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Free AccessReview Article

Definition of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage as an Outcome Event in Clinical Trials and Observational Studies

Proposal of a Multidisciplinary Research Group

Mervyn D.I. Vergouwen

Mervyn D.I. Vergouwen

From the Department of Neurology (M.D.I.V., M.V., Y.B.W.E.M.R.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (M.D.I.V.), Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.v.G., G.J.E.R.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (E.F.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery (J.P.M.), University of California Davis Health System, Sacramento, Calif, USA; Department of Neurosurgery (A.D.M.), Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosurgery (S.J.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Neurosurgery (H.Y.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (K.G.T.), Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery (R.L.M.), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (M.N.D.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo, USA; Department of Neurology (J.P.B.), UC Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Center for Stroke Research Berlin (J.P.D.), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.

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Marinus Vermeulen

Marinus Vermeulen

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Jan van Gijn

Jan van Gijn

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Gabriel J.E. Rinkel

Gabriel J.E. Rinkel

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Eelco F. Wijdicks

Eelco F. Wijdicks

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J. Paul Muizelaar

J. Paul Muizelaar

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A. David Mendelow

A. David Mendelow

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Seppo Juvela

Seppo Juvela

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Howard Yonas

Howard Yonas

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Karel G. Terbrugge

Karel G. Terbrugge

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R. Loch Macdonald

R. Loch Macdonald

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Michael N. Diringer

Michael N. Diringer

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Joseph P. Broderick

Joseph P. Broderick

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Jens P. Dreier

Jens P. Dreier

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and

Yvo B.W.E.M. Roos

Yvo B.W.E.M. Roos

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Originally published26 Aug 2010https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.589275Stroke. 2010;41:2391–2395

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Abstract

Background and Purpose—In clinical trials and observational studies there is considerable inconsistency in the use of definitions to describe delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. A major cause for this inconsistency is the combining of radiographic evidence of vasospasm with clinical features of cerebral ischemia, although multiple factors may contribute to DCI. The second issue is the variability and overlap of terms used to describe each phenomenon. This makes comparisons among studies difficult.

Methods—An international ad hoc panel of experts involved in subarachnoid hemorrhage research developed and proposed a definition of DCI to be used as an outcome measure in clinical trials and observational studies. We used a consensus-building approach.

Results—It is proposed that in observational studies and clinical trials aiming to investigate strategies to prevent DCI, the 2 main outcome measures should be: (1) cerebral infarction identified on CT or MRI or proven at autopsy, after exclusion of procedure-related infarctions; and (2) functional outcome. Secondary outcome measure should be clinical deterioration caused by DCI, after exclusion of other potential causes of clinical deterioration. Vasospasm on angiography or transcranial Doppler can also be used as an outcome measure to investigate proof of concept but should be interpreted in conjunction with DCI or functional outcome.

Conclusion—The proposed measures reflect the most relevant morphological and clinical features of DCI without regard to pathogenesis to be used as an outcome measure in clinical trials and observational studies.

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a life-threatening disease. Patients who survive the initial hours after the hemorrhage and have their aneurysms secured by clipping or coiling are still at risk for severe complications, especially within the first 2 weeks after the hemorrhage. One of the most feared complications is cerebral ischemia, which occurs in ≈30% of patients surviving the initial hemorrhage, mostly between days 4 and 10 after SAH.^1,2 Clinical features of cerebral ischemia after SAH mostly consist of focal neurological signs, such as aphasia or hemiparesis, or a decrease in the level of consciousness, typically with gradual and often fluctuating onset. Signs of cerebral ischemia are sometimes reversible but may also progress to cerebral infarction, which can cause severe disability or even result in death.^1,3 Although these clinical deficits often occur in conjunction with angiographic evidence of vessel narrowing, each may occur independently of the other.

In clinical trials and observational studies that have cerebral ischemia as an outcome event, the use of terms and definitions to describe the phenomenon of cerebral ischemia is inconsistent. Because of its delayed onset, this complication is often called delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI).^2,4 Besides the term “DCI,” many other terms are used in the literature to describe this clinical phenomenon, such as delayed ischemic neurological deficit,^5–7 delayed ischemic deficit,^8,9 delayed neurological deficit,^10,11 secondary cerebral ischemia,^12,13 vasospasm,^14,15 clinical vasospasm,^16,17 symptomatic vasospasm,^18,19 symptomatic ischemia,²⁰ and cerebral infarction.²¹ The use of so many different terms is problematic, not only because many studies provide incomplete definitions of the terms used, if at all,^22,23 but also because a variety of definitions are used for the same term. A major cause for the inconsistency in terms and definitions is the combining of radiographic evidence of vasospasm with clinical features of cerebral ischemia, whereas multiple factors may contribute to DCI.^7,24–27 A second cause is the variability and overlap of terms used to describe each phenomenon. Clinical deterioration attributable to DCI is a diagnosis per exclusionem (after exclusion of other causes such as infection, hypotension, hyponatremia, and others), and it is especially difficult to diagnose in patients who are comatose or sedated. Therefore, often surrogates are used that are easier to measure. Because of the association between clinical deterioration from DCI and angiographic vasospasm, arterial narrowing on angiography and increased blood flow velocities on transcranial Doppler ultrasound examination are often used as a surrogate diagnostic tool. This has contributed to the interchangeable use of the terms for DCI and angiographic vasospasm.

The inconsistency in terms and definitions makes it almost impossible to compare the results between studies, understand the true impact of an intervention, aggregate results in meta-analyses,^28,29 or construct guidelines with a high level of evidence.^23,30 In the absence of an established biomarker or an easily performed and minimally invasive neuroimaging study with reliable test characteristics, a need exists for a robust and widely acceptable definition of cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal SAH. The aim of the present article was to propose a uniform definition for this complication to be used as outcome measure in future clinical trials and observational studies.

Materials and Methods

An international ad hoc panel of experts involved in SAH research developed and proposed a definition of DCI to be used as an outcome measure in clinical trials and observational studies. We used a consensus-building approach. In the first phase of problem identification, 3 authors (M.D.I.V., M.V., and Y.B.W.E.M.R.) made the plan to write an article to address this issue and to propose a uniform definition. In the second phase of participant identification and recruitment, experts were contacted who were known from previous collaborations. It was decided to have experts from different disciplines within the panel (neurology, neurosurgery, interventional neuroradiology, and neurocritical care). These experts were asked for advice to get in contact with other experts. One of the authors (M.D.I.V.) facilitated the complete process of consensus building. All authors were contacted by e-mail with the invitation to participate in the writing of an article to propose a uniform definition of DCI, with the aim to end the inconsistent use of DCI definitions in the literature. Subsequently, a draft manuscript was written by 2 authors (M.D.I.V., Y.B.W.E.M.R.) and sent to all authors. After receiving comments and suggestions of the coauthors, a revised manuscript was written and sent to all authors again. This process was repeated until consensus was reached. The manuscript was submitted for publication after approval was received of all authors.

Considerations for Uniform Terms and Definitions

As long as the precise pathogenesis of DCI remains unknown, no assumptions can be made about which term is preferable. However, the authors agree on the following considerations. Terms such as clinical vasospasm, symptomatic vasospasm, and vasospasm-related ischemia suggest that clinical features of DCI are present in combination with radiologically confirmed arterial narrowing. However, patients with SAH can also have clinical deterioration attributable to DCI in the absence of radiologically confirmed vasospasm,^4,31 because radiological confirmation is not obtained, it is not obtained when clinical deterioration from DCI develops, or because DCI is caused by other factors. The reverse situation in which patients have angiographic vasospasm but no DCI also frequently occurs.⁴ The use of terms that include vasospasm suggests that patients with clinical deterioration attributable to DCI in the absence of radiological vasospasm are not included in the analysis. Furthermore, the word “vasospasm” by itself is often used for describing clinical deterioration from DCI. By doing so, it is implicitly suggested that DCI is always caused by arterial narrowing of the cerebral arteries, which often is not the case.^32–35 Therefore, as long as the pathogenesis of DCI is incompletely known, it is preferable to use a term that describes the clinical picture and in which no assumption is made about its pathogenesis. Delayed neurological deficit is a general term, without any assumption about pathogenesis and cause. However, there is a large body of evidence that deterioration after SAH is attributable to ischemia, provided specific other complications have been ruled out (such as re-bleeding, hydrocephalus, and systemic disorders). The term secondary ischemia also refers to a delayed onset, without referring to causality. However, it may incorrectly suggest that clinical deterioration is secondary to an identifiable cause, such as hydrocephalus. The terms delayed cerebral ischemia, delayed ischemic neurological deficit, and delayed ischemic deficit are practically identical, although the word “deficit” might suggest that only clinical deterioration with focal neurological findings should be taken into account. “Cerebral infarction” should preferably be limited to describe findings on either CT or MRI of the brain or found at autopsy that are suggestive of brain tissue that died as a result of ischemia.

The clinical diagnosis of clinical deterioration attributable to DCI is difficult for several reasons. First, the clinical spectrum of DCI is wide. Typical clinical features of DCI are neurological deficits (such as hemiparesis, aphasia, apraxia, and neglect) as a result of focal cerebral ischemia, or a decrease in the level of consciousness as a result of global cerebral ischemia. However, some studies also included neck stiffness, fever, and mutism in the definition of DCI, although it is unknown whether these signs truly reflect DCI.^2,36,37 Second, clinical deterioration from DCI is a diagnosis per exclusionem. Clinical deterioration after SAH can have multiple causes other than DCI, such as seizures, hypoxia, hypotension, fever, heart failure, and the effect of sedatives. Third, because a proportion of SAH patients are comatose or sedated, a definition of DCI that is purely based on clinical features will underestimate the true incidence of DCI.³⁸

The clinical features of DCI may resolve spontaneously or after treatment. However, infarction on CT or MRI demonstrates the ultimate outcome of the ischemic event and thus may be the most appropriate outcome measure for clinical trials and observational studies. In a recent large cohort study, DCI (defined as a new focal neurological deficit or decrease in level of consciousness, a new infarct revealed by follow-up CT imaging, or both) was independently associated with death or severe disability at 3 months only when CT results were included in the definition of DCI.³⁹ Cerebral infarction alone had equally strong correlations with 3-month functional outcome (measured with either Glasgow Outcome Scale or modified Rankin Scale) as the combination of clinical deterioration attributable to DCI with cerebral infarction on neuroimaging.⁴⁰ In the same cohort, it was shown in a multivariate analysis that patients with asymptomatic infarction, who were mostly comatose patients, more often had a poorer outcome (death and moderate to severe disability) than patients with symptomatic DCI.³⁸ Cerebral infarction on CT imaging was also the primary outcome measure in the largest trial that investigated the efficacy of nimodipine, which is the only drug with class 1 evidence of a beneficial effect in the prevention of DCI.^21,41

Given these considerations, the authors have a preference, which is partly based on subjective judgments, for the use of the following terms: “clinical deterioration caused by delayed cerebral ischemia” for clinical features; “cerebral infarction” for CT, MRI, or autopsy results; and “vasospasm” or “arterial narrowing” for the results of angiography.

Clinical Deterioration Caused by DCI

Typical features of clinical deterioration caused by DCI are the development of focal neurological signs, such as aphasia or hemiparesis, and a decrease in the level of consciousness. Obviously, to detect new focal neurological signs or a decreased level of consciousness, frequent neurological examinations are required. For the detection of a decrease in the level of consciousness, we recommend the use of the Glasgow Coma Scale.^5,12 Although this scale was initially developed for patients with traumatic brain injury, this scale is widely used in (neuro)critical care units for the monitoring of patients with SAH, because it is easy and fast. Besides, it is the basis of the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies scale for grading the severity of SAH on admission.⁴² Because patients with SAH often have spontaneous mild fluctuations in the level of consciousness, a decrease of 2 points in the Glasgow Coma Score (either on the total score or on one of its components [eye, motor on either side, verbal]) will be more appropriate for detecting a decreased level of consciousness as a clinical feature of DCI than a decrease of a single point. The number of false-negative events ascribed to DCI will further decrease by adding a minimal duration of the neurological deterioration in the definition. There is some recent experience with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale in patients with aneurysmal SAH,^5,43 but this scale is quite extensive and can only be applied by qualified persons. Future studies are needed to investigate if the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale is an adequate tool to detect clinical deterioration caused by DCI.

Laboratory investigations are required to exclude metabolic causes of deterioration, such as hyponatremia. A search for infection should be performed, especially in patients with a decrease in the level of consciousness. Cerebral imaging should be performed to exclude re-bleeding, edema, and hydrocephalus. Because these other factors can be found in mild degrees, it is difficult to know when clinical deteriorations can be truly attributed to DCI. As long as the pathogenesis of DCI remains unknown and no adequate biomarker or easily performed neuroimaging study with reliable characteristics is available, there is no gold standard and these diagnostic decisions are subject to bias. For example, it is unknown what the cut-off values are at which hyponatremia, hyperthermia, and hypotension can be accepted as a cause of clinical deterioration. Also it is not generally feasible to reverse the effects of sedative medications. Although, to our knowledge, no studies have been performed to test interobserver agreement rates for the diagnosis of clinical deterioration from DCI, we suspect that they are fairly low for these reasons.

Neuroimaging

For a uniform definition of cerebral infarction, we suggest including the use of CT or MRI. The advantages of CT over MRI are the wider availability of CT scans, it is less time-consuming, and the logistics are easier in intensive care patients. However, if serial MRI can be performed, it is the preferred method because MRI is more sensitive and autopsy studies have strongly suggested that small cortical lesions have an important effect on outcome after SAH.^33,44 Within a given study, either CT or MRI should be serially performed to allow detection of changes with the same imaging modality. We suggest that the best time to perform the follow-up neuroimaging procedure to detect cerebral infarction is within 6 weeks after SAH, after the time window in which DCI occurs, and when most SAH patients are in a stable clinical condition. Because surgical or endovascular occlusion of the aneurysm may cause edema and infarction, we suggest that between 24 and 48 hours after each procedure for aneurysm occlusion a CT or MR scan should be performed to rule this out.⁴⁵ In sedated patients, these iatrogenic lesions may have been erroneously attributed to DCI.

We also considered whether a neuroimaging definition should include any of the techniques that are available for measuring cerebral perfusion, such as perfusion CT imaging, xenon CT, and positron emission tomography.^{4,27,31,46,47} Access to quantitative cerebral blood flow information within a critical care environment has been problematic but is potentially available via invasive and noninvasive technologies. The feasibility of radioactive and stable xenon to provide relevant quantitative cerebral blood flow information has been extensively reported.⁴⁶ The role of perfusion CT imaging is presently undergoing intensive investigation.^4,31 However, because cerebral perfusion techniques have not yet been optimized and perfusion changes after SAH are highly unstable,²⁶ we feel that these modalities cannot be used in the neuroimaging definition at this time. Furthermore, cerebral blood flow may be difficult to interpret without information on cerebral metabolism. Nevertheless, they might become a promising tool for detecting DCI in the future, not only in comatose and sedated patients but also in patients who are more alert.^4,31,48

Proposed Definitions

We conclude that uniform definitions of “clinical deterioration caused by delayed cerebral ischemia” and “cerebral infarction” should capture the most relevant elements in terms of morphological and clinical characteristics, without assumptions about its pathogenesis. Because cerebral infarction on CT/MRI is strongly correlated with functional outcome 3 months after SAH, and given its expected high interobserver agreement rate, its ability to detect DCI in sedated and comatose patients, and its objective quantification of the consequences of DCI, cerebral infarction on neuroimaging might be a better outcome measure than clinical deterioration caused by DCI alone. Although previous definitions of DCI often combined clinical features of DCI with either angiography/transcranial Doppler findings or cerebral infarction on neuroimaging or autopsy, we suggest that these should be separately reported.

To obtain high interobserver agreement rates, phase II and III clinical trials aiming to reduce DCI should include the occurrence of cerebral infarction on CT or MRI as well as functional outcome as main end points. We suggest that clinical deterioration caused by DCI should be not more than a secondary measure of outcome, because of suspected lower interobserver agreement rates.

The proposed definition of clinical deterioration caused by DCI is: “The occurrence of focal neurological impairment (such as hemiparesis, aphasia, apraxia, hemianopia, or neglect), or a decrease of at least 2 points on the Glasgow Coma Scale (either on the total score or on one of its individual components [eye, motor on either side, verbal]). This should last for at least 1 hour, is not apparent immediately after aneurysm occlusion, and cannot be attributed to other causes by means of clinical assessment, CT or MRI scanning of the brain, and appropriate laboratory studies.”

Because no strict criteria can be given for factors that exclude the presence of DCI, especially when factors other than DCI occur in combination, the decision whether a clinical deterioration can be attributed to the occurrence of DCI will be fairly subjective.

The proposed definition of cerebral infarction is: “The presence of cerebral infarction on CT or MR scan of the brain within 6 weeks after SAH, or on the latest CT or MR scan made before death within 6 weeks, or proven at autopsy, not present on the CT or MR scan between 24 and 48 hours after early aneurysm occlusion, and not attributable to other causes such as surgical clipping or endovascular treatment. Hypodensities on CT imaging resulting from ventricular catheter or intraparenchymal hematoma should not be regarded as cerebral infarctions from DCI.”

We strongly recommend to restrict the use of the words “vasospasm” or “arterial narrowing” to descriptions of a radiological test (either CT angiography, MRA, or digital subtraction angiography), and we recommend not applying this term to clinical manifestations of DCI. Vasospasm on angiography can also be used as an outcome measure to investigate proof of concept but should not be used as a surrogate outcome measure. Transcranial Doppler has a lower sensitivity and specificity to diagnose angiographic arterial narrowing;⁴⁹ therefore, it is not adequate to investigate proof of concept.

Conclusion

We conclude that the proposed definitions capture the most relevant elements of cerebral ischemia after SAH. We recommend using these definitions in future clinical trials and observational studies that have DCI as an outcome event until more accurate, reliable, and sensitive tests are developed to measure DCI. For studies investigating the efficacy of strategies to reverse DCI once it occurs (in which DCI is an entry event rather than an outcome event), the described definition is probably too strict. The occurrence of clinical deterioration caused by DCI should be described separately from the results of angiography. The term “vasospasm” should be reserved for angiographic arterial narrowing. Implementation of the proposed definitions will facilitate the identification of robust, evidence-based treatments for patients with aneurysmal SAH. Future investigations should be performed to clarify the full spectrum of clinical features of DCI, and to evaluate the operational characteristics of ancillary investigations and proposed definitions. To achieve this aim, we suggest intensive clinical monitoring in combination with serial MRI (including diffusion-weighted imaging, MRA, and MR perfusion), CT (including CT angiography and perfusion), transcranial Doppler, and digital subtraction angiography.

In this article, the term “vasospasm” is reserved for the angiographic finding of narrowed cerebral arteries. The term “delayed cerebral ischemia” is used for the clinical signs of ischemia or radiographic (CT/MRI) evidence of ischemia.

Sources of Funding

M.D.I.V. was financially supported by an unrestricted grant from the Niels Stensen Foundation, the Netherlands. J.P.D. was supported by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG DR 323/5-1) and the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (Center for Stroke Research Berlin, 01 EO 0801 and Kompetenznetz Schlaganfall).

Disclosures

R.L.M. received research support from The Physicians Services Incorporated Foundation. He is a consultant for Actelion Pharmaceuticals and Chief Scientific Officer of Edge Therapeutics. M.N.D. received research support from National Institutes of Health (P50 NS035966 and P50 NS05597701A2). A.D.M. is Chairman and Director of the Newcastle Neurosurgery Foundation. He has received Honoraria from Stryker, Novo Nordisk, and Codman. All other authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Footnotes

Correspondence to Mervyn D.I. Vergouwen, MD, PhD, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Division of Neurology, 399 Bathurst Street; 5^th Floor West Wing, room 425, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada. E-mail [email protected]

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Kofler M, Reitmeir P, Glodny B, Rass V, Lindner A, Ianosi B, Gaasch M, Schiefecker A, Putnina L, Beer R, Rhomberg P, Schmutzhard E, Pfausler B and Helbok R (2023) The Loss of Temporal Muscle Volume is Associated with Poor Outcome in Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: An Observational Cohort Study, Neurocritical Care, 10.1007/s12028-023-01751-z, 39:1, (198-206), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2023.

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Csecsei P, Olah C, Varnai R, Simon D, Erdo-Bonyar S, Berki T, Czabajszki M, Zavori L, Schwarcz A and Molnar T (2023) Different Kinetics of Serum ADAMTS13, GDF-15, and Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin in the Early Phase of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 10.3390/ijms241311005, 24:13, (11005)

Zhong S, Liu T, Zhai Q, Zhang X, Jing H, Li K, Liu S, Liu G, Wang L, Li L, Tao S, Ren L, Shi X and Bao Y (2023) Impacts of Statin Therapy Strategies on Incidence of Ischemic Cerebrovascular Events in Patients With Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis, Neurosurgery, 10.1227/neu.0000000000002392, 93:1, (24-32), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2023.

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Hirsch Y, Geraghty J, Katz E and Testai F (2020) Inflammasome Caspase-1 Activity is Elevated in Cerebrospinal Fluid After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Predicts Functional Outcome, Neurocritical Care, 10.1007/s12028-020-01113-z, 34:3, (889-898), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2021.

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Rhim J, Youn D, Kim B, Kim Y, Kim S, Kim H and Jeon J (2021) The Role of Consecutive Plasma Copeptin Levels in the Screening of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia in Poor-Grade Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Life, 10.3390/life11040274, 11:4, (274)

Chalard K, Szabo V, Pavillard F, Djanikian F, Dargazanli C, Molinari N, Manna F, Costalat V, Chanques G, Perrigault P and Ehrman R (2021) Long-term outcome in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage requiring mechanical ventilation, PLOS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0247942, 16:3, (e0247942)

Abulhasan Y, Ortiz Jimenez J, Teitelbaum J, Simoneau G and Angle M Milrinone for refractory cerebral vasospasm with delayed cerebral ischemia, Journal of Neurosurgery, 10.3171/2020.1.JNS193107, 134:3, (971-982)

Eibach M, Won S, Bruder M, Keil F, Herrmann E, Berkefeld J, Seifert V and Konczalla J Age dependency and modification of the Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Early Brain Edema Score, Journal of Neurosurgery, 10.3171/2019.12.JNS192744, 134:3, (946-952)

Neumann A, Küchler J, Ditz C, Krajewski K, Leppert J, Schramm P and Schacht H (2020) Non-compliant and compliant balloons for endovascular rescue therapy of cerebral vasospasm after spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage: experiences of a single-centre institution with radiological follow-up of the treated vessel segments, Stroke and Vascular Neurology, 10.1136/svn-2020-000410, 6:1, (16-24), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2021.

Rodriguez R, Herry C, English S, Ramsay T, Seely A, Kenny G and Shamy M (2020) Variability Predictors of Vasospasm in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Feasibility Study, Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques, 10.1017/cjn.2020.157, 48:2, (226-232), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2021.

Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhang S, Wang C, Zou C and Li A (2021) Neutrophil-to-Albumin Ratio as a Biomarker of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, World Neurosurgery, 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.12.084, 147, (e453-e458), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2021.

Neumaier F, Stoppe C, Veldeman M, Weiss M, Simon T, Hoellig A, Marx G, Clusmann H and Albanna W (2021) Circulatory dipeptidyl peptidase 3 (cDPP3) is a potential biomarker for early detection of secondary brain injury after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 10.1016/j.jns.2021.117333, 422, (117333), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2021.

Brawanski N, Dubinski D, Bruder M, Berkefeld J, Hattingen E, Senft C, Seifert V and Konczalla J (2021) Poor grade subarachnoid hemorrhage: Treatment decisions and timing influence outcome. Should we, and when should we treat these patients?, Brain Hemorrhages, 10.1016/j.hest.2020.09.003, 2:1, (29-33), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2021.

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Petzold G and Dreier J (2021) Spreading depolarization evoked by endothelin-1 is inhibited by octanol but not by carbenoxolone, Brain Hemorrhages, 10.1016/j.hest.2020.08.002, 2:1, (6-14), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2021.

Mao G, Gigliotti M, Esplin N and Sexton K (2021) The clinical impact and safety profile of high-dose intra-arterial verapamil treatment for cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.106546, 202, (106546), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2021.

Goertz L, Smyk M, Siebert E, Turowski B, Borggrefe J, Mpotsaris A, Bohner G, Schlamann M, Dorn F, Liebig T and Kabbasch C (2020) Low-Profile Laser-Cut Stents for Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms, Clinical Neuroradiology, 10.1007/s00062-019-00874-1, 31:1, (107-115), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2021.

Zhang B, Lin L, Yuan F, Song G, Chang Q, Wu Z, Miao Z, Mo D, Huo X and Liu A (2021) Clinical application values of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in intracranial aneurysms, Aging, 10.18632/aging.202445, 13:4, (5250-5262), Online publication date: 28-Feb-2021.

Shen J, Yu J, Huang S, Mungur R, Huang K, Pan X, Yu G, Xie Z, Zhou L, Liu Z, Cheng D, Pan J and Zhan R (2021) Scoring Model to Predict Functional Outcome in Poor-Grade Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Frontiers in Neurology, 10.3389/fneur.2021.601996, 12

Frase S, Kaiser S, Steimer M, Selzner L, Foit N, Niesen W and Schallner N (2021) Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Exhibit Disturbed Expression Patterns of the Circadian Rhythm Gene Period-2, Life, 10.3390/life11020124, 11:2, (124)

Llull L, Mayà G, Torné R, Mellado‐Artigas R, Renú A, López‐Rueda A, Laredo C, Culebras D, Ferrando C, Blasco J, Amaro S and Chamorro Á (2020) Stroke units could be a valid alternative to intensive care units for patients with low‐grade aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage, European Journal of Neurology, 10.1111/ene.14548, 28:2, (500-508), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2021.

Bjerkne Wenneberg S, Odenstedt Hergès H, Svedin P, Mallard C, Karlsson T, Adiels M, Naredi S and Block L (2020) Association between inflammatory response and outcome after subarachnoid haemorrhage, Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 10.1111/ane.13353, 143:2, (195-205), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2021.

Lai P, Ng I, Gormley W, Patel N, Frerichs K, Aziz-Sultan M and Du R (2021)(2020) Familial Predisposition and Differences in Radiographic Patterns in Spontaneous Nonaneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Neurosurgery, 10.1093/neuros/nyaa396, 88:2, (413-419), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2021.

Angermann M, Jablawi F, Keulers A, Angermann M, Schubert G, Weiss M, Reich A, Wiesmann M and Nikoubashman O (2021) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome after induced hypertension therapy for delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage: A case-control study, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 10.1016/j.jns.2021.117313, 421, (117313), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2021.

Zhan C, Zhuge C, Yan X, Dai W and Yu G (2021) Measuring serum melatonin concentrations to predict clinical outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, Clinica Chimica Acta, 10.1016/j.cca.2020.12.006, 513, (1-5), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2021.

Darkwah Oppong M, Bastias M, Pierscianek D, Droste L, Dinger T, Ahmadipour Y, Rauschenbach L, Quesada C, Chihi M, Dammann P, Forsting M, Wrede K, Sure U and Jabbarli R (2020) Seizures at the onset of aneurysmal SAH: epiphenomenon or valuable predictor?, Journal of Neurology, 10.1007/s00415-020-10173-2, 268:2, (493-501), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2021.

Savarraj J, Hergenroeder G, Zhu L, Chang T, Park S, Megjhani M, Vahidy F, Zhao Z, Kitagawa R and Choi H (2021) Machine Learning to Predict Delayed Cerebral Ischemia and Outcomes in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Neurology, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000011211, 96:4, Online publication date: 26-Jan-2021.

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Ridwan S, Grote A and Simon M (2021) Interleukin 6 in cerebrospinal fluid is a biomarker for delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) related infarctions after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, Scientific Reports, 10.1038/s41598-020-79586-3, 11:1

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Kumagai K, Tomiyama A, Takeuchi S, Otani N, Fujita M, Fujii K, Wada K and Mori K New endovascular perforation subarachnoid hemorrhage model for investigating the mechanisms of delayed brain injury, Journal of Neurosurgery, 10.3171/2019.9.JNS191934, 134:1, (84-94)

Anetsberger A and Gempt J (2020) Response by Anetsberger and Gempt to Letter Regarding Article “Impact of Goal-Directed Therapy on Delayed Ischemia After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage”, Stroke, 52:1, (e21-e22), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2021.

van der Jagt M and Suarez J (2020) Letter by van der Jagt and Suarez Regarding Article, “Impact of Goal-Directed Therapy on Delayed Ischemia After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Randomized Controlled Trial”, Stroke, 52:1, (e17-e18), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2021.

Takeuchi S, Kumagai K, Toyooka T, Otani N, Wada K and Mori K (2020) Intravenous Hydrogen Therapy With Intracisternal Magnesium Sulfate Infusion in Severe Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Stroke, 52:1, (20-27), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2021.

Hostettler I, Sebök M, Ambler G, Muroi C, Prömmel P, Neidert M, Richter J, Pangalu A, Regli L and Germans M (2021)(2020) Validation and Optimization of Barrow Neurological Institute Score in Prediction of Adverse Events and Functional Outcome After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage—Creation of the HATCH (Hemorrhage, Age, Treatment, Clinical State, Hydrocephalus) Score, Neurosurgery, 10.1093/neuros/nyaa316, 88:1, (96-105), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2021.

Ezra M, Garry P, Rowland M, Mitsis G and Pattinson K (2021) Phase dynamics of cerebral blood flow in subarachnoid haemorrhage in response to sodium nitrite infusion, Nitric Oxide, 10.1016/j.niox.2020.10.004, 106, (55-65), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2021.

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Norberg E, Odenstedt-Herges H, Rydenhag B and Oras J (2018) Impact of Acute Cardiac Complications After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage on Long-Term Mortality and Cardiovascular Events, Neurocritical Care, 10.1007/s12028-018-0558-0, 29:3, (404-412), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2018.

Zhou T and Kalanuria A (2018) Cerebral Microdialysis in Neurocritical Care, Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 10.1007/s11910-018-0915-6, 18:12, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2018.

Sugimoto K, Nomura S, Shirao S, Inoue T, Ishihara H, Kawano R, Kawano A, Oka F, Suehiro E, Sadahiro H, Shinoyama M, Oku T, Maruta Y, Hirayama Y, Hiyoshi K, Kiyohira M, Yoneda H, Okazaki K, Dreier J and Suzuki M (2018) Cilostazol decreases duration of spreading depolarization and spreading ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, Annals of Neurology, 10.1002/ana.25361, 84:6, (873-885), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2018.

Murphy A, Lee T, Marotta T, Spears J, Macdonald R, Aviv R, Baker A and Bharatha A (2018) Prospective Multicenter Study of Changes in MTT after Aneurysmal SAH and Relationship to Delayed Cerebral Ischemia in Patients with Good- and Poor-Grade Admission Status, American Journal of Neuroradiology, 10.3174/ajnr.A5844, 39:11, (2027-2033), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2018.

Samseethong T, Suansanae T, Veerasarn K, Liengudom A and Suthisisang C (2018) Impact of Early Versus Late Intravenous Followed by Oral Nimodipine Treatment on the Occurrence of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia Among Patients With Aneurysm Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 10.1177/1060028018778751, 52:11, (1061-1069), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2018.

Haegens N, Gathier C, Horn J, Coert B, Verbaan D and van den Bergh W (2018) Induced Hypertension in Preventing Cerebral Infarction in Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Stroke, 49:11, (2630-2636), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2018.

Chou S (2018) Inflammation, Cerebral Vasospasm, and Brain Injury in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage—A Shifting Paradigm and a New Beginning*, Critical Care Medicine, 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003373, 46:11, (1883-1885), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2018.

Zafar S, Postma E, Biswal S, Boyle E, Bechek S, O'Connor K, Shenoy A, Kim J, Shafi M, Patel A, Rosenthal E and Westover M (2018) Effect of epileptiform abnormality burden on neurologic outcome and antiepileptic drug management after subarachnoid hemorrhage, Clinical Neurophysiology, 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.08.015, 129:11, (2219-2227), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2018.

Zijlmans J, Coert B, van den Berg R, Sprengers M, Majoie C, Vandertop W and Verbaan D (2018) Unfavorable Outcome in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage WFNS Grade I, World Neurosurgery, 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.06.157, 118, (e217-e222), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2018.

Ray B, Pandav V, Mathews E, Thompson D, Ford L, Yearout L, Bohnstedt B, Chaudhary S, Dale G and Prodan C (2017) Coated-Platelet Trends Predict Short-Term Clinical OutcomeAfter Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Translational Stroke Research, 10.1007/s12975-017-0594-7, 9:5, (459-470), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2018.

Teping F, Albanna W, Clusmann H, Schulze-Steinen H, Mueller M, Hoellig A and Schubert G (2018) Spontaneous Elevation of Blood Pressure After SAH: An Epiphenomenon of Disease Severity and Demand, But Not a Surrogate for Outcome?, Neurocritical Care, 10.1007/s12028-018-0528-6, 29:2, (214-224), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2018.

van Lieshout J, Dibué-Adjei M, Cornelius J, Slotty P, Schneider T, Restin T, Boogaarts H, Steiger H, Petridis A and Kamp M (2017) An introduction to the pathophysiology of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, Neurosurgical Review, 10.1007/s10143-017-0827-y, 41:4, (917-930), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2018.

Wang K, Tang S, Lee J, Tsai J, Lai D, Lin W, Lin C, Tu Y and Hsieh S (2018) Impaired microcirculation after subarachnoid hemorrhage in an in vivo animal model, Scientific Reports, 10.1038/s41598-018-31709-7, 8:1

Rinaldo L, Hughes J, Rabinstein A and Lanzino G Effect of body mass index on outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage treated with clipping versus coiling, Journal of Neurosurgery, 10.3171/2017.4.JNS17557, 129:3, (658-669)

Reijmer Y, van den Heerik M, Heinen R, Leemans A, Hendrikse J, de Vis J, van der Kleij L, Lucci C, Hendriks M, van Zandvoort M, Huenges Wajer I, Visser-Meily J, Rinkel G, Biessels G and Vergouwen M (2018) Microstructural White Matter Abnormalities and Cognitive Impairment After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Stroke, 49:9, (2040-2045), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2018.

Vellimana A, Diwan D, Clarke J, Gidday J and Zipfel G (2018) SIRT1 Activation, Neurosurgery, 10.1093/neuros/nyy201, 65:CN_suppl_1, (1-5), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2018.

Balança B, Dailler F, Boulogne S, Ritzenthaler T, Gobert F, Rheims S and Andre-Obadia N (2018) Diagnostic accuracy of quantitative EEG to detect delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage: A preliminary study, Clinical Neurophysiology, 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.06.013, 129:9, (1926-1936), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2018.

Maagaard M, Karlsson W, Ovesen C, Gluud C and Jakobsen J (2018) Interventions for altering blood pressure in people with acute subarachnoid haemorrhage, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10.1002/14651858.CD013096

Ayling O, Ibrahim G, Alotaibi N, Gooderham P and Macdonald R (2018) Anemia After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Is Associated With Poor Outcome and Death, Stroke, 49:8, (1859-1865), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2018.

Post R, Zijlstra I, Berg R, Coert B, Verbaan D and Vandertop W (2018)(2017) High-Dose Nadroparin Following Endovascular Aneurysm Treatment Benefits Outcome After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Neurosurgery, 10.1093/neuros/nyx381, 83:2, (281-287), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2018.

Nakatsuka Y, Shiba M, Nishikawa H, Terashima M, Kawakita F, Fujimoto M and Suzuki H (2018) Acute-Phase Plasma Osteopontin as an Independent Predictor for Poor Outcome After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Molecular Neurobiology, 10.1007/s12035-018-0893-3, 55:8, (6841-6849), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2018.

Appel D, Seeberger M, Schwedhelm E, Czorlich P, Goetz A, Böger R and Hannemann J (2018) Asymmetric and Symmetric Dimethylarginines are Markers of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia and Neurological Outcome in Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Neurocritical Care, 10.1007/s12028-018-0520-1, 29:1, (84-93), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2018.

Naraoka M, Matsuda N, Shimamura N, Asano K, Akasaka K, Takemura A, Hasegawa S and Ohkuma H (2017) Long-acting statin for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 10.1177/0271678X17724682, 38:7, (1190-1198), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2018.

Grasso G (2018) Impact of Health Care−Associated Infection in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, World Neurosurgery, 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.05.014, 115, (295-296), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2018.

Park Y, Yi H, Choi K, Lee Y, Chun H, Kwon S and Kim D (2018) Predicting factors for shunt-dependent hydrocephalus in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, Acta Neurochirurgica, 10.1007/s00701-018-3560-6, 160:7, (1407-1413), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2018.

Darkwah Oppong M, Iannaccone A, Gembruch O, Pierscianek D, Chihi M, Dammann P, Köninger A, Müller O, Forsting M, Sure U and Jabbarli R (2018) Vasospasm-related complications after subarachnoid hemorrhage: the role of patients’ age and sex, Acta Neurochirurgica, 10.1007/s00701-018-3549-1, 160:7, (1393-1400), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2018.

van der Steen W, Zijlstra I, Verbaan D, Boers A, Gathier C, van den Berg R, Rinkel G, Coert B, Roos Y, Majoie C and Marquering H (2018) Association of Quantified Location-Specific Blood Volumes with Delayed Cerebral Ischemia after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, American Journal of Neuroradiology, 10.3174/ajnr.A5626, 39:6, (1059-1064), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2018.

Toth G and Cerejo R (2018) Intracranial aneurysms: Review of current science and management, Vascular Medicine, 10.1177/1358863X18754693, 23:3, (276-288), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2018.

Russin J, Montagne A, D’Amore F, He S, Shiroishi M, Rennert R, Depetris J, Zlokovic B and Mack W (2018) Permeability imaging as a predictor of delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 10.1177/0271678X18768670, 38:6, (973-979), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2018.

Lückl J, Lemale C, Kola V, Horst V, Khojasteh U, Oliveira-Ferreira A, Major S, Winkler M, Kang E, Schoknecht K, Martus P, Hartings J, Woitzik J and Dreier J (2018) The negative ultraslow potential, electrophysiological correlate of infarction in the human cortex, Brain, 10.1093/brain/awy102, 141:6, (1734-1752), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2018.

Inagawa T, Shibukawa M and Hidaka T (2018) A Comparison of Computed Tomography–Based Scales with and without Consideration of the Presence or Absence of Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, World Neurosurgery, 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.03.117, 114, (e926-e937), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2018.

Park Y, Yi H, Choi K, Lee Y, Chun H and Kwon S (2018) Predictive Factors of Fever After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Its Impact on Delayed Cerebral Ischemia and Clinical Outcomes, World Neurosurgery, 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.03.030, 114, (e524-e531), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2018.

Fragata I, Canto-Moreira N and Canhão P (2018) Comparison of cerebral perfusion in perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, Neuroradiology, 10.1007/s00234-018-1997-1, 60:6, (609-616), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2018.

Luo W, Wang H and Hu J (2018) Increased concentration of serum periostin is associated with poor outcome of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, 10.1002/jcla.22389, 32:5, Online publication date: 1-Jun-2018.

de Oliveira Manoel A and Macdonald R (2018) Neuroinflammation as a Target for Intervention in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Frontiers in Neurology, 10.3389/fneur.2018.00292, 9

Golanov E, Bovshik E, Wong K, Pautler R, Foster C, Federley R, Zhang J, Mancuso J, Wong S and Britz G (2017) Subarachnoid hemorrhage – Induced block of cerebrospinal fluid flow: Role of brain coagulation factor III (tissue factor), Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 10.1177/0271678X17701157, 38:5, (793-808), Online publication date: 1-May-2018.

Afat S, Brockmann C, Nikoubashman O, Müller M, Thierfelder K, Brockmann M, Nikolaou K, Wiesmann M, Kim J and Othman A (2018) Diagnostic Accuracy of Simulated Low-Dose Perfusion CT to Detect Cerebral Perfusion Impairment after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Retrospective Analysis, Radiology, 10.1148/radiol.2017162707, 287:2, (643-650), Online publication date: 1-May-2018.

Budohoski K and Czosnyka M (2018) Growing Evidence: Dysautoregulation May Trigger Ischemic Deficit After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage*, Critical Care Medicine, 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003045, 46:5, (828-829), Online publication date: 1-May-2018.

To M, Prakash S, Poonnoose S and Bihari S (2018) Dose-Dependent Effects of Statins for Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Meta-Regression Analysis, World Neurosurgery, 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.01.184, 113, (153-162), Online publication date: 1-May-2018.

Mogollon J, Smoll N and Panwar R (2018) Association Between Neurological Outcomes Related to Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Onsite Access to Neurointerventional Radiology, World Neurosurgery, 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.01.121, 113, (e29-e37), Online publication date: 1-May-2018.

Rosenthal E, Biswal S, Zafar S, O'Connor K, Bechek S, Shenoy A, Boyle E, Shafi M, Gilmore E, Foreman B, Gaspard N, Leslie‐Mazwi T, Rosand J, Hoch D, Ayata C, Cash S, Cole A, Patel A and Westover M (2018) Continuous electroencephalography predicts delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage: A prospective study of diagnostic accuracy, Annals of Neurology, 10.1002/ana.25232, 83:5, (958-969), Online publication date: 1-May-2018.

Fragata I, Alves M, Papoila A, Ferreira P, Nunes A, Moreira N and Canhão P Prediction of clinical outcome in subacute subarachnoid hemorrhage using diffusion tensor imaging, Journal of Neurosurgery, 10.3171/2017.10.JNS171793, (1-9)

Nishikawa H, Nakatsuka Y, Shiba M, Kawakita F, Fujimoto M and Suzuki H (2017) Increased Plasma Galectin-3 Preceding the Development of Delayed Cerebral Infarction and Eventual Poor Outcome in Non-Severe Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Translational Stroke Research, 10.1007/s12975-017-0564-0, 9:2, (110-119), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2018.

Savarraj J, Parsha K, Hergenroeder G, Ahn S, Chang T, Kim D and Choi H (2017) Early Brain Injury Associated with Systemic Inflammation After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Neurocritical Care, 10.1007/s12028-017-0471-y, 28:2, (203-211), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2018.

Zafar S, Postma E, Biswal S, Fleuren L, Boyle E, Bechek S, O’Connor K, Shenoy A, Jonnalagadda D, Kim J, Shafi M, Patel A, Rosenthal E and Westover M (2017) Electronic Health Data Predict Outcomes After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Neurocritical Care, 10.1007/s12028-017-0466-8, 28:2, (184-193), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2018.

Joswig H, Korte W, Früh S, Epprecht L, Hildebrandt G, Fournier J and Stienen M (2017) Neurodegenerative cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers tau and amyloid beta predict functional, quality of life, and neuropsychological outcomes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, Neurosurgical Review, 10.1007/s10143-017-0900-6, 41:2, (605-614), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2018.

von der Brelie C, Subai A, Limperger V, Rohde V, Dempfle A and Boström A (2017) In vitro analysis of platelet function in acute aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage, Neurosurgical Review, 10.1007/s10143-017-0885-1, 41:2, (531-538), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2018.

Megjhani M, Terilli K, Frey H, Velazquez A, Doyle K, Connolly E, Roh D, Agarwal S, Claassen J, Elhadad N and Park S (2018) Incorporating High-Frequency Physiologic Data Using Computational Dictionary Learning Improves Prediction of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia Compared to Existing Methods, Frontiers in Neurology, 10.3389/fneur.2018.00122, 9

Loan J, Wiggins A and Brennan P (2018) Medically induced hypertension, hypervolaemia and haemodilution for the treatment and prophylaxis of vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: systematic review, British Journal of Neurosurgery, 10.1080/02688697.2018.1426720, 32:2, (157-164), Online publication date: 4-Mar-2018.

Cho W, Kim J, Park S, Ko J, Kim D, Park J, Yeon J, Chung S, Chung J, Joo S, Hwang G, Kim D, Chang W, Choi K, Lee S, Sheen S, Kang H, Kim B, Bae H, Oh C and Park H (2018) Korean Clinical Practice Guidelines for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society, 10.3340/jkns.2017.0404.005, 61:2, (127-166), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2018.

Koyanagi M, Fukuda H, Lo B, Uezato M, Kurosaki Y, Sadamasa N, Handa A, Chin M and Yamagata S Effect of intrathecal milrinone injection via lumbar catheter on delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, Journal of Neurosurgery, 10.3171/2016.10.JNS162227, 128:3, (717-722)

Kofler M, Schiefecker A, Beer R, Gaasch M, Rhomberg P, Stover J, Pfausler B, Thomé C, Schmutzhard E and Helbok R (2017) Enteral nutrition increases interstitial brain glucose levels in poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage patients, Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 10.1177/0271678X17700434, 38:3, (518-527), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2018.

Foreman B, Albers D, Schmidt J, Falo C, Velasquez A, Connolly E and Claassen J (2017) Intracortical electrophysiological correlates of blood flow after severe SAH: A multimodality monitoring study, Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 10.1177/0271678X17700433, 38:3, (506-517), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2018.

Heit J, Wintermark M, Martin B, Zhu G, Marks M, Zaharchuk G, Dodd R, Do H, Steinberg G, Lansberg M, Albers G and Federau C (2018) Reduced Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Microvascular Perfusion Predicts Delayed Cerebral Ischemia and Vasospasm After Aneurysm Rupture, Stroke, 49:3, (741-745), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2018.

Al-Mufti F, Merkler A, Boehme A, Dancour E, May T, Schmidt J, Park S, Connolly E, Lavine S, Meyers P, Claassen J and Agarwal S (2018)(2017) Functional Outcomes and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia Following Nonperimesencephalic Angiogram-Negative Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Similar to Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Neurosurgery, 10.1093/neuros/nyx188, 82:3, (359-364), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2018.

Ray B, Tinsley L, Ford L, Thompson D, Sidorov E and Bohnstedt B (2018) Trends of Platelet Volume Index Predicts Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, World Neurosurgery, 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.12.131, 111, (e624-e631), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2018.

Sviri G (2018) Vertebrobasilar Vasospasm after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Review, Journal of Neurology & Stroke, 10.15406/jnsk.2018.08.00278, 8:1

Oda S, Shimoda M, Hirayama A, Imai M, Komatsu F, Shigematsu H, Nishiyama J, Hotta K and Matsumae M Retrospective review of previous minor leak before major subarachnoid hemorrhage diagnosed by MRI as a predictor of occurrence of symptomatic delayed cerebral ischemia, Journal of Neurosurgery, 10.3171/2016.10.JNS161964, 128:2, (499-505)

Stienen M, Germans M, Burkhardt J, Neidert M, Fung C, Bervini D, Zumofen D, Roethlisberger M, Marbacher S, Maduri R, Robert T, Seule M, Bijlenga P, Schaller K, Fandino J, Smoll N, Maldaner N, Finkenstädt S, Esposito G, Schatlo B, Keller E, Bozinov O, Regli L, Serra C, Krayenbühl N, Schöni D, Raabe A, Beck J, Goldberg J, Mariani L, Guzman R, D’Alonzo D, Coluccia D, Daniel R, Starnoni D, Messerer M, Levivier M, Valsecchi D, Arrighi M, Venier A, Reinert M, Kuhlen D, Ferrari A, Weyerbrock A, Hildebrandt G, Hlavica M, Fournier J and Corniola M (2018) Predictors of In-Hospital Death After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Stroke, 49:2, (333-340), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2018.

Halawa I, Vlachogiannis P, Amandusson Å, Elf K, Engström E, Zetterberg H and Kumlien E (2017) Seizures, CSF neurofilament light and tau in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage , Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 10.1111/ane.12873, 137:2, (199-203), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2018.

Mutoh T, Totsune T, Takenaka S, Tatewaki Y, Nakagawa M, Suarez J, Taki Y and Ishikawa T (2017) Reduced CBF recovery detected by longitudinal 3D‐ SSP SPECT analyses predicts outcome of postoperative patients after subarachnoid haemorrhage , Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 10.1111/1440-1681.12867, 45:2, (127-132), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2018.

Hoffman H, Ziechmann R, Gould G and Chin L (2018) The Impact of Aneurysm Location on Incidence and Etiology of Hyponatremia Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, World Neurosurgery, 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.11.058, 110, (e621-e626), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2018.

Suzuki H and Nakano F (2017) To Improve Translational Research in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Translational Stroke Research, 10.1007/s12975-017-0546-2, 9:1, (1-3), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2018.

Kieninger M, Flessa J, Lindenberg N, Bele S, Redel A, Schneiker A, Schuierer G, Wendl C, Graf B and Silbereisen V (2017) Side Effects of Long-Term Continuous Intra-arterial Nimodipine Infusion in Patients with Severe Refractory Cerebral Vasospasm after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Neurocritical Care, 10.1007/s12028-017-0428-1, 28:1, (65-76), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2018.

Suzuki H, Nishikawa H, Nakatsuka Y, Nakano F, Okada T and Shiba M (2018) Cerebral Vasospasm and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage : Current Concepts, Treatment and Future Directions スパズムの概念および治療の変遷と現状の課題, Japanese Journal of Neurosurgery, 10.7887/jcns.27.216, 27:3, (216-221), .

Nakatsuka Y, Terashima M, Nishikawa H, Kawakita F, Fujimoto M, Shiba M, Yasuda R, Toma N, Sakaida H and Suzuki H (2018) Current Status of Ruptured Cerebral Aneurysm Treatment in Regional Hospitals and Results of Coil Embolization, Journal of Neuroendovascular Therapy, 10.5797/jnet.oa.2017-0060, 12:3, (109-116), .

Stehouwer B, van der Kleij L, Hendrikse J, Rinkel G and De Vis J (2017) Magnetic resonance imaging and brain injury in the chronic phase after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A systematic review, International Journal of Stroke, 10.1177/1747493017730781, 13:1, (24-34), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2018.

Lidington D, Kroetsch J and Bolz S (2017) Cerebral artery myogenic reactivity: The next frontier in developing effective interventions for subarachnoid hemorrhage, Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 10.1177/0271678X17742548, 38:1, (17-37), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2018.

Duan W, Pan Y, Wang C, Wang Y, Zhao X, Wang Y and Liu L (2018) Risk Factors and Clinical Impact of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Analysis from the China National Stroke Registry, Neuroepidemiology, 10.1159/000487325, 50:3-4, (128-136), .

Gilard V, Metayer T, Gakuba C, Langlois O, Proust F, Emery E and Gaberel T (2018) Intraventricular hemorrhage related to AVM rupture: Description, outcomes and impact of intraventricular fibrinolysis, Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 10.1016/j.clineuro.2017.11.019, 164, (92-96), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2018.

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October 2010
Vol 41, Issue 10

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https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.589275

PMID: 20798370

Manuscript receivedMay 17, 2010
Manuscript acceptedJuly 29, 2010
Originally publishedAugust 26, 2010
Manuscript revisedJune 23, 2010

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Definition of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage as an Outcome Event in Clinical Trials and Observational Studies

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Definition of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage as an Outcome Event in Clinical Trials and Observational Studies

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