Early myocardial impairment in type 1 diabetes patients without known heart disease assessed with tissue Doppler echocardiography: The Thousand & 1 study
Abstract
Purpose:
Methods:
Results:
Conclusion:
Introduction
Research design and methods
Study population
Study visit
Control population
Thousand & 1 T1DM | CCHS 5 Controls | p value | |
---|---|---|---|
Variable | |||
N | 1093 | 200 | |
Age (years), mean (SD) | 49.6 (15) | 48.7 (14) | 0.40 |
Male gender, % | 52.6 | 52.0 | 0.87 |
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 25.5 (3.9) | 24.5 (3.2) | <0.001 |
Ever smoker (%) | 56.2 | 55.0 | 0.76 |
Systolic BP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 133 (16) | 130 (12) | 0.002 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 74 (10) | 78 (8) | <0.001 |
Diabetes duration (years), mean (SD) | 25.5 (14.6) | n.a. | n.a. |
HbA1c, %, mean (SD) (mmol/mol, mean [SD]) | 8.2 (1.3) (66 [14]) | n.a. | n.a. |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), mean (SD) | 87 (22) | n.a. | n.a. |
Echocardiography | |||
Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 58 (5) | 61 (5) | <0.001 |
Left ventricular ejection fraction <45% (%) | 1.7 | 0.0 | 0.068 |
Dimensions | |||
LV internal diameter (cm) | 4.5 (0.5) | 4.7 (0.5) | <0.001 |
Septal wall (cm) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.22 |
Posterior wall (cm) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.1) | <0.001 |
E peak (m/s) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.2) | <0.001 |
A peak (m/s) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) | <0.001 |
E/A ratio | 1.26 (0.5) | 1.46 (0.6) | <0.001 |
E deceleration time (ms) | 195 (44) | 190 (41) | 0.10 |
e′, pulsed, lateral (cm/s) | 12 (4) | 14 (4) | <0.001 |
LA volume index (mL/m2) | 30 (7) | 30 (7) | 0.28 |
LV mass index (g/m2) | 71 (15) | 74 (13) | 0.03 |
Tissue Doppler velocities, lateral | |||
s′ (cm/s), mean (SD) | 6.5 (1.7) | 6.8 (1.7) | 0.036 |
e′ (cm/s), mean (SD) | 9.4 (2.9) | 10.2 (3.3) | 0.002 |
a′ (cm/s), mean (SD) | 6.6 (2.1) | 6.0 (2.2) | <0.001 |
e′/a′, mean (SD) | 1.7 (1.1) | 2.2 (1.6) | <0.001 |
E/e′, pulsed, mean (SD) | 7.6 (3.0) | 5.6 (1.7) | <0.001 |
Statins (%) | 43.5 | Nil | n.a. |
Betablockers (%) | 4.6 | Nil | n.a. |
ACE-inhibitors/ATII-antagonists (%) | 46.0 | Nil | n.a. |
Calcium antagonists (%) | 18.9 | Nil | n.a. |
Diuretics (%) | 26.1 | Nil | n.a. |
ASA (%) | 29.4 | Nil | n.a. |
Echocardiography
Tissue Doppler imaging
Biochemistry
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics
Normoalbuminuria | Microalbuminuria | Macroalbuminuria | p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | ||||
N (%) | 760 (69.5) | 227 (20.8) | 106 (9.7) | |
Age (years), mean (SD) | 48.0 (14.9) | 54.3 (13.6) | 51.0 (11.2) | <0.001 |
Male gender (%) | 51.1 | 55.5 | 57.6 | 0.28 |
Diabetes duration (years), mean (SD) | 22.3 (13.6) | 31.7 (15.0) | 35.5 (11.4) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 25.3 (3.8) | 25.9 (4.1) | 26.2 (4.5) | 0.037 |
HbA1c (%), mean (SD) (mmol/mol, mean [SD]) | 8.1 (1.3) (65 [14]) | 8.3 (1.1) (67 [12]) | 8.8 (1.3) (73 [14]) | <0.001 |
Ever smoker (%) | 53.4 | 62.1 | 63.2 | 0.021 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 132 (16) | 136 (17) | 140 (18) | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 74 (9) | 73 (11) | 75 (11) | 0.13 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), mean SD | 91 (19) | 85 (23) | 64 (29) | <0.001 |
Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 58 (5) | 57 (5) | 58 (6) | 0.75 |
Dimensions | ||||
LV internal diameter (cm) | 4.6 (0.5) | 4.5 (0.4) | 4.4 (0.5) | <0.001 |
Septal wall (cm) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.2) | <0.001 |
Posterior wall (cm) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.2) | <0.001 |
Left atrial volume index (mL/m2), mean (SD) | 29 (6) | 30 (6) | 32 (8) | 0.003 |
LV mass index (g/m2), mean (SD) | 70 (14) | 72 (15) | 79 (18) | <0.001 |
Transmitral Doppler | ||||
E peak (m/s), mean (SD) | 0.8 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | <0.001 |
A peak (m/s), mean (SD) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | <0.001 |
E/A ratio, mean (SD) | 1.31 (0.5) | 1.15 (0.4) | 1.10 (0.4) | <0.001 |
E deceleration time (ms), mean (SD) | 194 (42) | 201 (46) | 198 (52) | 0.07 |
Tissue Doppler velocities, lateral | ||||
s′ (cm/s), mean (SD) | 6.7 (1.7) | 6.1 (1.5) | 6.0 (1.4) | <0.001 |
e′ (cm/s), mean (SD) | 9.9 (2.9) | 8.7 (2.7) | 7.8 (2.7) | <0.001 |
a′ (cm/s), mean (SD) | 6.4 (2.1) | 6.9 (1.9) | 7.3 (2.1) | <0.001 |
e′/a′, mean (SD) | 1.8 (1.2) | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.2 (0.6) | <0.001 |
E/e′, lateral, pulsed, mean (SD) | 7.0 (2.4) | 8.5 (3.4) | 9.8 (3.7) | <0.001 |
Statins (%) | 34.7 | 57.3 | 76.4 | <0.001 |
Betablockers (%) | 1.5 | 7.9 | 19.8 | <0.001 |
ACE-inhibitors/ATII-antagonists (%) | 33.4 | 70.0 | 84.9 | <0.001 |
Calcium antagonists (%) | 11.7 | 29.1 | 49.1 | <0.001 |
Diuretics (%) | 16.8 | 36.6 | 69.8 | <0.001 |
ASA (%) | 20.7 | 44.1 | 60.4 | <0.001 |
Tissue Doppler velocities in T1DM versus controls
Control vs normoalbuminuria | Control vs microalbuminuria | Control vs macroalbuminuria | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coeff. | 95% CI | p value | Coeff. | 95% CI | p value | Coeff. | 95% CI | p value | |
s′ (cm/s) (A) | −0.17 | −0.41; 0.08 | 0.19 | −0.53 | −0.84;−0.23 | 0.001 | −0.59 | −0.96;−0.22 | 0.002 |
a′ (cm/s) (A) | 0.42 | 0.12; 0.72 | 0.006 | 0.54 | 0.17; 0.91 | 0.004 | 1.24 | 0.79; 1.69 | <0.001 |
e′ (cm/s) (A) | −0.52 | −0.82;−0.22 | 0.001 | −0.83 | −1.20;−0.45 | <0.001 | −1.95 | −2.41;−1.49 | <0.001 |
e′/a′ (B) | −0.38 | −0.52;−0.23 | <0.001 | −0.49 | −0.67;−0.32 | <0.001 | −0.81 | −1.03;−0.59 | <0.001 |
E/e′ (B) | 1.30 | 0.95; 1.65 | <0.001 | 2.24 | 1.81; 2.67 | <0.001 | 3.80 | 3.26; 4.33 | <0.001 |
Tissue Doppler velocities and age
Estimating premature myocardial impairment
Discussion
Acknowledgments
Declaration of conflicting interests
Funding
References
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This article was published in Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research.
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