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{{Main|List of titles and names of Shiva}}
[[File:Shiva meditating Rishikesh.jpg|upright|thumb|250px|Shiva absorbed in meditation, as depicted commonly in Hinduism]]
The Sanskrit word ''Shiva'' ([[Devanagari]]: {{lang|sa|शिव}}, ''{{IAST|śiva}}'') comes from [[Shri Rudram Chamakam]] of [[Taittiriya]] Samhita (TS 4.5, 4.7) of [[Yajurveda|Krishna Yajurveda]]. The root word {{IAST|śi}}<ref>http://sanskritdictionary.com/?q=%C5%9Bi&lang=&iencoding=&action=Search</ref> means [[auspicious]]. In simple English transliteration it is written either as ''Shiva'' or ''Siva''. The adjective ''{{IAST|śiva}}'', is used as an attributive epithet not particularly of Rudra, but of several other [[Vedic]] deities.<ref>For use of the term ''{{IAST|śiva}}'' as an epithet for other Vedic deities, see: Chakravarti, p. 28.</ref>
The other popular names associated with Shiva are Mahadev, Mahesh, Maheshwar, Shankar, Shambhu, Rudra, Har, Trilochan, Devendra (meaning Chief of the gods) and Trilokinath (meaning ''Lord of the three realms'').<ref name=Manmatha>See translation by Manmatha Nath Dutt, Chapter 17 of Volume 13.</ref><ref name=Kisari>See translation by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, Chapter 17 of Volume 13.</ref><ref name=Chidbhav>See Chidbhavananda, "Siva Sahasranama Stotram".</ref>
The Sanskrit word ''{{IAST|śaiva}}'' means "relating to the God Shiva", and this term is the Sanskrit name both for one of the principal sects of Hinduism and for a member of that sect.<ref>Apte, p. 927</ref> It is used as an adjective to characterize certain beliefs and practices, such as [[Shaivism]].<ref>For the definition "Śaivism refers to the traditions which follow the teachings of {{IAST|Śiva}} (''{{IAST|śivaśāna}}'') and which focus on the deity {{IAST|Śiva}}... " see: Flood (1996), p. 149.</ref>
The Tamil word ''Sivan'', [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: {{lang|ta|சிவன்}} ("Fair Skinned") could have been derived from the word ''sivappu''. The word 'sivappu' means "red" in [[Tamil language]] but while addressing a person's skin texture in Tamil the word 'Sivappu' is used for being Fair Skinned.<ref>''Tantra: The Cult of the Feminine'', p. 213.</ref><ref>''Shaivism in Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to C.A.D. 300'' (1982)</ref>
[[Adi Sankara]], in his interpretation of the name ''Shiva'', the 27th and 600th name of [[Vishnu sahasranama]], the thousand names of Vishnu interprets ''Shiva'' to have multiple meanings: "The Pure One", or "the One who is not affected by three [[Gunas]] of [[Prakrti]] ([[Sattva]], [[Rajas]], and [[Tamas (philosophy)|Tamas]])" or "the One who purifies everyone by the very utterance of His name."<ref>Sri Vishnu Sahasranama, Ramakrishna Math edition, pg.47 and pg. 122.</ref> [[Swami Chinmayananda]], in his translation of Vishnu sahasranama, further elaborates on that verse: ''Shiva'' means "the One who is eternally pure" or "the One who can never have any contamination of the imperfection of Rajas and Tamas".<ref>Swami Chinmayananda's translation of Vishnu sahasranama, pg. 24, Central Chinmaya Mission Trust.</ref>
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Shiva is mentioned in [[Vajrayana|Buddhist Tantra]]. Shiva as ''Upaya'' and Shakti as ''Prajna''.<ref>{{cite book | url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=x_FJcRDXhfQC&pg=PA95 | title=Buddhist Thought and Ritual | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publications | author=[[David Kalupahana]] | year=2001 | page=95 | isbn=8120817737 |accessdate=13 October 2013}}</ref> In cosmologies of buddhist tantra, Shiva is depicted as active, skillful, and more passive.<ref>{{cite book | url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9aWyaaw9pC0C&pg=PA43 | title=What Is Tantric Practice? | author=Barnaby B. Dhs | page=43 |accessdate=13 October 2013}}</ref>
===Sikhism===
The Japuji Sahib of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] says, "The Guru is Shiva, the Guru is Vishnu and Brahma; the Guru is Paarvati and Lakhshmi." In the same chapter, it also says, "Shiva speaks, the Siddhas speak."
In [[Dasam Granth]], Guru Gobind Singh have mentioned two avtars of Rudra: [[Dattatreya]] Avtar and [[Parasnath]] Avtar.<ref>[http://books.google.co.in/books?id=8-h8ptzp0lUC&pg=PA16&dq=chaubis+avtar&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IuXcT6XCHYunrAeB0_DGDQ&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=chaubis%20avtar&f=false Composition 10, Rudra Avtar]</ref>
===Others===
The worship of Lord Shiva became popular in Central Asia through the [[Hephthalite Empire|Hephthalite (White Hun) Dynasty]],<ref name="ReferenceA">Puri, P. 132 Buddhism in Central Asia</ref> and [[Kushan Empire]]. Shaivism was also popular in Sogdiana and Eastern Turkestan as found from the wall painting from Penjikent on the river Zervashan.<ref name="ReferenceB">Puri, P. 133 Buddhism in Central Asia</ref> In this depiction, Shiva is portrayed with a sacred halo and a sacred thread ("Yajnopavita").<ref name="ReferenceB"/> He is clad in tiger skin while his attendants are wearing Sodgian dress.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> In Eastern Turkestan in the Taklamakan Desert.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> There is a depiction of his four-legged seated cross-legged n a cushioned seat supported by two bulls.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Another panel form Dandan-Uilip shows Shiva in His Trimurti form with His Shakti kneeling on her right thigh.<ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref name="unesco427">[http://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_III%20silk%20road_religions%20and%20religious%20movements%20II.pdf Religions and Religious Movements – II, p. 427]</ref> It is also noted that [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] wind god [[Vayu-Vata]] took on the iconographic appearance of Shiva.<ref name="unesco427"/>
[[Kirant Mundhum|Kirant]] people, a Mongol tribe from Nepal, worship a form of Shiva as one of their major deity, identifying him as the lord of animals. It is also said that the physical form of Shiva as a yogi is derived from Kirants as it is mentioned in Mundhum that Shiva took human form as a child of Kirant. He is also said to give Kirants visions in form of a male deer.
In Indonesia, Shiva is also worshiped as [[Batara Guru]]. His other name is "Sang Hyang Jagadnata" (king of the universe) and "Sang Hyang Girinata" (king of mountains).<ref>[http://www.joglosemar.co.id/bataraguru.html Batara Guru and The World of Gods]</ref> In the ancient times, all kingdoms were located on top of mountains. When he was young, before receiving his authority of power, his name was Sang Hyang Manikmaya. He is first of the children who hatched from the eggs laid by Manuk Patiaraja, wife of god Mulajadi na Bolon. This avatar is also worshiped in Malaysia. Shiva's other form in Indonesian Hindu worship is "Maharaja Dewa" (Mahadeva). Both the forms are closely identified with the Sun in local forms of Hinduism or Kebatinan, and even in the genie lore of Muslims. Mostly Shiva is worshipped in the form of a lingam or the phallus<ref>[[Lingam]]</ref>
==References==
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==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |title=Tantra and its Effect on Society |author=[[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar|Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii]] |place=Bhagalpur |publisher= [[Ananda Marga]] Pubs |year=1959}}
* {{cite book |title=Discourses on Tantra, vol. 1 |author=[[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar|Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii]] (Ac. Vijayananda Avt. Editor) |place=Kolkata |publisher= [[Ananda Marga|AMPS]]-Ananda Printers |year=1994 |ISBN=81-7252-112-X}}
* {{cite book |title=Discourses on Tantra, vol. 2 |author=[[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar|Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii]] (Ac. Vijayananda Avt. Editor) |place=Kolkata |publisher= [[Ananda Marga|AMPS]]-Ananda Printers |year=1994 |ISBN=81-7252-112-X}}
* {{cite book |title=Namah Shivaya Shantaya |author=[[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar|Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii]] (Ac. Narayanananda Avt. Editor, Ac. Vijayananda Avt. transl. from Bengali)|place=Calcutta |publisher= [[Ananda Marga|AMPS]]-Ananda Printers |year=1985 |isbn=81-7252-098-0}}
* {{Citation | last =Anthony | first =David W. | year =2007 | title =The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World | publisher =Princeton University Press}}
* {{Cite book | last=Apte | first=Vaman Shivram | year=1965 | title=The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary | place=Delhi | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | edition=Fourth revised and enlarged |
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