http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8910-0961 
Figures
Abstract
Background
Stroke is the third major cause of death in the world and the second in Brazil. The purpose of this work was to assess the stroke-related hospitalization, in-hospital mortality, and case fatality rates under the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) from 2009 to 2016.
Methods
We evaluated the hospital admissions for stroke and their associated outcomes using data from the Hospital Information available at the Informatics Department of SUS. We selected hospitalization registries according to stroke diagnosis codes from the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10). We identified the association of age and sex with patient death through multiple logistic regression and calculated the rates of hospitalization, mortality and case-fatality per 100,000 inhabitants using age-adjustment methodology.
Results
We analyzed 1,113,599 stroke hospitalizations. From 2009 to 2016, the number of admissions increased from 131,122 to 146,950 and the absolute number of in-hospital deaths increased from 28,731 to 31,937. Younger age and male sex were significantly associated with patient survival. Our results showed that the annual age-adjusted hospitalization and in-hospital mortality rates decreased by 11.8% and 12.6%, respectively, but the case fatality rate increased for patients older than 70 years.
Conclusions
Although the age-adjusted hospitalization and in-hospital mortality rates declined, the total number of hospitalization and deaths have increased. It is expected a continuous increase over the next years of stroke admissions with the rapid aging of the Brazilian population. Efforts should be renewed targeting risk factors, access to hospital and rehabilitation in particular for the elderly population.
Citation: Dantas LF, Marchesi JF, Peres IT, Hamacher S, Bozza FA, Quintano Neira RA (2019) Public hospitalizations for stroke in Brazil from 2009 to 2016. PLoS ONE 14(3): e0213837. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213837
Editor: Felipe Dal Pizzol, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, BRAZIL
Received: July 9, 2018; Accepted: March 1, 2019; Published: March 19, 2019
Copyright: © 2019 Dantas et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All SIHSUS files and data are available from DATASUS website. URL to access: http://www2.datasus.gov.br/DATASUS/index.php?area=0901).
Funding: This work was supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) http://cnpq.br/ [grant numbers 306802/2015-5 and 403863/2016-3 to SH; 140511/2018-0 to RAQN; 169049/2017-5 to LFD]; Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation (FAPERJ) http://www.faperj.br/ [grant number E-26/201.959/2017 to JFM]; the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) http://www.capes.gov.br/; and the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro http://www.puc-rio.br/english/. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the world [1], resulting in 5.9 million deaths and 49.9 million cases in 2010 [2]. In Brazil, stroke was responsible for 10.18% of all deaths in the country in 2009 [3] and the fourth leading cause of years of life lost in 2016 [4,5]. The risk of premature death due to this disease is one of the highest in the world [6].
Despite a decline in mortality in the last decades and advances in diagnosis and treatment [3], stroke still represents a major challenge and continues to impose a significant burden on the Brazilian Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde–SUS). SUS is one of the largest national (universal) health systems in the world [7], but there are still shortages of public funding, resource misallocation and other weaknesses in its services [8]. Understanding changes in admission and death related to stroke over time are essential to the development of better public health policies, resource allocation, and case management recommendations [9,10].
Studies on stroke in Brazil were recently published. Marinho et al. [4] presented an analysis of health patterns and risk factors among the Brazilian states, showing trends in mortality rates and years of lost life caused by cerebrovascular disease. Santana et al. [11] presented an epidemiological report of stroke considering the whole country. Stroke mortality in specific Brazilian cities was discussed in different research studies [12,13,14]. Goulart et al. [15] and Minelli at al. [16] analyzed the stroke incidence and case fatality in specific Brazilian cities. Adami et al. [17] investigated hospitalizations for stroke in Brazil considering a restrict age group (15–49 years old) from 2008 to 2012. Therefore, updated information on hospital admissions, in-hospital mortality and case fatality for stroke considering the whole country and broad age range is still scarce in Brazil.
Given the concerns related to stroke assistance, this study reviewed eight years of stroke public admissions and in-hospital mortality in Brazil. The aims of this study were: (1) to describe the hospital admissions and deaths for stroke under SUS; (2) to assess stroke-related hospitalization, in-hospital mortality, and case fatality rates per 100,000 inhabitants for each year, age group and sex, using age-adjustment methodology.
Materials and methods
Data collection
We extracted data from two databases available for public access. The first dataset, SIHSUS, was obtained from SUS, which is available at the DATASUS website [18]. DATASUS is the Informatics Department of the Brazilian Unified Health System, Ministry of Health, Brazil. The SIHSUS presents the Authorizations for Hospitalization (AIH–Autorização de Internação Hospitalar). Each AIH registry contains de-identified data on inpatient demographic characteristics, length of stay, patient outcome (i.e., discharge to home or death) and other information (the details on the database attributes used in this work can be found in S1 Table). The second one, the population dataset, was obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE—Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística) [19] for each year, age and sex. We included this information in the S2 Table.
We performed the analysis using secondary data containing no information that could identify patients. All data were anonymized and aggregated before access and analysis. Therefore, the ethics principles were respected and informed consent is not required.
Study population
The Brazilian Unified Health System allows all Brazilian citizens and permanent residents to have access to hospital and clinical care. The population projection of Brazil in 2016 was 206,081,432 compared to 193,543,969 in 2009 [19]. Of these, more than three-fourths depend exclusively on the SUS for health services [7].
The AIH database registered 89,135,303 hospital admissions from January 1st, 2009 to December 31st, 2016. We included in the analysis only hospitalizations with patient outcomes of “discharge to home” or “death”, aiming to analyze the treatment effectiveness (patient lives or dies). Hospitalization registries with patients younger than 20 years old and with the length of stay (LOS) greater than 60 days were excluded. Therefore, the total number of hospital admissions was 57,102,743.
From this subset of hospitalizations, we selected cases that had the primary diagnosis of stroke, considering all diagnosis codes from the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) [20] categories I60, I61, I63 and I64 as was done in previous studies [10, 17]. These codes include subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), ischemic stroke, and acute stroke of undetermined cause.
Data analyses
Considering the inclusion criteria above, annual crude rates of hospital admissions for stroke and the outcome of these hospitalizations were calculated according to the sex and age groups. After that, using the population data, we calculated the hospitalization rate, in-hospital mortality rate and case fatality rate per 100,000 inhabitants.
Case fatality is the proportion of patients who died from any cause during their admission with a diagnosis of stroke. Specifically, the numerator is the in-hospital mortality rate and the denominator the hospitalization rate.
Aiming to remove the effects regarding the diversity of the population age structure, we used the age-adjustment methodology to calculate new total rates. For each year, age-standardized estimates for total hospitalization, in-hospital mortality and case fatality rates were calculated, using the IBGE Brazilian population [19] and the World Health Organization (WHO) world population as the reference [21]. This same methodology was used in other previous stroke studies [2,16,17,22] and it is detailed in the S1 Appendix. The S3 Table presents the formula and description of each of the indicators used in this study.
In addition, we evaluated the association of independent variables (age and sex) with the patient’s death through a multiple logistic regression model [23]. This analysis determines if these factors influence the case fatality rate. A factor was statistically significant when the p-value was less than 0.05. We randomly divided the hospitalization registries into training and test sets (containing 80% and 20% of the data, respectively). All statistical analyses were done using R software version 3.4.3. [24].
Results
From 57,102,743 hospital admissions included in the study, 1,113,599 (1.9%) were admissions with a primary diagnosis associated with stroke codes. Table 1 shows the number of stroke admissions and in-hospital deaths in SUS over the 8 years for each age group and sex. We observed that the absolute number of stroke admissions increased by 12.1%, from 131,122 in 2009 to 146,950 in 2016. The absolute number of in-hospital deaths increased by 11.2%, from 28,731 to 31,937 deaths during the study period. The proportion of in-hospital deaths due to stroke over all in-hospital deaths from 2009 to 2016 was 7.4%.
The group of patients with age between 70 and 79 years old had the highest annual average of admissions, representing 26% of the total, followed by the group with age between 60 and 69 years old (23.7%) and patients with more than 80 years old (20.4%). Very old patients had the highest average case fatality rate (27.8%), while the overall annual average was at 21.4%.
From the multiple logistic regression analysis, we found that age (p < 0.001) and sex (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with the case fatality rate. Fig 1 presents the results of the statistical analysis.
The coefficients, Odds Ratio (ORs), ORs with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) and p-values for each independent variable are represented. The reference level for each category is indicated in parentheses. The ORs 95% CI can be better visualized on the right side.
Analyzing Fig 1, we can note that very old patients were 1.91 times more likely to die than the group of patients with age between 20 and 29 years old. Although the difference is slight, men (OR = 0.97) are more likely to survive than women. The accuracy of the developed model was 79%.
Table 2 shows the age-adjusted rates for each sex and each age group. The annual age-adjusted hospitalization rate decreased by 11.8% (from 120.1 in 2009 to 105.9 in 2016), and the annual age-adjusted in-hospital mortality rate decreased by 12.6% (from 26.3 to 23.0). The age-adjusted case fatality rate kept almost constant during the study period, with an annual average of 21.4%.
From Table 2, we can observe that the age-adjusted hospitalization rate decreased for all age groups from 2009 to 2016, except for younger patients, in which there was an increase of 2.1% of admissions. Regarding the in-hospital mortality rate, there was a reduction for all age groups. In terms of case fatality rate, we can observe an increase for patients older than 70 years.
We can note that men had higher hospitalization and in-hospital mortality rates (on average 109.5 and 22.8 respectively) than women (on average 98.44 and 21.64 respectively) during all study period. However, the case fatality was higher for women (21.9%) than men (20.8%).
Discussion
The national data of public hospitalizations for stroke in Brazil from 2009 to 2016 showed that 1.9% of all admissions were associated with stroke diagnostic (ICD-10 codes from categories I60, I61, I63, and I64). The absolute number of stroke admissions and in-hospital deaths increased by 12.1% and 11.2%, respectively. This phenomenon may be partially explained by the population growth [25], which increased by 8.2% during the same period [19], the rapid aging of the Brazilian population and the increase in life expectancy [9,25,26].
During the study period, the Brazilian population growth was higher for very old patients (35.1%), followed by the age groups with 60–69 (35.0%), 70–79 (25.7%) and 50–59 years old (23.5%). According to IBGE projections [19], people older than 50 years will correspond to 31.2% of all Brazilian population in 2030 and 47.6% in 2060. During these 30 years, the proportion of very old (more than 80 years) will increase, approximately, by 193%. We observed that the higher the age, the greater the hospitalization and in-hospital mortality rates. Therefore, it is important for the healthcare system to be prepared for the future, as the number of stroke cases is expected to increase due to population aging.
Regarding the age-adjusted data, we can observe that the age-adjusted hospitalization rate decreased by 11.8% in the period analyzed, and this drop was found for all age groups, except for the group from 20–29 years old. This reduction may be explained by the improvement in the control of the main risk factors as well as greater population concern with health care and prevention. According to O’Donnell et al., approximately 90% of the population-attributable risk of stroke is associated with ten potentially modifiable risk factors: hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus, physical activity, diet, psychosocial factors, abdominal obesity, alcohol, cardiac causes, and apolipoproteins [27].
The prevalence of smokers in Brazil decreased by 0.62% on average per year, from 2006 to 2013 for both sexes [28]. For hypertension public hospitalizations, data indicates a significant reduction of 54.9% from 2000 to 2013 [29], and the meta-analysis by Picon et al. showed a reducing trend in the prevalence of hypertension in the country in the last three decades [30]. However, other studies pointed to an increase in the prevalence of obesity and diabetes, showing that overweight patients increased by 26.3% and obesity increased by 60% from 2006 to 2016 [31]. The crude prevalence of diabetes has trended upward over the years, increasing 0.26% per year from 2006 to 2014 [32]. Therefore, we can note a reduction in the prevalence of smokers and in hospitalizations for hypertension (under SUS), which might justify the decrease in the stroke hospitalization rate for the majority of age groups, even with a tendency of worsening rates of metabolic diseases.
Besides better attention for related risk factors, other efforts could have contributed to the decline in stroke admissions, including improved access to primary care and the potential impact of new technologies to detect and treat non-communicable diseases [4].
The age-adjusted in-hospital mortality rate decreased by 12.6% in this 8-year period. This in-hospital mortality reduction was observed in all ages and genders, being more significant for younger patients than for older ones. According to Lackland et al., the implementation of interventions and programs to reduce stroke risk also can contribute to a reduction in mortality [33]. However, improving in-hospital mortality rates may imply the need for extra supportive services, since more patients may require rehabilitation or long-term care services as more stroke patients survive [34].
The multiple logistic regression analysis concluded that age group is a significant variable to explain the case fatality: the older the patient, the greater the likelihood they would die when diagnosed with stroke. According to Santana et al., the stroke affected more Brazilian men and individuals over the age of 70 in 2016 [11]. The case fatality rate kept constant during the study period with an annual average of 21.4%, showing a reduction for almost all age groups. However, we observed an increase in the case fatality rate for age groups of patients more than 70 years old. This increase is worrisome since the number of stroke admissions is expected to increase for these age groups due to the aging population.
Men had higher hospitalization and in-hospital mortality rates than women, but the opposite was seen for case fatality rate. This last finding can be explained by the fact that the proportion of older women was greater than older men and older patients were more likely to die. Unlike other works [2,35], the reduction in stroke case fatality rates was observed only for the male sex.
This study has limitations. Only public hospitalization data were analyzed, so it excludes stroke patients who were not admitted to SUS (mostly patients with private insurance). Besides that, we worked with administrative data and there exists the possibility of coding errors. We were not able to verify diagnoses or stroke severity since clinical information was not available in the data and the analyses by stroke subtype were also not possible because of the high proportion of unspecified strokes (I64 code represented on average 77% of all stroke cases). Finally, since each patient did not have an identification code, it was not possible to identify whether the admitted patient was a new case of stroke or a return patient. In the future, we aim to analyze the association among availability of resources, stroke hospitalization and mortality rates, looking at regional trends and identifying strategies for vulnerable populations.
Conclusions
This study reviewed eight years of public hospital admissions for stroke and their outcomes in Brazil. Although the age-adjusted hospitalization and in-hospital mortality rates declined by 11.8% and 12.6% in the period analyzed, respectively, the increase case-fatality rate was pronounced among older individuals. This increase is worrisome since the stroke admissions are expected to increase over the next years for these age groups due to population aging. Therefore, policies and efforts should be renewed targeting risk factor control and improving access and care to vulnerable people in the Brazilian Public System.
Supporting information
S1 Table. List of attributes from SIHSUS database used in this work.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213837.s001
(PDF)
S2 Table. Population projection data obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics for each year, age and sex.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213837.s002
(PDF)
S3 Table. Formulation and description of the indicators used during the study.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213837.s004
(PDF)
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Philips Research and the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for their financial support.
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