Abstract
Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 nanoparticles (ZIF-8 NPs) are metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) that have gained significant attention in various fields due to their unique properties. They have potential applications in drug delivery, gas storage, and catalysis. However, their increasing use raises concerns about their potential environmental impact. Our study evaluates the effects of ≈90 nm ZIF-8 NPs in two planktonic species, the green microalga Nannochloropsis oculata and the brine shrimp Artemia salina. After synthesis and characterization (SEM, EDS, BET, and DLS) of nanoporous ZIF-8 NPs, a growth inhibition test on microalgae (72 h) and acute immobilization test on instar I and II of Artemia nauplii (48 h) were conducted following, OECD 201 and ISO/TS 20787, respectively. The toxicity of ZIF-8 NPs to both species was time- and concentration-dependent. The 72-h median inhibitory concentration (IC50) of ZIF-8 NPs for N. oculata based on average specific growth rate and yield were calculated as 79.71 ± 8.55 mg L−1 and 51.73 ± 5.16 mg L−1, respectively. Also, the 48-h median effective concentration (EC50) of ZIF-8 NPs on immobilization rate of instar I and II were calculated as 175.09 ± 4.14 mg L−1 and 4.69 ± 0.34 mg L−1, respectively. Moreover, the swimming type of non-immobilized animals was affected by ZIF-8 NPs. These findings provide a good insight into the toxicity of nanoparticulate ZIF-8 to saltwater planktons and also confirm that instar II Artemia is more sensitive than instar I. This study demonstrated that ZIF-8 NPs, despite all their advantages, could have toxic effects on aquatic organisms. More studies are required to assess their potential environmental impact and develop strategies to mitigate their toxicity.
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This study was financially supported by the University of Kurdistan (UOK, Iran) under research grant no. 00115321.
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SAJ: conceptualization, funding acquisition, supervision, methodology, resources, project administration, validation, writing — original draft, and writing — review and editing; MBT: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, and formal analysis; ShV: investigation; MS: conceptualization, formal analysis, and writing — original draft.
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Highlights
• ZIF-8 NPs were synthesized and well-characterized.
• Salina nauplii were immobilized following exposure to ZIF-8 NPs.
• Swimming type of non-immobilized nauplii was affected by ZIF-8 NPs.
• Instar II was more sensitive than instar I to ZIF-8 NPs.
• The growth of N. oculata was inhibited following exposure to ZIF-8 NPs.
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Johari, S.A., Tayemeh, M.B., Veisi, S. et al. Acute toxicity of nanoscale zeolitic imidazolate framework 8 (ZIF-8) to saltwater planktonic species Artemia salina and Nannochloropsis oculata. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 4025–4035 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31436-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31436-1