): 525–547. Google Scholar
Fleeson, W., & Jayawickreme, E. 2021. Whole traits: Revealing the social-cognitive mechanisms constituting personality’s central variable . Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 63: 69–128. Elsevier. Google Scholar
Flynn, D., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. 2017. The nature and origins of misperceptions: Understanding false and unsupported beliefs about politics. Political Psychology, 38: 127–150. Google Scholar
Fritz, J. H. 2020. Honesty as Ethical Communicative Practice: A Framework for Analysis . Integrity, Honesty, and Truth Seeking: 127–152. Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
*Fu, X., Wu, X., & Zhang, Z. 2019. The information role of earnings conference call tone: Evidence from stock price crash risk. Journal of Business Ethics, 173: 643–660. Google Scholar
Fulham, N. M., Krueger, K. L., & Cohen, T. R. 2022. Honest feedback: Barriers to receptivity and discerning the truth in feedback. Current Opinion in Psychology, 46: 101405. Google Scholar
Gächter, S., & Schulz, J. F. 2016. Intrinsic honesty and the prevalence of rule violations across societies. Nature, 531(7595): 496–499. Google Scholar
*Gago-Rodríguez, S., Márquez-Illescas, G., & Núñez-Nickel, M. 2020. Denial of Corruption: Voluntary Disclosure of Bribery Information. Journal of Business Ethics, 162: 609–626. Google Scholar
Gardner, W. L. 2003. Perceptions Of Leader Charisma, Effectiveness, And Integrity: Effects of Exemplification, Delivery, and Ethical Reputation. Management Communication Quarterly, 16(4): 502–527. Google Scholar
*Garven, S., Wood, J. M., & Malpass, R. S. 2000. Allegations of wrongdoing: The effects of reinforcement on children’s mundane and fantastic claims. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(1): 38–49. Google Scholar
*Gaumnitz, B. R., & Lere, J. C. 2002. Contents of Codes of Ethics of Professional Business Organizations in the United States. Journal of Business Ethics, 35: 35–49. Google Scholar
Gentile, M. C. 2012. Giving Voice to Values: How to Speak Your Mind When You Know What’s Right. Yale University Press. Google Scholar
*Gentina, E., Tang, T. L.-P., & Gu, Q. 2017. Does Bad Company Corrupt Good Morals? Social Bonding and Academic Cheating among French and Chinese Teens. Journal of Business Ethics, 146: 639–667. Google Scholar
*Gentina, E., Tang, T. L.-P., & Gu, Q. 2018. Do Parents and Peers Influence Adolescents’ Monetary Intelligence and Consumer Ethics? French and Chinese Adolescents and Behavioral Economics. Journal of Business Ethics, 151: 115–140. Google Scholar
Gerlach, P., Teodorescu, K., & Hertwig, R. 2019. The truth about lies: A meta-analysis on dishonest behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 145(1): 1–44. Google Scholar
*Gino, F., & Galinsky, A. D. 2012. Vicarious dishonesty: When psychological closeness creates distance from one’s moral compass. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 119(1): 15–26. Google Scholar
*Gino, F., Krupka, E. L., & Weber, R. A. 2013. License to Cheat: Voluntary Regulation and Ethical Behavior. Management Science, 59(10): 2187–2203. Google Scholar
*Gino, F., & Margolis, J. D. 2011. Bringing ethics into focus: How regulatory focus and risk preferences influence (Un)ethical behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 115(2): 145–156. Google Scholar
*Gino, F., & Pierce, L. 2010. Lying to Level the Playing Field: Why People May Dishonestly Help or Hurt Others to Create Equity. Journal of Business Ethics, 95: 89–103. Google Scholar
*Gino, F., Schweitzer, M. E., Mead, N. L., & Ariely, D. 2011. Unable to resist temptation: How self-control depletion promotes unethical behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 115(2): 191–203. Google Scholar
*Gino, F., Sezer, O., & Huang, L. 2020. To be or not to be your authentic self? Catering to others’ preferences hinders performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 158: 83–100. Google Scholar
*Glozer, S., Caruana, R., & Hibbert, S. A. 2019. The Never-Ending Story: Discursive Legitimation in Social Media Dialogue. Organization Studies, 40(5): 625–650. Google Scholar
Gneezy, U. 2005. Deception: The Role of Consequences. American Economic Review, 95(1): 384–394. Google Scholar
Goffman, E. 1967. Interaction ritual: Essays on face-to-face interaction. Oxford, England: Aldine. Google Scholar
Goffman, E. 2009. Relations in Public. Transaction Publishers. Google Scholar
*Górecki, M. A., & Letki, N. 2020. Social Norms Moderate the Effect of Tax System on Tax Evasion: Evidence from a Large-Scale Survey Experiment. Journal of Business Ethics, 172: 727–746. Google Scholar
*Granitz, N., & Loewy, D. 2007. Applying Ethical Theories: Interpreting and Responding to Student Plagiarism. Journal of Business Ethics, 72: 293–306. Google Scholar
Greco, J. 2020. The Transmission of knowledge. Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
*Griffith, K. H., & Hebl, M. R. 2002. The disclosure dilemma for gay men and lesbians: “Coming out” at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(6): 1191–1199. Google Scholar
*Grimes, P. W. 2004. Dishonesty in Academics and Business: A Cross-Cultural Evaluation of Student Attitudes. Journal of Business Ethics, 49: 273–290. Google Scholar
*Grolleau, G., Kocher, M. G., & Sutan, A. 2016. Cheating and Loss Aversion: Do People Cheat More to Avoid a Loss? Management Science, 62(12): 3428–3438. Google Scholar
*Gronau, N., Ben-Shakhar, G., & Cohen, A. 2005. Behavioral and Physiological Measures in the Detection of Concealed Information. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1): 147–58. Google Scholar
*Guiral, A., Rodgers, W., Ruiz, E., & Gonzalo, J. A. 2010. Ethical Dilemmas in Auditing: Dishonesty or Unintentional Bias? Journal of Business Ethics, 91: 151–166. Google Scholar
Gunia, B. C., Brett, J. M., & Nandkeolyar, A. K. 2014. Trust me, I’m a negotiator: Diagnosing trust to negotiate effectively, globally. Organizational Dynamics, 43(1): 27–36. Google Scholar
Gunia, B. C., Brett, J. M., Nandkeolyar, A. K., & Kamdar, D. 2011. Paying a price: Culture, trust, and negotiation consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96: 774–789. Google Scholar
*Gunia, B. C., Wang, L., Huang, L., Wang, J., & Murnighan, J. K. 2012. Contemplation and conversation: Subtle influences on moral decision making. Academy of Management Journal, 55(1): 13–33.Link , Google Scholar
*Gunz, H., & Gunz, S. 2007. Hired professional to hired gun: An identity theory approach to understanding the ethical behaviour of professionals in non-professional organizations. Human Relations, 60(6): 851–887. Google Scholar
Hartley, A. G., Furr, R. M., Helzer, E. G., Jayawickreme, E., Velasquez, K. R., et al. 2016. Morality’s centrality to liking, respecting, and understanding others. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(7): 648–657. Google Scholar
*Hassidim, A., Romm, A., & Shorrer, R. I. 2021. The Limits of Incentives in Economic Matching Procedures. Management Science, 67(2): 951–963. Google Scholar
*Hauenstein, N. M. A., Bradley, K. M., O’Shea, P. G., Shah, Y. J., & Magill, D. P. 2017. Interactions between motivation to fake and personality item characteristics: Clarifying the process. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 138: 74–92. Google Scholar
Heck, D. W., Thielmann, I., Moshagen, M., & Hilbig, B. E. 2018. Who lies? A large-scale reanalysis linking basic personality traits to unethical decision making. Judgment and Decision Making, 13(4): 356–371. Google Scholar
*Heggestad, E., Morrison, M., Reeve, C., & McCloy, R. 2006. Forced-Choice Assessments of Personality for Selection: Evaluating Issues of Normative Assessment and Faking Resistance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(1): 9–24. Google Scholar
*Hershfield, H. E., Cohen, T. R., & Thompson, L. 2012. Short horizons and tempting situations: Lack of continuity to our future selves leads to unethical decision making and behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 117(2): 298–310. Google Scholar
*Ho, T. H., & Yeung, C. 2014. Giving Feedback to Clients. Management Science, 60(8): 1926–1944. Google Scholar
*Hogue, M., Levashina, J., & Hang, H. 2013. Will I Fake It? The Interplay of Gender, Machiavellianism, and Self-monitoring on Strategies for Honesty in Job Interviews. Journal of Business Ethics, 117: 399–411. Google Scholar
Holtrop, D., Born, M. P., & de Vries, R. E. 2015. Relating the Spherical representation of vocational interests to the HEXACO personality model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 89: 10–20. Google Scholar
Hugh-Jones, D. 2016. Honesty, beliefs about honesty, and economic growth in 15 countries. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 127: 99–114. Google Scholar
*Issa, T., & Pick, D. 2010. Ethical mindsets: An Australian study. Journal of Business Ethics, 96: 613–629. Google Scholar
*Jacguemet, N., Luchini, S., Rosaz, J., & Shogren, J. F. 2019. Truth Telling Under Oath. Management Science, 65(1): 426–438. Google Scholar
*Jehn, K. A., & Scott, E. D. 2008. Perceptions of Deception: Making Sense of Responses to Employee Deceit. Journal of Business Ethics, 80: 327–347. Google Scholar
*John, L. K., Loewenstein, G., Acquisti, A., & Vosgerau, J. 2018. When and why randomized response techniques (fail to) elicit the truth. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 148: 101–123. Google Scholar
*John, L. K., Loewenstein, G., & Rick, S. I. 2014. Cheating more for less: Upward social comparisons motivate the poorly compensated to cheat. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 123(2): 101–109. Google Scholar
*Johnson, J. A., Martin, P. R., Stikeleather, B., & Young, D. 2021. Investigating the Interactive Effects of Prosocial Actions, Construal, and Moral Identity on the Extent of Employee Reporting Dishonesty. Journal of Business Ethics, 181: 721–743. Google Scholar
Kahan, D. M. 2012. Ideology, motivated reasoning, and cognitive reflection: An experimental study. Judgment and Decision Making, 8: 407–24. Google Scholar
Kahan, D. M., Peters, E., Dawson, E. C., & Slovic, P. 2017. Motivated numeracy and enlightened self-government. Behavioural Public Policy, 1(1): 54–86. Google Scholar
Kahan, D. M., Peters, E., Wittlin, M., Slovic, P., Ouellette, L. L., et al. 2012. The polarizing impact of science literacy and numeracy on perceived climate change risks. Nature Climate Change, 2(10): 732–735. Google Scholar
*Kaptein, M. 2004. Business Codes of Multinational Firms: What Do They Say? Journal of Business Ethics, 50: 13–31. Google Scholar
*Keck, S. 2014. Group reactions to dishonesty. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 124(1): 1–10. Google Scholar
*Keep, W. 2009. Furthering organizational priorities with less than truthful behavior: A call for additional tools. Journal of Business Ethics, 86: 81–90. Google Scholar
*Kerler, W. A., & Killough, L. N. 2009. The Effects of Satisfaction with a Client’s Management During a Prior Audit Engagement, Trust, and Moral Reasoning on Auditors’ Perceived Risk of Management Fraud. Journal of Business Ethics, 85: 109–136. Google Scholar
*Kim, P. H., Diekmann, K. A., & Tenbrunsel, A. E. 2003. Flattery may get you somewhere: The strategic implications of providing positive vs negative feedback about ability vs ethicality in negotiation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 90(2): 225–243. Google Scholar
*King, N. L. 2021. The excellent mind: Intellectual virtues for everyday life. Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Kish-Gephart, J. J., Harrison, D. A., & Treviño, L. K. 2010. Bad apples, bad cases, and bad barrels: Meta-analytic evidence about sources of unethical decisions at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(1): 1–31. Google Scholar
*Klein, H. A., Levenburg, N. M., McKendall, M., & Mothersell, W. 2007. Cheating During the College Years: How do Business School Students Compare? Journal of Business Ethics, 72: 197–206. Google Scholar
*Knechel, W. R., & Mintchik, N. 2022. Do Personal Beliefs and Values Affect an Individual’s “Fraud Tolerance”? Evidence from the World Values Survey. Journal of Business Ethics, 177: 463–489. Google Scholar
*Kocher, M. G., Schudy, S., & Spantig, L. 2018. I Lie? We Lie! Why? Experimental Evidence on a Dishonesty Shift in Groups. Management Science, 64(9): 3995–4008. Google Scholar
*Kouchaki, M., & Desai, S. D. 2015. Anxious, Threatened, and Also Unethical: How Anxiety Makes Individuals Feel Threatened and Commit Unethical Acts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(2): 360–375. Google Scholar
*Krylova, K. O., Longacre, T. E., & Phillips, J. S. 2018. Applicants with a Tarnished Past: Stealing Thunder and Overcoming Prior Wrongdoing. Journal of Business Ethics, 150: 793–802. Google Scholar
Kunda, Z. 1990. The Case for Motivated Reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108(3): 19480–498. Google Scholar
LaFollette, H., & Graham, G. 1986. Honesty and intimacy. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 3(1): 3–18. Google Scholar
*LaMothe, E., & Bobek, D. 2020. Are Individuals More Willing to Lie to a Computer or a Human? Evidence from a Tax Compliance Setting. Journal of Business Ethics, 167: 157–180. Google Scholar
*Lapointe-Antunes, P., Veenstra, K., Brown, K., & Li, H. 2021. Welcome to the gray zone: Shades of honesty and earnings management. Journal of Business Ethics, 177: 125–149. Google Scholar
*Latham, G. P. 2001. The importance of understanding and changing employee outcome expectancies for gaining commitment to an organizational goal. Personnel Psychology, 54(3): 707–716. Google Scholar
*Lavelle, J. J., Folger, R., & Manegold, J. G. 2016. Delivering bad news: How procedural unfairness affects messengers’ distancing and refusals. Journal of Business Ethics, 136: 43–55. Google Scholar
*Lawson, R. A. 2004. Is Classroom Cheating Related to Business Students’ Propensity to Cheat in the “Real World”? Journal of Business Ethics, 49: 189–199. Google Scholar
*Lee, J. J., Ong, M., Parmar, B., & Amit, E. 2019. Lay theories of effortful honesty: Does the honesty–effort association justify making a dishonest decision? Journal of Applied Psychology, 104(5): 659–677. Google Scholar
*Lefsrud, L. M., & Meyer, R. E. 2012. Science or Science Fiction? Professionals’ Discursive Construction of Climate Change. Organization Studies, 33(11): 1477–1506. Google Scholar
Levine, E. E., & Cohen, T. R. 2018. You can handle the truth: Mispredicting the consequences of honest communication. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 147(9): 1400–1429. Google Scholar
Levine, E. E., & Munguia Gomez, D. 2021. “I’m just being honest.” When and why honesty enables help versus harm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 120(1): 33–56. Google Scholar
Levine, E. E., Roberts, A. R., & Cohen, T. R. 2020. Difficult conversations: Navigating the tension between honesty and benevolence. Current Opinion in Psychology, 31: 38–43. Google Scholar
Levine, E. E., & Schweitzer, M. E. 2014. Are liars ethical? On the tension between benevolence and honesty. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 53: 107–117. Google Scholar
*Levine, E. E., & Schweitzer, M. E. 2015. Prosocial lies: When deception breeds trust. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 126: 88–106. Google Scholar
Levine, S., Mikhail, J., & Leslie, A. 2018. Presumed innocent? How tacit assumptions of intentional structure shape moral judgment. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 147: 1728–1747. Google Scholar
* Levine, E. E., & Wald, K. A. 2020. Fibbing about your feelings: How feigning happiness in the face of personal hardship affects trust. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 156: 135–154. Google Scholar
Levine, T. R. 2022. Truth-default theory and the psychology of lying and deception detection. Current Opinion in Psychology, 47: 101380. Google Scholar
*Llewellyn, N., & Harrison, A. 2006. Resisting corporate communications: Insights into folk linguistics. Human Relations, 59(4): 567–596. Google Scholar
*Lupoli, M. J., Levine, E. E., & Greenberg, A. E. 2018. Paternalistic lies. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 146: 31–50. Google Scholar
*Mann, S., Vrij, A., & Bull, R. 2004. Detecting true lies: Police officers’ ability to detect suspects’ lies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(1): 137–149. Google Scholar
*Marcus, B., Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. 2007. Personality dimensions explaining relationships between integrity tests and counterproductive behavior: Big five, or one in addition? Personnel Psychology, 60(1): 1–34. Google Scholar
*Marcus, J., & Roy, J. 2019. In Search of Sustainable Behaviour: The Role of Core Values and Personality Traits. Journal of Business Ethics, 158: 63–79. Google Scholar
Mazar, N., Amir, O., & Ariely, D. 2008. The dishonesty of honest people: A theory of self-concept maintenance. Journal of Marketing Research, 45(6): 633–644. Google Scholar
McCarthy, I. P., Hannah, D., Pitt, L. F., & McCarthy, J. M. 2020. Confronting indifference toward truth: Dealing with workplace bullshit. Business Horizons, 63(3): 253–263. Google Scholar
*McFarland, L. A., & Ryan, A. M. 2000. Variance in faking across noncognitive measures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(5): 812–821. Google Scholar
Meyer, E. 2014. The culture map: Breaking through the invisible boundaries of global business. PublicAffairs. Google Scholar
Miller, C. B. 2021. Honesty: The philosophy and psychology of a neglected virtue. Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Minson, J. A., & Dorison, C. A. 2022. Why is exposure to opposing views aversive? Reconciling three theoretical perspectives. Current Opinion in Psychology, 47: 101435. Google Scholar
*Minson, J. A., VanEpps, E. M., Yip, J. A., & Schweitzer, M. E. 2018. Eliciting the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth: The effect of question phrasing on deception. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 147: 76–93. Google Scholar
Molnar, A., & Loewenstein, G. 2020, November 18. The False and the Furious: People are more disturbed by others’ false beliefs than by differences in beliefs. Rochester, NY. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3524651. Google Scholar
*Morgeson, F. P., Delaney-Klinger, K., Mayfield, M. S., Ferrara, P., & Campion, M. A. 2004. Self-Presentation Processes in Job Analysis: A Field Experiment Investigating Inflation in Abilities, Tasks, and Competencies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(4): 674–686. Google Scholar
Morrison, E. W. 2014. Employee voice and silence. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1): 173–197. Google Scholar
Morrison, E. W. 2023. Employee Voice and Silence: Taking Stock a Decade Later. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 10. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-120920-054654. Google Scholar
*Mulder, L. B., & Aquino, K. 2013. The role of moral identity in the aftermath of dishonesty. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 121(2): 219–230. Google Scholar
Murnighan, J. K., & Wang, L. 2016. The social world as an experimental game. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 136: 80–94. Google Scholar
*Naquin, C., Kurtzberg, T., & Belkin, L. 2010. The Finer Points of Lying Online: E-Mail Versus Pen and Paper. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(2): 387–94. Google Scholar
*O’Brien, E., & Linehan, C. 2019. Problematizing the authentic self in conceptualizations of emotional dissonance. Human Relations, 72(9): 1530–1556. Google Scholar
*Oc, B., Bashshur, M. R., & Moore, C. 2015. Speaking Truth to Power: The Effect of Candid Feedback on How Individuals With Power Allocate Resources. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(2): 450–463. Google Scholar
*Offermann, L. R., & Malamut, A. B. 2002. When leaders harass: The impact of target perceptions of organizational leadership and climate on harassment reporting and outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(5): 885–893. Google Scholar
*Olekalns, M., Kulik, C. T., & Chew, L. 2014. Sweet Little Lies: Social Context and the Use of Deception in Negotiation. Journal of Business Ethics, 120: 13–26. Google Scholar
*Olekalns, M., & Smith, P. L. 2007. Loose with the Truth: Predicting Deception in Negotiation. Journal of Business Ethics, 76: 225–238. Google Scholar
Olsen, A. L., Hjorth, F., Harmon, N., & Barfort, S. 2019. Behavioral dishonesty in the public sector. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 29(4): 572–590. Google Scholar
Pascual-Ezama, D., Fosgaard, T. R., Cardenas, J. C., Kujal, P., Veszteg, R., et al. 2015. Context-dependent cheating: Experimental evidence from 16 countries. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 116: 379–386. Google Scholar
Payan, J., Reardon, J., & McCorkle, D. E. 2010. The Effect of Culture on the Academic Honesty of Marketing and Business Students. Journal of Marketing Education, 32(3): 275–291. Google Scholar
*Pennycook, G., Bear, A., Collins, E. T., & Rand, D. G. 2020. The Implied Truth Effect: Attaching Warnings to a Subset of Fake News Headlines Increases Perceived Accuracy of Headlines Without Warnings. Management Science, 66(11): 4944–4957. Google Scholar
*Pierce, J. R., & Thompson, L. 2021. Feeling Competitiveness or Empathy Towards Negotiation Counterparts Mitigates Sex Differences in Lying. Journal of Business Ethics, 178: 71–87. Google Scholar
*Pitesa, M., Goh, Z., & Thau, S. 2018. Mandates of Dishonesty: The Psychological and Social Costs of Mandated Attitude Expression. Organization Science, 29(3): 418–431. Google Scholar
*Pollina, D. A., Dollins, A. B., Senter, S. M., Krapohl, D. J., & Ryan, A. H. 2004. Comparison of Polygraph Data Obtained From Individuals Involved in Mock Crimes and Actual Criminal Investigations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(6): 1099–1105. Google Scholar
*Porter, A. J., Kuhn, T. R., & Nerlich, B. 2018. Organizing Authority in the Climate Change Debate: IPCC Controversies and the Management of Dialectical Tensions. Organization Studies, 39(7): 873–898. Google Scholar
Porter, T., Elnakouri, A., Meyers, E. A., Shibayama, T., Jayawickreme, E., et al. 2022. Predictors and consequences of intellectual humility. Nature Reviews Psychology, 1(9): 524–536. Google Scholar
Potters, J., & Stoop, J. 2016. Do cheaters in the lab also cheat in the field? European Economic Review, 87: 26–33. Google Scholar
Ramirez-Marin, J., Olekalns, M., & Adair, W. 2019. Normatively Speaking: Do Cultural Norms Influence Negotiation, Conflict Management, and Communication? Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, 12(2): 146–160. Google Scholar
*Rezaee, Z., Elmore, R. C., & Szendi, J. Z. 2001. Ethical behavior in higher educational institutions: The role of the code of conduct. Journal of Business Ethics, 30: 171–183. Google Scholar
Reinhardt, N., & Reinhard, M.-A. 2023. Honesty–humility negatively correlates with dishonesty in romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000456. Google Scholar
*Rixom, J., & Mishra, H. 2014. Ethical ends: Effect of abstract mindsets in ethical decisions for the greater social good. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 124(2): 110–121. Google Scholar
Rogers, T., & Norton, M. I. 2011. The artful dodger: Answering the wrong question the right way. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 17: 139–147. Google Scholar
*Ross, W. T., & Robertson, D. C. 2000. Lying: The Impact of Decision Context. Business Ethics Quarterly, 10(2): 409–440. Google Scholar
*Roulin, N., Bangerter, A., & Levashina, J. 2015. Honest and Deceptive Impression Management in the Employment Interview: Can It Be Detected and How Does It Impact Evaluations? Personnel Psychology, 68(2): 395–444. Google Scholar
*Roulin, N., & Krings, F. 2020. Faking to Fit in: Applicants’ Response Strategies to Match Organizational Culture. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(2): 130–145. Google Scholar
*Sakurai, Y., & Braithwaite, V. 2003. Taxpayers’ perceptions of practitioners: Finding one who is effective and does the right thing? Journal of Business Ethics, 46: 375–387. Google Scholar
*Salter, S. B., Guffey, D. M., & McMillan, J. J. 2001. Truth, Consequences and Culture: A Comparative Examination of Cheating and Attitudes about Cheating among U.S. and U.K. Students. Journal of Business Ethics, 31: 37–50. Google Scholar
*Schabram, K., Robinson, S. L., & Cruz, K. S. 2018. Honor among thieves: The interaction of team and member deviance on trust in the team. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(9): 1057–1066. Google Scholar
*Scheele, L. M., Thonemann, U. W., & Slikker, M. 2018. Designing Incentive Systems for Truthful Forecast Information Sharing Within a Firm. Management Science, 64(8): 3690–3713. Google Scholar
Schild, C., Lilleholt, L., & Zettler, I. 2021. Behavior in cheating paradigms is linked to overall approval rates of crowdworkers. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 34(2): 157–166. Google Scholar
*Schweitzer, M. E., Hershey, J. C., & Bradlow, E. T. 2006. Promises and lies: Restoring violated trust. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 101(1): 1–19. Google Scholar
*Scott, E. D. 2003. Plane Truth: A Qualitative Study of Employee Dishonesty in the Airline Industry. Journal of Business Ethics, 42: 321–337. Google Scholar
Scott, K. 2019. Radical candor: How to be a kick ass boss without losing your humanity. St. Martin’s Press. Google Scholar
*Seymour, T. L., Seifert, C. M., Shafto, M. G., & Mosmann, A. L. 2000. Using response time measures to assess “guilty knowledge.” Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(1): 30–37. Google Scholar
*Shalvi, S., Dana, J., Handgraaf, M. J. J., & De Dreu, C. K. W. 2011. Justified ethicality: Observing desired counterfactuals modifies ethical perceptions and behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 115(2): 181–190. Google Scholar
*Shani, Y., Igou, E. R., & Zeelenberg, M. 2009. Different ways of looking at unpleasant truths: How construal levels influence information search. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 110(1): 36–44. Google Scholar
*Sharma, E., Mazar, N., Alter, A. L., & Ariely, D. 2014. Financial deprivation selectively shifts moral standards and compromises moral decisions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 123(2): 90–100. Google Scholar
Shell, G. R. 2021. The Conscience Code: Lead with Your Values. Advance Your Career. HarperCollins Leadership. Google Scholar
*Shoss, M. K., & Strube, M. J. 2011. How do you fake a personality test? An investigation of cognitive models of impression-managed responding. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 116(1): 163–171. Google Scholar
*SimanTov-Nachlieli, A. I., Har-Vardi, L., & Moran, S. 2020. When negotiators with honest reputations are less (and more) likely to be deceived. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 157: 68–84. Google Scholar
*Simkin, M. G., & McLeod, A. 2010. Why Do College Students Cheat? Journal of Business Ethics, 94: 441–453. Google Scholar
*Sims, R. L. 2002. Ethical rule breaking by employees: A test of social bonding theory. Journal of Business Ethics, 40: 101–109. Google Scholar
*Smyth, M. L., & Davis, J. R. 2004. Perceptions of Dishonesty among Two-year College Students: Academic versus Business Situations. Journal of Business Ethics, 51: 63–73. Google Scholar
*Solarino, A. M., & Aguinis, H. 2021. Challenges and Best-practice Recommendations for Designing and Conducting Interviews with Elite Informants. Journal of Management Studies, 58(3): 649–672. Google Scholar
*Sosik, J. J., Chun, J. U., Ete, Z., Arenas, F. J., & Scherer, J. A. 2019. Self-control puts character into action: Examining how leader character strengths and ethical leadership relate to leader outcomes. Journal of Business Ethics, 160: 765–781. Google Scholar
*Stark, S., Chernyshenko, O. S., Chan, K.-Y., Lee, W. C., & Drasgow, F. 2001. Effects of the testing situation on item responding: Cause for concern. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(5): 943–953. Google Scholar
*Steinel, W., Utz, S., & Koning, L. 2010. The good, the bad and the ugly thing to do when sharing information: Revealing, concealing and lying depend on social motivation, distribution and importance of information. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 113(2): 85–96. Google Scholar
*Stevens, B. 2013. How Ethical are U.S. Business Executives? A Study of Perceptions. Journal of Business Ethics, 117: 361–369. Google Scholar
Stone, D., Patton, B., & Heen, S. 2010. Difficult conversations: How to discuss what matters most. Penguin Books. Google Scholar
*Strong, K. C., Ringer, R. C., & Taylor, S. A. 2001. The rules of Stakeholders Satisfaction (Timeliness, Honesty, Empathy). Journal of Business Ethics, 32: 219–230. Google Scholar
Sverko, I., & Babarovic, T. 2016. Integrating personality and career adaptability into vocational interest space. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 94: 89–103. Google Scholar
*Tang, T. L.-P., & Liu, H. 2012. Love of Money and Unethical Behavior Intention: Does an Authentic Supervisor’s Personal Integrity and Character (ASPIRE) Make a Difference? Journal of Business Ethics, 107: 295–312. Google Scholar
Thompson, L. L. 2020. The Mind and Heart of the Negotiator (7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Pearson. Google Scholar
*Tlaiss, H. 2015. How Islamic Business Ethics Impact Women Entrepreneurs: Insights from Four Arab Middle Eastern Countries. Journal of Business Ethics, 129: 859–877. Google Scholar
Tobol, Y., Siniver, E., & Yaniv, G. 2020. Dishonesty and mandatory mask wearing in the COVID-19 pandemic. Economics Letters, 197: 109617. Google Scholar
Triandis, H. C., Carnevale, P., Gelfand, M., Robert, C., Wasti, S. A., et al. 2001. Culture and Deception in Business Negotiations: A Multilevel Analysis. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 1(1): 73–90. Google Scholar
*Tseng, L.-M. 2019. How Implicit Ethics Institutionalization Affects Ethical Selling Intention: The Case of Taiwan’s Life Insurance Salespeople. Journal of Business Ethics, 158: 727–742. Google Scholar
*Turmunkh, U., van den Assem, M. J., & van Dolder, D. 2019. Malleable Lies: Communication and Cooperation in a High Stakes TV Game Show. Management Science, 65(10): 4795–4812. Google Scholar
*Umphress, E. E., Ren, L. R., Bingham, J. B., & Gogus, C. I. 2009. The Influence of Distributive Justice on Lying for and Stealing from a Supervisor. Journal of Business Ethics, 86: 507–518. Google Scholar
*Vaidya, R. 2019. Corruption, Re-corruption and What Transpires in Between: The Case of a Government Officer in India. Journal of Business Ethics, 156: 605–620. Google Scholar
*van Hooft, E. A. J., & Born, M. P. 2012. Intentional Response Distortion on Personality Tests: Using Eye-Tracking to Understand Response Processes When Faking. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(2): 301–316. Google Scholar
*Van Iddekinge, C. H., Raymark, P. H., & Roth, P. L. 2005. Assessing Personality With a Structured Employment Interview: Construct-Related Validity and Susceptibility to Response Inflation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(3): 536–552. Google Scholar
*Van Laer, K. 2018. The role of co-workers in the production of (homo)sexuality at work: A Foucauldian approach to the sexual identity processes of gay and lesbian employees. Human Relations, 71(2): 229–255. Google Scholar
Van Zant, A. B., Kennedy, J. A., & Kray, L. J. 2022. Does hoodwinking others pay? The psychological and relational consequences of undetected negotiator deception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000410. Google Scholar
VanEpps, E. M., & Hart, E. 2022. Questions and Deception: How to Ask Better Questions and Elicit the Truth. Current Opinion in Psychology, 101383. Google Scholar
*Vincent, L. C., & Kouchaki, M. 2016. Creative, Rare, Entitled, and Dishonest: How Commonality of Creativity in One’s Group Decreases an Individual’s Entitlement and Dishonesty. Academy of Management Journal, 59(4): 1451–1473.Link , Google Scholar
*Vitell, S. J., Erin Baca, D., & Festervand, T. A. 2000. Ethical problems, conflicts and beliefs of small business professionals. Journal of Business Ethics, 28: 15–24. Google Scholar
*Vladu, A. B., Amat, O., & Cuzdriorean, D. D. 2017. Truthfulness in Accounting: How to Discriminate Accounting Manipulators from Non-manipulators. Journal of Business Ethics, 140: 633–648. Google Scholar
Vrij, A., Granhag, P. A., & Porter, S. 2010. Pitfalls and Opportunities in Nonverbal and Verbal Lie Detection. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 11(3): 89–121. Google Scholar
*Walczyk, J. J., Schwartz, J. P., Clifton, R., Adams, B., Wei, M., et al. 2005. Lying person-to-person about life events: A cognitive framework for lie detection. Personnel Psychology, 58(1): 141–170. Google Scholar
Wallace, L., & Levine, E. E. 2023. Attributing misinformation to bias versus dishonesty. Data collection in progress. Google Scholar
*Wang, L., & Murnighan, J. K. 2017. How Much Does Honesty Cost? Small Bonuses Can Motivate Ethical Behavior. Management Science, 63(9): 2903–2914. Google Scholar
*Wang, L., Song, F., & Zhong, C.-B. 2022. High Compensation and Unethical Reciprocity. Journal of Management, 48(8): 2223–2254. Google Scholar
*Wang, Y. 2009. Examination on philosophy-based management of contemporary Japanese corporations: Philosophy, value orientation and performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 85: 1–12. Google Scholar
*Wang, Y., Stuart, T., & Li, J. 2020. Fraud and Innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 66(2): 267–297. Google Scholar
*Warren, A. R., Nunez, N., Keeney, J. M., Buck, J. A., & Smith, B. 2002. The believability of children and their interviewers’ hearsay testimony: When less is more. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(5): 846–857. Google Scholar
*Warren, D. E., & Schweitzer, M. E. 2018. When Lying Does Not Pay: How Experts Detect Insurance Fraud. Journal of Business Ethics, 150: 711–726. Google Scholar
*Warren, M. A., & Warren, M. T. 2021. The EThIC model of virtue-based allyship development: A new approach to equity and inclusion in organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 182: 783–803. Google Scholar
*Welsh, D. T., & Ordóñez, L. D. 2014. Conscience without cognition: The effects of subconscious priming on ethical behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 57(3): 723–742.Link , Google Scholar
*West, T., Ravenscroft, S., & Shrader, C. 2004. Cheating and Moral Judgment in the College Classroom: A Natural Experiment. Journal of Business Ethics, 54: 173–183. Google Scholar
White, P. Q. 2022. Honesty and discretion. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 50(1): 6–49. Google Scholar
*Whitson, J., Wang, C. S., Kim, J., Cao, J., & Scrimpshire, A. 2015. Responses to normative and norm-violating behavior: Culture, job mobility, and social inclusion and exclusion. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 129: 24–35. Google Scholar
*Wiltermuth, S. S. 2011. Cheating more when the spoils are split. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 115(2): 157–168. Google Scholar
*Wiltermuth, S. S., Bennett, V. M., & Pierce, L. 2013. Doing as they would do: How the perceived ethical preferences of third-party beneficiaries impact ethical decision-making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 122(2): 280–290. Google Scholar
*Wiltermuth, S. S., Vincent, L. C., & Gino, F. 2017. Creativity in unethical behavior attenuates condemnation and breeds social contagion when transgressions seem to create little harm. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 139: 106–126. Google Scholar
*Windscheid, L., Bowes-Sperry, L., Jonsen, K., & Morner, M. 2018. Managing Organizational Gender Diversity Images: A Content Analysis of German Corporate Websites. Journal of Business Ethics, 152: 997–1013. Google Scholar
Woolley, K., & Risen, J. L. 2018. Closing your eyes to follow your heart: Avoiding information to protect a strong intuitive preference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(2): 230–245. Google Scholar
*Xie, G.-X., Chang, H., & Rank-Christman, T. 2022. Contesting Dishonesty: When and Why Perspective-Taking Decreases Ethical Tolerance of Marketplace Deception. Journal of Business Ethics, 175: 117–133. Google Scholar
*Xu, Z., & Ma, H. 2015. Does Honesty Result from Moral Will or Moral Grace? Why Moral Identity Matters. Journal of Business Ethics, 127: 371–384. Google Scholar
*Yagil, D., & Medler-Liraz, H. 2013. Moments of truth: Examining transient authenticity and identity in service encounters. Academy of Management Journal, 56(2): 473–497.Link , Google Scholar
*Yam, K. C. 2018. The Effects of Thought Suppression on Ethical Decision Making: Mental Rebound Versus Ego Depletion. Journal of Business Ethics, 147: 65–79. Google Scholar
*Yuthas, K., Rogers, R., & Dillard, J. F. 2002. Communicative Action and Corporate Annual Reports. Journal of Business Ethics, 41: 141–157. Google Scholar
Zettler, I., Thielmann, I., Hilbig, B. E., & Moshagen, M. 2020. The nomological net of the HEXACO model of personality: A large-scale meta-analytic investigation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(3): 723–760. Google Scholar

Vol. 17, No. 2

Permissions

Metrics

in the past 12 months

History

Published online 27 July 2023

Published in print 1 July 2023

Information

Acknowledgments

The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. This work was supported by grant #61842: The Honesty Project from the John Templeton Foundation. The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the sponsor. Coding assistance was provided by the Center for Behavioral and Decision Research at Carnegie Mellon University, and by Benjamin Hardin, Adam Paul, Ilse Smilo-Morgan, and Solomon Lister. We thank them, along with Elizabeth Morrison, Carrie Leana, Richard Shell, Christian Miller, the members of the Collaboration and Conflict Research Lab at Carnegie Mellon University, and attendees of the Honesty Project conference at Wake Forest University for insightful questions and valuable feedback on this work. Earlier versions of this paper were presented by the lead author at the 2021 meeting of the Academy of Management, the 2021 meeting of the International Association for Conflict Management, and the 2022 meeting of the Society for Business Ethics. Supplemental materials are provided on the Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/pcg7m. Correspondence concerning this article should be directed to Binyamin Cooper, Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University, 4765 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. Email: [email protected].

Download PDF