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Mechanism of DNA Release from Cationic Liposome/DNA Complexes Used in Cell Transfection†,‡

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Department of Biophysics, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0446
Cite this: Biochemistry 1996, 35, 18, 5616–5623
Publication Date (Web):May 7, 1996
https://doi.org/10.1021/bi9602019
Copyright © 1996 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

    To understand how DNA is released from cationic liposome/DNA complexes in cells, we investigated which biomolecules mediate release of DNA from a complex with cationic liposomes. Release from monovalent[1,2-dioleoyl-3-(trimethylammonio)propane] or multivalent (dioctadecylamidoglycylspermine) lipids was quantified by an increase of ethidium bromide (EtBr) fluorescence. Plasmid sensitivity to DNAse I degradation was examined using changes in plasmid migration on agarose gel electrophoresis. Physical separation of the DNA from the cationic lipid was confirmed and quantified on sucrose density gradients. Anionic liposomes containing compositions that mimic the cytoplasmic-facing monolayer of the plasma membrane (e.g. phosphatidylserine) rapidly released DNA from the complex. Release occurred near a 1/1 charge ratio (−/+) and was unaffected by ionic strength or ion type. Water soluble molecules with a high negative linear charge density such as dextran sulfate or heparin also released DNA. However, ionic water soluble molecules such as ATP, tRNA, DNA, poly(glutamic acid), spermidine, spermine, or histone did not, even at a 100-fold charge excess (−/+). On the basis of these results, we propose that after the cationic lipid/DNA complex is internalized into cells by endocytosis it destabilizes the endosomal membrane. Destabilization induces flip-flop of anionic lipids from the cytoplasmic-facing monolayer, which laterally diffuse into the complex and form a charge neutral ion pair with the cationic lipids. This results in displacement of the DNA from the cationic lipid and release of the DNA into cytoplasm. This mechanism accounts for a variety of observations on cationic lipid/DNA complex−cell interactions.

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    †

     This work was partially supported by NIH DK46052 and P50 HL42368.

    ‡

     This work is dedicated to Demetrios Papahadjopoulos on his 60th birthday for his contributions to elucidating the role of anionic lipids in membrane function.

    §

     State University of New York.

    *

     To whom correspondence should be addressed. Telephone:  415-476-3895. Fax:  415-476-0688. E-mail:  [email protected].

    ‖

     University of California.

    ✗

     Abstract published in Advance ACS Abstracts, May 1, 1996.

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