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Advances in Bioresorbable Triboelectric Nanogenerators

  • Minki Kang
    Minki Kang
    School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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  • , 
  • Dong-Min Lee
    Dong-Min Lee
    School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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  • Inah Hyun
    Inah Hyun
    Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Human-oriented Triboelectric Energy Harvesting, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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  • , 
  • Najaf Rubab
    Najaf Rubab
    Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
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  • So-Hee Kim
    So-Hee Kim
    Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Human-oriented Triboelectric Energy Harvesting, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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  • Sang-Woo Kim*
    Sang-Woo Kim
    Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Human-oriented Triboelectric Energy Harvesting, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
    *Email: [email protected]
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    Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0079-5806
Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2023, 123, 19, 11559–11618
Publication Date (Web):September 27, 2023
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00301

Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society. This publication is licensed under

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Abstract

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With the growing demand for next-generation health care, the integration of electronic components into implantable medical devices (IMDs) has become a vital factor in achieving sophisticated healthcare functionalities such as electrophysiological monitoring and electroceuticals worldwide. However, these devices confront technological challenges concerning a noninvasive power supply and biosafe device removal. Addressing these challenges is crucial to ensure continuous operation and patient comfort and minimize the physical and economic burden on the patient and the healthcare system. This Review highlights the promising capabilities of bioresorbable triboelectric nanogenerators (B-TENGs) as temporary self-clearing power sources and self-powered IMDs. First, we present an overview of and progress in bioresorbable triboelectric energy harvesting devices, focusing on their working principles, materials development, and biodegradation mechanisms. Next, we examine the current state of on-demand transient implants and their biomedical applications. Finally, we address the current challenges and future perspectives of B-TENGs, aimed at expanding their technological scope and developing innovative solutions. This Review discusses advancements in materials science, chemistry, and microfabrication that can advance the scope of energy solutions available for IMDs. These innovations can potentially change the current health paradigm, contribute to enhanced longevity, and reshape the healthcare landscape soon.

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 Special Issue

Published as part of the Chemical Reviews virtual special issue “Wearable Devices”.

1. Introduction

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Numerous biological and metabolic processes are regulated by chemical or electrical signaling between cells and tissues, (1−5) providing opportunities to connect computers and the human body for healthcare purposes. The rise of implantable medical devices (IMDs) has enabled the quantification of various physiological signals that offer real-time monitoring for valuable information about the health state and the development of effective electrical impulse-based treatments for an array of disorders or diseases. (6−10) The direct or close physical interfaces between IMDs and biological systems enable accurate and effective two-way interactions, and the improvement in surgical robots has relieved risks associated with surgical procedures. (6,9,11−16) Moreover, biocompatible polymers have been explored and applied to the development of IMDs with improved biosafety and clinical benefits, as they form stable, intimate tissue interfaces. (10,17,18) In short, many IMDs offer a fully integrated healthcare system based on the organic collaboration of sensing, (19−21) data analysis, (22,23) communication, (24) and treatment. (25)
Transient, bioresorbable IMDs, which are designed to degrade and be absorbed by the human body over time, have emerged as an attractive new class of biomedical devices. (26−30) Their self-clearing capabilities reduce physical and economic burdens on the patients through periodic replacement to extract the device and allow us to circumvent the potential risks for infection and negative health consequences. (17,19,31−39) Conventional semipermanent IMDs rarely offer a clinical functionality that takes a short time to manage and treat (e.g., neurostimulation for six months and wound healing for two weeks), since the threat of surgery is much greater than their benefits. (13,40−42) In this regard, the use of transient IMDs has broadened the scope of medical applications for IMDs to drug delivery, (43−48) monitoring, (10,17,27,33,49−52) diagnosis, (6,19) and therapeutic applications. (27,41,53,54) Further advances in materials science have led to the rise of on-demand transient IMDs whose degradation starts by events triggered at the intended time. (44,45,55−61) While a majority of transient systems employ a passive operation that decays constituent materials gradually in vivo, (28,37,48,62−67) this new class of bioresorbable IMDs with active operation is disintegrated quickly after the application of a corresponding stimulus, ensuring their stable function and avoiding the potential risk of residue materials remaining in the body. (57,60,61,68−70) Continued advances in functional polymers, materials processing, and electronic components will drive progress in IMDs with biosafety and complex capabilities for a variety of biomedical applications.
Despite the noticeable progress of bioresorbable IMDs, short lifetimes and a limited power source remain technological challenges that should be addressed. Batteries are a traditional and reliable electrical power source of most IMDs integrated with power management integrated circuits (PMICs), however, they have finite energy capacity thus a limited lifespan without replacement or charging. (7,11,12,32,36) Additionally, they are not bioresorbable, and device removal through surgical procedures is required. In addition, their large volumes complicate the miniaturization of bioresorbable IMDs crucially required for seamless implantation. (27,71) Wireless energy transmission (WET) technologies, such as near-field communication (NFC) and radiofrequency identification (RFID), enable the noninvasive transfer of large amounts of electrical energy via inductive coupling, with the capability of real-time adjustment. (19−21,27,41,44,72,73) By incorporating WET technologies, implantable devices can be designed to be significantly smaller due to a lower reliance on battery capacity. This not only minimizes invasiveness but also eliminates the need for secondary surgeries linked with battery charging issues. (27,41,74−78) Furthermore, these devices might not even require batteries, as they could be externally controlled through the targeted application of electromagnetic waves and specific inductive design. These advances paved the way for the development of fully bioresorbable IMDs. (11,12,20,25,32) However, there are still several limitations that keep WET from serving as a fully bioresorbable power source for IMDs. First, the biosafety of WET technologies has not yet been fully proven, and their transmittable power is controlled by the intensity of the incident radiation, which is limited by the safety guidelines of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to prevent tissue heating. (79−82) Next, it is important to mention that the use of bioresorbable passive circuit elements, such as capacitors, diodes, and inductors, is necessary to achieve effective electromagnetic induction. However, this makes it difficult to predict or control the lifespan of the components under physiological conditions due to the varying degradation performance of the materials involved. (27,32,54) Additionally, diminished power transfer efficiency due to high attenuation through the skin and the strong dependence of the efficiency on the angle between the transmission and receiving antennas are another notable disadvantages. (83−85)
Energy harvesting technologies that convert incident to electrical energy through photovoltaic and thermoelectric effects have also been explored. (86,87) Photonic power transfer exploiting visible and near-infrared light has demonstrated high performance in energy harvesting, thanks to its high DC output characteristics. (85,88−90) Recent studies have explored the development of bioresorbable, implantable photovoltaic devices compatible with shallow skin. (87,91) The latest advancements in the comprehensive integration of microsized optoelectronic devices provide a viable foundation for power generation in extremely small wireless implants. (89,90) However, bioresorbable photovoltaic cells have exhibited low output power due to the low energy conversion efficiency of bioresorbable active materials, (87,91) and the light sources face high attenuation at the epidermal skin and underlying tissue, leading to a low-light-intensity environment and limited output power in deep tissue. (92) Additionally, the output power is significantly affected by incident angles, which may limit device operation in a physiological environment. (93) Next, thermoelectric energy harvesters have shown promise as power sources in various research and commercial fields, including wearable devices and power plants. (86,94) These devices are desirable for their DC output characteristics and their ability to exploit an abundant energy source. (86) However, their performance is significantly impeded by the homotherm physiological environment within the body. (94) Finally, energy harvesters based on the piezoelectric effect have garnered significant attention due to their high output performance. (11,95−99) This performance has been achieved through the development of high-piezo response materials and composites, (100,101) ultrasound-mediated power transfer, (11,95) and advanced engineering techniques such as multistacking. (98,102) Despite the promise of piezoelectric energy harvesters, there are significant challenges to overcome. Most high-performance piezoelectric materials, such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT), possess inherent biological toxicity. (100,103−106) Their brittle nature could also cause physical harm to surrounding tissue. Some studies have reported on flexible, biocompatible, and bioresorbable piezoelectric materials such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and ZnO nanowires. (107−109) Recent research has even revealed the piezoelectric properties of viruses or living tissues. However, their output power is often significantly lower than required. (101,110−113)
Bioresorbable triboelectric nanogenerators (B-TENGs) are promising candidates to power transient IMDs due to their high output performance, low cost, and simple structure and the vast selection of materials available. (49,51,52,64,114−124) B-TENGs convert various forms of abandoned mechanical energy in the human body (e.g., body motion such as walking, arm/leg swinging, organ movement, etc.) (118,120,124) and external mechanical energy (e.g., ultrasonic waves), (58,117,123,125) into useful electrical power through the coupling of the triboelectric effect and electrostatic induction (Figure 1A). The typical working principle of B-TENGs is a contact-separation mode; they consist of pairs of triboelectric layers, underneath electrodes, and encapsulation layers and generate electrical output as deformation is applied and released. (52,64,116,120,121,124,126) As such, a considerable number of studies have used B-TENGs to power batteries (58) or developed self-powered transient IMDs for biomedical applications including diagnostics, (30,49,127,128) therapeutics, (123−125) rehabilitation, (129,130) and antibacterial activities (117,131) for future healthcare. Along with the development of on-demand transient materials, biodegradation behaviors can be classified as passive or active operations (Figure 1B). (58,117,120,124) B-TENGs with passive operation lose their weight and function continuously after transplantation by predetermined biodegradation performance solely relying on the inherent properties and film dimensions. (124,132−134) As biodegradation occurs, B-TENGs show a reduction in output performance. This is attributable to the deteriorating mechanical properties of the B-TENGs and contamination by physiological substances like water and proteins, as well as the interaction with the immune system. (132,133,135) The potential risk for negative health consequences due to prolonged residues and unreliable service quality and lifespan are challenges for clinical settings. (136) In contrast, despite remaining technological challenges, the active operation offers B-TENGs the ability for immediate clearing upon the application of stimuli such as heat, light, (122,137) and ultrasound, (58,117,125) eliminating concerns about prolonged residues and performance stability. The progress in high-performing bioresorbable triboelectric materials and an ultrasound-mediated power generation mechanism that utilizes biosafe medically approved ultrasound as incident mechanical energy has highly increased the level of output power of B-TENGs. (117,138) Figure 1C provides an overview of the power consumption and implantation duration of conventional IMDs compared to the current state of output power of B-TENGs and nondegradable implantable TENGs. The power consumption of IMDs ranges from a few tens of microwatts to several tens of milliwatts, and they can be implanted from a few days up to several decades, depending on their specific therapeutic applications and functionalities. (28,80,139,140) Transient implants can last up to two years, while semipermanent IMDs such as pacemakers and spinal cord stimulators are designed for long-term implantation. Presently, the power output of both B-TENGs and nondegradable TENGs has shown a dramatic increase, hitting 300 μW (117) and 6 mW, (138) respectively. The significant improvements in output power have extended the applications of B-TENGs; thus, it seems they can serve soon as viable and practical power systems for transient, low-power IMDs, such as neurostimulators, infusion pumps, and electrical sterilizers. (Figure 1C). (14,141−143)

Figure 1

Figure 1. Overview of B-TENGs as an advanced energy solution for transient IMDs. (A) Schematic representation of B-TENGs in terms of their energy conversion, typical structure, and biomedical applications. (B) Profiles of the mass and performance of B-TENGs through passive and active operations for comparison of their working principles. (C) Conventional IMDs categorized according to power consumption and implant duration, illustrating the current state of powering capabilities of B-TENGs.

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In this Review, we present an overview of B-TENGs for bioresorbable electronics and highlight recent progress in the field. To comprehensively introduce their fundamental science, chemistry, and applications, this Review covers the power generation and biodegradation mechanisms, mechanisms of passive/active operation, materials development strategies for high power, and biomedical applications. Most of the bioresorbable materials including on-demand transient materials have been employed in other research areas, such as transient electronics, drug delivery, stimuli-responsive materials, and chemistry. Considering the vast options of possible constituent materials for B-TENGs, (144−146) there are a lot of unexplored opportunities to develop triboelectric energy solutions with functional biodegradation performance as well as a large power supply. We also provide substantiated suggestions of candidate materials and insight for future works. Lastly, we outline the future perspectives of B-TENGs regarding their remaining challenges and milestones.

2. Working Principles and Materials for B-TENGs

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2.1. Energy Harvesting and Transience Principles of B-TENGs

The triboelectric effect is a phenomenon where certain materials become electrically charged when they come into contact with another material and then separate from it (Figure 2A). (147) When two dissimilar materials are in contact, the electrons from one material can move to the other material, leaving one surface positively charged and the other negatively charged. (148−155) Despite ongoing debate, it is generally accepted that the electron transfer mechanism dominates the solid–solid triboelectric effect. Both the Fermi level model and the surface states model can adequately describe triboelectricity in metal–polymer and polymer–polymer contacts. (156,157) The overlapped electron cloud model was initially introduced to describe electron transitions by a triboelectric event. According to this model, an overlap of the electron cloud between two adjacent atoms at the interface of two materials under mechanical stress reduces the potential barrier between them, thus facilitating electron transfer from one atom to the other. This model also has been instrumental in explaining various phenomena, such as the plastic deformation of metals under stress and the bonding between different types of molecules. The number of transferred charges is dependent on several factors, including the material type, its surface roughness, and the environmental humidity.

Figure 2

Figure 2. Power generation mechanism and target energy of B-TENGs. (A) Schematic of the triboelectric effect and overlapped electron cloud model. Reproduced with permission from ref (148). Copyright 2020 Wiley-VCH. (B) Working principle diagram of B-TENGs. (C) Ambient energy sources with a wide frequency range used for triboelectric energy harvesting. Reproduced with permission from refs (138), (165), (164), (154), and (139), respectively. Copyright 2019 American Association for the Advancement of Science. Copyright 2018 American Association for the Advancement of Science. Copyright 2018 Nature Publishing Group under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Copyright 2021 American Association for the Advancement of Science. Copyright 2021 Nature Publishing Group under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The contact-separation mode, the typically employed configuration of B-TENGs, is used for a variety of applications. B-TENGs consist of two triboelectric layer–electrode pairs, a small gap between them, and encapsulation layers. A B-TENG generates electrical energy from mechanical motion through the coupling of the triboelectric effect and electrostatic induction (Figure 2B). (126,158) When two materials come into contact and then separate, two triboelectric layers are positively and negatively charged due to the triboelectric effect. In the contact-separation mode, the materials are in contact and then pulled apart repeatedly by an external force, such as mechanical vibration or deformation. (144,159,160) As the triboelectric layers move closer together and then apart, the triboelectric charges induce an electrical potential difference in the paired electrodes. This causes an electrical current to flow through an externally connected load between the two electrodes, thereby compensating for the potential difference. Single electrode mode TENGs comprised of one triboelectric layer–electrode pair have also been exploited in biomedical applications due to similar working principles and the simple structure. (161) There are other modes of TENG, including sliding mode, freestanding mode, and other variations, (162,163) however, most of them have been rarely used in this area because the required motion is generally unavailable in the physiological environment.
Nonbioresorbable implantable TENGs (I-TENGs) and B-TENGs can be categorized according to the frequency of the mechanical motion involved (Figure 2C). Low-frequency mechanical energy refers to biomechanical energy (e.g., body motion, organ movement, and vascular dynamics), (127,139,154,164) and high-frequency mechanical energy corresponds to audible sounds (165) and ultrasounds. (58,117,123,125,138,166,167) Regardless of the frequency range, the working mechanisms of TENGs are the same, that is, based on the coupling of the triboelectric effect and electrostatic induction. However, the detailed mechanical dynamics of the triboelectric layers, device configurations, and output characteristics differ. Low-frequency TENGs employ conventional and standard models. Mechanical stress induced by biological activities deforms a B-TENG and leads to contact and separation of the polymeric triboelectric layers. (154,164,168) B-TENGs also can use inertial force derived from body motion such as walking, sitting, and running to vibrate the freestanding triboelectric layer in the device, generating power. (139) High-frequency TENGs operate based on the vibrations of polymeric membranes induced by audible sound or ultrasound. The sound waves are propagated through tissue and undergo constructive or destructive interference at the surface of the electrode, leading to high-frequency vibrations of the triboelectric layer and output generation. (165) In particular, the use of external ultrasound has gained considerable attention since it was first reported in 2019 owing to the superior performance and ability to transfer power to IMDs noninvasively. (138)
Similar to other bioresorbable electronics, the transience of B-TENGs is caused by passive operation in many cases, and their lifetime is divided into two phases: “functioning time”, where the operating B-TENG maintains its performance, and “disappearance time”, where the bioresorbable component materials completely dissolve and are absorbed in the body (Figure 3A). (48,50) To be more specific, B-TENGs degrade over time once they are transplanted into the body. Weight loss occurs through a variety of degradation processes such as swelling, hydrolysis, oxidation, and enzymatic degradation. (48,54,67,169−175) As the device loses mass over a certain quantity, physiological fluids begin to infiltrate the triboelectric layer or the electrodes, which leads to a cessation of its functioning, thereby rendering it unable to generate power. (176) This marks the end of its operational lifespan (functioning time), but the degradation process continues further until it is entirely absorbed by the body. (68) This phase is termed the disappearance time, after which there are no remnants of the B-TENGs left in the body. The biodegradation process of B-TENGs offers a major benefit regarding safety and clinical adaptability. This not only guarantees the device’s optimal performance throughout its operational lifespan but also mitigates concerns about the potential long-term impacts of implantable devices, as the device eventually disintegrates, leaving no residual materials behind. (55−57,61) Functioning time and disappearance time are determined by several parameters in passive operation, which are described in the subsequent chapters in this work: material properties (e.g., degradation mechanisms, chemical structures, water permeability, molecular weight, and crystallinity), (173−175,177) formfactors and microstructures (e.g., thickness, surface morphology, and porosity), (178−180) and physiological conditions (e.g., temperature, pH, biofouling, and enzyme contents). (178,181,182)

Figure 3

Figure 3. Service lifetime and biodegradation processes of B-TENGs. (A) Schematic illustration of the biodegradation mechanism; each step illustrates the mechanical/chemical dissolution processes along with the functioning and disappearance times after device transplantation. (B) Categorized diagram of bioresorbable materials along with their degradation rates. (C) Plot of the diffusion rate for degradation factors and the degradation rate for bioresorbable B-TENG materials. Encapsulation layers and inner active layers are illustrated to provide the required properties in the suggested methodologies.

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The construction of B-TENGs involves the integration of multiple materials, including metallic electrodes, polymeric encapsulation or triboelectric layers, and potentially ceramics. (51,118,120,121) Thus, the biodegradation rates and mechanisms of constituent materials are carefully considered in material selection and the design of B-TENGs for particular applications. Figure 3B and Tables 1 and 2 offer the biodegradation rates of various materials. These guide the selection of component materials to develop B-TENGs. Polymers and organic materials usually have high degradation rates over a relatively wide range, (129,183−190) whereas inorganic materials have intermediate and low degradation rates with narrow tolerances. (13,40,50,191,192) For example, poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) (188) is mainly decomposed by hydrolysis with a degradation rate of approximately hundreds of nanometers per day, depending on chain composition, hydrophobicity, molecular weight, crystallinity, and other factors. (193)
Table 1. Biodegradation Rate of Bioresorbable Polymers (129,183−190)
  biodegradation mechanism biodegradation rate test environment ref
alginate hydrolysis 20% mass loss after 40 d phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at 37 °C (183)
chitosan hydrolysis 90% mass loss after 1 d PBS (pH = 7.4) at 37 °C (184)
gelatin hydrolysis 68% mass after 15 d PBS (pH = 7.4) at 37 °C (185)
PLA hydrolysis 100% mass loss after 49 wk Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS) at 37 °C (186)
PGA hydrolysis 10% mass loss after 3 wk PBS (pH = 7.4) at 37 °C (187)
PLGA (PLA/PGA = 50:50) hydrolysis 80% mass loss after 8 wk PBS (pH = 7.4) at 37 °C (188)
PCL hydrolysis 11% mass loss after 4 wk 0.01 M NaOH solution at 37 °C (189)
PVA hydrolysis 90% mass loss after 90 d PBS at 37 °C (129)
PHBV hydrolysis 4% mass loss after 15 wk PBS (pH = 7.4) at 37 °C (190)
Table 2. Biodegradation Rates of Bioresorbable Semiconductors (13,40,50,191,192)
  biodegradation mechanism biodegradation rate test environment ref
Si hydrolysis 4.5 nm·d–1 PBS (pH = 7.4) at 37 °C (13)
Poly-Si Hydrolysis 2.8 nm·d–1 PBS (pH = 7.4) at 37 °C (50)
a-Si hydrolysis 4.1 nm·d–1 PBS (pH = 7.4) at 37 °C (50)
SiO2 hydrolysis 8.2 nm·d–1 artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) (pH = 7.4) at 37 °C. (40)
Si3N4 hydrolysis 0.4 nm·d–1 PBS at 37 °C (191)
SiGe dissolution 0.1 nm·d–1 PBS (pH = 7.4) at 37 °C (192)
Ge hydrolysis 3.1 nm·d–1 PBS (pH = 7.4) at 37 °C (192)
To ensure proper and precise control over their lifespan, a design strategy can be suggested; the encapsulation layer and inner active layers of a device should exhibit either slow or fast degradation rates and low or high diffusion rates for degradation factors, as shown in Figure 3C. This design strategy could potentially reduce the discrepancy between the device’s functional time and disappearance time, thereby minimizing the potential harms posed by prolonged residues before the full resolution of a B-TENG. As the encapsulation layer slowly decays from the surface with a low diffusion rate and finally allows the biofluid to get into the inner side of the devices, inner active layers dissolve quickly in a few hours or days due to fast swelling and a high decomposition rate, enabling almost simultaneous elimination.

2.2. Bioresorbable Polymers for B-TENGs

Polymers are a major constituent of the encapsulation and triboelectric layers of B-TENGs. Their surface charge transfer characteristics and the selection of triboelectric pairs are highly responsible for the surface charge density. (144,194) Thus, bioresorbable polymers significantly influence both the transience behavior and output performance. As shown in Figure 4, bioresorbable polymers can be categorized into nature-derived bioresorbable polymers (NBPs) and synthetic bioresorbable polymers (SBPs). (18,37,38,48,169) NBPs are mainly of three types: polysaccharides, proteins (polypeptides), and bacterial polyesters. Among them, polysaccharides, such as alginate, (195,196) hyaluronic acid, (64) cellulose, (63,66,145,197−202) chitosan, (203−205) and agar (118) and proteins, such as silk fibroin, (206−209) collagen, (57,210) gelatin, (185) and elastin, (211) are intensively employed in transient electronics and B-TENGs because of their superior biocompatibility and inherent enzymatic biodegradability in the human body. (212) Polysaccharides are composed of different units of monosaccharide or disaccharide chains, and various polysaccharides can be obtained from distinct isomers and chemical bonds. (195,213) Cellulose and chitosan, which are present in plants and crustacean shells, represent structural polysaccharides, (63,66,197) whereas alginate, hyaluronic acid, and agar are storage polysaccharides. (64,195,196) Protein chemistry is tremendously diverse and heterogeneous. (210,214,215) A near-infinite set of proteins can be acquired from amino acids and their derivates with different primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures. (185,214,215) Despite their widespread utilization and the vast potential offered by diverse novel materials, the variability in material properties such as distribution, branching, composition, and molecular weight sequence arising from natural extraction processes can be a disadvantage when trying to predict the degradation performance. (216−218)

Figure 4

Figure 4. Representative bioresorbable polymers and their chemical structures. Bioresorbable polymers can be categorized into NBPs and SBPs.

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Six major types of biopolymers are naturally synthesized in microorganisms: polynucleotides (such as DNA and RNA), polysaccharides (such as alginate, xanthan, and cellulose), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), polythioesters, inorganic polyanhydrides (such as polyphosphates), and polyamides (such as polypeptides, cyanophycin, ε-poly-l-lysine, and poly-γ-glutamate). (219,220) Among them, bacterial polyesters represented by PHAs are biodegradable, biocompatible, and naturally produced by many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Cupriavidus, Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Bacillus, and Aeromonas. (221−223) There are more than 90 monomers of PHAs, represented by 3-hydroxybutyrate, 3-hydroxyvalerate, and 3-hydroxyhexanoate, leading to polymers having various physical properties, from hard plastics to flexible elastomers. Some PHAs were commercialized earlier for packaging, agricultural, and medical applications owing to their mechanical toughness, enzymatic degradability, and high biocompatibility. (224) In this context, a few studies have employed PHAs as encapsulation or triboelectric layers of bioresorbable electronics and B-TENGs. (58,124)
Since the use of linear, aliphatic, and thermoplastic polyester polyglycolide (PGA) as a biodegradable suture in the 1960s, many SBPs have been developed and used in bioresorbable devices. SBPs can be divided into three main groups: polyester plastics, polyester elastomers, and polyurethane elastomers. Polyester plastics include poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), (52,225,226) poly(ethylene glycol), (227) poly(caprolactone) (PCL), (133,189,228) poly(lactic acid), and PLGA. (37,169,229) Polyurethanes and cross-linked polyester elastomers include polyglycerol sebacate (PGS) (49) and poly(1,8-octane diol-citrate) (POC). (230) SBPs can have uniform compositions and undergo hydrolysis and oxidation in a predictive manner. In particular, SBPs have advantages over NBPs such as high reproducibility, tunable properties, endless forms, and established structures. (213,231,232) Although SBPs often lack cell adhesion sites, requiring chemical modifications, their biocompatibility is well established, with some polyesters and elastomers, such as PLA and PLGA, being approved for medical applications by the FDA. (37,173,175,213)
Several studies have focused on the development of B-TENGs using NBPs owing to their high triboelectric charges, low costs, and environmentally friendly extraction processes. Jiang et al. used several NBPs (cellulose, chitin, silk fibroin (SF), rice paper (RP), and egg white (EW)) as triboelectric layers of B-TENGs. (208) The fully biodegradable TENGs were fabricated using a pair of NBP triboelectric layers, SF encapsulation layers, and magnesium electrodes (Figure 5A). The nature-derived materials used in this study degraded gradually, leading to a B-TENG with a functioning time of 42 d and a disappearance time of 84 d when immersed in PBS solution (pH = 7.4) at room temperature via rapid autocatalytic hydrolysis (Figure 5B). The in vivo degradation performance of these materials in rat models was also investigated using methanol-treated SF. Some gaps formed at the edges of the B-TENG at 21 d and the SF-encapsulated B-TENG disintegrated into two parts over time. This study first presented a triboelectric series of NBPs and provided a basis for triboelectric pair selection and device design. Interestingly, the triboelectric series of the five materials was EW > SF > chitin > cellulose > RP, from positive to negative (Figure 5C). The EW/Kapton pair marked the maximum transferred charge of 12 nC, and the as-fabricated B-TENG achieved a tunable output performance for open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 8–55 V and a short-circuit current (ISC) of 0.08–0.6 μA. While this work did not explain the factors defining this triboelectric series, one plausible cause could be that EW and SF have a high content of nitrogen-containing functional groups, which donate electrons to a counter material. (146) Conversely, the presence of hydroxyl groups could make polysaccharides like cellulose and RP negative. (234)

Figure 5

Figure 5. Bioresorbable polymers for B-TENGs. (A) Schematic representation of B-TENGs composed of various NBPs, including field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) images and the atomic force microscopy (AFM) topology to demonstrate the nanostructured surface morphology of the NBP triboelectric layer (lower and upper scale bars are 5 and 1 μm, respectively). (B) In vitro biodegradation (scale bars are 5 mm) and (C) working principle and output power of B-TENGs using five different NBPs. (A–C) Reproduced with permission from ref (208). Copyright 2018 Wiley-VCH. (D) Structure of the B-TENG using calcium alginate films. (E) Weight loss of a calcium alginate film via in vitro biodegradation in water at room temperature. (D and E) Reproduced with permission from ref (195). Copyright 2018 Royal Society of Chemistry. (F) 3D printing process of CNTs@SF core–sheath fiber-based smart patterns to fabricate electronic textiles capable of triboelectric energy harvesting. Reproduced with permission from ref (233). Copyright 2019 Elsevier. (G) Illustration of a contact-separation mode B-TENG using nanostructured SBPs, including FE-SEM images and the AFM topology of the SBP triboelectric layer. (H) Output currents of B-TENGs with different SBP triboelectric pairs. (I) Triboelectric series of SBPs using polyimide (Kapton) as a reference. (J) In vitro biodegradation of a B-TENG encapsulated by PLGA in PBS (pH = 7.4, 37 °C, scale bars are 10 mm). (H–J) Reproduced with permission from ref (124). Copyright 2016 American Association for the Advancement of Science under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). (K) Structure and dimensions of a breathable B-TENG based on electrospun PLGA, PLA, and Ag NWs. (L) FE-SEM images of the surface morphology of PLGA and PLA nanofibers (scale bars 10 and 2 μm, respectively). (M) Sequential photographs of the in vitro biodegradation of PVA, Ag NWs/PVA, and PLGA/Ag NWs/PVA nanofiber films in PBS at 37 °C. (K–M) Reproduced with permission from ref (52). Copyright 2020 American Association for the Advancement of Science under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Subsequent studies further explored the use of NBPs as triboelectric materials for B-TENGs. Pang et al. discussed the development of a B-TENG based on calcium alginate film (Figure 5D and E), (195) explaining the development of a partially bioresorbable generator based on alginate that can harvest energy from water waves, with detailed descriptions and images of the device structure and its electrical output characteristics. Alginate is a kind of natural linear polysaccharide containing a linear chain of α-l-guluronic acid and β-d-mannuronic acid derived from brown sea algae. (235) It possesses high biocompatibility, low toxicity, and biodegradability, rendering it an attractive polymer for use in medical and environmental applications. (236−239) This B-TENG employed a calcium alginate film and aluminum as the triboelectric pair, achieving a high output performance with a maximum voltage, current, and power of 33 V, 150 nA, and 9.5 mW in ex vivo conditions, respectively. Additionally, as shown in Figure 5E, calcium alginate rapidly dissolved in in vitro conditions, losing its entire weight in 72 h (deionized water).
A B-TENG was directly 3D printed in the form of an electronic textile composed of core–sheath fibers using SF and carbon nanotube (CNT) ink (Figure 5F). (233) To fabricate the B-TENG, a CNTs@SF core–sheath fiber-based pattern was printed on a conventional fabric using polyethylene terephthalate/titanium dioxide (PET/TiO2) as the contact material and electrode. The B-TENG is partially biodegradable and, owing to the highly triboelectric positive properties of SF, exhibited high output performance, generating an ISC of 1.4 mA and a VOC of 15 V at a displacement speed of 10 cm·s–1, with a maximum power density of 18 mW·m–2. In addition to plastic films, NBPs in the form of hydrogels, prepared by spontaneous gelation, are also used as triboelectric materials with potential superior biocompatibility given their high water content, hydrophilicity, and mechanical matching with living tissue. (240) Kim et al. discussed the development of a simple and efficient method for preparing pure and cross-linked hyaluronic hydrogel films using solvent evaporation and 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) cross-linker. (64) The B-TENG illustrated in this study employed polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and hyaluronic acid hydrogel (HA) as negative and positive triboelectric layers, respectively, indicating they are partially bioresorbable. Given the superior charge transfer between these layers, the B-TENG achieved a high output voltage of 20 V and a high output current of 0.4 μA (active area of 7.5 cm2), with a maximum output power of 5.6 mW·m–2 at 60 MΩ external resistance. Notably, the output power and biodegradation performance of the HA film showed opposite trends at different cross-linking ratios of HA. Highly cross-linked HA with a high BDDE content exhibited a more aligned structure than pure HA. The aggregated cross-linked HA film (2 wt % BDDE) degraded slower and disappeared after 30 d. Meanwhile, the B-TENG based on the highly cross-linked HA films showed lower output power than pure HA. A fully biodegradable TENG was also fabricated employing pure chitosan (CS) and HA hydrogel films as triboelectric layers, along with Mg electrodes. The 2 wt % BDDE cross-linked HA hydrogel film exhibited the highest peak-to-peak VOC of 1.2 V. Although some previously reported TENGs were not fully bioresorbable, partially using nondegradable materials, NBPs exhibited considerable potential for use as triboelectric and encapsulation layers for high-power B-TENGs.
SBPs have several advantages over NBPs for the development of TENGs. One of their key advantages is their versatility, as different monomers can be mixed in various compositions to achieve a wide range of reliable physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. (37,213,241) Thus, the corresponding TENG can be easily tailored for a specific application. Zheng et al. used different SBPs to develop fully bioresorbable TENGs that can serve as implantable power sources for IMDs (Figure 5G). (124) The triboelectric series of several SBPs, including PLGA, PHB/V, PVA, and PCL, were validated by comparing the output current of their combined triboelectric pairs (Figure 5H). Using a polyimide film as a reference, the relative output current was ranked as PLGA > PHB/V > PVA > PCL, from positive to negative (Figure 5I). The triboelectric series of representative bioresorbable SBPs that can be used for biodegradable TENGs presented here provides a fundamental guideline for subsequent research. As shown in Figure 5J, the B-TENG encapsulated by PLGA degraded and fully dissolved in PBS after 90 d (pH = 7.4, 37 °C).
SBPs can be easily manufactured in various forms with good reproducibility. By utilizing advanced manufacturing methods, such as electrospinning and 3D printing, polyesters and elastomers that have high surface areas can be obtained, possibly increasing charge transfer performance and thus enhancing output power. (120,242−244) Peng et al. used electrospun PLGA, PVA, and Ag nanowires (NWs) to develop a breathable, fully biodegradable, antibacterial, and self-powered electronic skin based on an all-nanofiber B-TENG (Figure 5K). (52) A biodegradable nanofiber membrane was created from these SBPs that could generate large amounts of electricity through the triboelectric effect. The surface morphologies of the PLGA and PVA nanofibers were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and their average fiber diameters were 600 and 130 nm, respectively (Figure 5L). Their highly porous structure provides high gas, water, and air permeability that grants flexibility, durability, and a low pressure drop to the B-TENG. The maximum power density of the PLGA/Ag NWs/PVA B-TENG was 130 mW·m–2 at an optimized resistance of 500 MΩ, which is four times larger than that of PVA/Ag NWs/PVA. As shown in Figure 5M, all component materials showed a high degradation ratio and were fully degraded after 40 d in PBS at 37 °C.
Chen et al. explored a single integrated 3D printing process to customize elastic B-TENGs for wearable electronics. (49) These TENGs employed fully bioresorbable PGS and CNTs as the two triboelectric components. The CNTs also served as electrodes, whereas the elastic PGS matrix enabled the TENGs to be intrinsically responsive to biomechanical motion and biodegradation, resulting in robust outputs. The hierarchical porous structure of the B-TENG contributes to a higher output than its conventional molded microporous TENG counterparts. Figure 6 summarizes the investigated NBPs and SBPs, classified according to their charge densities after contact with several tribo-negative reference materials and biodegradation rates. (124,127,206,208,211,226,245−253) Although these characteristics can vary upon material modifications and manufacturing methods, the figure provides a reference point to procure materials candidates for the development of high-performing triboelectric materials and control the lifetime of B-TENGs.

Figure 6

Figure 6. Triboelectric charge densities and degradation rates of NBPs and SBPs.

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To date, as shown in Tables 3 and 4, the current level of output performance of B-TENGs remains lower than that of conventional nonbioresorbable I-TENGs, and triboelectric properties of bioresorbable polymers and metals are centered on this issue. (124,254,255) Different materials possess varying tendencies to either gain or lose electrons via triboelectric events, which are determined by their respective triboelectric polarities. Functional groups significantly impact a material’s triboelectric properties. (156,161,234) For example, functional groups abundant in fluorine atoms typically demonstrate strong electron-accepting tendencies, whereas those containing nitrogen atoms frequently exhibit electron-donating behavior. (146,256,257) With progress in the development of high-performing materials in the last few decades, conventional nondegradable TENGs have been typically fabricated using materials with functional groups that are highly efficient at either gaining or losing electrons. (157,160,258) On the other hand, B-TENGs are fabricated from biocompatible and biodegradable materials generally limited to certain types of polymers, proteins, or other organic materials for their safe degradation in the body over time. (116,120,254) In most instances, these materials possess predominantly neutral or slightly positive functional groups, resulting in their placement in proximity within the triboelectric series. (118,124) Furthermore, bioresorbable metals also exhibit neutral or weakly positive triboelectric properties. Consequently, for the time being, maximizing differences in triboelectric polarities using two distinct bioresorbable polymers or metals might be more challenging, a constraint not shared with conventional TENGs. Nonetheless, it is worth noting that despite the relatively short history of B-TENGs, the output power has been rapidly increased through rigorous research efforts aimed at finding or suitably modifying bioresorbable materials that can generate high output. (52,120,123,254)
Table 3. Output Performance of Non-Bioresorbable TENGs (115,243,258−267)
      output power (peak to peak)    
no. triboelectric layers active area (cm2) voltage (V) current working mode ref
1 PTFE, Al/Cu 100 7540 20.1 A contact-separation (259)
2 PTFE, Al 0.49 7000 37 μA contact-separation (260)
3 silicone rubber, nitrile rubber 78.5 5000 15.7 mA single electrode (261)
4 P(VDF-TrFE):BTO, Al 9 1130 1.5 mA contact-separation (258)
5 PFA, ZnO@MOP/PVP 4 534 26.8 μA contact-separation (262)
6 PDMS-CNT, Al 4 338.25 19.91 μA contact-separation (263)
7 PVDF-ZnO NWs, Nylon-ZnO NWs 10 330 10 μA contact-separation (243)
8 PTFE, PAN@ZIF-8 4 260 24.5 μA contact-separation (264)
9 PTFE yarns, PA66 yarns 3.25 232 6.8 μA contact-separation (265)
10 FEP, Ag nanoparticles 12 200 20 μA contact-separation (266)
11 PA(polyamide), Al 8.75 150 10 μA single electrode (115)
12 nanostructured PI, Cu 2 109 2.73 μA contact-separation (267)
Table 4. Output Performance of B-TENGs (51,116,119−121,124,197,128,208)
      output power (peak to peak)    
no. triboelectric layers active area (cm2) voltage (V) current working mode ref
1 gelatin, electrospun PLA 16 500 17 μA contact-separation (51)
2 rice paper, PVC 9 244 6 μA single electrode (116)
3 crepe cellulose, nitrocellulose 6.25 196.8 31.5 μA contact-separation (197)
4 SF, Mg 8 60 1 μA single electrode (128)
5 egg white, rice paper 2 55 0.6 μA contact-separation (208)
6 starch/laver, PCL 6.25 50 1 μA contact-separation (119)
7 PLLA, chitosan 6.25 45 9 μA contact-separation (120)
8 PHBV, PCL 6 28 0.6 μA contact-separation (124)
9 PVA, PLGA 6 26 0.4 μA contact-separation (124)
10 rice paper, laver 4 23 315 nA single electrode (121)

2.3. Bioresorbable Metal Electrodes for B-TENGs

The rational selection of bioresorbable conductors is pivotal for optimizing the electrical output performance and clinical application of B-TENGs. (51,118,122,124) Thus, a thorough understanding of the inherent properties of the materials is imperative in this decision-making process. Particular attention has been given to comprehending the complex mechanisms of corrosion and biodegradation in metallic biomaterials when they are subjected to physiological environments. These processes can be influenced by various factors such as biological fluids, pH variations, cellular dynamics, and the intricate chemical milieu within the human body. (268,269)
The corrosion and biodegradation events encompass several phenomena. Galvanic coupling arises from dissimilar metal nobilities, resulting in the formation of anodic and cathodic regions characterized by accelerated metal ion release and reduction reactions, respectively. (270) Uniform corrosion entails the comprehensive release of metal ions from the exposed material surface, driven by its high electrochemical activity, while localized corrosion strongly depends on specific chemical heterogeneity and local surface characteristics. (268) For instance, certain metallic biomaterials may exhibit the preferential dissolution of specific components, leading to pitting corrosion or the creation of electrochemically active sites at distinctive features such as edges, kinks, and grain boundaries.
Next, the formation and subsequent stabilization of protein nanobiofilms on micro- or nanoparticles can expedite biodegradation or metal ion release through the detachment of metal-bound proteins, forming metal–protein complexes or conjugates. (214,268) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a significant role in compromising the chemical stability of bioresorbable metal conductors. Notably, Fenton reactions occur when released metal ions from iron/iron oxide interact chemically with ROS, generating oxidative agents (e.g., OH2• and OH•) that contribute to enhanced degradation. (271,272)
Next, the biodegradation of ceramic oxide nanoparticles within specific cellular compartments is mediated by the adsorption of apoferritin or ferritin protein molecules onto the nanoparticle surface, triggering the degradation process upon the formation of metal–protein conjugates and subsequent metal ion uptake. (273)
Finally, membrane protein assemblies can produce unstable radicals, either through spontaneous dismutation or via superoxide dismutase (SOD) reactions, leading to the production of reactive oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The interaction between hydrogen peroxide and metals can induce metal oxidation, initiating the generation of ionic metallic ions. (274)
Although these corrosion and biodegradation mechanisms are of paramount importance when selecting suitable metal conductors for the B-TENGs, in-depth investigations are still required to identify underlying phenomena for each metallic element in an experimental manner. Table 5 describes representative experimental methods for identifying biodegradation processes of metallic materials.
Table 5. Experimental Methods for Identifying Biodegradation Mechanisms (268,275−281)
methods measurement tools purposes ref
ex situ methods scanning electron microscopy (SEM) morphology changes (268,275−278)
transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) atomic percentage variations
chemical analyses inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) metallic concentrations and metal ion release (277,279,280)
inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
electrochemical measurements open circuit potential (OCP) predicting how metallic materials will perform in electrochemical reactions (268,281)
potentiodynamic polarization (PDP)
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)
Table 6 shows the dissolution rate for each metallic material. Since byproduct concentrations can cause acute immune reactions and affect the metabolism, both the degradation rate and the total mass of byproduct formed should be considered to minimize adverse health effects during device transience. (282−284) However, an excessively slow degradation process may harm the patient owing to prolonged exposure to residues within the body. For example, Mg and its alloys are widely used bioresorbable metals with a relatively fast transient rate (0.68 μm·d–1). (134) When employing Mg in B-TENGs, it is crucial to predict the flux and content of its degradation products to avoid impacting the surrounding tissues and the metabolism. Mo is also a prevalent bioresorbable metal used in B-TENG electrodes. It is nontoxic and does not form oxide layers within biological systems, thereby maintaining a consistent electrical conductivity. However, its biodegradability is comparatively slow (0.005 μm·d–1). (227,285) Consequently, careful consideration of the total Mo mass is required to compare the increased risk of prolonged residue exposure with the improved mechanical durability. Other bioresorbable metals used in B-TENG electrode layers, such as Fe, W, and Zn, are subject to similar considerations.
Table 6. Biodegradation Rates of Bioresorbable Conductors (34,134,284,286−288)
metals hydrolytic reaction biodegradation rate test environment ref
Mg Mg + 2H2O → Mg(OH)2 + H2 0.68 μm·d–1 HBSS (pH = 7) at 37.5 °C (134)
AZ31(Mg 96/Al 3/Zn 1)   1.64 μm·d–1 Earle’s balanced salt solution (EBSS) (pH = 7.5) at 37 °C (286)
AM50 (Magnesium alloy)   5.81 μm·d–1 3.5 wt % NaCl solution (pH = 6.5) at 22 °C (287)
Mo Mo + 2H2O → MoO2 + 2H2 0.005 μm·d–1 PBS (pH = 7.4) at 37 °C (288)
W W + 3H2O → WO3 + 3H2 0.19 μm·d–1 PBS (pH = 7.4) at 37 °C (288)
Fe 3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2 0.55 μm·d–1 HBSS (pH = 7.4) at 37 °C (34)
Zn Zn + 2H2O → Zn(OH)2 + H2 0.82 μm·d–1 HBSS at 37 °C (284)

3. Biodegradation Mechanisms

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3.1. Macroscopic Physicochemical Biodegradation Mechanisms

Precisely controlling the lifetime of B-TENGs is fundamental to ensuring their clinical safety and enabling their practical application. (91,117,254) Bioresorbable materials have different degradation performances owing to their distinct degradation mechanisms, kinetics, and environment. Thus, an in-depth understanding of the biodegradation mechanisms is essential for designing bioresorbable implants. At the macroscopic level, the degradation of a material is determined by the diffusion of degradation factors into the material and the cleavage of physical/chemical bonds. (135,169,289) In other words, most bioresorbable materials undergo decomposition or dissolution as a result of contact and multiplex reactions with the components of biofluids, including water, electrolytes, oxidants, and enzymes. (173,175)
Biodegradation rates depend on the molecular-scale chemical decomposition kinetics and the macroscopic degradation modes, and the macroscopic degradation can be divided into two categories: bulk degradation and surface erosion (Figure 7). Bulk degradation involves the rapid diffusion of degradation factors inside the material compared to polymer bond cleavage reactivity, resulting in its simultaneous degradation and weight loss in both the core and surface of polymers (Figure 7A). (181) Many organic bioresorbable materials, including polymers and hydrogels, undergo bulk degradation via hydrolysis owing to their high water diffusion coefficients. For example, polyesters such as PLGA (290,293,294) and PCL, (133,189) which have been widely utilized as TENGs components, predominantly undergo bulk degradation because of their high porosity (Figure 7B and C). (295) Hydrogels, which contain large amounts of water, are more likely to rapidly lose mass via bulk degradation, leading to simultaneous and randomized hydrolysis throughout the matrix. (64,203) The accumulation of bulk degradation byproducts also affects the degradation rate, leading to autocatalysis and making it difficult to predict the functional and degradation times. (296,297) In contrast, materials with low diffusion coefficients and relatively high reaction rates for liquid water and oxidants, such as silicone-based elastomers, metals, ceramics, and PHAs, mainly experience surface erosion (Figure 7D). (298,299) These bioresorbable materials lose mass linearly from their exposed surfaces, as determined by the static concentration gradient of degradation factors (Figure 7E). (291) In this case, autocatalysis is not considered a relevant factor because the byproducts diffuse away toward the surrounding tissue. As a result, their functional and disappearance times are easier to predict. (283)

Figure 7

Figure 7. Macroscopic degradation mechanisms. (A) Bulk degradation process with a diffusion coefficient higher than the reaction rate. (B) FE-SEM images of bioresorbable polyesters before and after bulk degradation: PLGA, 33 d in PBS (pH = 7.4) at 37 °C. Reproduced with permission from ref (290). Copyright 2016 Springer Nature. (C) FE-SEM images of bioresorbable polyesters before and after bulk degradation: PCL, 20 h in PBS (pH = 7.2) containing 18 U·mL–1 lipase at 45 °C. Reproduced with permission from ref (133). Copyright 2020 Springer Nature. (D) Surface erosion process with a diffusion coefficient lower than the reaction rate. (E) FE-SEM images of bioresorbable Fe–Mn alloys before and after surface erosion (three months in Hank’s solution at 37 °C). Reproduced with permission from ref (291). Copyright 2010 Elsevier. Profiles of mass, molecular weight, and mechanical strength of polymers during (F) bulk degradation and (G) surface erosion. Reproduced with permission from ref (292). Copyright 2008 Elsevier. (H) Theoretical plot of the erosion number for the hydrolysis of polymers, ε, depending on water diffusivity inside the polymer, Deff, the dimensions of the polymer matrix, L, and the polymer bond reactivity, λ. (I) Critical thickness, Lcritical, the threshold that a polymer specimen must exceed to undergo surface erosion. (H and I) Reproduced with permission from ref (174). Copyright 2002 Elsevier. (J) Mass profiles of surface-eroding polymers with different volume-to-surface area ratios during degradation. Reproduced with permission from ref (178). Copyright 2020 MDPI under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Bulk degradation and surface erosion affect the diminishing trend of the mass, molecular weight, and mechanical strength of a polymer. (300,301) Bulk-degrading polymers exhibit nonlinear degradation dynamics (Figure 7F). (292) After a short induction period without significant degradation, the molecular weight first decreases significantly over time by chemical bond cleavage. Upon reaching a critically low molecular weight, the polymer undergoes a delayed degradation in mechanical strength and mass, finally leading to the mechanical failure of the implant. (178) In contrast, as shown in Figure 7G, ideal surface-eroding polymers lose mass, molecular weight, and mechanical strength almost linearly over time. (301) Therefore, the rate of mass loss and change in the dimensions of the polymer are determined by the surface area-to-volume ratio.
Determining the dominant macroscopic degradation mode of bioresorbable materials is critical for designing bioresorbable implants and predicting their operational and disintegration times under physiological conditions. (190,228,295,302) This is due to the significantly different degradation behaviors of materials based on their macroscopic mechanisms, as mentioned above. However, many factors are interdependent, and erosion occurs in a complex and compositive manner, particularly in organic materials. (289,296,302) Burkersroda et al. reported a theoretical model for predicting the degradation mode based on the dimensions, reaction rates, and diffusion coefficient of a specimen. (174) In this model, the material dimensions and critical dimensions play a key role in determining the mode that dominates the erosion. (174,175,177) The erosion number, ε, is determined according to eq 1 as follows:
ε = L 2 λ π 4 D eff ( ln ( L ) − ln ( M n 3 N A ( N − 1 ) ρ ) )
(1)
where L is the half-thickness of the material, λ is equivalent to the first-order rate constant employed in reaction kinetics and, therefore, directly related to the half-life of a polymer bond, Deff is the effective diffusion coefficient, Mn is the number-average molecular weight, NA is the Avogadro’s number, N is the degree of polymerization, and ρ is the polymer density. ε is dimensionless, with surface erosion dominating for ε > 1. Lcritical is the value of L for ε = 1. (179,181) Figure 7H provides a three-dimensional plot of ε with the aforementioned variables, indicating the determination of the macroscopic erosion mode. Thus, surface erosion occurs if half of the material thickness is larger than Lcritical. Although most inorganic materials and metals have sufficiently low Lcritical so that bulk erosion can be neglected, those of bioresorbable polymers normally are relatively high (above tens of micrometers), thus leading to bulk degradation except for several examples (Figure 7I).
Physical degradation, which occurs in response to severe mechanical stress, is a macroscopic physicochemical degradation mechanism that depends on a variety of physical elements, such as applied stress, shear stress, Young’s modulus, temperature, water content, intrinsic crack presence, intrinsic fracture energy, and fracture toughness. (18,173,303) High mechanical stress can break the bioresorbable system and halt the functions of the device. Figure 7J shows the influence of the surface area-to-volume ratio on the mass loss profile, indicating that a large surface area significantly increases the mass loss rate of a polymer film. (178) Mechanical disintegration also increases the surface area and diffusion flux of the degradation factors; thus, the fractured polymer possibly undergoes bulk degradation rather than surface erosion, which accelerates mass loss. Toughening bioresorbable materials is a key challenge in the development of implantable devices with reliable lifetimes and durability, as physical degradation can accelerate chemical degradation processes by increasing the surface area exposed to degradation factors. On the other hand, quick degradation upon mechanical disintegration can be exploited to realize on-demand transience.

3.2. Chemical Biodegradation Mechanisms

Although biodegradable polymers can experience various forms of degradation, such as photodegradation, thermal degradation, and mechanical degradation, from a molecular perspective, the chemical biodegradation mechanisms of bioresorbable materials can be categorized into hydrolytic, (175,228,295) oxidative, (176,289) and enzymatic degradation (57,172) (Figure 8). The majority of bioresorbable polymers have functional groups and bonds that readily react with water molecules in physiological conditions, leading to hydrolysis. (228,295) Carbonyl-derived functional groups, such as ester, amide, thioester, anhydride, imide, carbonate, urethane, and urea, are susceptible to hydrolysis. (175,304) Thus, many hydrolytic SBPs, such as polyesters, polyanhydrides, polyamides, polyethers, and polycarbonates, are hydrolyzable. (67,169,170) Hydrolysis leads to bond cleavage of the carbonyl moieties in these polymers, forming the corresponding bioabsorbable carboxyl acids and other byproducts. For example, the primary degradation mechanism of PLA, a widely used and commercialized SBP, involves the hydrolysis of ester bonds and decomposition to lactic acid monomers. (132) Similarly, the ester groups of PCL hydrolyze in an aqueous environment to a caprolactone monomer, hydroxycarboxylic acids, and cyclic oligomers. (135) The imine functional group is also hydrolyzable, forming aldehydes and amines as byproducts. Polyimine undergoes similar degradation to diamine and dicarboxylic acid byproducts.

Figure 8

Figure 8. Chemical biodegradation mechanisms, including hydrolysis, oxidation, and enzymatic processes.

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Oxidation is a harsh degradation process that breaks polymer bonds through radical reactions with oxidants. The primary initiators of oxidative degradation in bioresorbable polymers under physiological conditions are peroxides, which are generated by immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages. (303) As these cells initiate phagocytosis, they simultaneously release oxidants, including peroxides, on the surface of foreign bodies to facilitate their clearance. The acute inflammatory response, which occurs from a few days to a few weeks, is usually short-lived. Depending on the chemical structures of the polymers, the oxidation process may continue once a sufficient radical concentration is achieved, as free radicals proliferate via a series of radical-forming chain reactions. The degradation rate and progression time largely depend on the number of polymer bonds susceptible to oxidation; thus, polyurethanes, polyolefins, and polyethers can be degraded by oxidation. (303) The immune response-catalyzed oxidation may render the precise prediction of the functioning and disappearance times of bioresorbable devices difficult, as immune cell activity varies considerably among different individuals. Therefore, the degree of oxidation of the encapsulation polymer in bioresorbable devices should be considered.
The enzymatic degradation in bioresorbable implants is triggered by enzymes present in the extracellular matrix and body fluids. (172) Several kinds of enzymes, including lipases, dehydrogenases, proteinases, diastases, and α/β-amylases, can participate in this enzymatic degradation under physiological conditions. (305−308) This degradation is influenced by several factors, including enzyme diffusion, reaction kinetics, and the diffusion of decomposition byproducts. Though various enzymatic reactions can occur, the majority involve hydrolytic reactions that can be effectively catalyzed by enzymes such as lipases, esterases, and proteases in both synthetic and natural polymers. Despite research efforts to measure the mass loss of bioresorbable polymers under in vitro conditions that mimic physiological media, such as water or aqueous solutions (e.g., bovine serum, artificial spinal fluid, and phosphate buffer solution), in vitro data are insufficient to predict in vivo lifetime of those polymers because of the complex enzyme content and interactions in biofluids and their variance among animal and human subjects. (172) Therefore, if the employed polymer is susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis in biofluids, it is recommended to perform a series of clinical tests on human subjects to obtain a database of ranges of functioning and disappearance times.
Material properties, such as monomer structure, molecular weight, (310) hydrophilicity, (311) crystallinity, (312) phase microstructure, (228) and material processing, influence the polymer degradation rate and the macroscopic biodegradation mechanism (Figure 9A). (175) The crystallinity is determined by multiple variables, including material processing, phase separation, molecular weight, and monomer structure. In general, water diffusion is restricted within the crystalline lamellae of semicrystalline spherulites, whereas the amorphous region has a high diffusion coefficient (Figure 9B). (38) Thus, high crystallinity is largely responsible for the low degradation rate, leading to partial surface erosion. (311) Considering water diffusion into hydrolytic polymers, increased hydrophobicity leads to slower degradation for polymers with the same molecular structure and composition (Figure 9C). In this context, a wide range of polymer architectures including copolymers, polymer blends, semi-interpenetrating networks (semi-IPNs), and nanocomposites have been used to attain high crystallinity and enhanced hydrophobicity (Figure 9D). These properties confer the long and predictable lifespan necessary for an encapsulation layer through surface erosion.

Figure 9

Figure 9. Material-based factors that affect the rate of hydrolysis of polyesters. (A) Diagram of the material properties that influence polyester hydrolysis. (B) Illustration of restricted water diffusion due to high crystallinity. (C) Hydrophobicity decreases water diffusion and the degradation rate. (D) Polymer architectures to modulate biodegradation performance via crystallinity and hydrophobicity. (A–D) Reproduced with permission from ref (175). Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society. Sequential photographs showing (E) bulk biodegradation and (F) surface erosion of POC due to low and high cross-linking ratios, respectively (in PBS (pH = 7.4) at 37 °C). (E and F) Reproduced with permission from ref (230). Copyright 2022 American Chemical Society. FE-SEM images of the surface and core of (G) PHA and (H) a PHA–PLLA polymer blend to demonstrate the influence of hydrophobicity on biodegradation behavior. (G and H) Reproduced with permission from ref (309). Copyright 2006 Elsevier.

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The sequential images of POC shown in Figure 9E and F illustrate its contrasting biodegradation behaviors through bulk degradation or surface erosion, which are contingent on the cross-linking ratio. (230) At low cross-linking ratios, POC had a high diffusion coefficient for liquid water, leading to simultaneous hydrolysis in the bulk sample. Conversely, POC with a high cross-linking ratio had a lower diffusion coefficient, leading to predominantly surface erosion. Figure 9G and H provide another example of how the characteristics of materials can influence macroscopic degradation. PHAs, which typically undergo bulk degradation, can exhibit surface erosion when combined with hydrophobic PLLA. (309) Upon degradation (45 d, 37 °C, water), pure PHAs were found to exhibit porosity in both the edge and core regions, owing to their hydrophilicity and high water diffusion. In contrast, the PHAs-PLLA polymer blend showed only morphological changes at the edge, with the core appearing to have densified due to its low glass transition temperature (41 °C) and recrystallization. This indicates a degradation process that is primarily limited to the surface and implies that these polyesters possess considerable hydrophobicity, a necessary condition for achieving surface erosion/degradation behavior.
In addition to material-originated properties, environmental factors are largely responsible for the biodegradation performance of polymers. As shown in Figure 10A, in the human body, there are highly acidic environments (e.g., intragastric, pH = 1–2.5) as well as weak basic environments (e.g., distal small intestine, pH = 6.8–7.88). (178,182,186) In an acidic environment (pH < 7.4), the same carbonyl group becomes protonated, rendering it receptive to nucleophilic attack by water (Figure 10B), whereas in a basic environment (pH > 7.4) the carbonyl group of the compound is vulnerable to hydroxide ion attack (Figure 10C). (304) Due to different catalyzed hydrolysis mechanisms and responsible moieties, the degradation rates of certain materials can vary significantly between basic and acidic environments. Sailema-Palate et al. investigated the degradation of PCL under highly acidic (pH = 1) and highly basic (pH = 13) conditions and found that PCL samples degraded more rapidly at pH = 13 but exhibited less water uptake. (314) Additionally, PCL degraded more slowly than PDLA in highly basic media, which was attributed in part to the lower electrophilicity of PCL’s carbonyl carbon atoms. (182) Conversely, PCL degraded faster than PDLA in highly acidic media due to the higher nucleophilicity of PCL’s carbonyl oxygen atoms.

Figure 10

Figure 10. Environment-based factors and surface properties for the biodegradation of polymers. (A) pH circumstances in gastrointestinal organs of the human body. Reproduced with permission from ref (178). Copyright 2020 MDPI under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). (B) Acid- and (C) base-catalyzed hydrolysis of polyesters. (D) Illustration of the influence of surface morphology on biodegradation performance. (E) FE-SEM images of a PLA solid film and a PLA porous scaffold before and after degradation in water at 60 °C for 14 d. (F) Mass profile of a PLA film vs hydrolysis time depending on the pore size. (E and F) Reproduced with permission from ref (179). Copyright 2011 American Chemical Society. (G) Schematic of how surface coating suppresses water diffusion and the adhesion of proteins and microsomes. (H) Schematic representation of nonmodified and zwitterionic polymer-coated beads, demonstrating antifouling methods against biotinylated serum proteins. Reproduced with permission from ref (180). Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society. (I) Super hydrophobicity was achieved by incorporating GOgODA nanosheets (NSs) into PLA aimed at a decrease in weight loss rate and moisture permeability. Reproduced with permission from ref (313). Copyright 2017 Royal Society of Chemistry.

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The precise control of the lifetime of B-TENGs can be achieved by modulating the surface morphology and using an appropriate barrier layer that undergoes surface erosion. (179,180) Surface morphology influences diffusion by affecting the surface area available for diffusion, as well as the surface energy and reactivity of the materials (Figure 10D). A material with a rough surface has a large effective surface area that offers more pathways for diffusion, thus increasing the rate of diffusion. On the other hand, a material with a smooth surface may have lower surface energy and be less reactive, which can decrease the rate of diffusion. Additionally, surface features such as pores can act as diffusion pathways, allowing atoms or molecules to move through the material more easily. For example, Odelius et al. investigated the impact of porosity and pore size on the degradation profiles of PLA. (179) The PLA solid film initially had a smooth and homogeneous cross-section, but after 2 weeks of degradation in deionized water at 37 °C crystalline structures were formed throughout the bulk due to faster degradation of amorphous regions (Figure 10E). However, the structure close to and at the surface differed from the bulk, supporting the theory of an autocatalytic process contributing to faster degradation. The porous scaffolds had regular structures with homogeneously distributed pores, and pore size affected the degradation rate. Sharp pore edges were observed after 28 d of hydrolysis, indicating that degradation primarily occurred in the amorphous regions (Figure 10E). All of the materials experienced a decrease in remaining mass with hydrolysis time, as expected (Figure 10F). Initially, higher mass loss was observed for materials with larger pore sizes, while the solid films exhibited the fastest mass loss rate. These differences decreased with increasing degradation time, eventually leading to almost no remaining number-average molar mass of the samples. The faster mass loss and lower average molar mass of the nonporous films compared to the porous samples are attributed to an autocatalytic effect, where degradation products catalyze further hydrolysis in the solid films. Increased pore size also resulted in faster mass loss due to the greater thickness of the pore walls. This autocatalytic effect has been observed even for very thin films in previous studies.
Figure 10G summarizes the main effects of surface coating on biodegradable polymers. A zwitterionic polymer contains both positive and negative charges in its structure. Thus, using it as an encapsulation layer reduces biofouling and immune response and allows for improved system integration with the surrounding tissue (Figure 10H). (180) Zwitterionic polymers possess high hydrophilicity owing to their inherent polarity from the presence of both positive and negative charges. (16) While the exclusive use of zwitterionic polymers as encapsulation layers might result in undesired high water diffusion and hydrolysis, it confers several benefits when the polymers are coated onto bioresorbable systems. In particular , the hydrophilic nature of zwitterionic polymers reduces the risk of radical attack by immune-response-originated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the interaction with various proteins and microorganisms by inhibiting their adhesion. (315,316)
Employing a highly hydrophobic surface is a promising strategy for inhibiting the bulk degradation of encapsulation polymers. Zhou et al. proposed a novel approach to enhance the durability and reliability of encapsulation polymers through the development of a superhydrophobic 3D network architecture, (313) incorporating interconnected graphene oxide-grafted octadecylamine (GOgODA) NSs into PLA (Figure 10I). To prepare uniform-sized PLA microspheres and superhydrophobic GOgODA, the building blocks were decorated using a vapor barrier-postmolding assembly. The resulting nanocomposite PLA films displayed excellent water resistance, with a water permeability coefficient 6.5× lower than that of pure PLA films, leading to a remarkable decrease in the weight loss rate. The surface modification technique utilized by the authors effectively limited water infiltration into the polymer matrix, which is a key factor in the degradation process. Thus, the lifetime of the encapsulation system was extended by reducing the rate of hydrolysis and other degradation mechanisms. A hydrophobic surface can also enhance the stability and mechanical properties of the polymer matrix, ultimately leading to improved performance and longer lifespan. (119)
In the context of B-TENGs, bioresorbable metals, such as Mg, Zn, Fe, Mo, and W, and their alloys serve as electrodes and conductors in the form of thin deposited films or plates. (62,65) In addition, biodegradable metals can provide mechanical support for biodegradable devices within biological tissues by forming metal–polymer layer-by-layer composites with relatively strong mechanical toughness. (319) As shown in Figure 11A, metals undergo oxidation in contact with body fluids, generating electrons that are consumed in cathodic reactions. (35) This produces hydrogen gas and hydroxide, forming a protective metal oxide layer on the surface. (320) The protective oxide layer of magnesium alloys can be weakened by the high concentration of chloride ions found in body fluids, accelerating the degradation process. The presence of calcium and phosphate ions in body fluids and local alkalization lead to the deposition of calcium phosphate on the metal oxide layer during the degradation process, enabling cells to adhere to the surface and form tissues. (35)

Figure 11

Figure 11. Mechanisms of metal biodegradation. (A) Environment-specific biodegradation processes of metals based on their reaction with body fluid. Reproduced with permission from ref (317). Copyright 2019 Elsevier. (B) Specific biodegradation processes of metals based on their reaction with body fluids. Reproduced with permission from ref (283) Copyright 2018 Elsevier under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). (C) Macroscopic observation of Mo degradation in a Kokubo SBF solution at 37 °C. Reproduced with permission from ref (285). Copyright 2020 Elsevier. (D) Optical micrographs of degraded pure Fe and Fe-based alloys after implantation into a growing rat skeleton. Reproduced with permission from ref (318). Copyright 2014 Elsevier. (E) Cell viability test according to the biodegradation of Mg and alloys to examine cytotoxicity and biocompatibility. Reproduced with permission from ref (282). Copyright 2016 PLOS under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The degradation process of Mg involves biomineralization, with the participation of various ions and oxides. (283) An overview of current knowledge on the degradation products of Mg under physiological conditions is shown in Figure 11B. Thus, the selection of an appropriate solution for in vitro investigation depends on the specific objectives of the study. (321) To screen for materials and compare degradation rates, simulated body fluid (SBF) and Earle’s balanced salt solution (EBSS) in combination with CO2/HCO3– buffering are recommended. (322) In contrast, cell culture media containing fetal bovine serum (FBS), such as modified eagle medium (MEM), Dulbecco’s MEM, and α-MEM, are recommended to study the behavior and mechanism of degradation. (323,324) The latter culture media offer a degradation behavior closer to that of in vivo conditions but are more complex, require more technical and experimental efforts, and are not typically found in material science-oriented laboratories. (321) As the degradation rate is sensitive to changes in temperature and pH, in vivo investigations on the lifetime and degradation of metallic materials should be conducted for practical applications.
Zn, (325) Mo, (227,285) and Fe (318,326) also have high biocompatibility and considerable biodegradation rates showing similar biodegradation mechanisms, which has led to the intensive commercialization of various implants including bioresorbable stents (Table 6, Figure 11C and D). The biodegradation of metallic components inevitably produces salts as byproducts, changing the pH of the surrounding tissue. Thus, biocompatibility and biosafety assessments of bioresorbable materials should be validated by investigating their cytotoxicity, pH changes, genotoxicity, and other factors. Mg has gained significant attention as a biomaterial because of its excellent biocompatibility and good resorbability. (327) Extensive studies have been conducted on its biocompatibility under in vivo and in vitro conditions, revealing that its alloys are biocompatible regarding cell metabolism (Figure 11E). (282)

4. On-Demand Transient B-TENGs

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The previous sections presented a general overview of bioresorbable materials and B-TENGs based on passive operation, which involves continuous degradation of materials upon implantation. The lifetime of bioresorbable systems relies solely on predetermined characteristics, including material properties, specimen dimensions, surface morphology, and environmental factors, and most current bioresorbable implants employ passive operation. (30,40,44) Therefore, substantial efforts have been dedicated to understanding the kinetics of physicochemical degradation in order to predict and control the lifespan of bioresorbable devices. This is achieved by choosing or modifying the constituent materials, ultimately paving the way for their practical applications in the biomedical field. (172,174,175,177,228,230) Despite the noticeable accomplishments, bioresorbable implants with passive operation have inherent limitations regarding stable performance, noninvasive lifetime adjustment, and biosafe device removal due to gradually degrading characteristics. Recent advancements in the understanding of biodegradation processes, together with an increasing demand for novel material platforms, have inspired additional research on active operation to overcome the limitations of conventional bioresorbable implants.
Active operation and on-demand transience involve the rapid degradation of bioresorbable materials at an intended time by combining a noninvasive triggering event and stimulus-responsive materials. (46,55,70) This process allows the period between the end of the functional period of the device and its disappearance to be shortened, enabling more precise control over the device lifespan and minimizing the potential risks of prolonged exposure to residues. In contrast to passive operation, active operation is characterized by two distinct phases during the lifetime of the device. (55,56,71,328) During the first phase, the implanted materials maintain their functionality and lose mass at a slower rate. In the second phase, a physical or chemical stimulus triggers their rapid disintegration and dissolution. Recent studies have demonstrated triggered transience using two components: a stimulus-responsive encapsulation layer that controls biofluid infiltration and a rapidly degrading inner device that supports the overall device function. (117) When the stimulus is applied, the encapsulation layer breaks down and the inner device becomes saturated with biofluid and ceases to function, thus leading to quick and simultaneous disappearance.
The ability to determine the end point of an active operation while possessing the benefits of passive systems is highly advantageous. (58,117,123,329) First, an active system reduces patient burden by eliminating residual devices in the body. The passive system still has discomfort because it requires follow-up for monitoring degradation and, potentially, surgical device removal if the device lifetime exceeds the time frame of a relevant process, thus hindering its commercial viability. (10,13,40) In contrast, implants based on active operations can be immediately dissolved if no longer needed, simplifying the planning and execution of the medical process. In an ideal scenario, the only relevant information necessary for managing bioresorbable IMDs with active systems is their maximum functioning time under physiological conditions not imposing triggering events. As such, these devices provide improved biosafety and more precise control over their lifespan. (56,58,61,328) They ensure dependable maintenance, enable on-demand device removal, and diminish worries about unanticipated rapid dissolution or potential negative health effects from lingering residues in tissue. Incorporating active operation into B-TENGs has recently gained huge interest owing to its potential for temporally powering IMDs or self-powered biomedical applications. This section highlights recent research trends in on-demand bioresorbable systems. It covers not only B-TENGs but also other bioresorbable electronics and materials to unearth unexplored opportunities. We outline the use of stimulus-responsive materials and device designs, classifying them according to their respective triggering mechanisms.

4.1. Ultrasound-Triggered Transience

Ultrasounds are inaudible sounds with frequencies above 20 kHz. They are widely used in medical applications, such as diagnostic ultrasound or noninvasive power transfer, delivering high and low air pressure inside the body based on high tissue permeability. There have been reports of ultrasound-responsive drug delivery systems in which a remedial ultrasound mechanically disintegrates a polymer matrix, breaks the weak chemical bonds of polymers, or induces the controlled release of embedded degradation factors. Ultrasound-mediated technology exhibits considerable potential for an effective and safe active operation because of its high energy permeability and biosafety.
Lee et al. developed a fully bioresorbable ultrasound TENG consisting of a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)-PEG (PHBV/PEG) polymeric composite triboelectric membrane, a PHBV encapsulation layer, and a Mg electrode, all of which could be noninvasively eliminated by applying ultrasounds (Figure 12A). (58) This device had the structure of a single-electrode-mode TENG, incorporating the characteristics of an ultrasound-driven implantable TENG reported in 2019. (138) The device, with an active area of 4 cm2, generated a stable high-output voltage (4.51 V) and output current (27.86 μA) at an ultrasound intensity of 0.5 W·cm–2. This performance was achieved through the ultrasound-mediated vibration of the PHBV membrane submerged in water. The output power of the B-TENG at 0.5 W·cm–2 reached 17.24 μW·cm–2 at an optimized electrical impedance of 20 kΩ. High-intensity ultrasound (HIU) can trigger mechanical disintegration of the device by intensifying acoustic pressure at the micropores in a PHBV film, facilitating on-demand transience (Figure 12B). The output power of the B-TENG drastically decreased when an HIU (3 W·cm–2) was applied, and no electrical signal was observed after 40 min. The potential of this B-TENG as an on-demand transient triboelectric implant was demonstrated by its output generation and successful fracture under ex vivo conditions (in porcine tissue). An output voltage of 544 mV was achieved under 0.5 mm of porcine skin and was almost maintained for 21 d. The device stopped generating power by triggering events for 120 min, indicating sufficient mechanical disintegration. The recent advances in ultrasound technology are anticipated to enable more sophisticated on-demand transience while ensuring biosafety, thereby achieving commercial viability. Given the variety of available waveforms, frequencies, and focusing options, the use of ultrasounds could potentially enhance both the rate of active degradation and biological safety in the future. (330−332)

Figure 12

Figure 12. Ultrasound-triggered on-demand transience in B-TENGs and polymers. (A) Mechanism of triggered biodegradation by intensified acoustic pressure in the micropores of a PHBV encapsulation layer. (B) Photographs of degrading PHBV and PHBV/PEG films over time. (A and B) Reproduced with permission from ref (58). Copyright 2022 American Association for the Advancement of Science. (C) Structural design of an on-demand B-TENG for bacterial inactivation and (D) improved biodegradation rate of its constituent membranes by applying high-intensity ultrasounds (HIU). (C and D) Reproduced with permission from ref (117). Copyright 2023 Wiley-VCH under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). (E) Self-clearance mechanism of an alginate hydrogel-TiO2 NPs composite. Reproduced with permission from ref (329). Copyright 2022 American Chemical Society. (F) Degradation mechanisms of mechanically gated degradable polymers and decrease in molecular weight when subjected to sonication. Reproduced with permission from ref (339). Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society.

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Further work by Imani et al. explored the application of B-TENGs as antibacterial agents, implementing active operation. (117) This study introduced a novel approach for eradicating microorganisms deep within tissues to prevent surgical site infections (SSIs) using an ultrasound-driven fully bioresorbable B-TENG (Figure 12C). Once the device reaches the end of its programmed lifetime, it can be dissolved on-demand by controlling the intensity of the ultrasound, eliminating the need for surgical removal. Both Mg and PHBV, the primary component materials, degraded gradually over 8 weeks, maintaining their structures (Figure 12D). However, when 5 W·cm–2 of ultrasound irradiation was applied, the PHBV fully disintegrated within 120 min and the PVA triboelectric layer inside rapidly dissolved within 20 min. Thus, the B-TENG lost all its weight and disappeared shortly after PHBV disintegration.
Wang et al. reported a self-clearance hydrogel composite that can be dissolved by ultrasonic triggering events (Figure 12E). (329) The researchers prepared a hydrogel composite comprised of a sodium alginate hydrogel and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs). The sodium alginate hydrogel, cross-linked with a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-cleavable thioketal, acts as a ROS-responsive material, and the TiO2 NPs generate ROS in response to ultrasonic waves. The on-demand degradation is accomplished through a combination of two elements: a ROS generator and a ROS-responsive matrix. (333,334) More specifically, the acoustic pressure from the ultrasound induces a piezoelectric potential in the TiO2 NPs, triggering an electrochemical reaction with water to generate ROS. (335,336) These ROS, in turn, break the thioketal bonds within the hydrogel matrix through radical reactions. (337,338) The degradation process continues as free radicals multiply through a series of radical-forming reactions. As a result, the hydrogel composite transforms from a colloid to a semifluid and dissolves completely within 60 days. The researchers successfully demonstrated the efficacy of this mechanism by using the self-clearing hydrogel composite to reversibly block the sperm duct in a mouse model, creating an efficient contraception device. The relatively low and biosafe intensity of ultrasound required to generate ROS, combined with the existence of many ROS-generating species (such as barium titanate or BTO) and ROS-cleavable chemical bonds, opens a wide range of potential applications for these active operation systems.
Mechanically gated degradable polymers were reported by Lin et al. (Figure 12F). (339) In this study, a cyclobutane (CB) mechanophore was used as a mechanical gate in the creation of acid-degradable polymers by regulating an acid-sensitive ketal integrated into the polymer structure. In the absence of acid, the polymer remained intact and could only be degraded by high mechanical forces, and ultrasonication was used to reduce its molecular weight to 28 kDa. The addition of acid after ultrasonication led to a further decrease in molecular weight to 2.5 kDa. The mechanical strength of the ungated ketal was comparable to that of traditional polymer backbones, and a force of 2 nN was required to activate the CB gate in 100 ms according to single-molecule force spectroscopy.

4.2. Thermally Triggered Transience

Thermoresponsiveness is the ability of a polymer to drastically change its physicochemical properties with the temperature. (43) In bioresorbable devices, physicochemical properties of thermoresponsive materials such as solubility in biofluids, water content, and wettability can be changed with temperature variations, initiating decay and decomposition. Thermally triggerable transient bioresorbable devices are most studied in this field, with many different reported thermoresponsive mechanisms (Figure 13A). An increase in temperature is commonly considered a direct triggering event that can cleave primary or secondary bonds of materials. (203,340) In other instances, the heating or cooling of materials can also prompt phase changes in polymers, such as those exhibited by lower and upper critical solution temperature (LCST and UCST, respectively) polymers. (341,342) Changes in temperature also can stimulate a coil-to-globule transition, and vice versa, enabling polymers to retain significant quantities of water and thus degrade more rapidly. When these materials are incorporated into a drug delivery device, heat can trigger degradation by facilitating the release of degradation factors stored within an independent reservoir. (73,343) Figure 13B summarizes thermoresponsive transient materials according to the applied temperature and duration of application. (60,61,68,73,203,340,342,343) The green region indicates the time–temperature thresholds for thermal injury of the human skin. (344) While many of these methods could potentially harm living organisms due to high triggering temperatures and prolonged triggering times, there are some notable instances where biosafety has been achieved. These include the triggered transience of methyl cellulose, (342) wax, (61) and gelatin/chitosan composites. (203) Therefore, with rigorous research efforts aimed at reducing the triggering temperature and time, it is anticipated that the implementation of biosafe and effective active operation devices based on thermoresponsive polymers will be achievable in the near future. (55)

Figure 13

Figure 13. Thermally triggered transience. (A) Diagram of the strategies employed to implement thermally responsive degradation and (B) review of triggering temperature and time of thermoresponsive polymers compared to the threshold curve for human skin thermal injury. (C) Photothermally tunable degradation of a PLA-based B-TENG using laser treatment. Reproduced with permission from ref (137). Copyright 2016 PLOS under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. (D) Photothermally tunable degradation of a chitosan-based B-TENG using laser treatment. Reproduced with permission from ref (122). Copyright 2018 Wiley-VCH.

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Li et al. focused on the development of fully bioresorbable TENGs as sustainable power sources for healthcare devices with the capability of photothermally tunable biodegradation (Figure 13C). (137) The authors fabricated B-TENGs with a hemisphere-array-based structure that included a POC triboelectric layer, electrodes, and gold nanorods (Au NRs). These TENGs showed promising results, with peak output voltages of 28 (in vitro) and 2 V (in vivo) when external pressure was applied. The degradation process was effectively controlled through the incorporation of Au NRs that responded to near-infrared (NIR) light. Au NRs convert NIR to heat energy, increasing the local temperature of the device. The small radius of Au NRs increased the conversion efficiency and generated sufficient heat to trigger the biodegradation of the POC. Treatment with a NIR laser for 5 min (808 nm wavelength, 5.2 W·cm–2) resulted in a temperature change of 13.2 °C. The B-TENG based on PLGA stopped working after 3 (in vitro) and 28 d (in vivo) of applying NIR light. These results showed that a NIR light can trigger the erosion of SBPs, such as PLGA, PLA, and PCL in a rat model, demonstrating the effectiveness of photothermally tunable TENG biodegradation. Want et al. fabricated TENGs with tunable biodegradation rates (Figure 13D), (122) and a Q-switched neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser (532 nm) was used to trigger the biodegradation process. The partially bioresorbable TENGs were constructed from chitosan-based film containing 10% acetic acid, lignin, starch, or glycerol. Laser treatment with a larger number of pulses significantly changed the surface morphology to be rougher and more wrinkled.
Despite promising prospects and ongoing explorations in the field of bioresorbable electronics and chemistry, the use of thermoresponsive materials for triggered transience has been seldom applied to TENGs, with only a few examples in existence. However, the current state of research suggests that there are abundant opportunities for B-TENGs to explore the use of materials that have been previously studied in other fields but remain unexplored. This can further expand the potential of TENG technology and facilitate advancements in triggerable transient materials and devices given the wide variety of material options available. In this context, the following sections provide a comprehensive introduction to triggerable biodegradation mechanisms, including relevant examples from various fields.
Fukada et al. reported a thermally degradable gelatin/chitosan hydrogel as the substrate of bioresorbable inductors (Figure 14A). (203) They developed a cross-linked gelatin/chitosan hydrogel and tailored its thermal response by optimizing the concentration of the cross-linker, genipin, to prevent dissolution. The gel resisted transitioning to a liquid state upon heating, and with genipin concentrations exceeding 1 mM it maintained its shape in warm water (37 °C) containing a gelatin/chitosan mix (2.45 g/0.05 g). Consequently, the degradation rate could be managed, as the hydrogel dissolves in response to a sufficiently high, preprogrammed temperature. This study demonstrates that stimuli-responsive, on-demand bioresorbable systems can be fashioned from a passive system by accurately adjusting the degradation kinetics.

Figure 14

Figure 14. Thermoresponsive transient electronics. (A) Thermally degradable inductors based on gelatin–chitosan hydrogel films. Reproduced with permission from ref (203). Copyright 2022 American Chemical Society. (B) Temperature-dependent transience originating from the LCST behavior of a Ag NW/methylcellulose composite. Reproduced with permission from ref (342). Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society. (C) Schematic diagram of the phase transition via LCST behavior. (D) Thermally triggered transience using a wax-encapsulated acid. Reproduced with permission from ref (61) Copyright 2015 Wiley-VCH. (E) Wireless transient microfluidic system with a heat-expandable polymer for controlled release. Reproduced with permission from ref (343). Copyright 2015 Wiley-VCH.

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Phase transitions instigated by heating or cooling can offer an attractive mechanism for triggering rapid degradation. This approach enables precise control over the critical temperature by adjusting the composition, effectively providing effective transience while preventing any undesired triggering event. (345−349) LCST and UCST polymers are two types of thermoresponsive polymers that undergo phase transitions in response to temperature changes. LCST polymers, possessing a lower critical solution temperature, transition from a soluble state to an insoluble state as the temperature rises above the LCST. Conversely, UCST polymers, characterized by an upper critical solution temperature, shift from an insoluble state to a soluble state as the temperature increases beyond the UCST. Those transitions do not occur gradually even at temperatures around the threshold, thus they are advantageous in ensuring selectivity. (350)
Zhang et al. developed thermoresponsive conducting composites, combining methyl cellulose with LCST behavior and conductive Ag NWs (Figure 14B). (342) The LCST is insoluble above a threshold temperature but soluble below that temperature, as the polymeric binder becomes hydrophilic and dissolves in water (Figure 14C). (348,349) The electrical conductance of the composite was maintained for over 24 h at body temperature and drastically decreased after 5 s at a lower temperature of approximately 20 °C. The methylcellulose was cooled by immersion in water. Although a specific method to cool implanted devices in vivo was not suggested, the highly selective transience of LCST polymers is noticeable. In contrast to LCST polymers, UCST polymers undergo hydrophobic-to-hydrophilic transitions upon heating. Thus, they can also be utilized in active operations. In some respects, UCST polymers may be more feasible than LCST polymers in a clinical setting, given that it is often simpler to increase the temperature of implants than to decrease it. (341,351) However, UCST behavior is only observed in specific polymer systems, such as poly(acrylonitrile) and poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide). (341,351) Therefore, there are limited options for UCST polymers that meet other requirements, such as mechanical toughness and output performance, resulting in fewer reported studies on their use in active operation.
Figure 14D and E present active operation systems integrated with drug delivery. (61) Over the past few decades, drug delivery technology has seen significant advancements, enhancing the efficacy and safety of pharmaceutical treatments. The integration of drug delivery systems with bioresorbable devices offers immense potential for executing on-demand transience, coupled with the controlled release of chemicals that initiates device removal. (352−354) In this context, Park et al. employed thermally responsive transient electronic devices for on-demand drug delivery applications (Figure 14D). (61) This study highlights the use of a wax composite that melts upon exposure to sufficient heat and releases the encapsulated acid, which facilitates the rapid destruction of the device through acidic degradation of the electronic components. The sequestration and encapsulation of methanesulfonic acid (MSA) were accomplished by melt casting an acid/wax emulsion, and a wireless RF heater (345−347) was designed as a serpentine-shaped resistor and spiral inductor coils. In addition to the degradation of Mg traces, the Si-based devices underneath were also destroyed by the MSA via acid-triggered depolymerization of the cyclic poly(phthalaldehyde) (cPPA) substrate. A 40% MSA/wax was triggered at 55 °C, releasing acid that degraded the Mg electrodes and the cPPA substrate within 20 s. The device fully disappeared within 1 min of triggering. This temperature-sensitive approach precisely controls the drug release kinetics, enabling on-demand transience for a targeted and efficient therapeutic intervention.
Lee et al. reported a wireless microfluidic system with three reservoirs of metal or ceramic material etchants able to release stored etchants through serial communication with an infrared light-emitting diode (Figure 14E). (343) An infrared (IR) transmitter and receiver were employed to regulate the Joule heating of heater elements positioned beneath the reservoirs and the heat-expandable polymers. These three separate heater elements were crafted from gold serpentine traces (300 nm thick) on an FR4 substrate. The FR4 substrate was selected due to its conventional use in microelectronics and its low thermal conductivity (0.4 W m–1·K–1), enabling it to reach high temperatures with minimal power input. A battery supplied approximately 286 mW of power to each heater, which triggered Joule heating and resulted in peak temperatures around 100 °C within about 20 s of wireless activation using an IR remote control unit. The subsequent expansion of the heat-expandable polymers created mechanical pressure on the reservoirs, pushing the enclosed chemicals through the outlets. This mechanism facilitated the ejection of approximately 2.64 μL of water through the microfluidic channels, across the contained chemical powders, and ultimately onto the targeted electronics. The produced etchants were then capable of partially or fully dissolving layers of silicon (Si), silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminum (Al), and other functional materials.
Although the development of a bioresorbable reservoir remains uninvestigated, incorporating a reservoir that can be gated by external stimuli into a bioresorbable device provides several advantages for implementation in an active operation, enabling fast and immediate dissolution by the drugs or etchants in the miniaturized reservoir. Additionally, device removal can be initiated by minimized stimulation; the gate is considerably smaller than the entire device and requires a much lower triggering energy than that required to degrade all device materials, minimizing any adverse health effects. However, ensuring the high mechanical durability of the gate to prevent accidental elimination of the device remains challenging. Furthermore, its biosafety must be evaluated, as the sudden release of the stored drug may damage tissues or lead to acute inflammation.

4.3. Light-Triggered Transience

In addition to the aforementioned triggers, many different mechanisms lead to on-demand transience. Active operational mechanisms can also be triggered by light. Hernandez et al. fabricated phototriggerable transient electronics on cPPA. (56) Figure 15A shows the transience of silicon-based active devices on 2-(4-methoxystyryl)-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine (MBTT)/cPPA films exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light (379 nm) for 230 min. MBTT films are photoacid generators (PAGs) that release chlorine radicals upon exposure to UV light. These radicals abstract hydrogens from the environment to generate hydrochloric acid (HCl). HCl then reacts with the acetal backbone of cPPA, initiating a degradation process that ultimately causes the electronics to disintegrate and be destroyed. Integrating PAGs with acid-degradable polymers can be a promising method for implementing light-triggered active operation. There are various PAGs available with different responsiveness and acid-generating wavelengths, such as N-hydroxynaphthalimide triflate (254 nm) (355) and Rhodorsil Faba (365–405 nm). (356) Hence, several material options are available for imparting UV light.

Figure 15

Figure 15. Light-triggered transient electronics. (A) Photographs of photoresponsive transient electronics based on MBTT/cPPA films and schematic diagrams of working mechanisms. Reproduced with permission from ref (56). Copyright 2014 Wiley-VCH. (B) Photographs of a hydrogel that transitions from gel to sol by UV light, optical microscopy images of a Mg electrode that consequently undergoes hydrolysis, and schematics of the working mechanisms. Reproduced with permission from ref (70). Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society.

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Figure 15B illustrates the UV light-triggered transience and the corresponding mechanism of light-responsive hydrogel and oxide. (70) Upon exposure to UV light (365 nm and 300 mW·cm–2), a hydrogel based on 4-arms-polyethylene glycol-NH2 undergoes a gel-to-sol phase transition. This shift is the result of photoinduced cleavage of azo bonds causing the degradation of the three-dimensional network and thereby increasing water permeation through the oxide layer, which in turn accelerates degradation. This process offers numerous advantages over other forms of triggered transience. A key advantage lies in the ability to achieve precise spatiotemporal control over the degradation process. By modulating the wavelength, intensity, and duration of light exposure, the material’s degradation can be selectively targeted to a specific area and controlled meticulously over time. While light-triggered transience might be limited to superficial implants due to low light transmittance in deeper tissues, and potential risk for heat injury, the capability to precisely manage light incidence and focus presents a valuable option.

5. Material Design for Large Output Power

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Device miniaturization is a crucial requirement that can reduce physical harm and negative consequences to the surrounding tissues (e.g., cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and immune responses), thus achieving seamless implantation. (29,44) Small formfactors enable the utilization of IMDs in confined areas in vivo, thereby broadening their possible clinical applications. (27,33) However, a diminished active area of triboelectric layers results in a low output, which significantly impairs the viability of IMDs in commercial and medical fields. Therefore, achieving a high output power per device size is a pressing demand in this field. (140) The high surface charge density of triboelectric layers is highly contributed to the large output power; thus, intensive research efforts have been directed toward developing triboelectric materials that have large amounts of charges via a triboelectric event. (146,357−359) Despite significant advancements in the output performance of nondegradable conventional TENGs in the past decade and ongoing efforts in the B-TENGs field, there is still a need to considerably enhance the output level of B-TENGs, and developing high-performance, bioresorbable triboelectric materials remains a challenge due to the short history of B-TENGs and the relatively limited choices of triboelectric materials available. Diverse material development strategies have been tried to achieve large-power-output bioresorbable tribo-materials, which include unearthing high-charge polymers/polymer blends, functional group modification, embedding NPs, ion doping, surface nanostructuring, and changing surface chemical structures through surface functionalization. (199,209,225,360,361) In this section, we present various research efforts and achievements, each categorized under a specific material design strategy, to provide a roadmap for the future development of high-performance bioresorbable triboelectric materials.

Figure 16

Figure 16. Representative strategies to develop large power output bioresorbable triboelectric materials.

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5.1. High-Charge Polymers

NBPs have been widely used as triboelectric membranes for B-TENGs due to their inherent biocompatibility, however, their triboelectric properties still need to be enhanced. (118,201,362) The triboelectric polarity of NBPs can be improved by decorating them with highly electron-donating/attracting functional groups or manufacturing novel polymer composites. Figure 17A shows a facile method to modify the functional groups in molecular structures. (360) Chitosan, usually obtained by the alkaline deacetylation of chitin, was employed due to its exceptional biocompatibility and abundance of hydroxyl and amino functional groups, enabling the modification of its chemical structure. First, the chitosan precursor was dissolved in citric acid and thus hydrolyzed. The acidic conditions facilitated the hydrolysis of both main -chain glycosidic linkages and side=chain N-acetyl linkages. (363,364) Following fragmentation, chitosan, and citric acid established a 3D network with cross-linking junctions between the fragments. (365) The creation of hydrogen bonds also contributed to the construction of the 3D network. (205) The composition of chitosan and citric acid was optimized to mass ratios from 1:2 to 1:6 by investigating the Tyndall effect. (204,366) The composite films were designated according to their mass ratios (1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, and 1:6) as CC-1, CC-2, CC-3, CC-4, and CC-5, respectively.

Figure 17

Figure 17. Development of high-charge polymers to achieve large power output B-TENGs. (A) Schematics of chemical structures and 3D networks of a chitosan–citric acid (CC) polymeric composite. (B) Photograph of a transparent and flexible CC-TENG. (C) Comparison of the output current density of CC-TENGs based on CC-1 and CC-4 composites. (D) Changes in the output current density of CC-TENGs at different chitosan/citric acid ratios. (A–D) Reproduced with permission from ref (360) Copyright 2019 Wiley-VCH under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). (E) Optical microscopy and SEM images of chitosan-based composite membranes with different nature-derived additives, demonstrating their transparency and changes in surface morphology. (F) Electrical output current of chitosan-based TENGs along with the type of additives incorporated. (E and F) Reproduced with permission from ref (122). Copyright 2018 Wiley-VCH. (G) 3D network of nature-driven ϰ-carrageenan–agar composites. (H) Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) measurement showing an increase in surface potentials of composite films. (G and H) Reproduced with permission from ref (118). Copyright 2022 Elsevier. (I) Schematics and SEM images of cellulose-loaded PVA film (CPF) containing microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) particles and a PVA matrix polymer. (J) Output currents of B-TENGs based on bare PVA, CPF, and microarchitectured CPF (MACPF) that demonstrate highly improved performance. (I and J) Reproduced with permission from ref (371). Copyright 2019 Elsevier. (K) Enhanced output voltages of partially bioresorbable TENGs based on chemically functionalized cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) with nitro and methyl functional groups. Reproduced with permission from ref (202). Copyright 2017 Wiley-VCH.

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Figure 17B shows a photograph of a partially bioresorbable chitosan–-citric acid TENG (CC-TENG) with excellent transparency and flexibility. The electrode layers of the CC-TENG were prepared by mixing the as-prepared chitosan-citric solution with AgNWs and then drying it. The CC-TENG, featuring a double-electrode structure, generated an electrical output during periodic contact-separation motions with a polyimide film serving as a counter triboelectric layer. The authors measured the output current density of CC-TENGs with different composite mass ratios. As a result, a higher citric acid content increases the output power of the CC-TENG, as shown in Figure 17C. The CC-TENG containing the CC-4 composite film (mass ratio of 1:5) generated a current density of 125 μA·m–2, while the device containing the CC-1 composite film only generated 17 μA·m–2. The output current densities at different citric acid concentrations are demonstrated in Figure 17D, reaching the maximum value at CC-4 and decreasing at a higher content level (CC-5). The authors stated that the degradation of output performance at CC-5 could be attributed to the uneven surface morphology of the composite.
Another strategy to enhance the triboelectric properties of chitosan involves forming polymeric composites with other nature-derived polymers. This method allows the improvement of the surface charge density of chitosan while maintaining low toxicity and cost using an easy synthetic process. Figure 17E illustrates an investigation of high-performing bioresorbable triboelectric polymeric composites that comprise chitosan with nature-derived additives including lignin, starch, glycerol, and acetic acid. (122) These additives are all environmentally friendly materials: lignin supports the structure of plants, (367) starch is obtained from abundant food sources (e.g., potato and rice), (368) glycerol is a common component of lipids in plants and animals, (369) and acetic acid can be produced through bacterial fermentation. (370) These polymeric composites were obtained by dissolving their precursors under weakly acidic conditions using 2% (v/v) acetic acid. The resulting solution was stirred until homogeneous and drop-cast onto a plastic mold at room temperature. The formation of intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl (−OH) and amine (−NH) groups contributes to the high strength and low ductility of the as-prepared composite films. Figure 17E presents the optical images of transparent chitosan-based composite films. However, the film containing lignin was not transparent due to its inherent opacity and insolubility in water. The SEM images of the surface topography of the composites also revealed that the composite containing lignin had a segregated area of dense particles when compared to the others.
To confirm the improvement in the power generation capability, partially bioresorbable TENGs were fabricated by assembling chitosan-based composite films with a polyimide counter triboelectric layer and aluminum electrodes. A series of triboelectric output measurements were then conducted (Figure 17F). The chitosan–10% acetic acid composite film hit the largest output voltage and current, possibly due to the positive triboelectric polarity of acetic acid. (372) Moreover, the excessive content of acetic acid protonates the chitosan, thereby further enhancing its charge-donating ability. Next, the chitosan–lignin composite and pure chitosan exhibited similar triboelectric properties, resulting in comparable triboelectric output performances for the TENGs based on them. Next, the chitosan–starch composite was positioned on the negative side of the triboelectric series, demonstrating electron-attracting behavior as indicated by the reversed output peak direction. This is due to starch being highly tribo-negative, which is attributed to its high hydroxyl group content. Finally, TENGs using chitosan–glycerol composite films generated higher triboelectric outputs than others; however, the electrical output signals were not stable, exhibiting more noise-like waveforms (Figure 17F). This is explained by the stickiness of the chitosan–glycerol surfaces. Consequently, a maximum power density of 17.5 μW·m–2 was achieved using the 10% acetic acid–chitosan composite.
A nature-derived ϰ-carrageenan–agar (ϰC–agar) composite was used as the triboelectric material to fabricate a fully bioresorbable TENG. (118) Both ϰC and agar are edible polysaccharides obtained from red seaweed. (198,373) The 3D aggregated structure of the ϰC–agar composite exhibited an abundance of charge-trapping sites composed of calcium cations (Ca2+) and sulfate ester groups (Figure 17G), thus leading to highly electron-donating characteristics. The ϰC–agar composite film was simply prepared by a drop-casting method using an aqueous solution of the precursors and glycerol plasticizer. Figure 17H illustrates changes in the surface potential of the composites via the composition measured using Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). As a result, surface potential notably increased to 1.15 V at 80% ϰC concentration, revealing the composite’s superior charge-donating ability. A fully bioresorbable TENG was fabricated to demonstrate the potential for an implantable temporally powering solution, employing Mg metal plates as electrode layers and pristine PCL as the counter triboelectric layer. As a result, the optimized TENG generated the highest root-mean-square (RMS) output current density of 0.45 mA·m–2 and a RMS output power density of 0.15 mW·m–2 at 9.5 MΩ external impedance.
PVA has also been widely explored as a bioresorbable triboelectric material because of its cost-effectiveness, low cytotoxicity, and easy fabrication; however, its weak triboelectric polarity has hampered achieving a large output. (202) As shown in Figure 17I and J, loading microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) in a PVA matrix significantly increases the surface charge density. (371) MCC powder was obtained from refined and crystallized squandered cotton by isolating them through centrifugation and drying. Then, to fabricate a flexible cellulose-loaded polymer film (CPF), the MCC powder was added to a PVA solution and poured into a mold, followed by drying. KPFM measurements were conducted to determine the work functions and evaluate triboelectric polarities of the CPF samples at different MCC contents. The work function reached to a maximum value of approximately 4.8 eV at 2.5 wt % cellulose concentration, indicating the superior triboelectric charge transfer. For further enhancement, microarchitectured CPF (MACPF) films that possess large surface areas were prepared by drop-casting a PVA/MCC solution onto a micropyramidal textured silicon mold. Then, to verify the enhancement in output power, partially bioresorbable TENGs based on bare PVA, CPF, and MACPF were fabricated by assembling each with Al electrode layers and a polyimide counter-triboelectric layer. Figure 17J shows the triboelectric output current of prepared TENGs. Upon applying a mechanical force of 4–5 N at 5 Hz, the CPF-based TENG generated a VOC of approximately 400 V and an ISC of approximately 25 μA. The MACPF-based TENG exhibited the highest triboelectric energy generation capability, with a VOC of approximately 600 V and an ISC of approximately 40 μA. The MACPF-based TENG had a power density of 84.5 W·m–2, presenting high mechanical durability and reliability in energy generation.
Figure 17K shows that chemically functionalized cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) exhibited large triboelectric polarity. (202) CNF films were treated with aqueous HNO3 and H2SO4 solutions to prepare nitro-functionalized CNF films (nitro-CNF). Methyl-functionalized CNF films (methyl-CNF) were prepared by methylating refined CNF using dimethyl sulfate. The introduction of functional groups through polymer grafting significantly altered the surface potential of the CNF-based films, as assessed by KPFM measurements. The nitro-CNF film exhibited a more negative triboelectric polarity, exhibiting an average surface potential of −1.3 V, which is more negative than the −330 mV surface potential of the untreated CNF films. In contrast, the methyl-CNF film demonstrated tribo-positive properties, with a measured surface potential of 1.1 V. The CNF-based films were then integrated with indium tin oxide (ITO)/PET electrode layers to construct partially bioresorbable CNF-based TENGs, then the output of TENGs was measured, as shown in Figure 17K. The TENG based on pristine CNF film had the smallest VOC output of approximately 0.8 V. In contrast, the nitro-CNF TENG and the methyl-CNF TENG generated over 4× larger VOC outputs of 4.9 and 3.7 V, respectively. In precise terms, the nitro-CNF possessed a negative surface charge density of 85.8 μC·m–2. Conversely, the methyl-CNF carries a positive surface charge density of 62.5 μC·m–2. When compared to fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), one of the most tribo-negative materials, these values represent 71% and 52% increases, respectively. Hence, the polymer grafting technique proved to be an efficient strategy for modulating the triboelectric polarity of CNF films and, potentially, other bioresorbable tribo-materials.

5.2. Nanoparticle Composites

The output performance of a B-TENG can be enhanced by the inclusion of high-permittivity nanoparticles (NPs). This enhancement is due to the high dielectric constant of the nanocomposite, which amplifies the electrical potential difference induced in the working electrodes. Moreover, as presented by some previous studies, these NPs can boost the triboelectric charge-trapping capabilities of the nanocomposite, leading to an increase in the surface charge density. Equation 2 serves as the theoretical basis for understanding a proportional relationship between the relative permittivity, surface charge density of the triboelectric materials and the triboelectric output performances.
V = σ X ( t ) ε 0 − Q S ε 0 ( d 1 ε 1 + d 2 ε 2 + X ( t ) )
(2)
Here V is the open-circuit voltage, σ is the surface charge density; Q is the triboelectric charges on the dielectric surface; d and ε are the thickness and relative permittivity of the triboelectric layer, respectively; S is the active area; X(t) is the distance between the triboelectric materials; and ε0 is the vacuum permittivity. (158,258)
First, a BTO-embedded cellulose aerogel paper was explored (Figure 18A–D). (199) The SEM image shows a microscopic view of the BTO-embedded cellulose film, in which BTO NPs are evenly distributed (Figure 18B). This is due to the strong hydrogen bonds between BTO NPs and hydroxyl groups in the cellulose chain networks, therefore preventing NP aggregation and sedimentation. The BTO concentration was optimized by electrical characterization of the nanocomposites. Nanocomposites with different mass ratios (0:1, 1:1, 3:1, and 5:1) of BTO NPs and precursor cellulose were designated as pure cellulose, C/BT-1, C/BT-3, and C/BT-5, respectively. To explore the charge-trapping capabilities of the nanocomposites, their dielectric constants were experimentally measured in the 102–106 Hz range (Figure 18C). The superior relative permittivity of the BTO NPs led to dielectric constants of the nanocomposites that were higher than those of pure cellulose. The C/BT-5 nanocomposite exhibited a dielectric constant of 6.25 at 103 Hz, which is more than double the value observed for pure cellulose (3.06). Electrical characterization for partially bioresorbable TENGs based on the nanocomposite was conducted to verify the influence of NPs on the power generation capability (Figure 18D). This was conducted using a linear motor to apply an external mechanical force of 12 N at an operating frequency of 2 Hz. As the BTO NP loading in the aerogel paper increases, both the VOC and ISC rise gradually, peaking at values of 50 V and 5.1 μA, respectively, for the C/BT-3-based TENG. However, further increments in BTO NPs resulted in a decrease in these values. This is possibly due to the presence of exposed BTO NPs on the surface of the composite, which decreased the effective contact area of cellulose during the triboelectric process.

Figure 18

Figure 18. NP-embedded composites for large power output. (A) Photograph and (B) SEM images of a cellulose aerogel film containing BTO NPs. (C) Dielectric constants of C/BT-1,3,5 and pure cellulose and (D) improved electrical output voltage of the cellulose aerogel/BTO-based TENG. (A–D) Reproduced with permission from ref (199). Copyright 2020 Wiley-VCH. (E) Schematic illustrations of PCL/GO-based B-TENGs. (F) SEM image of a PCL fibrous membrane with 4% GO. (G) Improved output current of PCL/GO−based TENGs owing to the presence of GO NPs. (E–G) Reproduced with permission from ref (145). Copyright 2019 Elsevier. (H) Schematic illustration of a cellulose acetate/nano-Al2O3 (CA/Al2O3) nanocomposite-based TENG. (I) Short-circuit charge transfer and output voltage of a CA/Al2O3 nanocomposite-based TENG at different Al2O3 nanofiller contents. (H and I) Reproduced with permission from ref (374). Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society. (J) Schematic illustration of a TENG based on a cellulose filter paper (CFP)-Ti0.8O2 NSs composite. (K) Increase in the output current density of a CFP composite-based TENG through the addition of Ti0.8O2 NSs. (J and K) Reproduced with permission from ref (200). Copyright 2020 Wiley-VCH.

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Next, graphene oxide (GO) was exploited as a filler to create a high-performing composite (Figure 18E). (145) GO nanosheets (NSs) play a critical role in improving the permittivity of GO–polymer matrix composites. (242,375) Additionally, owing to its abundance of oxygen functional groups, GO possesses excellent charge-trapping capabilities. Thus, GO NSs were embedded in a PCL polymer matrix. GO NSs were dispersed in PCL solutions at various concentrations for further optimization of the synthesis. The GO-dispersed PCL solution was electrospun to obtain nanofibrous structures with a high surface area and flexibility. A fully bioresorbable TENG with a book-shaped structure was fabricated by integrating the electrospun PCL/GO membrane with a Au electrode layer (2 × 4 cm2) for electrical characterization (Figure 18E). The SEM image shown in Figure 18F and microscopic analysis confirmed that the electrospun layer with 4 wt % GO had a reduced fiber diameter (365 ± 9 nm) and a broader size distribution. However, excess doping with 8 wt % GO resulted in an enlarged fiber diameter (626 ± 12 nm) owing to the high viscosity of the PCL/GO precursor solution. As GO NSs content increased, output voltage and current increased and reached maximum values of 22.73 V and 165 nA at 4 wt %, respectively. However, further increment in GO NSs led to a decrease in output owing to aggregation of the GO NSs (1.51 V and 8 nA at 8 wt % GO NSs).
Next, Bai et al. designed a porous nanocomposite fabric (PNF) with a strong charge accumulation capacity that comprised Al2O3 nanofillers in cellulose acetate networks (Figure 18H). (374) To prepare PNF, Al2O3 nanofillers were mixed with cellulose acetate (CA) precursors in acetone/water (85:15, v/v) to produce a CA/Al2O3 dispersion, followed by dry-casting. The addition of Al2O3 to cellulose acetate networks resulted in the formation of a porous structure in the dry-cast membrane, which endows the material with a large contact area and high mechanical flexibility and durability. Conductive fabric layers and low-temperature vulcanized (LTV) silicone were used to fabricate partially bioresorbable CA/Al2O3-based TENGs. The TENG with 10 wt % nanofiller reached the highest VOC and short-circuit charge transfer (σSC) during repeated cycles of contact and separation with the LTV counter-triboelectric layer, generating values of 400 V and 55 nC, respectively (Figure 18I). The Al2O3 concentrations above 10 wt % significantly decreased the output due to saturation of the porous structure by nanofillers and mechanical instability, which possibly interrupted charge transfer between the CA/Al2O3 composite and LTV layers.
Finally, Ti0.8O2 NSs were also studied to enhance the triboelectric charge-trapping effect of cellulose filter paper (CFP) (Figure 18J). (200) Ti0.8O2 NS-coated CFP membranes were fabricated by dip-coating the CFP films in colloidal Ti0.8O2 one, three, and five times. This nanocomposite membrane was encapsulated using PDMS elastomers to prevent the exposure of the Ti0.8O2 NSs on the surface. The dielectric constant exhibited a positive correlation with the number of layers of embedded Ti0.8O2 NSs, with a notable increase for the constructs with three and five layers. Specifically, at a frequency of 1 × 105 Hz, the dielectric constants of Ti0.8O2 NSs/CFP/PDMS composites featuring one, three, and five layers of Ti0.8O2 NSs were approximately 2.2×, 4.5×, and 5.2× higher, respectively, than that of the film without any Ti0.8O2 NSs. Integrating dielectric Ti0.8O2 NSs into the CFP notably enhances charge generation, and the inclusion of Ag NPs establishes an electrically conductive pathway for efficient charge transportation, thus leading to improvement of the output performance. The triboelectric outputs were measured during periodic contact and separation between the composite and an Al electrode layer (Figure 18K). The composite obtained from performing the dip-coating process three times (3-Ti0.8O2 NSs/CFP) generated a VOC of 20 V and a maximum positive output current density reaching 0.5 μA·cm–2, which were ∼30× and ∼17× higher, respectively, than those of pristine CFP. Meanwhile, composites with higher number of Ti0.8O2 NSs layers exhibited slightly lower triboelectric outputs due to the aggregation of NSs that dissipated triboelectric charges on the surface.

5.3. Ion Doping

Ion doping involves the introduction of dopant ions into polymeric triboelectric materials to modify their electrical properties and enhance charge transfer. (376) This technique has been applied to various triboelectric materials, increasing the output power of TENGs. However, careful optimization is required to achieve the desired properties, as the choice of dopant ions and doping method can significantly affect TENG performance. Ryu et al. first used a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) to obtain partially bioresorbable TENGs with large output power. (225) They investigated the effects of adding CaCl2, HCl, and H3PO4 on the triboelectric properties of PVA, which is one of the most positive and bioresorbable polymers (Figure 19A). KPFM measurements were used to analyze the changes in the surface potential of PVA due to ion doping at different concentrations (Figure 19B). The concentration of CaCl2 in the CaCl2–PVA-based SPE varied from 0.25 to 0.75 M, the concentration of H3PO4 in H3PO4–PVA-based SPE varied from 0.5 to 1.5 M, and the concentration of HCl in HCl-PVA-based SPE was 1 M. The cation/anion ratios for HCl, CaCl2, and H3PO4 were 1:1, 1:2, and 1:0.99, respectively. The addition of H3PO4 reduced the surface potential of PVA from +247 to −285 mV, whereas CaCl2 increased the surface potential from +247 to +705 mV. Furthermore, the HCl–PVA-based SPE, with the symmetric pairing of cations and anions, had a near identical surface potential compared to that of pristine PVA. Figure 19C shows the additional electron unoccupied states in the SPE and the electron transfer between the SPE and its base polymer during contact electrification. The additional energy bands originating from anions or cations in PVA can affect ionic doping. The CaCl2 electrolyte, which has more anions, creates high-energy electron-charged states in the PVA. (377−379) The additional electron-charged states in 0.75 M CaCl2–PVA-based SPE enhanced their charge transfer in the contact electrification processes. To compare the output performance, 4 × 4 cm2 TENGs were fabricated using PTFE and nylon/Al/SPE as the triboelectric layers. The output performance of Al-PTFE TENG was twice that of the nylon-PTFE TENG owing to the presence of free electrons in metals. Remarkably, the CaCl2–PVA 0.75 M SPE-PTFE had superior performance compared to that of Al-PTFE TENG, with peak outputs of 211 V and 27 μA, respectively.

Figure 19

Figure 19. Ion-doped polymers for large power output. (A) Schematic illustration of the triboelectric charge transfer between bare PVA and PVA-based solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs). (B) Surface potentials of ion-doped PVA-based SPEs ddepending on salts and concentration, measured by KPFM. (C) Energy band diagrams presenting electron transfer between bare PVA and PVA:CaCl2 SPE during a triboelectric event. (A–C) Reproduced with permission from ref (225). Copyright 2017 Wiley-VCH. (D) Output voltages and (E) charge densities of PVA−MClx SPEs-based TENGs. (F) KPFM measurement for PVA−LiCl SPEs to identify their CPDs at different LiCl concentrations. (F) KPFM images of PVA-LiCl SPEs with different LiCl concentrations. (D–F) Reproduced with permission from ref (226). Copyright 2019 Elsevier. (G) Photographs of microstructured ion-doped starch films. (H) Chemical network of a starch:CaCl2 composite polymer. (I) Output current densities of starch:CaCl2-based TENGs at different concentrations of CaCl2. (G–I) Reproduced with permission from ref (380). Copyright 2019 Elsevier.

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Ryu et al. investigated the effects of CaCl2, a common inorganic salt dopant, on the triboelectric properties of polymeric triboelectric layers. (225) However, the effects of doping with other inorganic salts on the triboelectric properties of polymeric triboelectric layers, particularly those with symmetric ion pairing, had not been studied. Shi et al. examined the improved triboelectric properties of PVA-MClX solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) (MClX = LiCl, ZnCl2, CaCl2, FeCl3, and AlCl3) to identify the best dopant for high-performance SPE-based TENGs. (226)
The output voltages and short-circuit current densities of partially bioresorbable PTFE/PVA-MClX TENGs were determined and compared (Figure 19D). The PTFE/PVA-FeCl3 and PTFE/PVA-ZnCl2 TENGs had increased output voltages of 803 and 982 V and short-circuit current densities of 90.5 and 114.5 mA·m–2, respectively. The PTFE/PVA-AlCl3 and PTFE/PVA-CaCl2 TENGs also had increased output voltages (1075 and 1177 V, respectively) and short-circuit current densities (167.8 and 203.6 mA·m–2, respectively). The PTFE/PVA-LiCl TENG had an even more noticeable increase in the triboelectric output, with a more than twofold increase in Voc (1289 V) and Jsc (210.5 mA·m–2) compared to the PTFE/PVA TENG. The corresponding charge density of these PTFE/PVA-MClX TENGs increased from 191 μC·m–2 for PVA-FeCl3 to 197 μC·m–2 for PVA-LiCl, indicating that the cation used can partially influence the triboelectric properties of the PVA film (Figure 19E). Consequently, LiCl was chosen as the optimized electrolyte for increasing the output power. Figure 19F shows KPFM images of PVA-LiCl SPEs with different LiCl concentrations. The PVA-LiCl SPEs films had a smooth surface, indicating that surface morphology does not significantly influence the contact potential difference (CPD). No obvious change in surface morphology was observed when comparing PVA-LiCl SPEs with the pristine PVA film. However, the CPD of the PVA-LiCl SPEs increased from 273 to 327 mV with an increase in LiCl concentration from 0.25 to 1.0 M. A further increase in LiCl concentration from 2.0 to 3.0 M led to a decrease in the CPD from 302 to 239 mV because the more concentrated LiCl adsorbed more moisture from the environment, shortening the contact potential difference between the probe and the SPE.
An additional study was performed to develop low-cost, environmentally friendly TENGs based on starch SPE films (Figure 19G). (380) The performance of these films was enhanced by the addition of salt, and a clean room-free fabrication process was employed for their potential use in biomedical devices. (381) Starch, a natural polymer that is abundant and easy to isolate and process into a film form, was chosen for this study. (382) Starch films have a high content of amorphous regions and a large number of hydroxyl groups, creating a suitable matrix for dissolving cations and ions. The facile processability of starch films enabled the incorporation of salt through stirring. The starch used in this study was obtained from Andean white potatoes by solubilization. It was redissolved at 80 °C and cast over sandpaper surfaces, resulting in uniformly cured starch films. Figure 19G shows the casting process. The electrostatic interactions between – OH and Ca2+ and those between – H and Cl– are shown in Figure 19H. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and Al, materials on opposite sides of the triboelectric series, were selected to achieve a high output performance. The highest outputs of the partially bioresorbable TENGs were obtained for starch SPE films with 0.5 wt % CaCl2. Surprisingly, the electrical output at this salt concentration was 3× that of the pristine starch film. Short-circuit current measurements revealed similar results, with a threefold increase in current output for 0.5 wt % CaCl2 (Figure 19I).

5.4. Surface Nanostructure

Triboelectric charging is a phenomenon that occurs at surfaces in which the separation of two materials after contact results in the transfer of electric charges between them. The quantity of triboelectric charges generated depends on several factors, including the materials utilized, degree of contact, separation speed, and relative humidity of the environment. (383,384) Among them, the surface area one of the most considerable factors that influence the triboelectric charging process. A larger surface area increases the triboelectric charge generated because the increased number of contact points between the materials improves electron transfer. There are various approaches to enhance the output power of TENGs, including the development of multistacked TENGs with large contact areas via integrated layers. (139,384,385) However, this strategy may not be suitable for powering IMDs in terms of device size, as the required higher number of components can increase the volume and, consequently, the associated costs. Although rubbing together two materials with larger dimensions can generate more electrons, from a microscopic view, the effective area where triboelectric charging occurs is considerably smaller than the macroscopic area of the triboelectric layer because of the rough surface morphology. (386,387) This is because microspikes on the surface contact each other, and the physical mismatch of surface profiles between the contacting materials limits the effective charge transfer.
Several studies have been conducted to improve the surface charge density and output performance of TENGs by modifying their surface morphology and forming nanostructures based on microfabrication or etching techniques. The structure of an arch-shaped TENG using electrospun silk fibroin (SF) as the triboelectric layer was presented, as shown in Figure 20A. (209) The regenerated SF film has a form of nanofiber-networked structure facilitating triboelectric power generation owing to its ultrahigh surface-to-volume ratio and significantly rougher surface in comparison to bare films (Figure 20B). Electrospun SF nanofibers with 100–200 nm diameters entangled with each other, whereas the cast silk film had a smooth surface with minor unevenness. PI substrates and aluminum sheets were employed to fabricate the partially bioresorbable TENGs, and the VOC values of the two B-TENGs were compared under basic conditions (Figure 20C). As a result, the peak voltage of the electrospun silk-based TENG was approximately 1.5× higher than that of the cast silk-based TENG. A maximum instantaneous power output of approximately 4.3 mW·m–2 was obtained at a resistance of 5 MΩ.

Figure 20

Figure 20. Bioresorbable polymers with nanostructured surfaces for large power output B-TENGs. (A) Schematic illustration of an arch-shaped silk B-TENG with an electrospun silk fibroin (SF) membrane. (B) FE-SEM image of an electrospun silk membrane. (C) Peak voltages of partially bioresorbable TENGs based on electrospun silk and cast silk membranes. (A–C) Reproduced with permission from ref (209). Copyright 2016 Wiley-VCH. (D) Top-view SEM images of a rough gelatin membrane cast on sandpaper and an electrospun PLA membrane. (E) Schematics of B-TENGs (red, smooth/rough gelatin film; blue, smooth/electrospun PLA membrane) and (F) their short-circuit output current density resulting from contact and separation between different membrane pairs. (D–F) Reproduced with permission from ref (51). Copyright 2018 Elsevier. (G) Photograph, (H) SEM image, and (I) AFM topology of an ICP plasma-etched PLA/PLGA film. (J) Plot of the 100% increase in the output current of a B-TENG based on a PLA/PLGA film upon plasma etching-induced nanostructuring. (G–J) Reproduced with permission from ref (388). Copyright 2020 Wiley-VCH.

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Pan et al. developed a fully biodegradable high-performance B-TENG based on nanostructured gelatin film and electrospun PLA nanofiber membranes. (51) These triboelectric materials were prepared using molding and electrospinning. The gelatin solutions were spin-coated onto sandpapers of varying grades, resulting in gelatin films with different roughnesses. These films were then glued to Mg foils using a soluble adhesive tape and peeled off from the sandpaper with the rough surface facing outward. To prepare the electrospun PLA nanomembranes, a PLA solution was electrospun onto a Mg foil placed on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) support layer. Figure 20D shows SEM images of the nanostructured gelatin film and electrospun PLA nanomembrane. The gelatin film had intended rough surface structures with microhole sizes ranging from 15 to 20 μm, as determined by the grade of sandpaper used. The PLA nanofiber diameter ranged from 900 to 1800 nm, and the nanofiber thickness was optimized at approximately 60 μm.
To investigate the influence of nanostructuring on output performance, the output voltage and current of TENGs using bare and nanostructured materials were compared under regular pushing conditions (Figure 20E and F). The VOC for the bare smooth gelatin–smooth PLA pair was about 16 V, increasing to approximately 33 V when smooth gelatin was replaced with the rough gelatin film. Further, with a pair of an electrospun PLA film and smooth gelatin, the VOC increased to approximately 175 V. In addition, the VOC of the TENG reached approximately 500 V with a rough gelatin film–electrospun PLA membrane pair, which is more than 30× higher than that of the bare gelatin–PLA pair, highlighting the importance of the nanofiber structure. The corresponding short-circuit current densities were approximately 0.3, 0.6, 4.2, and 10 mA·m–2, respectively, which also demonstrated tremendous increases.
Chen et al. investigated nanostructuring PLA/PLGA polymer blend through inductively coupled plasma (ICP) treatment to enhance the output power (Figure 20G–J). (388) The PLA/PLGA blend exhibited a relatively slow degradation, with PLA serving as a polyester matrix of long lifespan and PLGA acting as a degradation promoter. Fully seawater-degradable TENGs were fabricated using seven different SDP films (PLGA, chitin, PLA/PLGA, PLA, copy paper (CP), rice paper (RP), and silk) and copper electrodes. Then, the output voltage and current of the TENGs were measured during regular contact and separation events. PLGA had a maximum VOC of 23 V, which was higher than those of PLA (16 V) and the PLA/PLGA blend (21 V). The maximum VOC values of chitin, copy paper (CP), rice paper (RP), and silk were 23, 15, 13, and 1.5 V, respectively. As depicted in Figure 20H and I, the application of ICP etching led to the formation of aligned nanowires (NWs), thus considerably augmenting the surface roughness of the PLA/PLGA film. The AFM analysis revealed dense needle-like structures with a depth of approximately 145 nm. Owing to this enhanced surface roughness, the VOC, ISC, and QSC of the TENG based on the ICP-etched PLA/PLGA film showed a significant increase of 100% compared to the pristine, smooth PLA/PLGA film (Figure 20I).

5.5. Surface Functionalization

The triboelectric effect is widely recognized as a surface-oriented phenomenon in which the amount of charge transferred is proportional to the surface potential difference based on the electron transfer model. (156,157) Accordingly, the surface dipoles and electronic structures are believed to significantly contribute to the triboelectric charge transfer. Surface conditions, particularly the electron affinities of surface functional groups, often determine the direction and quantity of charge transfer. (389,390) Electron-donating groups, such as NH2, and electron-accepting groups, such as F, are representative examples of functional groups that can impact the triboelectric charge generation process. (391,392) The modification and functionalization of these surfaces to optimize and improve the performance of triboelectric layers has been reported. Experimental techniques, such as plasma treatment and self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formation, have been employed to introduce desired functional groups or tailor the surface properties of conventional TENGs to maximize their output power. (194,393)
Recent studies have shown that surface functionalization can enhance the output power of B-TENGs. Sangkhun et al. developed a simple method to create efficient natural textile-based B-TENGs. (361) Plain natural textiles, such as cotton and silk, were dip-coated with cyanoalkyl (CN) silane and fluoroalkyl (F) silane, respectively, to convert their surface energy into positive and negative triboelectricity (F-cotton, CN-cotton, F-silk, and CN-silk) (Figure 21A). To confirm the successful grafting of the silanes onto the textiles, their chemical states were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (Figure 21B). The F-cotton sample exhibited an F 1s peak at 687.7 eV and an O 1s peak at 531.3 eV. The C 1s peak was split into two peaks (286 and 288 eV) owing to the interaction between fluorine and carbon atoms, confirming the successful grafting of fluoroalkyl groups onto cotton. Similarly, the CN-cotton sample exhibited an O 1s peak at 532 eV, a N 1s peak at 400 eV, a C 1s peak at 285 eV, and a Si 2p peak at 103 eV, confirming the successful grafting of cyanoalkyl groups onto cotton. The F-silk sample exhibited a F 1s peak at 687.8 eV and an O 1s peak at 532.8 eV, while the CN-silk sample showed an O 1s peak at 532.5 eV, a N 1s peak at 400.5 eV, a C 1s peak at 285.5 eV, and a Si 2p at 103 eV, confirming the grafting of silane onto silk.

Figure 21

Figure 21. Surface functionalization for large power output bioresorbable tribo-materials. (A) Schematic illustration of the surface functionalization process to prepare fluoroalkylated siloxane-grafted fabric (F-fabric) and cyanoalkylated siloxane-grafted fabric (CN-fabric). (B) XPS spectra of F-cotton. (C) Output currents of natural textile TENGs (N-TENGs) based on surface-functionalized cotton and silk fabrics. (A–C) Reproduced with permission from ref (361). Copyright 2021 Royal Society of Chemistry. (D) Schematic illustrations of the grafting process of fluorinated group to functionalize fish gelatin (FG) films. (E) Structure of a fully sustainable fish gelatin (FSFG)-TENG. (F) XPS spectra and (G) contact angles of fluorinated FG (F-FG), dopamine-doped FG (D-FG), and FG. (H) VOC and (I) ISC of the TENGs based on the F-FG film paired with cotton, Al, cellulose, Cu, and D-FG. (D–I) Reproduced with permission from ref (394). Copyright 2021 Elsevier.

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A Cu fabric electrode was assembled by stacking cyanoalkylated and fluoroalkylated siloxane-grafted fabrics and used to fabricate fully biodegradable natural textile-based TENGs (N-TENGs). The average output voltages and output currents of the materials were measured and ranked as follows: F-cot/CN-silk > F-silk/CN-cot > F-silk/CN-silk > F-cot/CN-cot (Figure 21C). The F-cot/CN-silk TENG exhibited average surface charges of 8.19 (0.141 μC·cm–2) and 4.53 μC (0.078 μC·cm–2), respectively, at the pressing and releasing states of the three-movement cycles. The F-cot/CN-silk TENG also exhibited the highest electrical output voltage (216.8 V) and output current (50.3 μA, 0.87 μA·cm–2), which were significantly higher than those of the cot-silk N-TENG (39.2 V and 0.2 μA·cm–2, respectively). This enhanced electrical performance can be attributed to the surface morphology, hydrophobicity, and chemical composition of the material. Double-stacked TENGs of F-cotton and CN-silk were fabricated to further increase the output power, resulting in a maximum voltage of 219.30 V and a maximum current of 84.87 μA (1.46 μA·cm–2) under a cycle of mechanical tapping. These findings highlight the potential of surface functionalization in B-TENG performance, improving their scope of practical applications. A single N-TENG generated a maximum output voltage and current of 216.8 V and 50.3 μA (0.87 μA·cm–2), respectively, without nanopatterning. A double-stacked N-TENG exhibited a higher output current of 84.8 μA (1.46 μA·cm–2), with a maximum power output of 0.345 mW·cm–2 at an external resistance of 0.42 MΩ.
Sun et al. developed a flexible, transparent, fully bioresorbable, and fully sustainable fish-gelatin-based TENG (FSFG-TENG) and largely improved the output through surface functionalization of fish gelatin (FG). (394) They utilized fish-scale kitchen waste to prepare FG films that could be used as friction layers. Two FG triboelectric layers were modified with dopamine and fluorinated silane to serve as positive and negative layers, respectively, of a triboelectric pair. The two modified FG films were designated as D-FG and F-FG, respectively. An FG solution was drop-cast and dried to form FG films, which were then hydroxylated through oxygen plasma treatment for fluorinated oxetane telomer sulfonate (FOTS) functionalization (F-FG) (Figure 21D). The D-FG film was prepared by mixing a FG solution with dopamine hydrochloride and drop-casting. The copper foil was used as the back electrode for both triboelectric layers, and the B-TENG was fabricated by assembling the layers in an arc shape (Figure 21E). XPS confirmed the chemical surface modification through the appearance of an F 1s peak in the F-FG film (Figure 21F). The hydrophobicity of the F-FG film also improved, as demonstrated by the increase in the contact angle from 103° to 123° (Figure 21G). The tailored surface had significantly higher output power (Figure 21H and I). The FG/FG-paired TENG showed a VOC and an ISC of 10 V and 0.2 μA, respectively. However, replacing one of the FG friction layers with the D-FG or F-FG film led to an immediate decrease in the VOC of the TENGs to ∼100 or ∼200 V, respectively. The TENG with the D-FG/F-FG triboelectric pair exhibited a high VOC (∼310 V) and ISC (2.5 μA). This increase in output performance can be attributed to the larger difference in electronegativity between the F-FG and D-FG films.
The fluorination of a surface typically increases the hydrophobicity of the material, requiring only a small amount of treating material. (395) Considering many bioresorbable polymers are tribo-positive, amine or other functional groups can be utilized to tailor the surface chemical structure and enhance the electron-donating property. (392) Although surface functionalization is an effective tool to improve the output power of bioresorbable materials, the potential impact of altering surface characteristics on the surface’s interaction with the surrounding physiological environment must be considered. Currently, no studies have validated and examined the biocompatibility of functionalized bioresorbable materials through either cytotoxicity tests, genotoxicity tests, or in vivo inflammation. Therefore, a comprehensive investigation of the biosafety of surface-tailored bioresorbable materials is required. Furthermore, considering that previous studies have improved triboelectric charge and output power through charge injection or plasma treatment, the same methods can be explored to increase the output power of B-TENGs. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies on this topic, and further research is necessary.

6. Biomedical Applications of B-TENGs

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B-TENGs provide an exceptional clinical experience by providing a power source and by eliminating the need for subsequent device removal, thus driving IMDs and reducing the physical and psychological risks of the procedure. (58,124) There have been trials to power batteries with B-TENGs, however, the use of B-TENGs as energy sources for IMDs is still limited. As discussed in section 5, bioresorbable materials have been developed with improved triboelectric properties; however, their energy generation capabilities have not yet reached the energy consumption of conventional IMDs in most cases. (245) The nontransient nature of conventional IMDs also limits their practical use; these nontransient IMDs still need to be removed at the end of treatment. Bioresorbable circuit components could replace nontransient IMD components but require further research on material and device fabrication. In contrast, the self-powered functionality of B-TENGs offers distinct advantages for clinical applications. Their simple and thin structures minimize physical stress on the surrounding tissues and reduce negative health effects such as inflammation. (46,164) Furthermore, their uncomplicated material configuration results in a lower cost and simplified lifetime control. (58) B-TENGs also facilitate the collection of high-quality physiological signals and the application of electrical impulses to targeted affected areas with high selectivity because miniaturized B-TENGs can be placed closer to the target location. Consequently, B-TENGs have gained attention as self-powered implants that require less energy to function, including physiological sensors, electroceutical devices, and sterilizers (Figure 22). (30,117,123) In this section, we provide an overview of B-TENGs specifically designed for each of these applications.

Figure 22

Figure 22. Overview of self-powered bioresorbable IMDs based on B-TENGs.

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6.1. Self-Powered Physiological Sensors

Diagnosis is an essential part of the healthcare industry, examining physical symptoms and determining the underlying conditions. Bioresorbable electronics can adhere to organs or tissues to monitor ambient signals. For example, a bioresorbable arterial-pulse sensor has been used to measure arterial blood flow. (33) This sensor consists of an inductor coil and a flexible capacitive pressure sensor. The inductor coil transmits data wirelessly using a RF coupling method. The sensing layer of the pressure sensor wrapped around the artery is composed of a pyramid-structured PGS that exhibits mechanical softness, with a Young’s modulus of 0.12 MPa. This device detects a capacitive change in response to the vessel diameter, which leads to a shift in the resonant frequency of the inductor–capacitor–resistor circuit. The monitoring performance of this sensor was evaluated both in vitro using a customized artery model and in vivo demonstrations, but its practical use is limited by the short transmission distance (<10 mm). Additionally, its performance can be hindered by an unfavorable alignment between transmitting and receiving inductors.
A bioresorbable force sensor was also reported using a piezoelectric mechanism, which converts mechanical deformation into electrical energy. (396) The poly-l-lactide polymer acted as a piezoelectric material, forming a sandwich structure with the Mo electrodes. This device identified mechanical pressures in a 0–18 kPa range. The piezoelectric sensor was implanted in the abdominal space of a mouse to monitor its periodic diaphragmatic motion. Compared with a commercial piezoelectric force sensor, the bioresorbable sensor exhibited high sensitivity to mechanical stimuli. Piezoelectric sensors require high piezoelectric responses to mechanical stimuli to perceive ambient physiological events. However, bioresorbable polymers typically have inferior piezoelectric properties, hindering the implementation of bioresorbable piezoelectric sensors.

6.1.1. Cardiovascular Postoperative Care

Soft bioresorbable sensors became prevalent due to their favorable conformability with soft biological tissues and organs. (15,397) The successful implementation of these sensors also requires suitable mechanical properties, flexibility, and biocompatibility. (8,396,398) Various bioresorbable polymers, metals, and oxides with electrical characteristics for bioelectronics have been reported. (63,218,399−401) The critical parameters of bioresorbable implantable devices have progressed in parallel with advancements in materials science, electronics, and manufacturing. (402−404) However, their implementation for postoperative care applications remains challenging, primarily because of the insufficient device lifetime of most implanted biodegradable sensors (usually 4–10 d). (405) The most common biodegradable encapsulation materials (e.g., PVA, silk fibroin, and PLGA) have relatively fast transient rates, emphasizing the need for novel bioresorbable materials with long service lives. (124,406) The use of self-powered sensors with triboelectric and piezoelectric mechanisms for wearable and implantable applications has recently gained attention because of the diverse material selection, simple fabrication process, and superior electrical output performance. (407,408) The triboelectric effect of bioresorbable materials can reach maximum output voltages of several volts to hundreds of volts under external mechanical forces. (122,209) Thus, B-TENGs are promising bioresorbable sensors for in vivo disease diagnosis, requiring significant improvements in their sensitivity, linearity, and stability. Furthermore, the triboelectric effect can circumvent the limitations of pressure-sensitive devices. (146,245,256,257)
The concept of an implantable, fully bioresorbable triboelectric sensor (BTS) has recently been reported (Figure 23A). (30) The proposed sensor proved effective on canine subjects, effectively detecting occlusions in the vascular system. The triboelectric layer of the device consisted of a single PLA–4% chitosan (PLA/C) membrane with a nanostructured surface. A Mg layer was deposited on the back, serving as an electrode. The front of the membrane was also coated with Mg as both an electrode and a triboelectric layer. The entire sensor was packaged in PLA/C, using the bioresorbable elastomer POC as the adhesive layer. The two triboelectric layers contact upon the application of an external force, resulting in the transfer of electrons from the Mg surface to the PLA/C surface owing to contact electrification. Variations in the external forces change the distance between the triboelectric layers. Thus, the sensor produces an electrical signal proportional to the mechanical motion. (409) The nanostructured surface of the device improved the contact area during friction, thereby yielding a more significant electrical signal and improving the sensitivity of the sensor. The performance of the BTS as a mechanical sensor was evaluated by attaching it to a human throat and monitoring vocal cord vibrations. Voltage signals of 4–9 mV were obtained when a volunteer pronounced the letters “B”, “T”, and “S.” The results from two trials with different accents were consistent, demonstrating the reliability of the device. A Fourier transform analysis of the signal was conducted to clarify the distinctions between the pronunciations of other letters. In addition to its mechanical sensor performance, the BTS detected 1 kHz vibration signals from a small loudspeaker and converted them to electrical signals in real time, with a response time of 0.5 ms. The stability of BTS in nonliquid environments was also measured. Its maximum output reached 4.2 V when driven by a linear motor (20 N), remaining stable under a 1–5 Hz mechanical force. The BTS remained stable for over 450 000 operating cycles of mechanical stimuli. A linear motor was employed as a source of mechanical stimuli (20 N, 1.35 Hz) to evaluate the long-term stability of the BTS. Its output voltage was measured at 18.5 h intervals, corresponding to approximately 9 × 104 cycles. The output performance of the BTS was highly significant, with a sensitivity of 11 mV·mmHg–1 and a linearity close to R2 = 99.3%, which was calibrated using a pressure testing system. The observed pressure range (0–170 mmHg) covers most pressures encountered in vivo.

Figure 23

Figure 23. Physiological sensing using B-TENGs. (A) Expanded structure of an implantable bioresorbable triboelectric sensor (BTS) for cardiovascular postoperative care. (B) Output variation of a BTS implanted in a small animal according to the respiratory event identification. (C) Identification of vascular occlusion events following BTS implantation in a large animal. (A–C) Reproduced with permission from ref (30). Copyright 2021 Wiley-VCH. (D) Working mechanism of TENG-integrated vascular grafts (VG-TENG). (E) Experimental setup images and (F) electrical properties of VG-TENGs under different blood flow conditions. (D–F) Reproduced with permission from ref (127). Copyright 2023 Elsevier. (G) Structure and material design of transient TENG (T2ENGs). (H) Photographs of an implanted T2ENG under the subdermal dorsal region in an in vivo experiment. (I) Electrical output of T2ENG to demonstrate the epilepsy monitoring function. (G–I) Reproduced with permission from ref (128). Copyright 2018 Wiley-VCH.

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The BTS was implanted under the skin of the abdominal cavity of a mouse model to identify abnormal respiratory events (Figure 23B). Respiratory events in the mouse drove the contact/separation motions of the BTS. Inhalation generated a voltage output, while exhalation resulted in a decreased voltage output. Therefore, using this respiratory monitoring system, the BTS can easily detect abnormal respiratory events (e.g., dyspnea). Dyspnea causes chest wall expansion and lung inflation, increasing the compression force applied to the BTS and inducing a higher voltage output. For comparison, respiratory events were measured in vitro using commercial mechanical sensors.
In contrast to BTS, the commercial sensors exhibited reduced voltage output at higher compression forces. Next, the ability of the BTS to identify abnormal cardiovascular events (e.g., arrhythmia) was investigated (Figure 23C). The BTS was attached to the vascular wall to measure ambulatory blood pressure signals. A commercial mechanical sensor was used in vitro as a reference. The contact/separation motions of the BTS along the diastole and systole phases were examined. The BTS was compressed in the systole phase, generating a voltage output during its release in the diastole phase. Thus, BTS was demonstrated to suitably monitor abnormal vascular occlusion events. An implantable balloon was used as a vascular occlusion model. The inflated balloon obstructed the blood vessel, resulting in a decrease in blood pressure.
Consequently, the voltage output generated from the BTS was reduced during this period. Furthermore, the voltage output was reduced when the balloon was deflated. Thus, integrating BTS with B-TENGs is a promising arrhythmia monitoring system.

6.1.2. Sensing Hemodynamics of Vascular Grafts

Vascular grafts, common therapeutic solutions to vascular diseases, can be fabricated using diverse methods (e.g., electrospinning and 3D printing). (410,411) However, they may fail to identify unexpected disorders, leading to serious health problems. (412) Thus, using an implantable sensor system is vital to characterize the hemodynamics of vascular grafts in advance. (413) Although vascular grafts are generally observed using magnetic resonance angiography and computed tomography, these methods are not convenient because of their lack of readiness and real-time communication. (414) Wang et al. investigated a partially bioresorbable TENG-integrated vascular graft (VG-TENG) that wirelessly detected hemodynamic conditions. (127) PHB was adopted as a tribo-positive material because of its excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. (58) An electrospinning process was used to form a micro/nanoscale fiber-structured PHB membrane with improved triboelectric properties. PTFE was used as a contact material because of its strong tribo-negative properties. (262) Expanded PTFE (ePTFE), fabricated via the extension of PTFE, is a widely used commercial vascular graft with considerable flexibility and elasticity. A double-electrode -mode TENG was fabricated using electrospun PHB and ePTFE and electrically characterized (Figure 23D). The TENG showed superior triboelectric output performance, generating a voltage output of 440 V, a current density of 19.5 mA·m–2, and a transferred charge density of 44 μC·m–2 using an applied force of 30 N. The electrical output performance remained stable for 10 000 operating cycles, proving the long-term durability of the triboelectric materials.
A VG-TENG with a conduit structure was next developed to monitor vascular obstructions (Figure 23E). The PHB tube contacted the ePTFE tube initially, inducing triboelectric charges in each tube. It then separated from the ePTFE tube as the native blood vessel became constricted. In this process, the Cu electrode loses free electrons to maintain the charge equilibrium. When the native blood vessel inflates again, the Cu electrode gains free electrons, whereas the PHB tube moves toward the ePTFE tube. The voltage outputs of the VG-TENG were measured to evaluate its performance under in vitro conditions, assuming the presence of an obstruction. As shown in the right side of Figure 23E, the voltage output of the VG-TENG decreased with an obstruction. Figure 23F plots the voltage outputs at different rotation speeds and obstruction conditions. The voltage output was generally reduced when the tube was obstructed. A higher rotation speed increased the pressure, which increased the voltage output. Thus, the bioresorbable VG-TENG is an effective self-powered monitoring system for hemodynamic sensing.

6.1.3. In Vivo Monitoring of Epileptic Seizures

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders and is characterized by severe unexpected convulsions. (415) There is no cure for this disease, leading to significant sociological problems. Detecting epilepsy symptoms is desirable for reducing its social impact. A transient TENG (T2ENG) for self-powered epilepsy monitoring was investigated (Figure 23G). (128) T2ENG could be being fully biodegraded by leveraging silk fibroins (SFs) and Mg as triboelectric layers and electrodes. SFs were modified using microgratings, thereby controlling their roughness and surface morphology. Thus, the silk fibroins exhibited high triboelectric performance and could be optically observed via their unique diffractive patterns using noninvasive laser illumination. (416) Taking advantage of the improved triboelectric properties of the silk fibroins, the T2ENG exhibited enhanced electrical output performances with a maximum voltage output of approximately 60 V and a current output of approximately 1.0 μA. The T2ENG was designed to be optically observed during its degradation process in vivo using its diffraction pattern. The device was immersed in deionized water at room temperature to evaluate its transient performance. The Mg electrode layers dissociated from the device after 6 h of immersion.
The device was implanted beneath the dermis of a mouse model to confirm the viability of the T2ENG-based epilepsy monitoring system in vivo (Figure 23H). The condition of the implanted device was assessed after 3 weeks of implantation. Here, the transient performance of the T2ENG was varied by controlling the crystalline region of the silk fibroins. A T2ENG composed of silk fibroins with low crystalline components was absorbed after 3 weeks because of its high transient rate. In contrast, the T2ENG with highly crystalline silk fibroins exhibited a low transient rate, maintaining its structure. When the T2ENG generates irregular electric signals because of an epileptic symptom, its integrated monitoring system transmits this information. In vivo experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of this self-powered epilepsy monitoring system. The implanted devices did not generate electrical signals while the mouse rested. A penicillin G (PNG) sodium solution was injected to induce an epilepsy symptom, causing the T2ENG to generate notable electric signals. As shown in Figure 23I, when the electric signals exceed the threshold voltage, the real-time monitoring system sends warning messages saying, “Epilepsy warning! Help!”. After the mouse is treated, the T2ENG stops generating electrical signals, and the monitoring system says, “Epilepsy is alleviated.”

6.2. Therapeutic Use of B-TENGs

Electroceutical devices, also known as electronic drugs, are alternatives to pharmacological methods that use electrical signals for treatment and tissue engineering. Electroceutical devices offer a unique clinical experience with targeted and on-demand therapies. For example, cardiac pacemakers implanted in the chest have been developed to control the heart rhythm and treat arrhythmia. (12,28,417) A high-frequency electric field has been reported as an effective alternative to chemotherapy or radiation therapy for nearly incurable brain tumors. (418,419) Bioresorbable materials have been used to construct electroceutical systems. Electroceutical devices from bioresorbable materials are suitable for short-term electrotherapy, as they are absorbed in human tissue after their service life. However, the absence of a practical energy source with transience and biosafety remains a significant challenge. Wireless bioresorbable power transmission systems have been investigated using RF coupling. (26,41) They are equipped with bioresorbable inductors integrated with cuff electrodes to treat peripheral nerve injuries in the spinal cord and muscular tissues. These devices were designed to be absorbed within 40 d, with a time of operation of several days. Despite providing significant inspiration for bioresorbable electroceutical systems, their use is limited because of the short transmission distance (<10 mm). (58) B-TENGs are promising energy sources for therapeutics. They can generate electrical impulses in deep tissues by harnessing biomechanical motions (e.g., heartbeat and muscle contraction) or through external sources. In this section, we present previous research on applying B-TENGs to therapeutics.

6.2.1. Wound Healing

Electrical stimulation has been shown to enhance the process of wound healing. The internal electric field created by differences in the transepithelial potential plays a crucial part in the repair and renewal of wound surfaces, known as re-epithelialization. Since the first measurement of wound current by Emil Du-Bois Reymond over a century ago, (420) successive research has verified that this internal electric field is present in a range of animals, and electrical therapy might effectively achieve synergistic wound healing by reshaping or intervening in the electric field. (421,422) It is vital for epithelialization, as it directs the movement of key electroactive cells, like epithelial cells, during wound repair. TENGs have been highlighted as innovative energy supply systems with low power and flexibility in the form of wearable or implantable medical devices to address the poor portability of conventional bulky electrotherapy equipment and power sources. (423) B-TENGs, being eco-friendly and implantable, are well-suited to wound care and planetary considerations. Their unique properties enable a continuous electrical stimulation source that facilitates faster wound healing without causing any adverse environmental impacts. Additionally, given their implantable nature, they offer a patient-friendly approach to treatment. They could be used in surgical operations to reconstruct or seal significant damage to organs and tissues.
An ultrasound-driven injectable B-TENG (denoted as I-TENG in Figure 24) was developed to treat organ damage and wounds. (123) The I-TENG employed PLA as the triboelectric and encapsulation layers and Mg as the counter electrode to secure full biodegradation capability. It had a thin and long shape to be easily injectable (2 cm × 0.2 cm) and generated output power by ultrasound-mediated vibration of PLA and consequent coupling of the triboelectric effect and the electrostatic induction between PLA and Mg (Figure 24A). The voltage output of the I-TENG increased with the increasing incidence energy in PBS (pH = 7.4), reaching a maximum of approximately 632 mV under 1.5 W·cm–2 of applied ultrasounds. The I-TENG was injected with a needle at 5 mm under the epidermis and, once on-site, generated electricity remotely using ultrasound stimulation (Figure 24A and B). Once the power was turned on, a voltage output signal with the same frequency as the initial ultrasound was produced, with a voltage and current of approximately 458 mV and 2.3 μA at 1 W·cm–2, respectively.

Figure 24

Figure 24. Electroceuticals using B-TENGs. (A) Schematic illustration of an I-TENG under the skin. (B) Photographs of I-TENGs placed inside a needle. (C) Scratch assay to demonstrate enhanced migration by equivalent electrical stimulation. (A–C) Reproduced with permission from ref (123). Copyright 2023 Wiley-VCH. (D) Overall procedure for rapid wound closure and hemostasis using BA-TENG. (E) Scratch wound healing experiments using BA-TENG. (D and E) Reproduced with permission from ref (125). Copyright 2023 Wiley-VCH. (F) Schematic illustration of electrical stimulation using BN-TENG and of the progress observed after BN-TENG implantation. (G) Pause time between two beating cycles of the cardiomyocyte cluster, according to the stimulation effect of the BN-TENG. (H) Beating rates of different cardiomyocyte clusters according to the stimulation effect of the BN-TENG. (F–H) Reproduced with permission from ref (208). Copyright 2018 Wiley-VCH. (I) Schematic illustration of electrical stimulation using BD-TENG. (J) Neuron cells oriented by the electric field (the yellow arrow represents the direction of the electric field, scale bar is 50 μm). (K) Neuron cell alignment analysis for different cell angles. (I–K) Reproduced with permission from ref (124). Copyright 2016 American Association for the Advancement of Science under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Cell migration and proliferation are vital to the wound healing process. To evaluate the influence of the electrical impulse generated by the I-TENG on tissue regeneration, a finite element (FEM) simulation and a series of scratch and proliferation assays were conducted (Figure 24C). The FEM simulation results revealed a high-frequency AC electric field of approximately 0.92 V·mm–1 between two parallel electrodes at 1 W·cm–2. A cell monolayer was cultured between two electrodes in a cell confocal dish, and a scratching with a 200 μm width was made to conduct the scratch assay. The electrode was connected to a function generator with the same frequency (20 kHz) and amplitude as the I-TENG output signal at 1 W·cm–2, and the area of the cell-free zone was measured in microscopic images of cell migration using the ImageJ software. After 6 h of stimulation, the area in the experimental group was 19.3%, considerably smaller than that in the control group (29.1%). After 18 h, the linear scratches of the experimental groups became almost invisible, indicating a faster cell migration rate. Proliferation assays were also performed to evaluate the efficacy of I-TENG electrical stimulation in wound healing; the number of cells per unit in the experimental group after 72 h was higher than that after 24 h. This study revealed that electroceuticals using high-frequency I-TENG can be used to treat organ damage and improve wound healing.
Subsequent research examined an ultrasound-driven bioadhesive TENG (BA-TENG) as a portable bioadhesive patch that sealed skin injuries and generated a potent electric field (approximately 0.86 kV·m–1) to encourage cellular migration and proliferation (Figure 24D). (125) The fully bioresorbable BA-TENG was engineered with a flexible top layer and a bioadhesive bottom layer, effectively delivering electrical energy and a robust, sutureless sealing on wet tissues. The upper membrane was composed of PCL-based polyurethane (PCL-r-PU) as a triboelectric and encapsulation layer, poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as a triboelectric electrode, a poly(acrylic acid) N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (PAA-NHS)–PVA copolymer (PAA-NHS-PVA) as a bioadhesive, and Mo as an electrode.
Rapid and robust adhesion to blood-covered tissues is crucial for maintaining hemostasis and wound sealing in clinical and biomedical settings. The BA-TENG was applied to a 5 mm diameter defect in a wet isolated porcine colon, forming a conformal attachment to the colon tissue within approximately 5 s that was difficult to remove from the wet surface. Upon contact with the wet tissue, the PAV eliminated interfacial water and instantaneously dried the surface through hydration. The NHS ester and carboxylic acid groups of the PAV facilitated the strong and stable adhesion to the tissue, forming covalent cross-linked amide bonds and physically cross-linked hydrogen bonds, respectively. The BA-TENG device exhibited a formidable interfacial toughness of approximately 150 J·m–2 and a shear strength of approximately 40 kPa. The hemostatic sealing properties of the BA-TENG were further evaluated in live animals using a Sprague–Dawley rat liver incision model. The BA-TENG was applied to a bleeding liver injury, measuring the hemostatic time and blood loss volume. The BA-TENG-treated group demonstrated rapid wound sealing within approximately 5 s, leading to a dramatic reduction in blood loss of approximately 70 mg. In contrast, the untreated injury exhibited a prolonged hemostatic time (>300 s) and substantial blood loss (388 mg).
The triboelectric properties of the PCL-r-PU were investigated using first-principles simulations. The electrostatic potential map of PCL-r-PU revealed that the urethane group is electron-rich, which significantly affected the electron distribution among the molecular chains. Notably, although nitrogen atoms constitute the smallest fraction in PCL-r-PU, they contribute more to forming the highest occupied molecular orbitals than other atoms. The low electron affinity of N and its electron donor properties result in a positively charged PCL-r-PU surface after friction with PEDOT:PSS. Thus, the PCL-r-PU exhibits tribo-positive properties relative to those of PEDOT:PSS. A BA-TENG with dimensions of 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm can generate a stable output performance, with a voltage output of approximately 1.50 V and a current output of approximately 24.20 μA.
Scratch and proliferation assays were conducted to assess the impact of high-frequency electrical impulses with an electric field of 0.86 kV·m–1 (Figure 24E). The initial relative wound areas in the scratch assay were approximately 31%. The serrated electrode group exhibited the fastest cell migration rate after 16 h due to tip-enhanced effects, resulting in a wound coverage of approximately 12%, smaller than that of the linear electrode group (19%). In contrast, the control group displayed the largest relative wound area (23%). In the proliferation assay, the cell number per unit area in the serrated group reached approximately 35, higher than that of the control group (19), indicating a higher rate of cell proliferation. These in vitro experiments suggest that the 20 kHz electrical impulses generated by the BA-TENG effectively promote tissue healing.

6.2.2. Stimulating Cardiomyocyte Clusters

B-TENGs have also been used to regulate the beating of cardiomyocyte clusters. (208) NBPs were electrically characterized to improve the triboelectric performance of the fully bioresorbable TENG. The bioresorbable nature-materials-based TENG (BN-TENG) was integrated with a rectifier and interdigital electrode to apply electrical stimulations (Figure 24F). The interdigital electrode was covered with a 50 μm thick PDMS layer to prevent undesirable electrochemical reactions. After rectification, the optimized BN-TENG generated a voltage output of 18 V, which enabled the formation of a direct current (DC) electric field in the interdigital electrode. FEM simulation using a 300-μm microgap distance confirmed that the DC electric field had an intensity of approximately 8 V·cm–1. Initially, the primary cardiomyocytes were seeded on the interdigital electrode. Previous studies have indicated that gap junction proteins (connexins) promote the electrical interconnections of cardiomyocytes, which facilitate intercellular communication. (244,424,425) During the incubation period, the cells formed isolated cardiomyocyte clusters through interconnections within the microgap of the electrodes (Figure 24G). After 48 h, the cardiomyocyte clusters (C1, C2, C3, and C4 in Figure 24H) exhibited a slow beating rate with a prolonged pause before BN-TENG-driven electrical stimulation. Using the BN-TENG, electrical stimulation was applied to cardiomyocytes for 30 min at a frequency of 1 Hz. The electrical stimulation accelerated the beating rates of the cardiomyocyte clusters, reducing the pause time from 1.382 to 0.606 s.
Similarly, the contraction time during the beating cycle was reduced from 0.320 to 0.240 s. Figure 24H shows the beating rates of each cardiomyocyte cluster. Notably, the beating rates of C2 and C3 significantly increased by approximately 8.8× after electrical stimulation.

6.2.3. Manipulating Neuron Cell Orientation

Electrical stimulation has also been explored for neuron cell orientation, enabling the clinical use of B-TENGs. (124) In this study, an interdigital electrode was connected to fully bioresorbable TENGs (denoted as BD-TENGs) to deliver the electrical stimulation (Figure 24I). The Cu-deposited interdigital electrode was encapsulated with a 100 μm thick PDMS layer. This electrode had an interval space of 100 μm, which was designed to produce an electric field of 100 V·mm–1 at an open-circuit voltage of 1.0 V. Nonetheless, considering the thickness of the PDMS encapsulation layer, FEM simulations confirmed that the actual electric field intensity experienced by the neuron cells was 0.75 V·mm–1. Primary neuron cells were obtained from the cerebral cortex of an SD neonatal rat via mechanical trituration, trypsinization, filtration, and centrifugation. They were then cultured and seeded on the surface of the PDMS layer at a density of 30 000 cells·cm–2. Electrical stimulation was performed 30 min·d–1 with a frequency of 1.0 Hz. After 5 d of stimulation, the cytoskeleton of the neuron cells was observed by laser scanning confocal microscopy (Figure 24J). The electrically stimulated cells were parallel to the direction of the electric field, whereas the unstimulated cells did not have a defined orientation. The alignment of the neuron cells was recorded by measuring the angle between the long axis of the cell and the direction of the electric field. Figure 24K shows the statistical analysis results, in which −cos(2θ) is the index of cell alignment (ICA). An ICA value close to −1 denotes that the cells are nearly parallel to the electric field. Conversely, an ICA value between 0 and +1 indicates that the cells are randomly aligned. Approximately 88% of the neuron cells had ICA values between −1 and 0, which suggests that the electric field effectively aligned the neuron cells. Meanwhile, the ICA values of the unstimulated neuron cells were randomly distributed. Thus, B-TENGs can be promising for facilitating neuroregeneration.

6.3. Rehabilitation Using B-TENGs

In 2019, over 2.4 billion people worldwide had health conditions that would benefit from rehabilitation, representing a 63% increase from 1990. (426) The demand for rehabilitation is emphasized by the changing demography and human health. (427) For example, improved life expectancy has increased the prevalence of disability and chronic diseases. However, there is a significant gap between the demand for rehabilitation and availability. Although unexpected circumstances, such as conflicts, disasters, and outbreaks, abruptly increase the need for rehabilitation services, more than 50% of the population in low- and middle-income countries is not supported adequately by rehabilitation services. (428) Owing to their cost-effectiveness, minimized device volume, and simple structure, B-TENGs have been investigated as attractive options for rehabilitation medicine. (429,430) There are several studies on implanting B-TENGs to rehabilitate musculoskeletal systems (e.g., bone pain, joint, and muscle).
The aging population has also led to an increase in the number of bone fracture cases, particularly those associated with osteoporosis and osteogenesis imperfecta, resulting in a significant social and economic burden. (431−435) Conventional treatments, such as pharmacological methods and stem cell therapy, have significant side effects and lengthy clinical approval processes. (436,437) Thus, alternative approaches are required to address the high prevalence of bone fractures and associated costs. (438) Electrical stimulation has been explored for bone tissue regeneration. (439−441) Previous in vitro studies have demonstrated that electrical stimulation from TENGs can trigger osteoblast cell proliferation and differentiation. (440) However, their nontransient properties restrict their practical use in fracture healing. (442,443)
A recent study reported an implantable, fully bioresorbable, ultraflexible bone fracture electrical stimulation device (FED) with bioresorbable characteristics, allowing its absorption in human tissue after its service life (Figure 25A–C). This FED was composed of two elements: a B-TENG producing electrical impulses and a set of interdigitated electrodes spatially forming an electric field (Figure 25A). Both the TENG and interdigitated electrodes were constructed on a PLGA substrate. The TENG unit contained an island-bridge Mg electrode on which a micropyramid-structured PLGA (P-PLGA) layer was attached facing upward, forming a lower triboelectric layer. An additional island-bridge Mg electrode-coated PLGA layer was placed on top of the P-PLGA layer and thermoplastically sealed, constructing the upper triboelectric layer. The micropyramidal structure of the P-PLGA improved the sensitivity and power density of the TENG by increasing contact at the interface. The island-bridge Mg electrodes were connected using a serpentine geometry. The island bridge configuration and serpentine geometry effectively promote structural robustness, decreasing the overall modulus and minimizing the constraints on FED flexibility.

Figure 25

Figure 25. Rehabilitation and antibacterial activity of B-TENGs. (A) Schematic illustration of a FED structure. (B) Fracture healing process. (C) Improvement of mineral density and bending performance through FED electrical stimulation. (A–C) Reproduced with permission from ref (54). Copyright 2021 National Academy of Science. (D) Schematic illustration of a TENG-based tissue battery. (E) Cartilage repair system for electrical stimulation using a TENG-based tissue battery. (F) Flow cytometry results that demonstrate accelerated cartilage repair using a TENG-based tissue battery structure. (D–F) Reproduced with permission from ref (130). Copyright 2023 Elsevier. (G) Schematic illustration of the antibacterial mechanism of an RSSP Patch. (H) In vivo antibacterial inhibition of S. aureus by the RSSP Patch. (collected after 7 d, n = 20, ***p ≤ 0.001). (G and H) Reproduced with permission from ref (131). Copyright 2018 Wiley-VCH. (I) Schematic illustration of IBV-TENG under the surgical site to prevent SSI. (J) Images of viable bacteria (E. coli and S. aureus) and the ex vivo antibacterial effect with/without electrical stimulation using IBV-TENG. (I and J) Reproduced with permission from ref (117). Copyright 2023 Wiley-VCH under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Consequently, the FED adhered to irregular surfaces, even under significant stress, such as on a bent finger joint or when subjected to multiple twists. The B-TENG generated electrical outputs by repetitive contact–separation motions between the P-PLGA triboelectric layer and the Mg electrode. The TENG was electrically characterized to optimize the Mg island length (L) at a frequency of 1 Hz. The voltage output peaks increased with an increase in L from 200 to 1000 μm, reaching a maximum value of 4.5 VPP. Further increases in L to 2000 and 4000 μm decreased the voltage output to 3.2 and 1.2 V, respectively.
The FED was subcutaneously implanted in a rat model to determine its in vivo energy generation, positioning the TENG between the knee joint and the hip (Figure 25B). The voltage output was monitored during regular activity, reaching a value of approximately 4 V. The bone fracture healing was evaluated pathologically, comparing three groups fed and grown under similar conditions (Figure 25C). The mineral density of the right tibia in rats was evaluated and compared after 6 weeks of intervention in groups I, S, and F and a control group. No significant difference in mineral density was found between groups I and N and between groups S and F, with a 27% improvement in mineral density observed in group I compared with the control group. The flexural stress of the tibia bone was also measured, revealing 83% improvement in group I, significantly higher than that of the control group and similar to that of the normal group.
Cartilage is a vital component of several joints, such as the knee, hip, ankle, and shoulder, playing a crucial role in joint lubrication and cushioning. (444,445) However, various factors (e.g., high-intensity physical exercise, rheumatoid arthritis, and age-related degeneration) can cause cartilage defects, resulting in pain and reduced joint mobility. (241,446) Given the limited regenerative capacity of cartilage, the treatment of cartilage defects has become a highly investigated area worldwide. (447,448) Several treatment options, including allogeneic and autologous osteochondral transplantations, have been explored. (449) Both have advantages and limitations, such as the high preservation cost of allogeneic transplants, the possibility of exogenous diseases and immune solid responses caused by allogenic antigens, and the limited availability of raw materials for autologous transplants. (450,451) The field of microfracture self-healing is still in early development, and further research is required to prove its efficacy. Stem cell therapy delivered through intravascular injection, intra-articular injection, or cell transplantation is also a promising alternative, requiring additional long-term studies to determine its efficacy and safety. (452,453) Cartilage tissue engineering, which involves the use of seed cells, engineered scaffolds, and cell growth factors, is a highly researched area ,as it provides an unlimited source of repair materials. (454,455) However, the hyaline cartilage produced by this approach may not withstand the stress of repeated joint movements as well as normal cartilage. (456,457) Therefore, there is a continuous demand for efficient methods to augment chondrocyte proliferation.
Smart electronic scaffolds for the treatment of cartilage defects (tissue battery) were engineered by combining degradable porous scaffolds and a self-powered sensor based on a multiconvex TENG. (130) An artificial tissue battery was developed for real-time detection and repair stimulation. The fully bioresorbable tissue battery consisted of two components, a porous scaffold (PCL-PLGA-HA; HA = hydroxyapatite) to fill cartilage defects and a TENG-based pressure sensor composed of CA-CS-HA (CA = collagen aggregate; CS = chitosan) and PCL/PDMS/PCL-FA (FA = fluorapatite) as the positive and negative friction layers, respectively (Figure 25D). The physical connection between the scaffold and the sensor was established through rough surface interlocking, hydrogen bonding, and molecular chain entanglement. The electricity generated from the sensor was collected by electrodes (Ag NWs), serving as the energy source for electrical stimulation and the transmission of electrical signals. The scaffold (PCL-PLGA-HA) allowed chondrocyte proliferation within its pores before material degradation and cartilage defect reparation. The pressure sensor was assembled in a hermetically sealed sandwich configuration to ensure stability and sensitivity in the presence of complex body fluids and under mechanical stress from joint movements. The positive friction layer (CA-CS-HA) featured a double-sided microconvex structure, which improved the effective contact area and the sensor signal. The negative friction layer (PCL/PDMS/PCL-FA) comprised multiple microconvexities acting as pillars to increase the maximum detection range. A mortise and tenon structure formed between the pillar and scaffold (PCL-PLGA-HA), enabling real-time feedback on the cartilage repair status.
The tissue battery had a porous PCL-PLGA-HA scaffold and a TENG-based pressure sensor made of CA-CS-HA and PCL/PDMS/PCL-–FA. The scaffold and sensor were interconnected via physical interlocking and hydrogen bonding, facilitating real-time detection and repair induction. The pressure sensor enabled the real-time monitoring of the repair state, ensuring stable and sensitive performance in the presence of complex body fluids and under mechanical stress from joint movements. The positive friction layer, CA-CS-HA, exhibited a double-sided microconvex structure with improved sensor signal and power density, whereas the negative friction layer, PCL/PDMS/PCL-FA, featured multiple microconvexities that increased the contact area and the maximum detection range of the sensor. PCL-PLGA-HA degraded faster than PCL/PDMS/PCL–FA to ensure an adequate device performance. During implantation, the scaffold was positioned facing the inside of the cartilage to facilitate the migration of growth factors and cells. The TENG-based sensor transformed the mechanical energy from body motion into electricity, promoting the proliferation of chondrocytes (Figure 25E). The electrical signals generated by the tissue battery could also be wirelessly transmitted to mobile devices, computers, or servers, enabling patients and healthcare providers to monitor and assess cartilage repair status and take prompt medical action as needed.
The performance of TENG-based pressure sensors in tissue batteries, including their sensitivity, response range, and detection limit, depends on the polarity and design of the positive and negative friction layers. The addition of HA and FA to the sensors improved their response range by increasing the compression modulus of the material, resulting in a greater external force required for the positive and negative friction layers to come into contact. Incorporating CS in CA-CS-HA counterbalanced the electron-donating character of −NH2 in CA, thereby improving the sensor sensitivity. The presence of electron-withdrawing groups (such as −CH3 and −F) in PCL/PDMS/PCL-FA further increased the energy density of the negative friction layer. The microconvex and multilayer sandwich structures on the surface of the positive and negative friction layers increased the contact area when subjected to an external force, leading to a higher energy density. The response range of the sensor could also be increased by incorporating micropillars with 30 μm of diameter in the fabrication process of PCL/PDMS/PCL-FA.
The effectiveness of ES in inactive cell activation was demonstrated in rabbit knee cartilage, as evidenced by a voltage increase of 100 mV·mm–1 (Figure 25F). However, using biomaterials for cartilage repair poses significant concerns regarding the toxicity of the materials and the potential for infection. Tissue batteries were fabricated using FDA-certified biocompatible polymers to address this issue (CA, PLGA, PCL, PDMS, FA, and HA). (458) A methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium cytotoxicity assay, performed to evaluate the biocompatibility of the tissue battery, revealed that the tissue battery had higher cell viability than the PCL-PLGA-HA composite, indicating that the ES enhanced chondrocyte proliferation.

6.4. Antibacterial Activity Using B-TENGs

Infections can occur during the postoperative wound healing, causing physical pain and creating an economic burden on the patient. (459,460) These infections can manifest in various body incisions, such as the organs, muscles, and skin, resulting in localized pain, abscess formation, organ dysfunction, secondary surgeries, or even death. (461,462) Postoperative infections can increase the mortality rate up to 11×, with an estimated half a million cases reported annually in the United States that cost 3–10 billion dollars. (463,464) The inhibition of microorganism proliferation is crucial for preventing surgical infections. (465) Although various antibiotics have been developed since the introduction of penicillin in 1928, the emergence of antimicrobial resistance has compromised their effectiveness. Thus, infectious diseases are a leading health problem of the 21st century. (466,467) The COVID-19 outbreak has highlighted the limitations of conventional pharmaceutical treatments, as emerging microorganisms may not be treatable by drugs, leading to pandemic events. This perspective has increased the demand for alternative solutions to antibiotics. (468) Photodynamic and photothermal therapy were explored for the control of microorganism proliferation. (469) However, these antimicrobial therapies have significant limitations, such as limited selectivity of treatment sites, low efficiency, and tissue damage due to high temperatures and lighting effects. (470) Sonodynamic therapy uses ultrasounds to trigger its effects, ensuring deep tissue penetration, noninvasiveness, and nonionization. However, its therapeutic efficiency is limited by the hypoxic microenvironment of deep-tissue infections and tumors. Sonothermal therapy is a form of ultrasonic interfacial engineering with toxicity and biosafety concerns. (330,471)
Electrical stimulation (ES) can be used as a nonpharmaceutical method for controlling the growth of microorganisms with known antimicrobial properties. (472) Electroporation, a physical process that utilizes a strong electric field to damage microbial structures, such as bacterial membranes and viral capsids, is a promising approach for microbial disinfection. (385,473−475) To achieve highly localized electric fields, Ag, CuO, or ZnO NWs are positioned vertically on a flat electrode surface, and the electric field is significantly amplified at the wire tip (>107 V·m–1) through low drive voltages (several volts). (476−478) The feasibility of NW-assisted electroporation disinfection technology for the bacterial disinfection of aquatic environments has recently been established. (430,479,480) However, research in the fabrication of bioresorbable NWs is ongoing, limiting the practical implementation of bioresorbable electroporation systems. Recent studies have explored ES-assisted microbial disinfection systems that utilize triboelectricity generated from bioresorbable TENGs. This section provides an overview of the structure and operating mechanism of these microbial disinfection devices.

6.4.1. Low-Frequency Triboelectricity-Driven Antibacterial Activity

A genetically engineered biofunctional TENG was developed using recombinant spider silk proteins (RSSP) for in vivo energy harvesting (Figure 25G). (131) The RSSP was genetically engineered to optimize its charge affinity, resulting in improved triboelectric performance and mechanical strength in TENG devices. The uniform chain lengths in RSSP, when compared with naturally harvested proteins such as spider silks, silk fibroins, and collagens, improved its reliability and repeatability for large-scale manufacturing. Furthermore, the transparency of the RSSP enabled parallel optical readout during energy harvesting. An innovative rapid prototyping technique based on water lithography (WL) was introduced to improve triboelectrification further. This technique creates rough patterns on the surface of RSSP using inkjet printing for biocompatible, economically viable, and scalable fabrication. The hydroink used in this method provided a natural vehicle for molecules and particles, enabling both surface and bulk chemical and physical modifications, as well as bulk doping of the RSSP. This technology can be used for various biofunctional TENG applications, including the fabrication of implantable antibacterial patches. RSSP is produced through recombinant expression in Escherichia coli. The resulting purified RSSP solution can be modified with a range of chemical and biological agents, including graphene, CNT, and drugs, through a straightforward mixing procedure. The pure or functionalized spider silk solutions can then be cast or spin-coated onto PET/indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates with a thickness of approximately 2 μm to meet large-scale demand. A WL technique was developed to create rough patterns on the RSSP surfaces and incorporate functional molecules and particles onto the TENG, improving triboelectrification. (215,481,482) The RSSP/PET/ITO substrate was developed for 12 h in an ethanol/water mixture to produce RSSP-WL-TENG. The duration of this process can be reduced by increasing the annealing temperature. (207)
The triboelectric mechanism relies on the transfer and re-equilibration of electrons between two friction surfaces. The ability of the material to effectively release and retain electrons without dissipation is vital to achieving good triboelectric performance. (483,484) The RSSP protein was optimized to maximize the number of electrons it could carry. The triboelectric performance of RSSP improved with an increasing number of repeating units and a higher molecular weight, reducing the number of chain ends to create a more uniform and mechanically robust protein. In addition, the uniform chain length of RSSP caused RSSP/PET/ITO films to be transparent even after WL. This transparency enables their use in optical applications. (485) The output performance of the RSSP-WL-TENG was significantly improved through WL and programmable RSSP crystallinity. Various strategies, including surface structuring and ethanol/water annealing, have been employed to enhance the electrical output and robustness of TENGs, particularly under high-humidity conditions. Uniform holes can be formed by carefully controlling the printing parameters (height of approximately 200 nm; width of about 30 μm), whereas rough patterns are obtained by randomly printing multiple layers on top of each other. As demonstrated by FEM simulations, structured surface morphologies increase the electrical potential when the surface carries the same amount of charge, leading to improved triboelectric output. (486)
The antibacterial mechanism of a fully bioresorbable RSSP patch is illustrated in Figure 24G. The application of triboelectric charging creates a potential difference between the bacteria and the positively charged surface of the RSSP patch. This causes extracellular electron transmission between the bacteria and the patch, leading to a morphological impairment of the bacteria, increased production of ROS, (487) and ultimately bacterial death. The RSSP patch can also serve as a matrix similar to other silk materials. (488) The antibacterial properties of the RSSP patch can be further improved by introducing GR and Ag NPs. (489) The high discharging capacity of the RSSP-based nanocomposites enables a significant charge to be maintained by the environment, providing postcharging antibacterial properties. The RSSP-doped patches exhibited antibacterial properties against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria, respectively (Figure 25H). However, RSSP samples without triboelectric charging had negligible effects on bacterial growth, thus proving that the RSSP does not have intrinsic antibacterial properties. The antibacterial efficiency varied with the doping samples. The RSSP/GR/Ag patch was the most effective, killing 93% of Escherichia coli and 58% of Staphylococcus aureus. The difference in efficacy is attributable to the thicker peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria, which provides greater resistance to electric fields.

6.4.2. High-Frequency Triboelectricity-Driven Antibacterial Activity

A technology for inhibiting microorganisms in soft tissues has been proposed using an implantable, fully bioresorbable, and high-frequency vibrating TENG (IBV-TENG) powered by ultrasounds. (17) The implanted IBV-TENG, designed to prevent surgical site infections through electric stimulation, is illustrated in Figure 25I. The IBV-TENG was fabricated using PHBV as the encapsulation and vibrating layer and PVA as the counter friction layer; both PVA and PHBV are bioresorbable and biocompatible materials. (490) A 50 μm thick Mg foil coated with a PHBV solution (1% w/v) and covered with a PVA solution was selected as the electrode because of its rapid hydrolysis rate and high biocompatibility. (327) The device was designed as a single electrode with a flexible PHBV layer to promote friction between the triboelectric layers and prevent ultrasound reflection. The active area and thickness of the device were approximately 1 × 2 cm2 and 170 μm, respectively. The electrical output of the IBV-TENG was measured by placing it in deionized water at different distances (1, 3, 5, and 7 mm) from the ultrasound probe (frequency of 20 kHz; probe intensity of >3 W·cm–2). (138) A voltage of approximately 4 V and a current of approximately 22 μA were obtained at 40 MΩ and 1 Ω, respectively. The electrical output was also investigated at varying ultrasound probe power intensities and distances. An increase in the power intensity increased the electrical output, whereas an increase in the distance reduced the electrical output. (138)
An in vitro study was performed to determine the antibacterial activity of the IBV-TENG. The IBV-TENG was securely fixed to a Petri dish and placed under an ultrasound probe. The electrode was kept in a separate Petri dish to eliminate any heating effect from ultrasonic irradiation. The Mg electrode was covered with PHBV to prevent direct contact with the bacterial solution, comprising Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria at concentrations of approximately 105 colony-forming units per milliliter. (487) The bacteria were effectively eliminated through electrical stimulation of 4 V for 1 h using IBV-TENG, resulting in 99% and 100% elimination of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively (Figure 25K). The IBV-TENG presented higher antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus than Escherichia coli, possibly because of fundamental structural differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including an additional protective outer membrane in Gram-negative microorganisms. (491,492) The electrical stimulation produced by the IBV-TENG altered the polarity of the bacterial membrane, disrupting electron transfer in bacterial activity to cause structural destruction and bacterial death. (59,385,493)
The survival rate was evaluated under variable conditions to determine the factors responsible for bacterial survival after electrical stimulation (ES). Ultrasounds were applied to a bacterial sample at 1–2 W·cm–2 for 1 h without IBV-TENG. No significant difference was observed compared with the initial survival rate. (494) The bacteria also proliferated when cultured on a PHBV-covered Mg electrode without ES and ultrasounds for 2 h, maintaining the original survival rate. The pH was also monitored during the ES (1–2 W cm–2) for 60 min to determine its role in bacterial survival, revealing no significant changes. Thus, the antibacterial activity of IBV-TENG is pH-independent. (487)
Porcine tissue with fat and muscle layers was used as the test substrate to study the survival rate of bacteria ex vivo (Figure 25J). A bacterial solution (30 μL, approximately 105 CFU·mL–1) was spread on 0.5 × 2.5 cm2 of porcine tissue. The IBV-TENG was placed on the contaminated portion of the tissue and covered with a pork skin layer with a thickness of approximately 5 mm. The ultrasound probe was fixed above the skin layer where the IBV-TENG was implanted, and ES was performed on the contaminated tissue. The viability of the bacterial colonies was determined via imaging. The ultrasound treatment was ineffective at killing the bacteria in the initial stage. However, the survival rate significantly reduced after ES, with over 92% and 86% inactivation of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively.

7. Challenges and Future Perspectives

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B-TENGs have recently emerged as promising implantable energy solutions, exhibiting rapid advancements owing to an in-depth understanding of their degradation mechanisms and material designs. (58,124,196) This enables a high output and modulation of the device’s lifetime according to the application. B-TENGs with active operation are feasible alternatives with enhanced functionalities, enabling the precise control and adjustment of the lifetime of the triboelectric implant to minimize possible adverse health effects. (117,122,137) The large output power, simple structure, and extensive material options of B-TENGs led to their broad application to power implantable electronics and to act as self-powered bioresorbable electronics. B-TENGs have been used to collect physiological signals for health monitoring, disease diagnosis, tissue and nerve regeneration, rehabilitation, and antibacterial activity to prevent surgical infections. (30,117,123−125,127,128,131,208,495)
Despite recent advances and future opportunities, B-TENGs face significant challenges that must be addressed to ensure their successful implementation and adoption in healthcare and biomedical applications. We may achieve technological innovation through fundamental materials studies that tackle the central requirements of B-TENGs (e.g., high output power and controlled biodegradation). Despite the considerable advancements made in B-TENGs over recent years to enhance power output and impose an adjustable lifespan in physiological conditions, particular challenges still exist. The limited choices of triboelectric pairs and the need for highly triboelectrically negative bioresorbable materials continue to be major obstacles to achieving breakthroughs in output power. Further, while some studies have reported controlled biodegradation by employing encapsulation polymers and laser-induced thermal transitions, there has yet to be substantial progress in ensuring the safe and effective clearance of B-TENGs. The research in this area remains nascent compared to mechanisms explored in transient electronics. These limitations contribute to challenges in ensuring technological requirements such as functional stability, biocompatibility, and comprehensive functionalities. Preclinical and clinical evaluations of degradation behavior and biological impacts from various angles are pivotal to manifesting the potential of B-TENGs as a novel category of IMDs and power sources. However, most studies have only confirmed their potential in feasibility tests. Therefore, the evolution of next-generation B-TENGs should prioritize advanced bioresorbable materials research to tackle these challenges, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach. Figure 26 provides an overview of the current technological challenges, and numerous research groups are concentrated on addressing these limitations. In this section, we provide ongoing research trends for each of the current challenges of B-TENGs and suggest feasible strategies to overcome them.

Figure 26

Figure 26. Challenges and required properties of future TENGs for transient electronics and IMDs.

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7.1. Effective And Predictable Transience

Despite substantial progress, the control of B-TENG lifetime remains challenging. The varying degradation mechanisms and weight loss rates of different component materials lead to discrepancies between the functioning and disappearance times of the B-TENG, creating a risk for adverse health effects from residual material. These constraints limit the available clinical options for implant adjustment, increasing the need for frequent hospital visits and the reliance on repetitive imaging diagnostics to monitor the transient behavior. This increases the burden on the patient and healthcare provider. Addressing these challenges is crucial to improving the adaptability and practicality of B-TENGs in clinical settings, leading to better patient outcomes and reducing the strain on healthcare resources. Although current research addresses this challenge using stimuli-responsive materials, most studies on integrating active operation to B-TENGs still need to develop practical methods to trigger their transience successfully in a noninvasive manner. This limitation has hindered the broad application of B-TENGs, as stimuli can inadvertently harm the patient. Consequently, further research is required to overcome these obstacles and fully harness the capabilities of B-TENGs for healthcare and biomedical applications.
Using ROS generators and drug delivery systems is promising to address this challenge. ROS generators produce oxygen radicals in response to various triggers such as heat, light, and ultrasound. The combination of ROS generators and ROS-reactive polymers has significant potential for TENG biosafety and effectiveness. (47,496) Given that the chain reaction propagates continuously throughout the entire component materials, only a few instances of low-intensity stimuli are required to destroy the device. This approach can effectively accelerate the clearance of bioresorbable materials using limited stimulation energy, thereby addressing concerns regarding the controlled degradation and lifetime of B-TENGs. Drug delivery technologies have a significant potential for their use in bioresorbable devices. Drug-loaded polymer matrices or composites containing nanocarriers, such as metal–organic frameworks and polymersomes, have been developed to store and release drugs on-demand for clinical applications. (45,56,328,497−499) These composites can store and release enzymes, etchants, or oxidants to promote degradation, creating a highly effective and reliable active operation system. Integrating wirelessly controlled drug reservoirs into bioresorbable devices, and making small reservoir valves to control drug release, minimizes the trigger energy, improving biosafety. Micro-light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) can also trigger transience by combining light-responsive materials or systems. (500,501) These strategies may address the current challenges of B-TENGs, controlling their lifetime and degradation and paving the way for developing more reliable, effective, and safe bioresorbable devices for healthcare and biomedical applications.

7.2. Stability

Selectivity and mechanical durability are essential factors in the development of stable B-TENGs. The triggering mechanism must be selective, only triggering with the desired response. In many cases, selectivity and biosafe triggering cannot be obtained simultaneously. Though stimuli-responsive materials should be sensitive to initiate erosion in response to low-energy stimuli, this may cause unintended transience to other triggers or impacts. Implanting AND gate logic in the stimulus that activates transience, requiring two or more distinct types of stimuli for activation, can help improve selectivity. (502−504) The use of dual frequency bands for power generation and triggering events can enhance the selectivity of active operations, (505) preventing interference between the two functions to ensure that the TENGs perform optimally.
In addition, it is essential to ensure that TENGs maintain their mechanical durability throughout the degradation process, withstanding environmental stress and pressure without compromising the triggering mechanism. In reservoir-integrated devices, the release of degradation factors from the destroyed drug reservoir can cause the uncontrolled disappearance of the device, affecting its performance and harming the surrounding tissues. Thus, the reservoir and its contents must be carefully designed to minimize the sudden release of degradation factors by mechanical impact. B-TENGs must gradually erode in the physiological medium to maintain a stable performance before activating the transient behavior. This requires an understanding of the mechanisms of molecular degradation and the dominant macroscopic degradation mode of the encapsulation layer, as it can considerably impact the functioning time. According to reported theoretical and experimental degradation models, the dominant degradation mode is determined by several factors, including the diffusion coefficient, specimen thickness, and erosion rate. Thus, the TENG design can be optimized by predicting the dominant degradation mode, ensuring stable performance. This can be achieved by using barrier layers or suitable material processing to improve the chemical durability of the encapsulation layer and minimize gradual erosion, as well as careful monitoring of the performance of the device to ensure that it meets the desired specifications.

7.3. Biocompatibility and Biosafety

The biocompatibility and biosafety of B-TENGs are vital for their application. Most existing studies on B-TENGs focused on cytotoxicity and immune response studies of their components, including the bioresorbable triboelectric polymer, the encapsulation material, and the metal. (45,46,58) However, examining the biocompatibility of the constituent elements is insufficient. It is also necessary to evaluate the cytotoxicity and immune response to the surrounding tissues that may occur due to the transient process. Furthermore, it is required to identify how the device components are absorbed and eliminated in the body. One representative approach to follow their elimination pathway utilizes ICP-MS to detect residual amounts of metallic elements within biological tissues during device degradation. (317) Finally, verifying that the electrical energy generated does not adversely affect biological systems is necessary.
In addition to evaluating the biocompatibility and safety of B-TENG components, it is vital to examine the biosafety of triggered transience and various triggers, including light, heat, and ultrasounds. (45,56,59−61,340,356) The use of triggers to initiate the degradation of B-TENGs raises concerns about their potential impact on surrounding tissues and cells. Researchers must consider the intensity, duration, and frequency of trigger application when evaluating the biosafety of triggered transience, as each trigger may have unique interactions with biological tissues, potentially causing thermal effects, mechanical stress, and other unintended consequences. When applied to initiate B-TENG degradation, these triggers must not induce tissue damage, inflammatory responses, or other adverse effects. Furthermore, trigger biosafety should be evaluated at various molecular- and organ-level scales. Here, in vitro and in vivo studies can reveal the potential risks and benefits of using these triggers. In vitro studies can help determine cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, and cellular responses, while in vivo studies can assess broader biological effects and interactions within living organisms. (60,328,340) The biocompatibility and safety of the byproducts generated during the triggered degradation process must be evaluated. The release of degradation products should not cause any harmful effects on the surrounding tissues or the overall biological system.

7.4. Output Power

B-TENGs are promising energy sources for various applications. However, their output performance must be increased for practical application in energy harvesting, sensing, and medicine. To increase the output performance of B-TENGs, researchers are exploring new materials and technologies that can improve energy conversion efficiency and increase output voltage and current. It may require high-performance dielectric materials, advanced fabrication techniques, and novel designs employing nanomaterials, high-k composites, ferroelectrics, high-surface-charge materials, and multistack structures. (49,58,64,139,159,206,506) Most implantable TENGs driven by the physical motion of organs or low-frequency vibrations of the human body (e.g., heartbeat, gastronomic movements, walking, and arm shaking) exhibit low output performance, limiting the power of implantable electronics. The miniaturization of implantable TENGs, an essential requirement for medical implants, is also challenging owing to their low output power.
Hinchet et al. first reported ultrasound-driven implantable TENGs with approximately 1000× higher output compared with previous studies. (138) Since then, the potential of ultrasound-driven TENGs has been widely recognized as a promising approach to increasing the output performance of on-demand B-TENGs. (58,138) However, most bioresorbable polymers still have a low surface charge density due to tribo-neutral moieties, which leads to low performance. Bioresorbable high-k composites, ferroelectric materials, high-surface-charge nanomaterials, and multistack configurations can be used to enhance the performance of TENGs.

7.5. Self-Powered Functionalities

B-TENGs generate electrical energy from ambient mechanical stimuli, removing the need for external power sources. This substantially reduces their size, weight, and complexity and minimizes the need for batteries, wires, or other circuit components, rendering them more suitable for implantation. (52,64,123−125) Moreover, B-TENGs reduce the risk of infection and inflammation associated with the physical stress caused by large-volume implants. (28,139,417) B-TENGs can be implanted close to the affected or monitored area because of their streamlined configuration and miniaturized dimensions. (58) This eliminates most electrical noise, improving accuracy when delivering electrical impulses and collecting targeted physiological signals. These characteristics ultimately translate to valuable and effective devices for biomedical applications.
However, the self-powered nature of these devices is limited by the availability of mechanical energy sources. Mechanical movement occurs in multiple locations throughout the human body, such as the heart, digestive organs, and muscles. (118,124) B-TENGs generate electrical currents by exploiting this mechanical motion through deformation. However, if a location does not provide sufficient mechanical energy, the B-TENG must be positioned in a suitable location and connected to the working components via lead wires. The intermittent electrical output, lack of control integrated circuits (ICs), and absence of energy storage also restrict their application. Given that B-TENGs only output power in the presence of biomechanical energy, their proper functioning cannot be confirmed without the implantation of additional monitoring devices, limiting their use to the few applications that do not require strict control of the amplitude, frequency, and waveform of electrical impulses.
Several approaches can be implemented to address these limitations and exploit the advantages of B-TENGs. First, the function of the device can be aligned with the biomechanical energy pattern. A previous study had implanted a TENG device onto the outer surface of the stomach, stimulating the vagus nerve when the stomach moved in response to appetite to reduce food intake. (164) B-TENGs can also be powered using externally controlled mechanical energy sources. For example, the output power of ultrasound-mediated TENGs can be intentionally controlled by modulating the intensity and incident pattern of the ultrasounds. (138) Thus, a database can be built using clinical tests and simulation or machine learning models to determine the output power of US-TENGs in response to a given ultrasound intensity, enabling better control and monitoring of their functions.

7.6. Multiple Combined Functionalities

Integrating bioresorbable power management-integrated circuits and batteries with B-TENGs is crucial for effectively implementing complex and accurate bioresorbable implants in clinical settings. This integration can enable a wide range of applications, including exact and tunable electrical stimulation, monitoring of multiple physiological signals, and wireless data transmission. Compared with existing implants that require high-capacity batteries and occupy considerable space, B-TENGs enable the miniaturization of IMDs using low-capacity batteries and B-TENG recharging. However, several challenges still need to be addressed. First, bioresorbable batteries with high energy density must be developed for miniaturization, as most current bioresorbable batteries have low energy densities and limited durability. (36,507) Second, the output power generated by B-TENGs must be increased to support high-power IMDs and reduced charging times. Finally, bioresorbable power management circuits with high conversion efficiency must be created. However, their development remains challenging because numerous passive and active elements are needed to manage the high-impedance output of TENGs. (357,508) The development of bioresorbable batteries for integration with these devices is also of concern, as their biosafety has yet to be fully proven.

8. Conclusion

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The development of B-TENGs is a remarkable breakthrough in biomedical engineering. These devices present a safe and sustainable alternative to conventional power sources in IMDs, obviating the need for extraction surgery and follow-up assessments to monitor residual materials. Incorporating these bioresorbable devices can enhance medical treatment delivery, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes. Significant challenges are associated with B-TENGs, such as ensuring adequate and predictable transience, improving the stability, biosafety, and output power, and designing innovative functionalities and bioresorbable electronics for integration. Nevertheless, their future appears promising, with vast potential for advancing biomedical technology. Continued research and development efforts in this field are vital for the widespread adoption of B-TENGs, paving the way for a more sustainable healthcare system. By harnessing the potential of B-TENGs, we can transform biomedical engineering and contribute to advancing healthcare worldwide.

Author Information

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  • Corresponding Author
  • Authors
    • Minki Kang - School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
    • Dong-Min Lee - School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
    • Inah Hyun - Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Human-oriented Triboelectric Energy Harvesting, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
    • Najaf Rubab - Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
    • So-Hee Kim - Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Human-oriented Triboelectric Energy Harvesting, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
  • Author Contributions

    M.K., D.-M.L., and I.H. contributed equally to this work. CRediT: Minki Kang conceptualization, writing-original draft, writing-review & editing; Dong-Min Lee conceptualization, writing-original draft, writing-review & editing; Inah Hyun conceptualization, writing-original draft, writing-review & editing; Najaf Rubab visualization; So-Hee Kim writing-review & editing; Sang-Woo Kim conceptualization, funding acquisition, project administration, supervision, writing-review & editing.

  • Notes
    The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Biographies

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Minki Kang

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Minki Kang is currently a postdoctoral researcher in the School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering at Sungkyunkwan University. His research interests include energy harvesting and biomedical applications based on biocompatible, biodegradable materials.

Dong-Min Lee

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Dong-Min Lee is currently a Ph.D. candidate in School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering at Sungkyunkwan University. His research interests focus on advanced skin/tissue-interfacing electronics and their diagnostic and therapeutic use.

Inah Hyun

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Inah Hyun is currently a Ph.D. student in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Yonsei University. Her research interests include implantable and bioresorbable energy harvesting devices and their biomedical applications.

Najaf Rubab

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Najaf Rubab is currently a research professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Gachon University. Her research interests include biomedical energy harvesting based on triboelectric technology.

So-Hee Kim

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So-Hee Kim is currently a Ph.D. student in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Yonsei University. Her research interests include triboelectric nanogenerators for energy harvesting and their applications in medical devices.

So-Hee Kim

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Sang-Woo Kim is a YONSEI World-Class Fellow Professor at Yonsei University. His recent research interests are focused on triboelectric/piezoelectric nanogenerators, self-powered sensors, body-implantable devices, and 2D materials. He has published over 350 research papers (with an H-index of 88). He served as the Chairman of the fourth NGPT conference in Korea in 2018. Currently, he holds the positions of Director of the Center for Human-oriented Triboelectric Energy Harvesting (Research Leader Program) and Director of the National Core Materials Research Center, which is supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea.

Acknowledgments

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The authors acknowledge by the Nano Material Technology Development Program (2020M3H4A1A03084600), the Basic Science Research Program (2022R1A3B1078291, Research Leader Program), and the Bio and Medical Technology Development Program (2022M3E5E9082206) through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grants funded by the Korean government (MSIT). S.-W.K. acknowledges the YONSEI World-Class Fellow Program funded by Y. J. Lee.

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    Boutry, C. M.; Kaizawa, Y.; Schroeder, B. C.; Chortos, A.; Legrand, A.; Wang, Z.; Chang, J.; Fox, P.; Bao, Z. A Stretchable and Biodegradable Strain and Pressure Sensor for Orthopaedic Application. Nat. Electron. 2018, 1, 314– 321,  DOI: 10.1038/s41928-018-0071-7
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    Piech, D. K.; Johnson, B. C.; Shen, K.; Ghanbari, M. M.; Li, K. Y.; Neely, R. M.; Kay, J. E.; Carmena, J. M.; Maharbiz, M. M.; Muller, R. A Wireless Millimetre-Scale Implantable Neural Stimulator with Ultrasonically Powered Bidirectional Communication. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2020, 4, 207– 222,  DOI: 10.1038/s41551-020-0518-9
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    11
    A wireless millimetre-scale implantable neural stimulator with ultrasonically powered bidirectional communication
    Piech David K; Shen Konlin; Carmena Jose M; Maharbiz Michel M; Muller Rikky; Piech David K; Shen Konlin; Carmena Jose M; Maharbiz Michel M; Muller Rikky; Johnson Benjamin C; Ghanbari M Meraj; Li Ka Yiu; Kay Joshua E; Carmena Jose M; Maharbiz Michel M; Muller Rikky; Johnson Benjamin C; Neely Ryan M; Carmena Jose M; Maharbiz Michel M; Maharbiz Michel M; Muller Rikky
    Nature biomedical engineering (2020), 4 (2), 207-222 ISSN:.
    Clinically approved neural stimulators are limited by battery requirements, as well as by their large size compared with the stimulation targets. Here, we describe a wireless, leadless and battery-free implantable neural stimulator that is 1.7 mm(3) and that incorporates a piezoceramic transducer, an energy-storage capacitor and an integrated circuit. An ultrasonic link and a hand-held external transceiver provide the stimulator with power and bidirectional communication. The stimulation protocols were wirelessly encoded on the fly, reducing power consumption and on-chip memory, and enabling protocol complexity with a high temporal resolution and low-latency feedback. Uplink data indicating whether stimulation occurs are encoded by the stimulator through backscatter modulation and are demodulated at the external transceiver. When embedded in ex vivo porcine tissue, the integrated circuit efficiently harvested ultrasonic power, decoded downlink data for the stimulation parameters and generated current-controlled stimulation pulses. When cuff-mounted and acutely implanted onto the sciatic nerve of anaesthetized rats, the device conferred repeatable stimulation across a range of physiological responses. The miniaturized neural stimulator may facilitate closed-loop neurostimulation for therapeutic interventions.
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  12. 12
    Gutruf, P.; Yin, R. T.; Lee, K. B.; Ausra, J.; Brennan, J. A.; Qiao, Y.; Xie, Z.; Peralta, R.; Talarico, O.; Murillo, A. Wireless, Battery-Free, Fully Implantable Multimodal and Multisite Pacemakers for Applications in Small Animal Models. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 5742,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13637-w
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    12
    Wireless, battery-free, fully implantable multimodal and multisite pacemakers for applications in small animal models
    Gutruf, Philipp; Yin, Rose T.; Lee, K. Benjamin; Ausra, Jokubas; Brennan, Jaclyn A.; Qiao, Yun; Xie, Zhaoqian; Peralta, Roberto; Talarico, Olivia; Murillo, Alejandro; Chen, Sheena W.; Leshock, John P.; Haney, Chad R.; Waters, Emily A.; Zhang, Changxing; Luan, Haiwen; Huang, Yonggang; Trachiotis, Gregory; Efimov, Igor R.; Rogers, John A.
    Nature Communications (2019), 10 (1), 5742CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)
    Small animals support a wide range of pathol. phenotypes and genotypes as versatile, affordable models for pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and for exploration of strategies in electrotherapy, gene therapy, and optogenetics. Pacing tools in such contexts are currently limited to tethered embodiments that constrain animal behaviors and exptl. designs. Here, we introduce a highly miniaturized wireless energy-harvesting and digital communication electronics for thin, miniaturized pacing platforms weighing 110 mg with capabilities for subdermal implantation and tolerance to over 200,000 multiaxial cycles of strain without degrdn. in elec. or optical performance. Multimodal and multisite pacing in ex vivo and in vivo studies over many days demonstrate chronic stability and excellent biocompatibility. Optogenetic stimulation of cardiac cycles with in-animal control and induction of heart failure through chronic pacing serve as examples of modes of operation relevant to fundamental and applied cardiovascular research and biomedical technol.
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  13. 13
    Hwang, S.-W.; Tao, H.; Kim, D.-H.; Cheng, H.; Song, J.-K.; Rill, E.; Brenckle, M. A.; Panilaitis, B.; Won, S. M.; Kim, Y.-S. A Physically Transient Form of Silicon Electronics. Science 2012, 337, 1640– 1644,  DOI: 10.1126/science.1226325
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    13
    A physically transient form of silicon electronics
    Hwang, Suk-Won; Tao, Hu; Kim, Dae-Hyeong; Cheng, Huanyu; Song, Jun-Kyul; Rill, Elliott; Brenckle, Mark A.; Panilaitis, Bruce; Won, Sang Min; Kim, Yun-Soung; Song, Young Min; Yu, Ki Jun; Ameen, Abid; Li, Rui; Su, Yewang; Yang, Miaomiao; Kaplan, David L.; Zakin, Mitchell R.; Slepian, Marvin J.; Huang, Yonggang; Omenetto, Fiorenzo G.; Rogers, John A.
    Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2012), 337 (6102), 1640-1644CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
    A review. A remarkable feature of modern silicon electronics is its ability to remain phys. invariant, almost indefinitely for practical purposes. Although this characteristic is a hallmark of applications of integrated circuits that exist today, there might be opportunities for systems that offer the opposite behavior, such as implantable devices that function for medically useful time frames but then completely disappear via resorption by the body. The authors report on a set of materials, manufg. schemes, device components, and theor. design tools for a silicon-based complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technol. that has this type of transient behavior, together with integrated sensors, actuators, power supply systems, and wireless control strategies. An implantable transient device that acts as a programmable nonantibiotic bacteriocide provides a system-level example.
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  14. 14
    Petrushevskaya, A.; Rabin, A.; Kilimnik, V. Energy FieldsIn Proceedings of the 24th Conference of Open Innovations Association FRUCT, April 8–12, 2018, Moswoc, Russia; FRUCT Oy: Helsinki, Finland, 2019.
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    Yuk, H.; Wu, J.; Zhao, X. Hydrogel Interfaces for Merging Humans and Machines. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2022, 7, 935– 952,  DOI: 10.1038/s41578-022-00483-4
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    Hydrogel interfaces for merging humans and machines
    Yuk, Hyunwoo; Wu, Jingjing; Zhao, Xuanhe
    Nature Reviews Materials (2022), 7 (12), 935-952CODEN: NRMADL; ISSN:2058-8437. (Nature Portfolio)
    A review. Abstr :' A review 'the last few decades have witnessed unprecedented convergence between humans and machines that closely operate around the human body. Despite these advances, traditional machines made of hard, dry and abiotic materials are substantially dissimilar to soft, wet and living biol. tissues. This dissimilarity results in severe limitations for long-term, reliable and highly efficient interfacing between humans and machines. To bridge this gap, hydrogels have emerged as an ideal material candidate for interfacing between humans and machines owing to their mech. and chem. similarities to biol. tissues and the versatility and flexibility in designing their properties. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive summary of functional modes, design principles, and current and future applications for hydrogel interfaces towards merging humans and machines.
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  16. 16
    Zhang, C.; Parada, G. A.; Zhao, X.; Chen, Z. Probing Surface Hydration and Molecular Structure of Zwitterionic and Polyacrylamide Hydrogels. Langmuir 2019, 35, 13292– 13300,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02544
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    Probing Surface Hydration and Molecular Structure of Zwitterionic and Polyacrylamide Hydrogels
    Zhang, Chengcheng; Parada, German Alberto; Zhao, Xuanhe; Chen, Zhan
    Langmuir (2019), 35 (41), 13292-13300CODEN: LANGD5; ISSN:0743-7463. (American Chemical Society)
    A hydrogel is a hydrophilic cross-linked polymer network which can contain a large amt. of water. Hydrogels with distinguished interfacial phys. toughness were analyzed for their potential application as antifouling coating materials, utilizing sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy as the interfacial anal. technique. The surface structures of one sulfobetaine (SBMA) zwitterionic hydrogel (ZWHG) and two polysaccharide hydrogels (PHGs) were probed in air; their interfacial structures with silica were examd. using SFG in water and protein solns., resp. Both ZWHG and PHGs interfaces in water were dominated by strongly hydrogen-bonded water mols., but the bonding strength assocd. with ZWHG was much stronger. Although all hydrogels experienced interfacial change in the presence of protein solns., after cleaning, the zwitterionic hydrogel interface recovered almost completely while the other two hydrogels were subject to irreversible protein adsorption. Addnl., orientational anal. of ZWHG Me groups in water was conducted and related to the superior hydrogen-bonding strength of water mols. at the ZWHG interface. The interfacial structures of hydrogel materials probed by SFG can be correlated to their antifouling properties. This research highlighted the crit. role that hydrogen-bonding strength of interfacial water mols. play for antifouling applications.
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    Boutry, C. M.; Nguyen, A.; Lawal, Q. O.; Chortos, A.; Rondeau-Gagné, S.; Bao, Z. A Sensitive and Biodegradable Pressure Sensor Array for Cardiovascular Monitoring. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 6954– 6961,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502535
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    A Sensitive and Biodegradable Pressure Sensor Array for Cardiovascular Monitoring
    Boutry, Clementine M.; Nguyen, Amanda; Lawal, Qudus Omotayo; Chortos, Alex; Rondeau-Gagne, Simon; Bao, Zhenan
    Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2015), 27 (43), 6954-6961CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    A review. A sensitive and biodegradable pressure sensor array for cardiovascular monitoring is reviewed. Schematic design and fabrication of a fully biodegradable and flexible pressure sensor array from microstructured poly(glycerol sebacate) PGS films are shown.
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    Chiong, J. A.; Tran, H.; Lin, Y.; Zheng, Y.; Bao, Z. Integrating Emerging Polymer Chemistries for the Advancement of Recyclable, Biodegradable, and Biocompatible Electronics. Adv. Sci. 2021, 8, 2101233,  DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101233
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    Integrating Emerging Polymer Chemistries for the Advancement of Recyclable, Biodegradable, and Biocompatible Electronics
    Chiong, Jerika A.; Tran, Helen; Lin, Yangju; Zheng, Yu; Bao, Zhenan
    Advanced Science (Weinheim, Germany) (2021), 8 (14), 2101233CODEN: ASDCCF; ISSN:2198-3844. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    Through advances in mol. design, understanding of processing parameters, and development of non-traditional device fabrication techniques, the field of wearable and implantable skin-inspired devices is rapidly growing interest in the consumer market. Like previous technol. advances, economic growth and efficiency is anticipated, as these devices will enable an augmented level of interaction between humans and the environment. However, the parallel growing electronic waste that is yet to be addressed has already left an adverse impact on the environment and human health. Looking forward, it is imperative to develop both human- and environmentally-friendly electronics, which are contingent on emerging recyclable, biodegradable, and biocompatible polymer technologies. This review provides definitions for recyclable, biodegradable, and biocompatible polymers based on reported literature, an overview of the anal. techniques used to characterize mech. and chem. property changes, and std. policies for real-life applications. Then, various strategies in designing the next-generation of polymers to be recyclable, biodegradable, or biocompatible with enhanced functionalities relative to traditional or com. polymers are discussed. Finally, electronics that exhibit an element of recyclability, biodegradability, or biocompatibility with new mol. design are highlighted with the anticipation of integrating emerging polymer chemistries into future electronic devices.
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    Lu, D.; Li, S.; Yang, Q.; Arafa, H. M.; Xu, Y.; Yan, Y.; Ostojich, D.; Bai, W.; Guo, H.; Wu, C. Implantable, Wireless, Self-Fixing Thermal Sensors for Continuous Measurements of Microvascular Blood Flow in Flaps and Organ Grafts. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2022, 206, 114145,  DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114145
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    19
    Implantable, wireless, self-fixing thermal sensors for continuous measurements of microvascular blood flow in flaps and organ grafts
    Lu, Di; Li, Shupeng; Yang, Quansan; Arafa, Hany M.; Xu, Yameng; Yan, Ying; Ostojich, Diana; Bai, Wubin; Guo, Hexia; Wu, Changsheng; Li, Shuo; Jacobson, Lauren; Westman, Amanda M.; MacEwan, Matthew R.; Huang, Yonggang; Pet, Mitchell; Rogers, John A.
    Biosensors & Bioelectronics (2022), 206 (), 114145CODEN: BBIOE4; ISSN:0956-5663. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Vascular pedicle thrombosis after free flap transfer or solid organ transplantation surgeries can lead to flap necrosis, organ loss requiring re-transplantation, or even death. Although implantable flow sensors can provide early warning of malperfusion and facilitate operative salvage, measurements performed with existing technologies often depend on extrinsic conditions such as mounting methods and environmental fluctuations. Furthermore, the mechanisms for fixing such probes to vascular or skeletal structures may disrupt the normal blood flow or cause unnecessary tissue damage. Requirements for wired connections to benchtop readout systems also increase costs, complicate clin. care and constrain movements of the patient. Here, we report a wireless, miniaturized flow sensing system that exploits sub-millimeter scale, multi-nodal thermal probes, with biodegradable barbs that secure the probes to the surrounding tissues in a manner that facilitates removal after a period of use. These smartphone-readable devices, together with exptl. validated anal. models of the thermal transport physics, enable reliable, accurate flow sensing in ways that are largely immune to variations in temp. and mech. perturbations. In vivo demonstrations of this technol. in porcine myocutaneous flap and kidney malperfusion models highlight the essential capabilities in microsurgical and transplantation-related biomedical application scenarios.
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    Zhang, H.; Gutruf, P.; Meacham, K.; Montana, M. C.; Zhao, X.; Chiarelli, A. M.; Vázquez-Guardado, A.; Norris, A.; Lu, L.; Guo, Q. Wireless, Battery-Free Optoelectronic Systems as Subdermal Implants for Local Tissue Oximetry. Sci. Adv. 2019, 5, eaaw0873  DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw0873
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    Lu, W.; Bai, W.; Zhang, H.; Xu, C.; Chiarelli, A. M.; Vázquez-Guardado, A.; Xie, Z.; Shen, H.; Nandoliya, K.; Zhao, H. Wireless, Implantable Catheter-Type Oximeter Designed for Cardiac Oxygen Saturation. Sci. Adv. 2021, 7, eabe0579  DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe0579
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    Lee, K.; Ni, X.; Lee, J. Y.; Arafa, H.; Pe, D. J.; Xu, S.; Avila, R.; Irie, M.; Lee, J. H.; Easterlin, R. L. Mechano-Acoustic Sensing of Physiological Processes and Body Motions Via a Soft Wireless Device Placed at the Suprasternal Notch. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2020, 4, 148– 158,  DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0480-6
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    22
    Mechano-acoustic sensing of physiological processes and body motions via a soft wireless device placed at the suprasternal notch
    Lee KunHyuck; Arafa Hany; Xu Shuai; Irie Masahiro; Chung Ha Uk; Liu Claire; Huang Ivy; Rogers John A; Lee KunHyuck; Avila Raudel; Reeder Jonathan T; Huang Ivy; Deng Yujun; Xie Zhaoqian; Huang Yonggang; Rogers John A; Ni Xiaoyue; Lee Jong Yoon; Xu Shuai; Avila Raudel; Lee Joo Hee; Jang Hokyung; Kim Jungwoo; Mehta Sunita; Reeder Jonathan T; Deng Yujun; Xie Zhaoqian; Huang Yonggang; Rogers John A; Arafa Hany; Olabisi Omolara O; Chung Esther; Hill Marc; Liu Claire; Rogers John A; Pe David J; Rogers John A; Xu Shuai; Avila Raudel; Deng Yujun; Xie Zhaoqian; Huang Yonggang; Avila Raudel; Getaneh Selam; Deng Yujun; Xie Zhaoqian; Huang Yonggang; Rogers John A; Irie Masahiro; Chung Ha Uk; Rogers John A; Easterlin Ryder L; Kim Dong Hyun; Bell Jeremy; Park Jun Bin; Kim Sung Bong; Pharr Matt; Tzavelis Andreas; Deng Yujun; Xie Zhaoqian; Davies Charles R; Rogers John A
    Nature biomedical engineering (2020), 4 (2), 148-158 ISSN:.
    Skin-mounted soft electronics that incorporate high-bandwidth triaxial accelerometers can capture broad classes of physiologically relevant information, including mechano-acoustic signatures of underlying body processes (such as those measured by a stethoscope) and precision kinematics of core-body motions. Here, we describe a wireless device designed to be conformally placed on the suprasternal notch for the continuous measurement of mechano-acoustic signals, from subtle vibrations of the skin at accelerations of around 10(-3) m s(-2) to large motions of the entire body at about 10 m s(-2), and at frequencies up to around 800 Hz. Because the measurements are a complex superposition of signals that arise from locomotion, body orientation, swallowing, respiration, cardiac activity, vocal-fold vibrations and other sources, we exploited frequency-domain analysis and machine learning to obtain-from human subjects during natural daily activities and exercise-real-time recordings of heart rate, respiration rate, energy intensity and other essential vital signs, as well as talking time and cadence, swallow counts and patterns, and other unconventional biomarkers. We also used the device in sleep laboratories and validated the measurements using polysomnography.
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    Park, D. Y.; Joe, D. J.; Kim, D. H.; Park, H.; Han, J. H.; Jeong, C. K.; Park, H.; Park, J. G.; Joung, B.; Lee, K. J. Self-Powered Real-Time Arterial Pulse Monitoring Using Ultrathin Epidermal Piezoelectric Sensors. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1702308,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702308
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    Kim, D. H.; Shin, H. J.; Lee, H.; Jeong, C. K.; Park, H.; Hwang, G. T.; Lee, H. Y.; Joe, D. J.; Han, J. H.; Lee, S. H. In Vivo Self-Powered Wireless Transmission Using Biocompatible Flexible Energy Harvesters. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27, 1700341,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201700341
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    Zhang, Y.; Mickle, A. D.; Gutruf, P.; McIlvried, L. A.; Guo, H.; Wu, Y.; Golden, J. P.; Xue, Y.; Grajales-Reyes, J. G.; Wang, X. Battery-Free, Fully Implantable Optofluidic Cuff System for Wireless Optogenetic and Pharmacological Neuromodulation of Peripheral Nerves. Sci. Adv. 2019, 5, eaaw5296  DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw5296
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    Choi, Y. S.; Hsueh, Y.-Y.; Koo, J.; Yang, Q.; Avila, R.; Hu, B.; Xie, Z.; Lee, G.; Ning, Z.; Liu, C. Stretchable, Dynamic Covalent Polymers for Soft, Long-Lived Bioresorbable Electronic Stimulators Designed to Facilitate Neuromuscular Regeneration. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 5990,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19660-6
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    26
    Stretchable, dynamic covalent polymers for soft, long-lived bioresorbable electronic stimulators designed to facilitate neuromuscular regeneration
    Choi, Yeon Sik; Hsueh, Yuan-Yu; Koo, Jahyun; Yang, Quansan; Avila, Raudel; Hu, Buwei; Xie, Zhaoqian; Lee, Geumbee; Ning, Zheng; Liu, Claire; Xu, Yameng; Lee, Young Joong; Zhao, Weikang; Fang, Jun; Deng, Yujun; Lee, Seung Min; Vazquez-Guardado, Abraham; Stepien, Iwona; Yan, Ying; Song, Joseph W.; Haney, Chad; Oh, Yong Suk; Liu, Wentai; Yun, Hong-Joon; Banks, Anthony; MacEwan, Matthew R.; Ameer, Guillermo A.; Ray, Wilson Z.; Huang, Yonggang; Xie, Tao; Franz, Colin K.; Li, Song; Rogers, John A.
    Nature Communications (2020), 11 (1), 5990CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)
    Bioresorbable electronic stimulators are of rapidly growing interest as unusual therapeutic platforms, i.e., bioelectronic medicines, for treating disease states, accelerating wound healing processes and eliminating infections. Here, we present advanced materials that support operation in these systems over clin. relevant time frames, ultimately bioresorbing harmlessly to benign products without residues, to eliminate the need for surgical extn. Our findings overcome key challenges of bioresorbable electronic devices by realizing lifetimes that match clin. needs. The devices exploit a bioresorbable dynamic covalent polymer that facilitates tight bonding to itself and other surfaces, as a soft, elastic substrate and encapsulation coating for wireless electronic components. We describe the underlying features and chem. design considerations for this polymer, and the biocompatibility of its constituent materials. In devices with optimized, wireless designs, these polymers enable stable, long-lived operation as distal stimulators in a rat model of peripheral nerve injuries, thereby demonstrating the potential of programmable long-term elec. stimulation for maintaining muscle receptivity and enhancing functional recovery.
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    Choi, Y. S.; Jeong, H.; Yin, R. T.; Avila, R.; Pfenniger, A.; Yoo, J.; Lee, J. Y.; Tzavelis, A.; Lee, Y. J.; Chen, S. W. A Transient, Closed-Loop Network of Wireless, Body-Integrated Devices for Autonomous Electrotherapy. Science 2022, 376, 1006– 1012,  DOI: 10.1126/science.abm1703
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    27
    A transient, closed-loop network of wireless, body-integrated devices for autonomous electrotherapy
    Choi, Yeon Sik; Jeong, Hyoyoung; Yin, Rose T.; Avila, Raudel; Pfenniger, Anna; Yoo, Jaeyoung; Lee, Jong Yoon; Tzavelis, Andreas; Lee, Young Joong; Chen, Sheena W.; Knight, Helen S.; Kim, Seungyeob; Ahn, Hak-Young; Wickerson, Grace; Vazquez-Guardado, Abraham; Higbee-Dempsey, Elizabeth; Russo, Bender A.; Napolitano, Michael A.; Holleran, Timothy J.; Abdul Razzak, Leen; Miniovich, Alana N.; Lee, Geumbee; Geist, Beth; Kim, Brandon; Han, Shuling; Brennan, Jaclyn A.; Aras, Kedar; Kwak, Sung Soo; Kim, Joohee; Waters, Emily Alexandria; Yang, Xiangxing; Burrell, Amy; Chun, Keum San; Liu, Claire; Wu, Changsheng; Rwei, Alina Y.; Spann, Alisha N.; Banks, Anthony; Johnson, David; Zhang, Zheng Jenny; Haney, Chad R.; Jin, Sung Hun; Sahakian, Alan Varteres; Huang, Yonggang; Trachiotis, Gregory D.; Knight, Bradley P.; Arora, Rishi K.; Efimov, Igor R.; Rogers, John A.
    Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2022), 376 (6596), 1006-1012CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:1095-9203. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
    Temporary postoperative cardiac pacing requires devices with percutaneous leads and external wired power and control systems. This hardware introduces risks for infection, limitations on patient mobility, and requirements for surgical extn. procedures. Bioresorbable pacemakers mitigate some of these disadvantages, but they demand pairing with external, wired systems and secondary mechanisms for control. We present a transient closed-loop system that combines a time-synchronized, wireless network of skin-integrated devices with an advanced bioresorbable pacemaker to control cardiac rhythms, track cardiopulmonary status, provide multihaptic feedback, and enable transient operation with minimal patient burden. The result provides a range of autonomous, rate-adaptive cardiac pacing capabilities, as demonstrated in rat, canine, and human heart studies. This work establishes an engineering framework for closed-loop temporary electrotherapy using wirelessly linked, body-integrated bioelectronic devices.
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    Choi, Y. S.; Yin, R. T.; Pfenniger, A.; Koo, J.; Avila, R.; Benjamin Lee, K.; Chen, S. W.; Lee, G.; Li, G.; Qiao, Y. Fully Implantable and Bioresorbable Cardiac Pacemakers without Leads or Batteries. Nat. Biotechnol. 2021, 39, 1228– 1238,  DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-00948-x
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    Fully implantable and bioresorbable cardiac pacemakers without leads or batteries
    Choi, Yeon Sik; Yin, Rose T.; Pfenniger, Anna; Koo, Jahyun; Avila, Raudel; Benjamin Lee, K.; Chen, Sheena W.; Lee, Geumbee; Li, Gang; Qiao, Yun; Murillo-Berlioz, Alejandro; Kiss, Alexi; Han, Shuling; Lee, Seung Min; Li, Chenhang; Xie, Zhaoqian; Chen, Yu-Yu; Burrell, Amy; Geist, Beth; Jeong, Hyoyoung; Kim, Joohee; Yoon, Hong-Joon; Banks, Anthony; Kang, Seung-Kyun; Zhang, Zheng Jenny; Haney, Chad R.; Sahakian, Alan Varteres; Johnson, David; Efimova, Tatiana; Huang, Yonggang; Trachiotis, Gregory D.; Knight, Bradley P.; Arora, Rishi K.; Efimov, Igor R.; Rogers, John A.
    Nature Biotechnology (2021), 39 (10), 1228-1238CODEN: NABIF9; ISSN:1087-0156. (Nature Portfolio)
    Abstr.: Temporary cardiac pacemakers used in periods of need during surgical recovery involve percutaneous leads and externalized hardware that carry risks of infection, constrain patient mobility and may damage the heart during lead removal. Here we report a leadless, battery-free, fully implantable cardiac pacemaker for postoperative control of cardiac rate and rhythm that undergoes complete dissoln. and clearance by natural biol. processes after a defined operating timeframe. We show that these devices provide effective pacing of hearts of various sizes in mouse, rat, rabbit, canine and human cardiac models, with tailored geometries and operation timescales, powered by wireless energy transfer. This approach overcomes key disadvantages of traditional temporary pacing devices and may serve as the basis for the next generation of postoperative temporary pacing technol.
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  29. 29
    Huang, Y.; Cui, Y.; Deng, H.; Wang, J.; Hong, R.; Hu, S.; Hou, H.; Dong, Y.; Wang, H.; Chen, J. Bioresorbable Thin-Film Silicon Diodes for the -Optoelectronic Excitation and Inhibition of Neural Activities. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2023, 7, 486– 498,  DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00931-0
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    29
    Bioresorbable thin-film silicon diodes for the optoelectronic excitation and inhibition of neural activities
    Huang, Yunxiang; Cui, Yuting; Deng, Hanjie; Wang, Jingjing; Hong, Rongqi; Hu, Shuhan; Hou, Hanqing; Dong, Yuanrui; Wang, Huachun; Chen, Junyu; Li, Lizhu; Xie, Yang; Sun, Pengcheng; Fu, Xin; Yin, Lan; Xiong, Wei; Shi, Song-Hai; Luo, Minmin; Wang, Shirong; Li, Xiaojian; Sheng, Xing
    Nature Biomedical Engineering (2023), 7 (4), 486-498CODEN: NBEAB3; ISSN:2157-846X. (Nature Portfolio)
    Abstr.: Neural activities can be modulated by leveraging light-responsive nanomaterials as interfaces for exerting photothermal, photoelectrochem. or photocapacitive effects on neurons or neural tissues. Here we show that bioresorbable thin-film monocryst. silicon pn diodes can be used to optoelectronically excite or inhibit neural activities by establishing polarity-dependent pos. or neg. photovoltages at the semiconductor/soln. interface. Under laser illumination, the silicon-diode optoelectronic interfaces allowed for the deterministic depolarization or hyperpolarization of cultured neurons as well as the upregulated or downregulated intracellular calcium dynamics. The optoelectronic interfaces can also be mounted on nerve tissue to activate or silence neural activities in peripheral and central nervous tissues, as we show in mice with exposed sciatic nerves and somatosensory cortices. Bioresorbable silicon-based optoelectronic thin films that selectively excite or inhibit neural tissue may find advantageous biomedical applicability.
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  30. 30
    Ouyang, H.; Li, Z.; Gu, M.; Hu, Y.; Xu, L.; Jiang, D.; Cheng, S.; Zou, Y.; Deng, Y.; Shi, B. A Bioresorbable Dynamic Pressure Sensor for Cardiovascular Postoperative Care. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2102302,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102302
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    30
    A Bioresorbable Dynamic Pressure Sensor for Cardiovascular Postoperative Care
    Ouyang, Han; Li, Zhe; Gu, Min; Hu, Yiran; Xu, Lingling; Jiang, Dongjie; Cheng, Sijing; Zou, Yang; Deng, Yu; Shi, Bojing; Hua, Wei; Fan, Yubo; Li, Zhou; Wang, Zhonglin
    Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2021), 33 (39), 2102302CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    Bioresorbable electronics that can be absorbed and become part of the organism after their service life are a new trend to avoid secondary invasive surgery. However, the material limitation is a significant challenge. There are fewer biodegradable materials with pressure-sensitive properties. Here, a pressure sensor based on the triboelec. effect between bioabsorbable materials is reported. This effect is available in almost all materials. The bioresorbable triboelec. sensor (BTS) can directly convert ambient pressure changes into elec. signals. This device successfully identifies abnormal vascular occlusion events in large animals (dogs). The service life of the BTS reaches 5 days with a high service efficiency (5.95%). The BTS offers excellent sensitivity (11 mV mmHg-1), linearity (R2 = 0.993), and good durability (450 000 cycles). The antibacterial bioresorbable materials (poly(lactic acid)-(chitosan 4%)) for the BTS can achieve 99% sterilization. Triboelec. devices are expected to be applied in postoperative care as bioresorbable electronics.
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  31. 31
    Lewis, J. W., Jr; Webb, C. R.; Pickard, S. D.; Lehman, J.; Jacobsen, G. The Increased Need for a Permanent Pacemaker after Reoperative Cardiac Surgery. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1998, 116, 74– 81,  DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5223(98)70245-4
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    The increased need for a permanent pacemaker after reoperative cardiac surgery
    Lewis J W Jr; Webb C R; Pickard S D; Lehman J; Jacobsen G
    The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery (1998), 116 (1), 74-81 ISSN:0022-5223.
    OBJECTIVE: The requirement for permanent pacemaker implantation after most initial cardiac surgical procedures generally is less than 3%. To identify the incidence and factors related to permanent pacemaker need after repeat cardiac surgery, we retrospectively studied 558 consecutive patients undergoing at least one repeat cardiac operation. METHOD: Univariable and multivariable analyses of comorbidity, preoperative catheterization values, and operative data were performed to identify factors related to pacemaker implantation. RESULTS: In this group, 54 patients (9.7%) required a permanent pacemaker. A multivariable model showed a relationship between a permanent pacemaker and tricuspid valve replacement/annuloplasty associated with aortic/mitral valve replacement, preoperative endocarditis, increasing number of reoperations, the degree of hypothermia during cardiopulmonary bypass, and advanced age. Additional univariable predictors of pacemaker need included multiple valve replacement, increased cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic crossclamp times, and aortic valve replacement. Over 90% of patients who have or have not received permanent pacemaker implantation were in New York Heart Association class I to II, with a mean follow-up time of 6 years. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were statistically similar for both groups at 5 and 10 years after the operation. CONCLUSION: Permanent pacemaker implantation was required in 9.7% of patients undergoing repeat cardiac surgery. This represented approximately a fourfold increase compared with similar primary operations reported in other series. Factors strongly related to this need included valve replacement, preoperative endocarditis, number of reoperations, advanced age, and degree of hypothermia during cardiopulmonary bypass. The need for a permanent pacemaker after reoperations did not result in significant long-term impairment of functional status or longevity compared with those who did not require a permanent pacemaker.
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  32. 32
    Chiao, J. C. Batteryless wireless gastric implants. In Proceedings of WAMICON 2014, June 6, 2014; IEEE, 2014; pp 1– 4.  DOI: 10.1109/WAMICON.2014.6857808
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    Boutry, C. M.; Beker, L.; Kaizawa, Y.; Vassos, C.; Tran, H.; Hinckley, A. C.; Pfattner, R.; Niu, S.; Li, J.; Claverie, J. Biodegradable and Flexible Arterial-Pulse Sensor for the Wireless Monitoring of Blood Flow. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2019, 3, 47– 57,  DOI: 10.1038/s41551-018-0336-5
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    33
    Biodegradable and flexible arterial-pulse sensor for the wireless monitoring of blood flow
    Boutry, Clementine M.; Beker, Levent; Kaizawa, Yukitoshi; Vassos, Christopher; Tran, Helen; Hinckley, Allison C.; Pfattner, Raphael; Niu, Simiao; Li, Junheng; Claverie, Jean; Wang, Zhen; Chang, James; Fox, Paige M.; Bao, Zhenan
    Nature Biomedical Engineering (2019), 3 (1), 47-57CODEN: NBEAB3; ISSN:2157-846X. (Nature Research)
    The ability to monitor blood flow is crit. to patient recovery and patient outcomes after complex reconstructive surgeries. Clin. available wired implantable monitoring technol. requires careful fixation for accurate detection and needs to be removed after use. Here, we report the design of a pressure sensor, made entirely of biodegradable materials and based on fringe-field capacitor technol., for measuring arterial blood flow in both contact and non-contact modes. The sensor is operated wirelessly through inductive coupling, has minimal hysteresis, fast response times, excellent cycling stability, is highly robust, allows for easy mounting and eliminates the need for removal, thus reducing the risk of vessel trauma. We demonstrate the operation of the sensor with a custom-made artificial artery model and in vivo in rats. This technol. may be advantageous in real-time post-operative monitoring of blood flow after reconstructive surgery.
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  34. 34
    Frattolin, J.; Barua, R.; Aydin, H.; Rajagopalan, S.; Gottellini, L.; Leask, R.; Yue, S.; Frost, D.; Bertrand, O. F.; Mongrain, R. Development of a Novel Biodegradable Metallic Stent Based on Microgalvanic Effect. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2016, 44, 404– 418,  DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1458-5
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    Development of a Novel Biodegradable Metallic Stent Based on Microgalvanic Effect
    Frattolin Jennifer; Barua Rajib; Gottellini Luca; Frost David; Bertrand Olivier F; Mongrain Rosaire; Frattolin Jennifer; Mongrain Rosaire; Aydin Huseyin; Rajagopalan Sriraman; Yue Stephen; Gottellini Luca; Leask Richard; Bertrand Olivier F; Mongrain Rosaire
    Annals of biomedical engineering (2016), 44 (2), 404-18 ISSN:.
    The implementation of biodegradable stents has the potential to revolutionize obstructive coronary artery disease treatment. Limitations still currently exist, however, that prevent biodegradable stents from replacing permanent metallic stents in the global market. The ideal combination of stent properties, including sufficient mechanical strength, controlled degradation, and biocompatibility, has yet to be realized. A novel manufacturing process is proposed that utilizes cold gas-dynamic spraying to fabricate a metal structure with significantly reduced grain size. Iron and stainless steel 316L are combined to form a novel amalgamate with enhanced mechanical strength and a controllable degradation rate, due to the resulting microgalvanic reaction. Flat specimens composed of iron and 316L are fabricated in various compositions, and mechanical and degradation tests were conducted. Femto laser techniques are utilized to produce stents composed of 80% Fe and 20% stainless steel 316L. The in vitro degradation behaviour of the stent is investigated using static and dynamic corrosion tests. It is shown that the corrosion rate can be adjusted to desired values, by varying the weight percentage of iron and stainless steel 316L within the amalgamate.
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  35. 35
    Han, H.-S.; Loffredo, S.; Jun, I.; Edwards, J.; Kim, Y.-C.; Seok, H.-K.; Witte, F.; Mantovani, D.; Glyn-Jones, S. Current Status and Outlook on the Clinical Translation of Biodegradable Metals. Mater. Today 2019, 23, 57– 71,  DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2018.05.018
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    35
    Current status and outlook on the clinical translation of biodegradable metals
    Han, Hyung-Seop; Loffredo, Sergio; Jun, Indong; Edwards, James; Kim, Yu-Chan; Seok, Hyun-Kwang; Witte, Frank; Mantovani, Diego; Glyn-Jones, Sion
    Materials Today (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2019), 23 (), 57-71CODEN: MTOUAN; ISSN:1369-7021. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    A review. During the last decade, translational research on biodegradable metallic materials has shown the feasibility of these novel materials for use in the fields of cardiol. and orthopedics. Implants prepd. with biodegradable metals are significantly stronger than their polymer counterparts, and there is now convincing evidence demonstrating that these materials fully biodegrade in vivo, thus reducing the need for secondary surgery. Clin. trials of such novel materials show significant potential, with the prospect of a paradigm shift in the way musculoskeletal and cardiovascular conditions are treated. This work provides an overview of the rapidly advancing technol. of biodegradable metals, as well as defining some challenges in the application of these new biodegradable materials in the medical field.
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  36. 36
    Mei, T.; Wang, C.; Liao, M.; Li, J.; Wang, L.; Tang, C.; Sun, X.; Wang, B.; Peng, H. A Biodegradable and Rechargeable Fiber Battery. J. Mater. Chem. A 2021, 9, 10104– 10109,  DOI: 10.1039/D1TA01507A
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    A biodegradable and rechargeable fiber battery
    Mei, Tenglong; Wang, Chuang; Liao, Meng; Li, Jiaxin; Wang, Liyuan; Tang, Chengqiang; Sun, Xuemei; Wang, Bingjie; Peng, Huisheng
    Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability (2021), 9 (16), 10104-10109CODEN: JMCAET; ISSN:2050-7496. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
    It is crit. to realize biodegradable and rechargeable batteries that are also flexible and safe for power supplies in vivo, yet they remain unavailable. Here, we discovered such a biocompatible battery by designing biodegradable fiber conductors incorporated with polydopamine/polypyrrole composite material as the anode and MnO2 as the cathode, biodegradable chitosan as the separator and body fluid as the electrolyte. It can be directly injected into the body mini-invasively and well integrate with biol. tissues without inducing immune responses. It delivered a specific capacity of 25.6 mA h g-1 with a retention of 69.1% after 200 charge/discharge cycles to power various biomedical devices. For instance, it was demonstrated to effectively power biosensors in the body. After completing the mission, it could be biodegraded, eliminating the need of surgery to remove it.
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  37. 37
    Middleton, J. C.; Tipton, A. J. Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers as Orthopedic Devices. Biomaterials 2000, 21, 2335– 2346,  DOI: 10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00101-0
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    Synthetic biodegradable polymers as orthopedic devices
    Middleton, J. C.; Tipton, A. J.
    Biomaterials (2000), 21 (23), 2335-2346CODEN: BIMADU; ISSN:0142-9612. (Elsevier Science Ltd.)
    A review with 37 refs. Polymer scientists, working closely with those in the device and medical fields, have made tremendous advances over the past 30 yr in the use of synthetic materials in the body. In this article, we will focus on properties of biodegradable polymers which make them ideally suited for orthopedic applications where a permanent implant is not desired. The materials with the greatest history of use are the poly(lactides) and poly(glycolides), and these will be covered in specific detail. The chem. of the polymers, including synthesis and degrdn., the tailoring of properties by proper synthetic controls such as copolymer compn., special requirements for processing and handling, and mechanisms of biodegrdn. will be covered. An overview of biocompatibility and approved devices of particular interest in orthopedics are also covered.
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    Reed, A.; Gilding, D. Biodegradable Polymers for Use in Surgery─Poly (Glycolic)/Poly (Iactic Acid) Homo and Copolymers: 2. In Vitro Degradation. Polymer 1981, 22, 494– 498,  DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(81)90168-3
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    Biodegradable polymers for use in surgery: poly(glycolic)/poly(lactic acid) homo- and copolymers. 2. In vitro degradation
    Reed, A. M.; Gilding, D. K.
    Polymer (1981), 22 (4), 494-8CODEN: POLMAG; ISSN:0032-3861.
    The degrdn. mechanisms of glycolic acid-l-lactic acid copolymer (I) [34346-01-5] and poly(l-lactic acid) [26100-51-6] films, and of poly(glycolic acid) (II) [26124-68-5] sutures, were studied in vitro using a test model (A. R. et al., 1981). The effects of time, temp., and pH on the rate and mechanism of degrdn. were detd. The degree of degrdn. was monitored by gel permeation chromatog., tensile strength, and wt.-loss measurements. The polymers degraded by hydrolysis and the mechanism was insensitive to pH. I had a wide range of degrdn. rates, governed by the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance and crystallinity of the copolymer. The effect of the Tg of II on its sensitivity to degrdn. is also demonstrated.
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    Rüegg, M.; Blum, R.; Boero, G.; Brugger, J. Biodegradable Frequency-Selective Magnesium Radio-Frequency Microresonators for Transient Biomedical Implants. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1903051,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201903051
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    Yu, K. J.; Kuzum, D.; Hwang, S.-W.; Kim, B. H.; Juul, H.; Kim, N. H.; Won, S. M.; Chiang, K.; Trumpis, M.; Richardson, A. G. Bioresorbable Silicon Electronics for Transient Spatiotemporal Mapping of Electrical Activity From the Cerebral Cortex. Nat. Mater. 2016, 15, 782– 791,  DOI: 10.1038/nmat4624
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    Bioresorbable silicon electronics for transient spatiotemporal mapping of electrical activity from the cerebral cortex
    Yu, Ki Jun; Kuzum, Duygu; Hwang, Suk-Won; Kim, Bong Hoon; Juul, Halvor; Kim, Nam Heon; Won, Sang Min; Chiang, Ken; Trumpis, Michael; Richardson, Andrew G.; Cheng, Huanyu; Fang, Hui; Thompson, Marissa; Bink, Hank; Talos, Delia; Seo, Kyung Jin; Lee, Hee Nam; Kang, Seung-Kyun; Kim, Jae-Hwan; Lee, Jung Yup; Huang, Younggang; Jensen, Frances E.; Dichter, Marc A.; Lucas, Timothy H.; Viventi, Jonathan; Litt, Brian; Rogers, John A.
    Nature Materials (2016), 15 (7), 782-791CODEN: NMAACR; ISSN:1476-1122. (Nature Publishing Group)
    Bioresorbable silicon electronics technol. offers unprecedented opportunities to deploy advanced implantable monitoring systems that eliminate risks, cost and discomfort assocd. with surgical extn. Applications include postoperative monitoring and transient physiol. recording after percutaneous or minimally invasive placement of vascular, cardiac, orthopaedic, neural or other devices. We present an embodiment of these materials in both passive and actively addressed arrays of bioresorbable silicon electrodes with multiplexing capabilities, which record in vivo electrophysiol. signals from the cortical surface and the subgaleal space. The devices detect normal physiol. and epileptiform activity, both in acute and chronic recordings. Comparative studies show sensor performance comparable to std. clin. systems and reduced tissue reactivity relative to conventional clin. electrocorticog. (ECoG) electrodes. This technol. offers general applicability in neural interfaces, with addnl. potential utility in treatment of disorders where transient monitoring and modulation of physiol. function, implant integrity and tissue recovery or regeneration are required.
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    Koo, J.; MacEwan, M. R.; Kang, S.-K.; Won, S. M.; Stephen, M.; Gamble, P.; Xie, Z.; Yan, Y.; Chen, Y.-Y.; Shin, J. Wireless Bioresorbable Electronic System Enables Sustained Nonpharmacological Neuroregenerative Therapy. Nat. Med. 2018, 24, 1830– 1836,  DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0196-2
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    Wireless bioresorbable electronic system enables sustained nonpharmacological neuroregenerative therapy
    Koo, Jahyun; MacEwan, Matthew R.; Kang, Seung-Kyun; Won, Sang Min; Stephen, Manu; Gamble, Paul; Xie, Zhaoqian; Yan, Ying; Chen, Yu-Yu; Shin, Jiho; Birenbaum, Nathan; Chung, Sangjin; Kim, Sung Bong; Khalifeh, Jawad; Harburg, Daniel V.; Bean, Kelsey; Paskett, Michael; Kim, Jeonghyun; Zohny, Zohny S.; Lee, Seung Min; Zhang, Ruoyao; Luo, Kaijing; Ji, Bowen; Banks, Anthony; Lee, Hyuck Mo; Huang, Younggang; Ray, Wilson Z.; Rogers, John A.
    Nature Medicine (New York, NY, United States) (2018), 24 (12), 1830-1836CODEN: NAMEFI; ISSN:1078-8956. (Nature Research)
    A review. Peripheral nerve injuries represent a significant problem in public health, constituting 2-5% of all trauma cases1. For severe nerve injuries, even advanced forms of clin. intervention often lead to incomplete and unsatisfactory motor and/or sensory function2. Numerous studies report the potential of pharmacol. approaches (for example, growth factors, immunosuppressants) to accelerate and enhancein rodent models3-10. Unfortunately, few have had a pos. impact in clin. practice. Direct intraoperative elec. stimulation of injured nerve tissue proximal to the site of repair has been demonstrated to enhance and accelerate functional recovery11,12, suggesting a novel nonpharmacol., bioelec. form of therapy that could complement existing surgical approaches. A significant limitation of this technique is that existing protocols are constrained to intraoperative use and limited therapeutic benefits13. Herein we introduce (i) a platform for wireless, programmable elec. peripheral nerve stimulation, built with a collection of circuit elements and substrates that are entirely bioresorbable and biocompatible, and (ii) the first reported demonstration of enhanced neuroregeneration and functional recovery in rodent models as a result of multiple episodes of elec. stimulation of injured nervous tissue.
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    Wallace, H. A.; Basehore, B. M.; Zito, P. M. Wound Healing Phases. In Statpearls; StatPearls Publishing LLC: Treasure Island, FL, 2023.
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    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
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    Bordat, A.; Boissenot, T.; Nicolas, J.; Tsapis, N. Thermoresponsive Polymer Nanocarriers for Biomedical Applications. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2019, 138, 167– 192,  DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.10.005
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    Thermoresponsive polymer nanocarriers for biomedical applications
    Bordat, Alexandre; Boissenot, Tanguy; Nicolas, Julien; Tsapis, Nicolas
    Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (2019), 138 (), 167-192CODEN: ADDREP; ISSN:0169-409X. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Polymer nanocarriers allow drug encapsulation leading to fragile mol. protection from early degrdn./metabolization, increased soly. of poorly sol. drugs and improved plasmatic half-life. However, efficiently controlling the drug release from nanocarriers is still challenging. Thermoresponsive polymers exhibiting either a lower crit. soly. temp. (LCST) or an upper crit. soly. temp. (UCST) in aq. medium may be the key to build spatially and temporally controlled drug delivery systems. In this review, we provide an overview of LCST and UCST polymers used as building blocks for thermoresponsive nanocarriers for biomedical applications. Recent nanocarriers based on thermoresponsive polymer exhibiting unprecedented features useful for biomedical applications are also discussed. While LCST nanocarriers have been studied for over two decades, UCST nanocarriers have recently emerged and already show great potential for effective thermoresponsive drug release.
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  44. 44
    Koo, J.; Kim, S. B.; Choi, Y. S.; Xie, Z.; Bandodkar, A. J.; Khalifeh, J.; Yan, Y.; Kim, H.; Pezhouh, M. K.; Doty, K. Wirelessly Controlled, Bioresorbable Drug Delivery Device with Active Valves That Exploit Electrochemically Triggered Crevice Corrosion. Sci. Adv. 2020, 6, eabb1093  DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb1093
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    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
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    Kubota, T.; Kurashina, Y.; Zhao, J.; Ando, K.; Onoe, H. Ultrasound-Triggered on-Demand Drug Delivery Using Hydrogel Microbeads with Release Enhancer. Mater. Des. 2021, 203, 109580,  DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109580
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    45
    Ultrasound-triggered on-demand drug delivery using hydrogel microbeads with release enhancer
    Kubota, Takeshi; Kurashina, Yuta; Zhao, JianYi; Ando, Keita; Onoe, Hiroaki
    Materials & Design (2021), 203 (), 109580CODEN: MADSD2; ISSN:0264-1275. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Ultrasound-triggered drug delivery has been widely researched for its potential to improve the therapeutic efficacy of drugs. This paper presents drug release using hydrogel microbeads with release enhancer for efficient ultrasound-triggered drug delivery. By using a centrifuge-based microfluidic device, drug-model-encapsulating calcium alginate hydrogel microbeads contg. tungsten particles with high acoustic impedance were fabricated. Because the tungsten particles work as release enhancer, the hydrogel microbeads become to have high sensitivity to ultrasound with localized variation in acoustic impedance so that the release rate of drug models improves. By applying ultrasound at 20 kHz to the hydrogel microbeads, the release of fluorescent silica nanoparticles that are a drug model for virus vectors, micelles, and proteins was tested. Importantly, the proposed hydrogel microbeads released the drug model even under a cavitation-suppressed environment. Furthermore, the addnl. coating on the hydrogel microbeads with poly-L-lysine enabled us to adjust the release rate of the drug model. The proposed ultrasound-triggered drug release system using release enhancer is expected to be an effective approach for expanding the varieties of applicable treatments using on-demand drug delivery systems.
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    Ouyang, Q.; Feng, X.; Kuang, S.; Panwar, N.; Song, P.; Yang, C.; Yang, G.; Hemu, X.; Zhang, G.; Yoon, H. S. Self-Powered, on-Demand Transdermal Drug Delivery System Driven by Triboelectric Nanogenerator. Nano Energy 2019, 62, 610– 619,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.05.056
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    46
    Self-powered, on-demand transdermal drug delivery system driven by triboelectric nanogenerator
    Ouyang, Qingling; Feng, Xueling; Kuang, Shuangyang; Panwar, Nishtha; Song, Peiyi; Yang, Chengbin; Yang, Guang; Hemu, Xinya; Zhang, Gong; Yoon, Ho Sup; Tam, James P.; Liedberg, Bo; Zhu, Guang; Yong, Ken-Tye; Wang, Zhong Lin
    Nano Energy (2019), 62 (), 610-619CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    In this work, we present a self-powered and on-demand transdermal drug delivery system driven by triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG). A miniaturized TENG and a home-built power management circuit were designed to trigger the elec.-responsive drug carrier for controlled drug release, as well as to activate the iontophoresis treatment for enhanced drug delivery efficiency. In the system, the TENG can harvest electricity from bio-mech. energy, and the power management circuit is able to store, adjust, and stabilize the electricity for on-demand drug release actions. Our results demonstrate that the on-demand drug release can be simply realized by operating the TENG. Manually rotating the TENG (30-40 rpm) for 1.5 min can release a drug dosage of 3μg/cm2. Furthermore, the system has achieved tunable drug release rate for the transdermal drug delivery: the rate can be tuned from 0.05 to 0.25μg/cm2 per min by changing the duration of TENG charging or the resistance of the power management circuit. In addn., ex vivo expts. on porcine skin validate the performance of such TENG-based drug delivery system with ∼50% enhancement over conventional transdermal patches. The proposed system is intended to provide patients with an easy approach to achieve customized rate and dosage of drug release.
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    Saravanakumar, G.; Kim, J.; Kim, W. J. Reactive-Oxygen-Species-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems: Promises and Challenges. Adv. Sci. 2017, 4, 1600124,  DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600124
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    Reactive-Oxygen-Species-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems: Promises and Challenges
    Saravanakumar Gurusamy; Kim Jihoon; Kim Won Jong
    Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) (2017), 4 (1), 1600124 ISSN:2198-3844.
    Given the increasing evidence indicates that many pathological conditions are associated with elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, there have been growing research efforts focused on the development of ROS-responsive carrier systems because of their promising potential to realize more specific diagnosis and effective therapy. By judicious utilization of ROS-responsive functional moieties, a wide range of carrier systems has been designed for ROS-mediated drug delivery. In this review article, insights into design principle and recent advances on the development of ROS-responsive carrier systems for drug delivery applications are provided alongside discussion of their in vitro and in vivo evaluation. In particular, the discussions in this article will mainly focus on polymeric nanoparticles, hydrogels, inorganic nanoparticles, and activatable prodrugs that have been integrated with diverse ROS-responsive moieties for spatiotemporally controlled release of drugs for effective therapy.
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    Zhai, Z.; Du, X.; Long, Y.; Zheng, H. Biodegradable Polymeric Materials for Flexible and Degradable Electronics. Front. Electron. 2022, 3, 985681,  DOI: 10.3389/felec.2022.985681
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    Chen, S.; Huang, T.; Zuo, H.; Qian, S.; Guo, Y.; Sun, L.; Lei, D.; Wu, Q.; Zhu, B.; He, C. A Single Integrated 3d-Printing Process Customizes Elastic and Sustainable Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Wearable Electronics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1805108,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201805108
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    Hosseini, E. S.; Dervin, S.; Ganguly, P.; Dahiya, R. Biodegradable Materials for Sustainable Health Monitoring Devices. ACS Appl. Bio Mater. 2021, 4, 163– 194,  DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01139
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    Biodegradable Materials for Sustainable Health Monitoring Devices
    Hosseini, Ensieh S.; Dervin, Saoirse; Ganguly, Priyanka; Dahiya, Ravinder
    ACS Applied Bio Materials (2021), 4 (1), 163-194CODEN: AABMCB; ISSN:2576-6422. (American Chemical Society)
    A review. The recent advent of biodegradable materials has offered huge opportunity to transform healthcare technologies by enabling sensors that degrade naturally after use. The implantable electronic systems made from such materials eliminate the need for extn. or reoperation, minimize chronic inflammatory responses, and hence offer attractive propositions for future biomedical technol. The eco-friendly sensor systems developed from degradable materials could also help mitigate some of the major environmental issues by reducing the vol. of electronic or medical waste produced and, in turn, the carbon footprint. With this background, herein we present a comprehensive overview of the structural and functional biodegradable materials that have been used for various biodegradable or bioresorbable electronic devices. The discussion focuses on the dissoln. rates and degrdn. mechanisms of materials such as natural and synthetic polymers, org. or inorg. semiconductors, and hydrolyzable metals. The recent trend and examples of biodegradable or bioresorbable materials-based sensors for body monitoring, diagnostic, and medical therapeutic applications are also presented. Lastly, key technol. challenges are discussed for clin. application of biodegradable sensors, particularly for implantable devices with wireless data and power transfer. Promising perspectives for the advancement of future generation of biodegradable sensor systems are also presented.
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    Pan, R.; Xuan, W.; Chen, J.; Dong, S.; Jin, H.; Wang, X.; Li, H.; Luo, J. Fully Biodegradable Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Electrospun Polylactic Acid and Nanostructured Gelatin Films. Nano Energy 2018, 45, 193– 202,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.12.048
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    51
    Fully biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerators based on electrospun polylactic acid and nanostructured gelatin films
    Pan, Ruizheng; Xuan, Weipeng; Chen, Jinkai; Dong, Shurong; Jin, Hao; Wang, Xiaozhi; Li, Honglang; Luo, Jikui
    Nano Energy (2018), 45 (), 193-202CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Here, we present a fully biodegradable triboelec. nanogenerator (BD-TENG) based on gelatin film and electrospun polylactic acid nanofiber membrane. By optimizing the material properties of the gelatin and PLA polymer films, an output voltage up to 500 V, a short circuit c.d. of 10.6 mA/m2 and a max. power d. over 5 W/m2 are achieved with a device dimension of 4 × 4 cm2. Performance of the BD-TENGs using different material combinations under various test conditions are investigated and analyzed. The BD-TENGs show excellent mech. stability and reliability upon cyclical contact for up to 15,000 times. Biodegrdn. expts. show that all the materials of the TENG could be degraded completely into water in about 40 days. The BD-TENGs provide a promising green micro-power source for environment monitoring, biomedical implants through harvesting energy from wind, heart motion et al., yet they can dissolve with no adverse effect to environment or human body.
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    Peng, X.; Dong, K.; Ye, C.; Jiang, Y.; Zhai, S.; Cheng, R.; Liu, D.; Gao, X.; Wang, J.; Wang, Z. L. A Breathable, Biodegradable, Antibacterial, and Self-Powered Electronic Skin Based on All-Nanofiber Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Sci. Adv. 2020, 6, eaba9624  DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba9624
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    Manousiouthakis, E.; Park, J.; Hardy, J. G.; Lee, J. Y.; Schmidt, C. E. Towards the Translation of Electroconductive Organic Materials for Regeneration of Neural Tissues. Acta Biomater. 2022, 139, 22– 42,  DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.065
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    Towards the translation of electroconductive organic materials for regeneration of neural tissues
    Manousiouthakis, Eleana; Park, Junggeon; Hardy, John G.; Lee, Jae Young; Schmidt, Christine E.
    Acta Biomaterialia (2022), 139 (), 22-42CODEN: ABCICB; ISSN:1742-7061. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    A review. Carbon-based conductive and electroactive materials (e.g., derivs. of graphene, fullerenes, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline) have been studied since the 1970s for use in a broad range of applications. These materials have elec. properties comparable to those of commonly used metals, while providing other benefits such as flexibility in processing and modification with biologics (e.g., cells, biomols.), to yield electroactive materials with biomimetic mech. and chem. properties. In this review, we focus on the uses of these electroconductive materials in the context of the central and peripheral nervous system, specifically recent studies in the peripheral nerve, spinal cord, brain, eye, and ear. We also highlight in vivo studies and clin. trials, as well as a snapshot of emerging classes of electroconductive materials (e.g., biodegradable materials). We believe such specialized elec. conductive biomaterials will clin. impact the field of tissue regeneration in the foreseeable future.
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  54. 54
    Yao, G.; Kang, L.; Li, C.; Chen, S.; Wang, Q.; Yang, J.; Long, Y.; Li, J.; Zhao, K.; Xu, W. A Self-Powered Implantable and Bioresorbable Electrostimulation Device for Biofeedback Bone Fracture Healing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2021, 118, e2100772118  DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100772118
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    54
    A self-powered implantable and bioresorbable electrostimulation device for biofeedback bone fracture healing
    Yao, Guang; Kang, Lei; Li, Cuicui; Chen, Sihong; Wang, Qian; Yang, Junzhe; Long, Yin; Li, Jun; Zhao, Kangning; Xu, Weina; Cai, Weibo; Lin, Yuan; Wang, Xudong
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2021), 118 (28), e2100772118CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)
    Electrostimulation has been recognized as a promising nonpharmacol. treatment in orthopedics to promote bone fracture healing. However, clin. applications have been largely limited by the complexity of equipment operation and stimulation implementation. Here, we present a self-powered implantable and bioresorbable bone fracture electrostimulation device, which consists of a triboelec. nanogenerator for electricity generation and a pair of dressing electrodes for applying electrostimulations directly toward the fracture. The device can be attached to irregular tissue surfaces and provide biphasic elec. pulses in response to nearby body movements. We demonstrated the operation of this device on rats and achieved effective bone fracture healing in as short as 6 wk vs. the controls for more than 10 wk to reach the same healing result. The optimized elec. field could activate relevant growth factors to regulate bone microenvironment for promoting bone formation and bone remodeling to accelerate bone regeneration and maturation, with statistically significant 27% and 83% improvement over the control groups in mineral d. and flexural strength, resp. This work provided an effective implantable fracture therapy device that is self-responsive, battery free, and requires no surgical removal after fulfilling the biomedical intervention.
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    Lee, G.; Choi, Y. S.; Yoon, H.-J.; Rogers, J. A. Advances in Physicochemically Stimuli-Responsive Materials for on-Demand Transient Electronic Systems. Matter 2020, 3, 1031– 1052,  DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2020.08.021
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    Hernandez, H. L.; Kang, S. K.; Lee, O. P.; Hwang, S. W.; Kaitz, J. A.; Inci, B.; Park, C. W.; Chung, S.; Sottos, N. R.; Moore, J. S. Triggered Transience of Metastable Poly (Phthalaldehyde) for Transient Electronics. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 7637– 7642,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201403045
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    Triggered Transience of Metastable Poly(phthalaldehyde) for Transient Electronics
    Hernandez, Hector Lopez; Kang, Seung-Kyun; Lee, Olivia P.; Hwang, Suk-Won; Kaitz, Joshua A.; Inci, Bora; Park, Chan Woo; Chung, Sangjin; Sottos, Nancy R.; Moore, Jeffrey S.; Rogers, John A.; White, Scott R.
    Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2014), 26 (45), 7637-7642CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    The authors demonstrate photodegradable or phototriggerable transient electronics fabricated on a cyclic PPA (cPPA) substrate with a photoacid generator (PAG) additive. The electronics are destroyed by triggering the PAG/cPPA substrates with UV light. Transience rates were tuned by modifying the PAG concn. and the irradiance of the UV source. The authors demonstrate the encapsulation of a passive device with PAG/PPA. The degrdn. of the encapsulating film leads to the degrdn. of the electrode causing an altered performance of the device which can be used as a partial triggering technique where only part of a device is destroyed.
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    Kikkawa, Y.; Tanaka, S.; Norikane, Y. Photo-Triggered Enzymatic Degradation of Biodegradable Polymers. RSC Adv. 2017, 7, 55720– 55724,  DOI: 10.1039/C7RA10598C
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    Photo-triggered enzymatic degradation of biodegradable polymers
    Kikkawa, Yoshihiro; Tanaka, Satoko; Norikane, Yasuo
    RSC Advances (2017), 7 (88), 55720-55724CODEN: RSCACL; ISSN:2046-2069. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
    A material whose enzymic degrdn. is initiated by an external stimulus is of great importance from the viewpoint of practical biodegradable polymers. In this context, we developed a method that controls the initiation of enzymic degrdn. by light. 4,4'-didecyloxy-3-methylazobenzene (Azo), which melts upon exposure to UV radiation, was coated onto biodegradable poly(L-lactide) and the enzymic degrdn. of the polymer by proteinase K was successfully initiated and controlled by tuning the solid-liq. transition of the azo-based compd. This stimulus-triggered enzymic degrdn. is a significant contribution to the development of lifetime-controlled biodegradable materials.
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  58. 58
    Lee, D.-M.; Rubab, N.; Hyun, I.; Kang, W.; Kim, Y.-J.; Kang, M.; Choi, B. O.; Kim, S.-W. Ultrasound-Mediated Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Powering on-Demand Transient Electronics. Sci. Adv. 2022, 8, eabl8423  DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl8423
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    Li, Y.; Liu, X.; Li, B.; Zheng, Y.; Han, Y.; Chen, D.-f.; Yeung, K. W. K.; Cui, Z.; Liang, Y.; Li, Z. Near-Infrared Light Triggered Phototherapy and Immunotherapy for Elimination of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Biofilm Infection on Bone Implant. ACS Nano 2020, 14, 8157– 8170,  DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01486
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    59
    Near-Infrared Light Triggered Phototherapy and Immunotherapy for Elimination of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Infection on Bone Implant
    Li, Yuan; Liu, Xiangmei; Li, Bo; Zheng, Yufeng; Han, Yong; Chen, Da-fu; Yeung, Kelvin Wai Kwok; Cui, Zhenduo; Liang, Yanqin; Li, Zhaoyang; Zhu, Shengli; Wang, Xianbao; Wu, Shuilin
    ACS Nano (2020), 14 (7), 8157-8170CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)
    Clin., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilm infection inevitably induces the failure of bone implants. Herein, a hydrophilic and viscous hydrogel of poly(vinyl alc.) modified with chitosan, polydopamine, and NO release donor was formed on a red phosphorus nanofilm deposited on a titanium implant (Ti-RP/PCP/RSNO). Under the irradn. of near-IR light (NIR), peroxynitrite (•ONOO-) was formed by the reaction between the released NO and superoxide (•O2-) produced by the RP nanofilm. Specifically, we revealed the antibacterial mechanism of the ONOO- against the MRSA biofilm. In addn., osteogenic differentiation was promoted and inflammatory polarization was regulated by the released NO without NIR irradn. through upregulating the expression of Opn and Ocn genes and TNF-α. The MRSA biofilm was synergistically eradicated by •ONOO-, hyperthermia, and •O2- under NIR irradn. as well as the immunoreaction of the M1 polarization. The in vivo results also confirmed the excellent osteogenesis and biofilm eradication by released NO from the RP/PCP/RSNO system under NIR irradn., indicating the noninvasive tissue reconstruction of MRSA-infected tissues through phototherapy and immunotherapy.
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    Liu, D.; Zhang, S.; Cheng, H.; Peng, R.; Luo, Z. Thermally Triggered Vanishing Bulk Polyoxymethylene for Transient Electronics. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 18107,  DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54565-5
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    Thermally Triggered Vanishing Bulk Polyoxymethylene for Transient Electronics
    Liu, Dongqing; Zhang, Songhe; Cheng, Haifeng; Peng, Renfu; Luo, Zhijian
    Scientific Reports (2019), 9 (1), 18107CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Research)
    Transient materials capable of disappearing rapidly and completely are crit. for transient electronics. End-capped polyoxymethylene (POM) has excellent mech. properties and thermal stability. However, research concerning the inherent thermal instability of POM without end-capping to obtain transient rather than stable materials, has never been reported. Here, POM without end-capping is proposed as a novel thermally triggered transient solid material that can vanish rapidly by undergoing conversion to a volatile gas, and a chem. vapor deposition method is developed to obtain a smooth POM substrate from the synthesized POM powder. Exptl. and theor. anal. was employed to reveal the mechanism whereby the POM substrate formed and vanished. A Cr/Au/SiO2/Cu memristor device, which was successfully deposited on the POM substrate by phys. vapor deposition, exhibits bipolar resistive switching, suggesting that the POM substrate is suitable for use in elec. devices. Thermal triggering causes the POM substrate to vanish as the memristor disintegrates, confirming excellent transient performance. The deposited bulk POM material can completely vanish by thermally triggered depolymn., and is suitable for phys. transient substrates and packaging materials, demonstrating great prospects for application in transient electronics for information security.
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    Park, C. W.; Kang, S.-K.; Hernandez, H. L.; Kaitz, J. A.; Wie, D. S.; Shin, J.; Lee, O. P.; Sottos, N. R.; Moore, J. S.; Rogers, J. A. Thermally Triggered Degradation of Transient Electronic Devices. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 3783– 3788,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201501180
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    Thermally Triggered Degradation of Transient Electronic Devices
    Park, Chan Woo; Kang, Seung-Kyun; Hernandez, Hector Lopez; Kaitz, Joshua A.; Wie, Dae Seung; Shin, Jiho; Lee, Olivia P.; Sottos, Nancy R.; Moore, Jeffrey S.; Rogers, John A.; White, Scott R.
    Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2015), 27 (25), 3783-3788CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    The authors report thermal-triggered transient electronics based on protective wax coatings that contain encapsulated acid microdroplets. Upon exposure to sufficient heat, the melting of the wax releases the encapsulated acid which then enables rapid device destruction via acidic degrdn. of electronic components. Inert and hard silicone waxes with rapid phase changes above their m.p. were selected for coating materials. Sequestration and encapsulation of methanesulfonic acid (MSA) were achieved by melt casting of an acid/wax emulsion. Melting of the wax releases the acid and device destruction follows rapidly. Along with the degrdn. of Mg traces by MSA, Si-based devices are also destroyed by acid-triggered depolymn. of the cPPA substrate. The heat-triggerable wax encapsulation system presented which sequesters and releases degrdn. agents on demand, provides a simple and versatile approach for thermally triggered device destruction. Transience response is fast and tunable, and a temp.-programmed multistage transition was demonstrated with waxes of different m.ps. This system can be combined with either non-degradable or degradable substrates, and selection of degrdn. or dissoln. agents with the appropriate substrate will further expand transition modes. The wireless triggerable self-destruction system shows great promise for remote triggered device destruction, and various heating modes based on near-IR, magnetic field, and microwave radiation may provide more varied triggering modalities.
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    Buchanan, F. J. Degradation Rate of Bioresorbable Materials: Prediction and Evaluation; Woodhead: Cambridge, UK, 2008.
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    Jung, Y. H.; Chang, T.-H.; Zhang, H.; Yao, C.; Zheng, Q.; Yang, V. W.; Mi, H.; Kim, M.; Cho, S. J.; Park, D.-W. High-Performance Green Flexible Electronics Based on Biodegradable Cellulose Nanofibril Paper. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 7170,  DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8170
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    High-performance green flexible electronics based on biodegradable cellulose nanofibril paper
    Jung Yei Hwan; Chang Tzu-Hsuan; Zhang Huilong; Mi Hongyi; Kim Munho; Cho Sang June; Park Dong-Wook; Jiang Hao; Lee Juhwan; Ma Zhenqiang; Yao Chunhua; Zheng Qifeng; Yang Vina W; Cai Zhiyong; Qiu Yijie; Zhou Weidong; Gong Shaoqin
    Nature communications (2015), 6 (), 7170 ISSN:.
    Today's consumer electronics, such as cell phones, tablets and other portable electronic devices, are typically made of non-renewable, non-biodegradable, and sometimes potentially toxic (for example, gallium arsenide) materials. These consumer electronics are frequently upgraded or discarded, leading to serious environmental contamination. Thus, electronic systems consisting of renewable and biodegradable materials and minimal amount of potentially toxic materials are desirable. Here we report high-performance flexible microwave and digital electronics that consume the smallest amount of potentially toxic materials on biobased, biodegradable and flexible cellulose nanofibril papers. Furthermore, we demonstrate gallium arsenide microwave devices, the consumer wireless workhorse, in a transferrable thin-film form. Successful fabrication of key electrical components on the flexible cellulose nanofibril paper with comparable performance to their rigid counterparts and clear demonstration of fungal biodegradation of the cellulose-nanofibril-based electronics suggest that it is feasible to fabricate high-performance flexible electronics using ecofriendly materials.
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    Kim, H.; Choi, S.; Hong, Y.; Chung, J.; Choi, J.; Choi, W.-K.; Park, I. W.; Park, S. H.; Park, H.; Chung, W.-J. Biocompatible and Biodegradable Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel Film. Appl. Mater. Today 2021, 22, 100920,  DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100920
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    Li, H.; Zheng, Y.; Qin, L. Progress of Biodegradable Metals. Prog. Nat. Sci.: Mater. 2014, 24, 414– 422,  DOI: 10.1016/j.pnsc.2014.08.014
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    Progress of biodegradable metals
    Li, Huafang; Zheng, Yufeng; Qin, Ling
    Progress in Natural Science: Materials International (2014), 24 (5), 414-422CODEN: PNSMBB ISSN:. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Biodegradable metals (BMs) are metals and alloys expected to corrode gradually in vivo, with an appropriate host response elicited by released corrosion products, then dissolve completely upon fulfilling the mission to assist with tissue healing with no implant residues. In the present review article, three classes of BMs have been systematically reviewed, including Mg-based, Fe-based and Zn-based BMs. Among the three BM systems, Mg-based BMs, which now have several systems reported the successful of clin. trial results, are considered the vanguards and main force. Fe-based BMs, with pure iron and Fe-Mn based alloys as the most promising, are still on the animal test stage. Zn-based BMs, supposed to have the degrdn. rate between the fast Mg-based BMs and the slow Fe-based BMs, are a rising star with only several reports and need much further research. The future research and development direction for the BMs are proposed, based on the clin. requirements on controllable degrdn. rate, prolonged mech. stability and excellent biocompatibility, by optimization of alloy compn. design, regulation on microstructure and mech. properties, and following surface modification.
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    Nyamayaro, K.; Keyvani, P.; D’Acierno, F.; Poisson, J.; Hudson, Z. M.; Michal, C. A.; Madden, J. D.; Hatzikiriakos, S. G.; Mehrkhodavandi, P. Toward Biodegradable Electronics: Ionic Diodes Based on a Cellulose Nanocrystal-Agarose Hydrogel. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 52182– 52191,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15601
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    Toward biodegradable electronics: Ionic diodes based on cellulose nanocrystal-agarose hydrogel
    Nyamayaro, Kudzanai; Keyvani, Parya; D'Acierno, Francesco; Poisson, Jade; Hudson, Zachary M.; Michal, Carl A.; Madden, John D. W.; Hatzikiriakos, Savvas G.; Mehrkhodavandi, Parisa
    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2020), 12 (46), 52182-52191CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
    Bioderived cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are used to create light, flexible, biocompatible, and biodegradable electronic devices. Herein, surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals was employed to fabricate cationic and anionic CNCs. Subsequently, we demonstrated rectification behavior from a fixed junction between two agarose hydrogels doped with cationic and anionic cellulose nanocrystals. The current rectification ratio reaches 70 reproducibly, which is significantly higher than that for analogous diodes generated with microfibrillated cellulose (∼15) and the first polyelectrolyte gel diode (∼40). The current-voltage characteristics of the CNC-hydrogel diode are influenced by concn., gel thickness, scanning frequency, and applied voltage. The high surface area of CNC resulted in high charge d. after surface modification, which in turn resulted in good rectification behavior from only small amts. of dopant material.
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    Sabir, M. I.; Xu, X.; Li, L. A Review on Biodegradable Polymeric Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications. J. Mater. Sci. 2009, 44, 5713– 5724,  DOI: 10.1007/s10853-009-3770-7
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    A review on biodegradable polymeric materials for bone tissue engineering applications
    Sabir, Muhammad Iqbal; Xu, Xiaoxue; Li, Li
    Journal of Materials Science (2009), 44 (21), 5713-5724CODEN: JMTSAS; ISSN:0022-2461. (Springer)
    A review. Biodegradable polymer scaffolds have played a significant role in wide range of tissue engineering application such as bone scaffolds since the last decade. The aim of this article is to provide the comprehensive overview of biocompatible and biodegradable polymer materials and composite materials with their advantages and drawbacks in the application of biomaterial scaffolds. Furthermore the properties and degrdn. criteria of the biomaterials are discussed in this review.
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    Kim, B. H.; Kim, J.-H.; Persano, L.; Hwang, S.-W.; Lee, S.; Lee, J.; Yu, Y.; Kang, Y.; Won, S. M.; Koo, J. Dry Transient Electronic Systems by Use of Materials That Sublime. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27, 1606008,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201606008
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    Gao, Y.; Babb, J. S.; Toth, H. K.; Moy, L.; Heller, S. L. Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Practice Patterns Following 2011 Fda Approval: A Survey of Breast Imaging Radiologists. Acad. Radiol. 2017, 24, 947– 953,  DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2016.12.011
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    Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Practice Patterns Following 2011 FDA Approval: A Survey of Breast Imaging Radiologists
    Gao Yiming; Babb James S; Toth Hildegard K; Moy Linda; Heller Samantha L
    Academic radiology (2017), 24 (8), 947-953 ISSN:.
    RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate uptake, patterns of use, and perception of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) among practicing breast radiologists. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional Review Board exemption was obtained for this Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant electronic survey, sent to 7023 breast radiologists identified via the Radiological Society of North America database. Respondents were asked of their geographic location and practice type. DBT users reported length of use, selection criteria, interpretive sequences, recall rate, and reading time. Radiologist satisfaction with DBT as a diagnostic tool was assessed (1-5 scale). RESULTS: There were 1156 (16.5%) responders, 65.8% from the United States and 34.2% from abroad. Of these, 749 (68.6%) use DBT; 22.6% in academia, 56.5% private, and 21% other. Participants are equally likely to report use of DBT if they worked in academics versus in private practice (78.2% [169 of 216] vs 71% [423 of 596]) (odds ratio, 1.10; 95% confidence interval: 0.87-1.40; P = 1.000). Of nonusers, 43% (147 of 343) plan to adopt DBT. No US regional differences in uptake were observed (P = 1.000). Although 59.3% (416 of 702) of DBT users include synthetic 2D (s2D) for interpretation, only 24.2% (170 of 702) use s2D alone. Majority (66%; 441 of 672) do not perform DBT-guided procedures. Radiologist (76.6%) (544 of 710) satisfaction with DBT as a diagnostic tool is high (score ≥ 4/5). CONCLUSIONS: DBT is being adopted worldwide across all practice types, yet variations in examination indication, patient selection, utilization of s2D images, and access to DBT-guided procedures persist, highlighting the need for consensus and standardization.
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    Zhong, S.; Ji, X.; Song, L.; Zhang, Y.; Zhao, R. Enabling Transient Electronics with Degradation on Demand Via Light-Responsive Encapsulation of a Hydrogel-Oxide Bilayer. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 36171– 36176,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14161
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    Enabling Transient Electronics with Degradation on Demand via Light-Responsive Encapsulation of a Hydrogel-Oxide Bilayer
    Zhong, Shuai; Ji, Xinglong; Song, Li; Zhang, Yishu; Zhao, Rong
    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2018), 10 (42), 36171-36176CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
    Phys. transient electronics, which can disappear under certain conditions in aq. solns. or biofluids, has attracted increasing attention because of its potential applications as "green" electronics and biomedical devices. Till now, the excitation of the transient process is achieved by passive dissoln. of the encapsulation layer, which has a very limited control over the process. Here, we report a novel light-triggered encapsulation strategy via a bilayer of a light-responsive hydrogel and oxide to control the degrdn. on demand in aq. environment. The hydrogel serving as a barrier between the environment and oxide limited the water's movement and penetration, leading to improved stable operation time. More importantly, the light-responsive hydrogel underwent a gel-to-soln. transition upon applying UV light. The drastic change of the water movement enabled a transient process triggered on demand. Via this encapsulation scheme, we demonstrated fully sol. resistors and resistive random access memory devices with the UV light-triggered transient process. This work provides a new pathway to design transient devices with controllable degrdn. to meet various requirements of green electronics and biomedical devices.
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    Kwak, S. S.; Yoo, S.; Avila, R.; Chung, H. U.; Jeong, H.; Liu, C.; Vogl, J. L.; Kim, J.; Yoon, H.-J.; Park, Y. Skin-Integrated Devices with Soft, Holey Architectures for Wireless Physiological Monitoring, with Applications in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2103974,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103974
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    Skin-Integrated Devices with Soft, Holey Architectures for Wireless Physiological Monitoring, With Applications in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
    Kwak, Sung Soo; Yoo, Seonggwang; Avila, Raudel; Chung, Ha Uk; Jeong, Hyoyoung; Liu, Claire; Vogl, Jamie L.; Kim, Joohee; Yoon, Hong-Joon; Park, Yoonseok; Ryu, Hanjun; Lee, Geumbee; Kim, Jihye; Koo, Jahyun; Oh, Yong Suk; Kim, Sungbong; Xu, Shuai; Zhao, Zichen; Xie, Zhaoqian; Huang, Yonggang; Rogers, John A.
    Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2021), 33 (44), 2103974CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    Continuous monitoring of vital signs is an essential aspect of operations in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units (NICUs and PICUs), of particular importance to extremely premature and/or critically ill patients. Current approaches require multiple sensors taped to the skin and connected via hard-wired interfaces to external data acquisition electronics. The adhesives can cause iatrogenic injuries to fragile, underdeveloped skin, and the wires can complicate even the most routine tasks in patient care. Here, materials strategies and design concepts are introduced that significantly improve these platforms through the use of optimized materials, open (i.e., "holey") layouts and precurved designs. These schemes 1) reduce the stresses at the skin interface, 2) facilitate release of interfacial moisture from transepidermal water loss, 3) allow visual inspection of the skin for rashes or other forms of irritation, 4) enable triggered redn. of adhesion to reduce the probability for injuries that can result from device removal. A combination of systematic benchtop testing and computational modeling identifies the essential mechanisms and key considerations. Demonstrations on adult volunteers and on a neonate in an operating NICUs illustrate a broad range of capabilities in continuous, clin.-grade monitoring of conventional vital signs, and unconventional indicators of health status.
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    Kim, J.; Banks, A.; Xie, Z.; Heo, S. Y.; Gutruf, P.; Lee, J. W.; Xu, S.; Jang, K.-I.; Liu, F.; Brown, G. Miniaturized Flexible Electronic Systems with Wireless Power and near-Field Communication Capabilities. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25, 4761– 4767,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201501590
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    Miniaturized Flexible Electronic Systems with Wireless Power and Near-Field Communication Capabilities
    Kim, Jeonghyun; Banks, Anthony; Xie, Zhaoqian; Heo, Seung Yun; Gutruf, Philipp; Lee, Jung Woo; Xu, Sheng; Jang, Kyung-In; Liu, Fei; Brown, Gregory; Choi, Junghyun; Kim, Joo Hyun; Feng, Xue; Huang, Yonggang; Paik, Ungyu; Rogers, John A.
    Advanced Functional Materials (2015), 25 (30), 4761-4767CODEN: AFMDC6; ISSN:1616-301X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    A class of thin, lightwt., flexible, near-field communication (NFC) devices with ultraminiaturized format is introduced, and systematic investigations of the mechanics, radio frequency characteristics, and materials aspects assocd. with their optimized construction are presented. These systems allow advantages in mech. strength, placement versatility, and minimized interfacial stresses compared to other NFC technologies and wearable electronics. Detailed exptl. studies and theor. modeling of the mech. and electromagnetic properties of these systems establish understanding of the key design considerations. These concepts can apply to many other types of wireless communication systems including biosensors and electronic implants.
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    Lee, C. H.; Kang, S. K.; Salvatore, G. A.; Ma, Y.; Kim, B. H.; Jiang, Y.; Kim, J. S.; Yan, L.; Wie, D. S.; Banks, A. Wireless Microfluidic Systems for Programmed, Functional Transformation of Transient Electronic Devices. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25, 5100– 5106,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201502192
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    Wireless Microfluidic Systems for Programmed, Functional Transformation of Transient Electronic Devices
    Lee, Chi Hwan; Kang, Seung-Kyun; Salvatore, Giovanni A.; Ma, Yinji; Kim, Bong Hoon; Jiang, Yu; Kim, Jae Soon; Yan, Lingqing; Wie, Dae Seung; Banks, Anthony; Oh, Soong Ju; Feng, Xue; Huang, Yonggang; Troester, Gerhard; Rogers, John A.
    Advanced Functional Materials (2015), 25 (32), 5100-5106CODEN: AFMDC6; ISSN:1616-301X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    Electronic systems that enable programmable transformation of functional behaviors by remote control or by autonomous responses to user-defined circumstances create unusual engineering opportunities, where phys. changes in the hardware induce desired changes in operation. This paper presents materials and device architectures for technologies of this type, in which localized microfluidic chem. etching of targeted constituent components in the electronics occurs in a sequential, selective manner. Custom circuits that include reconfigurable radio-powered thermal actuators with analog amplifiers and square waveform generators illustrate the concepts.
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    Mandal, S.; Sarpeshkar, R. Power-Efficient Impedance-Modulation Wireless Data Links for Biomedical Implants. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 2008, 2, 301– 315,  DOI: 10.1109/TBCAS.2008.2005295
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    Power-efficient impedance-modulation wireless data links for biomedical implants
    Mandal S; Sarpeshkar R
    IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems (2008), 2 (4), 301-15 ISSN:1932-4545.
    We analyze the performance of wireless data telemetry links for implanted biomedical systems. An experimental realization of a bidirectional half-duplex link that uses near-field inductive coupling between the implanted system and an external transceiver is described. Our system minimizes power consumption in the implanted system by using impedance modulation to transmit high-bandwidth information in the uplink direction, i.e., from the implanted to the external system. We measured a data rate of 2.8 Mbps at a bit error rate (BER) of <10(-6) (we could not measure error rates below 10(-6) ) and a data rate of 4.0 Mbps at a BER of 10(-3). Experimental results also demonstrate data transfer rates up to 300 kbps in the opposite, i.e., downlink direction. We also perform a theoretical analysis of the bit error rate performance. An important effect regarding the asymmetry of rising and falling edges that is inherent to impedance modulation is predicted by theory and confirmed by experiment. The link dissipates 2.5 mW in the external system and only 100 muW in the implanted system, making it among the most power-efficient inductive data links reported. Our link is compatible with FCC regulations on radiated emissions.
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    Kurs, A.; Karalis, A.; Moffatt, R.; Joannopoulos, J. D.; Fisher, P.; Soljačić, M. Wireless Power Transfer Via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances. Science 2007, 317, 83– 86,  DOI: 10.1126/science.1143254
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    Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances
    Kurs, Andre; Karalis, Aristeidis; Moffatt, Robert; Joannopoulos, J. D.; Fisher, Peter; Soljacic, Marin
    Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2007), 317 (5834), 83-86CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
    Using self-resonant coils in a strongly coupled regime, the authors exptl. demonstrated efficient nonradiative power transfer over distances up to 8 times the radius of the coils. The authors were able to transfer 60 W with ~40% efficiency over distances >2 m. The authors present a quant. model describing the power transfer, which matches the exptl. results to within 5%. The authors discuss the practical applicability of this system and suggest directions for further study.
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    Ho, S. L.; Wang, J.; Fu, W. N.; Sun, M. A Comparative Study between Novel Witricity and Traditional Inductive Magnetic Coupling in Wireless Charging. IEEE Trans. Magn. 2011, 47, 1522– 1525,  DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2010.2091495
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    Merli, F.; Bolomey, L.; Zurcher, J. F.; Corradini, G.; Meurville, E.; Skrivervik, A. K. Design, Realization and Measurements of a Miniature Antenna for Implantable Wireless Communication Systems. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2011, 59, 3544– 3555,  DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2011.2163763
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    Park, S. I.; Brenner, D. S.; Shin, G.; Morgan, C. D.; Copits, B. A.; Chung, H. U.; Pullen, M. Y.; Noh, K. N.; Davidson, S.; Oh, S. J. Soft, Stretchable, Fully Implantable Miniaturized Optoelectronic Systems for Wireless Optogenetics. Nat. Biotechnol. 2015, 33, 1280– 1286,  DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3415
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    Soft, stretchable, fully implantable miniaturized optoelectronic systems for wireless optogenetics
    Park, Sung Il; Brenner, Daniel S.; Shin, Gunchul; Morgan, Clinton D.; Copits, Bryan A.; Chung, Ha Uk; Pullen, Melanie Y.; Noh, Kyung Nim; Davidson, Steve; Oh, Soong Ju; Yoon, Jangyeol; Jang, Kyung-In; Samineni, Vijay K.; Norman, Megan; Grajales-Reyes, Jose G.; Vogt, Sherri K.; Sundaram, Saranya S.; Wilson, Kellie M.; Ha, Jeong Sook; Xu, Renxiao; Pan, Taisong; Kim, Tae-il; Huang, Yonggang; Montana, Michael C.; Golden, Judith P.; Bruchas, Michael R.; Gereau, Robert W. IV; Rogers, John A.
    Nature Biotechnology (2015), 33 (12), 1280-1286CODEN: NABIF9; ISSN:1087-0156. (Nature Publishing Group)
    Optogenetics allows rapid, temporally specific control of neuronal activity by targeted expression and activation of light-sensitive proteins. Implementation typically requires remote light sources and fiber-optic delivery schemes that impose considerable phys. constraints on natural behaviors. In this report we bypass these limitations using technologies that combine thin, mech. soft neural interfaces with fully implantable, stretchable wireless radio power and control systems. The resulting devices achieve optogenetic modulation of the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. This is demonstrated with two form factors; stretchable film applique´s that interface directly with peripheral nerves, and flexible filaments that insert into the narrow confines of the spinal epidural space. These soft, thin devices are minimally invasive, and histol. tests suggest they can be used in chronic studies. We demonstrate the power of this technol. by modulating peripheral and spinal pain circuitry, providing evidence for the potential widespread use of these devices in research and future clin. applications of optogenetics outside the brain.
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    Bocan, K. N.; Mickle, M. H.; Sejdić, E. Multi-Disciplinary Challenges in Tissue Modeling for Wireless Electromagnetic Powering: A Review. IEEE Sens. J. 2017, 17, 6498– 6509,  DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2017.2748338
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    Multi-disciplinary challenges in tissue modeling for wireless electromagnetic powering: a review
    Bocan, Kara N.; Mickle, Marlin H.; Sejdic, Ervin
    IEEE Sensors Journal (2017), 17 (20), 6498-6509CODEN: ISJEAZ; ISSN:1558-1748. (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
    A review. Wireless electromagnetic powering of implantable medical devices is a diverse research area, with goals including replacing percutaneous wires, miniaturizing and extending the lifetime of implanted devices, enabling wireless communication, and biosensing, all while maximizing safety and efficiency of wireless power transfer. Many challenges in wireless transcutaneous powering are assocd. with tissue as an electromagnetic transmission medium. Tissue is lossy and variable, and safety is a concern due to absorption of electromagnetic energy in high-water-content tissue. The purpose of this overview is to summarize reported variability of tissue properties, particularly in the context of electromagnetic safety, with a focus on models of tissue that can represent variability in the design and evaluation of systems for wireless transcutaneous power transfer.
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    Agarwal, K.; Jegadeesan, R.; Guo, Y.-X.; Thakor, N. V. Wireless Power Transfer Strategies for Implantable Bioelectronics. IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2017, 10, 136– 161,  DOI: 10.1109/RBME.2017.2683520
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    Wireless Power Transfer Strategies for Implantable Bioelectronics
    Agarwal Kush; Jegadeesan Rangarajan; Guo Yong-Xin; Thakor Nitish V
    IEEE reviews in biomedical engineering (2017), 10 (), 136-161 ISSN:.
    Neural implants have emerged over the last decade as highly effective solutions for the treatment of dysfunctions and disorders of the nervous system. These implants establish a direct, often bidirectional, interface to the nervous system, both sensing neural signals and providing therapeutic treatments. As a result of the technological progress and successful clinical demonstrations, completely implantable solutions have become a reality and are now commercially available for the treatment of various functional disorders. Central to this development is the wireless power transfer (WPT) that has enabled implantable medical devices (IMDs) to function for extended durations in mobile subjects. In this review, we present the theory, link design, and challenges, along with their probable solutions for the traditional near-field resonant inductively coupled WPT, capacitively coupled short-ranged WPT, and more recently developed ultrasonic, mid-field, and far-field coupled WPT technologies for implantable applications. A comparison of various power transfer methods based on their power budgets and WPT range follows. Power requirements of specific implants like cochlear, retinal, cortical, and peripheral are also considered and currently available IMD solutions are discussed. Patient's safety concerns with respect to electrical, biological, physical, electromagnetic interference, and cyber security from an implanted neurotech device are also explored in this review. Finally, we discuss and anticipate future developments that will enhance the capabilities of current-day wirelessly powered implants and make them more efficient and integrable with other electronic components in IMDs.
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    Montgomery, K. L.; Yeh, A. J.; Ho, J. S.; Tsao, V.; Mohan Iyer, S.; Grosenick, L.; Ferenczi, E. A.; Tanabe, Y.; Deisseroth, K.; Delp, S. L. Wirelessly Powered, Fully Internal Optogenetics for Brain, Spinal and Peripheral Circuits in Mice. Nat. Methods 2015, 12, 969– 974,  DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3536
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    Wirelessly powered, fully internal optogenetics for brain, spinal and peripheral circuits in mice
    Montgomery, Kate L.; Yeh, Alexander J.; Ho, John S.; Tsao, Vivien; Mohan Iyer, Shrivats; Grosenick, Logan; Ferenczi, Emily A.; Tanabe, Yuji; Deisseroth, Karl; Delp, Scott L.; Poon, Ada S. Y.
    Nature Methods (2015), 12 (10), 969-974CODEN: NMAEA3; ISSN:1548-7091. (Nature Publishing Group)
    To enable sophisticated optogenetic manipulation of neural circuits throughout the nervous system with limited disruption of animal behavior, light-delivery systems beyond fiber optic tethering and large, head-mounted wireless receivers are desirable. We report the development of an easy-to-construct, implantable wireless optogenetic device. Our smallest version (20 mg, 10 mm3) is two orders of magnitude smaller than previously reported wireless optogenetic systems, allowing the entire device to be implanted s.c. With a radio-frequency (RF) power source and controller, this implant produces sufficient light power for optogenetic stimulation with minimal tissue heating (<1 °C). We show how three adaptations of the implant allow for untethered optogenetic control throughout the nervous system (brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerve endings) of behaving mice. This technol. opens the door for optogenetic expts. in which animals are able to behave naturally with optogenetic manipulation of both central and peripheral targets.
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    Ho, J. S.; Tanabe, Y.; Iyer, S. M.; Christensen, A. J.; Grosenick, L.; Deisseroth, K.; Delp, S. L.; Poon, A. S. Self-Tracking Energy Transfer for Neural Stimulation in Untethered Mice. Phys. Rev. Appl. 2015, 4, 024001,  DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.4.024001
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    Self-tracking energy transfer for neural stimulation in untethered mice
    Ho, John S.; Tanabe, Yuji; Iyer, Shrivats Mohan; Christensen, Amelia J.; Grosenick, Logan; Deisseroth, Karl; Delp, Scott L.; Poon, Ada S. Y.
    Physical Review Applied (2015), 4 (2), 024001/1-024001/6CODEN: PRAHB2; ISSN:2331-7019. (American Physical Society)
    Optical or elec. stimulation of neural circuits in mice during natural behavior is an important paradigm for studying brain function. Conventional systems for optogenetics and elec. microstimulation require tethers or large head-mounted devices that disrupt animal behavior. We report a method for wireless powering of small-scale implanted devices based on the strong localization of energy that occurs during resonant interaction between a radio-frequency cavity and intrinsic modes in mice. The system features self-tracking over a wide (16-cm diam.) operational area, and is used to demonstrate wireless activation of cortical neurons with miniaturized stimulators (10 mm3, 20 mg) fully implanted under the skin.
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    Park, S. I.; Shin, G.; McCall, J. G.; Al-Hasani, R.; Norris, A.; Xia, L.; Brenner, D. S.; Noh, K. N.; Bang, S. Y.; Bhatti, D. L. Stretchable Multichannel Antennas in Soft Wireless Optoelectronic Implants for Optogenetics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2016, 113, E8169– E8177,  DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611769113
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    Stretchable multichannel antennas in soft wireless optoelectronic implants for optogenetics
    Park, Sung Il; Shin, Gunchul; McCall, Jordan G.; Al-Hasani, Ream; Norris, Aaron; Xia, Li; Brenner, Daniel S.; Noh, Kyung Nim; Bang, Sang Yun; Bhatti, Dionnet L.; Jang, Kyung-In; Kang, Seung-Kyun; Mickle, Aaron D.; Dussor, Gregory; Price, Theodore J.; Gereau, Robert W. IV; Bruchas, Michael R.; Rogers, John A.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2016), 113 (50), E8169-E8177CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)
    Optogenetic methods to modulate cells and signaling pathways via targeted expression and activation of light-sensitive proteins have greatly accelerated the process of mapping complex neural circuits and defining their roles in physiol. and pathol. contexts. Recently demonstrated technologies based on injectable, microscale inorg. light-emitting diodes (μ-ILEDs) with wireless control and power delivery strategies offer important functionality in such expts., by eliminating the external tethers assocd. with traditional fiber optic approaches. Existing wireless μ-ILED embodiments allow, however, illumination only at a single targeted region of the brain with a single optical wavelength and over spatial ranges of operation that are constrained by the radio frequency power transmission hardware. Here the authors report stretchable, multiresonance antennas and battery-free schemes for multichannel wireless operation of independently addressable, multicolor μ-ILEDs with fully implantable, miniaturized platforms. This advance, as demonstrated through in vitro and in vivo studies using thin, mech. soft systems that sep. control as many as three different μ-ILEDs, relies on specially designed stretchable antennas in which parallel capacitive coupling circuits yield several independent, well-sepd. operating frequencies, as verified through exptl. and modeling results. When used in combination with active motion-tracking antenna arrays, these devices enable multichannel optogenetic research on complex behavioral responses in groups of animals over large areas at low levels of radio frequency power (<1 W). Studies of the regions of the brain that are involved in sleep arousal (locus coeruleus) and preference/aversion (nucleus accumbens) demonstrate the unique capabilities of these technologies.
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    Xie, Z.; Avila, R.; Huang, Y.; Rogers, J. A. Flexible and Stretchable Antennas for Biointegrated Electronics. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1902767,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902767
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    Flexible and Stretchable Antennas for Biointegrated Electronics
    Xie, Zhaoqian; Avila, Raudel; Huang, Yonggang; Rogers, John A.
    Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2020), 32 (15), 1902767CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    A review. Combined advances in material science, mech. engineering, and elec. engineering form the foundations of thin, soft electronic/optoelectronic platforms that have unique capabilities in wireless monitoring and control of various biol. processes in cells, tissues, and organs. Miniaturized, stretchable antennas represent an essential link between such devices and external systems for control, power delivery, data processing, and/or communication. Applications typically involve a demanding set of considerations in performance, size, and stretchability. Some of the most effective strategies rely on unusual materials such as liq. metals, nanowires, and woven textiles or on optimally configured 2D/3D structures such as serpentines and helical coils of conventional materials. In the best cases, the performance metrics of small, stretchable, radio frequency (RF) antennas realized using these strategies compare favorably to those of traditional devices. Examples range from dipole, monopole, and patch antennas for far-field RF operation, to magnetic loop antennas for near-field communication (NFC), where the key parameters include operating frequency, Q factor, radiation pattern, and reflection coeff. S11 across a range of mech. deformations and cyclic loads. Despite significant progress over the last several years, many challenges and assocd. research opportunities remain in the development of high-efficiency antennas for biointegrated electronic/optoelectronic systems.
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  85. 85
    Park, S. I.; Shin, G.; Banks, A.; McCall, J. G.; Siuda, E. R.; Schmidt, M. J.; Chung, H. U.; Noh, K. N.; Mun, J. G.-H.; Rhodes, J. Ultraminiaturized Photovoltaic and Radio Frequency Powered Optoelectronic Systems for Wireless Optogenetics. J. Neural Eng. 2015, 12, 056002,  DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/12/5/056002
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    Ultraminiaturized photovoltaic and radio frequency powered optoelectronic systems for wireless optogenetics
    Park Sung Il; Shin Gunchul; Banks Anthony; Rogers John A; McCall Jordan G; Siuda Edward R; Schmidt Martin J; Bruchas Michael R; Chung Ha Uk; Noh Kyung Nim; Rogers John A; Mun Jonathan Guo-Han; Rhodes Justin
    Journal of neural engineering (2015), 12 (5), 056002-56002 ISSN:.
    OBJECTIVE: Wireless control and power harvesting systems that operate injectable, cellular-scale optoelectronic components provide important demonstrated capabilities in neuromodulatory techniques such as optogenetics. Here, we report a radio frequency (RF) control/harvesting device that offers dramatically reduced size, decreased weight and improved efficiency compared to previously reported technologies. Combined use of this platform with ultrathin, multijunction, high efficiency solar cells allows for hundred-fold reduction of transmitted RF power, which greatly enhances the wireless coverage. APPROACH: Fabrication involves separate construction of the harvester and the injectable μ-ILEDs. To test whether the presence of the implantable device alters behavior, we implanted one group of wild type mice and compared sociability behavior to unaltered controls. Social interaction experiments followed protocols defined by Silverman et al. with minor modifications. MAIN RESULTS: The results presented here demonstrate that miniaturized RF harvesters, and RF control strategies with photovoltaic harvesters can, when combined with injectable μ-ILEDs, offer versatile capabilities in optogenetics. Experimental and modeling studies establish a range of effective operating conditions for these two approaches. Optogenetics studies with social groups of mice demonstrate the utility of these systems. SIGNIFICANCE: The addition of miniaturized, high performance photovoltaic cells significantly expands the operating range and reduces the required RF power. The platform can offer capabilities to modulate signaling path in the brain region of freely-behaving animals. These suggest its potential for widespread use in neuroscience.
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    Nan, K.; Kang, S. D.; Li, K.; Yu, K. J.; Zhu, F.; Wang, J.; Dunn, A. C.; Zhou, C.; Xie, Z.; Agne, M. T. Compliant and Stretchable Thermoelectric Coils for Energy Harvesting in Miniature Flexible Devices. Sci. Adv. 2018, 4, eaau5849  DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau5849
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    Lu, L.; Yang, Z.; Meacham, K.; Cvetkovic, C.; Corbin, E. A.; Vázquez-Guardado, A.; Xue, M.; Yin, L.; Boroumand, J.; Pakeltis, G. Biodegradable Monocrystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Microcells as Power Supplies for Transient Biomedical Implants. Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8, 1703035,  DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201703035
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    Obaid, S.; Lu, L. Highly Efficient Microscale Gallium Arsenide Solar Cell Arrays as Optogenetic Power Options. IEEE Photonics J. 2019, 11, 1– 8,  DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2019.2896005
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    Ding, H.; Lu, L.; Shi, Z.; Wang, D.; Li, L.; Li, X.; Ren, Y.; Liu, C.; Cheng, D.; Kim, H. Microscale Optoelectronic Infrared-to-Visible Upconversion Devices and Their Use as Injectable Light Sources. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2018, 115, 6632– 6637,  DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802064115
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    Microscale optoelectronic infrared-to-visible upconversion devices and their use as injectable light sources
    Ding, He; Lu, Lihui; Shi, Zhao; Wang, Dan; Li, Lizhu; Li, Xichen; Ren, Yuqi; Liu, Changbo; Cheng, Dali; Kim, Hoyeon; Giebink, Noel C.; Wang, Xiaohui; Yin, Lan; Zhao, Lingyun; Luo, Minmin; Sheng, Xing
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2018), 115 (26), 6632-6637CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)
    Optical upconversion that converts IR light into visible light is of significant interest for broad applications in biomedicine, imaging, and displays. Conventional upconversion materials rely on nonlinear light-matter interactions, exhibit incidence-dependent efficiencies, and require high-power excitation. We report an IR-to-visible upconversion strategy based on fully integrated microscale optoelectronic devices. These thin-film, ultraminiaturized devices realize near-IR (∼810 nm) to visible [630 nm (red) or 590 nm (yellow)] upconversion that is linearly dependent on incoherent, low-power excitation, with a quantum yield of ∼1.5%. Addnl. features of this upconversion design include broadband absorption, wideemission spectral tunability, and fast dynamics. Encapsulated, freestanding devices are transferred onto heterogeneous substrates and show desirable biocompatibilities within biol. fluids and tissues. PDMS. These microscale devices are implanted in behaving animals, with in vitro and in vivo expts. demonstrating their utility for optogenetic neuromodulation. This approach provides a versatile route to achieve upconversion throughout the entire visible spectral range at lower power and higher efficiency than has previously been possible.
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    Lee, S.; Cortese, A. J.; Gandhi, A. P.; Agger, E. R.; McEuen, P. L.; Molnar, A. C. A 250 Μm× 57 Μm Microscale Opto-Electronically Transduced Electrodes (Motes) for Neural Recording. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 2018, 12, 1256– 1266,  DOI: 10.1109/TBCAS.2018.2876069
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    A 250 μm × 57 μm Microscale Opto-electronically Transduced Electrodes (MOTEs) for Neural Recording
    Lee Sunwoo; Cortese Alejandro Javier; Gandhi Aasta Parin; Agger Elizabeth Rose; McEuen Paul L; Molnar Alyosha Christopher
    IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems (2018), 12 (6), 1256-1266 ISSN:.
    Recording neural activity in live animals in vivo with minimal tissue damage is one of the major barriers to understanding the nervous system. This paper presents the technology for a tetherless opto-electronic neural interface based on 180 nm CMOS circuits, heterogeneously integrated with an AlGaAs diode that functions as both a photovoltaic and light emitting diode. These microscale opto-electrically transduced electrodes (MOTEs) are powered by and communicate through an optical interface, simultaneously enabling high temporal-resolution electrical measurements without a tether or a bulky RF coil. The MOTE presented here is 250 μm × 57 μm, consumes 1 μW of electrical power, and is capable of capturing and encoding neural signals before transmitting the encoded signals. The measured noise floor is as low as 15 μVRMS at a 15 kHz bandwidth.
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    Singh, R.; Bathaei, M. J.; Istif, E.; Beker, L. A Review of Bioresorbable Implantable Medical Devices: Materials, Fabrication, and Implementation. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2020, 9, 2000790,  DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000790
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    A Review of Bioresorbable Implantable Medical Devices: Materials, Fabrication, and Implementation
    Singh, Rahul; Bathaei, Mohammad Javad; Istif, Emin; Beker, Levent
    Advanced Healthcare Materials (2020), 9 (18), 2000790CODEN: AHMDBJ; ISSN:2192-2640. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    Implantable medical devices (IMDs) are designed to sense specific parameters or stimulate organs and have been actively used for treatment and diagnosis of various diseases. IMDs are used for long-term disease screening or treatments and cannot be considered for short-term applications since patients need to go through a surgery for retrieval of the IMD. Advances in bioresorbable materials has led to the development of transient IMDs that can be resorbed by bodily fluids and disappear after a certain period. These devices are designed to be implanted in the adjacent of the targeted tissue for predetd. times with the aim of measurement of pressure, strain, or temp., while the bioelectronic devices stimulate certain tissues. They enable opportunities for monitoring and treatment of acute diseases. To realize such transient and miniaturized devices, researchers utilize a variety of materials, novel fabrication methods, and device design strategies. This review discusses potential bioresorbable materials for each component in an IMD followed by programmable degrdn. and safety stds. Then, common fabrication methods for bioresorbable materials are introduced, along with challenges. The final section provides representative examples of bioresorbable IMDs for various applications with an emphasis on materials, device functionality, and fabrication methods.
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    Podgorski, K.; Ranganathan, G. Brain Heating Induced by near-Infrared Lasers During Multiphoton Microscopy. J. Neurophysiol. 2016, 116, 1012– 1023,  DOI: 10.1152/jn.00275.2016
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    Brain heating induced by near-infrared lasers during multiphoton microscopy
    Podgorski, Kaspar; Ranganathan, Gayathri
    Journal of Neurophysiology (2016), 116 (3), 1012-1023CODEN: JONEA4; ISSN:0022-3077. (American Physiological Society)
    Two-photon imaging and optogenetic stimulation rely on high illumination powers, particularly for state-of-the-art applications that target deeper structures, achieve faster measurements, or probe larger brain areas. However, little information is available on heating and resulting damage induced by high-power illumination in the brain. In the current study we used thermocouple probes and quantum dot nanothermometers to measure temp. changes induced by two-photon microscopy in the neocortex of awake and anesthetized mice. We characterized heating as a function of wavelength, exposure time, and distance from the center of illumination. Although total power is highest near the surface of the brain, heating was most severe hundreds of micrometers below the focal plane, due to heat dissipation through the cranial window. Continuous illumination of a 1-mm2 area produced a peak temp. increase of ∼1.8°C/100 mW. Continuous illumination with powers above 250 mW induced lasting damage, detected with immunohistochem. against Iba1, glial fibrillary acidic protein, heat shock proteins, and activated caspase-3. Higher powers were usable in expts. with limited duty ratios, suggesting an approach to mitigate damage in high-power microscopy expts.
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    Mialhe, P.; Mouhamed, S.; Haydar, A. The Solar Cell Output Power Dependence on the Angle of Incident Radiation. Renew. Energy 1991, 1, 519– 521,  DOI: 10.1016/0960-1481(91)90065-W
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    The solar cell output power dependence on the angle of incident radiation
    Mialhe, P.; Mouhamed, S.; Haydar, A.
    Renewable Energy (1991), 1 (3-4), 519-21CODEN: RNENE3; ISSN:0960-1481.
    The decrease in output power of Si solar cells with increasing angle of incidence was investigated theor. and exptl. Effective junction depth, reflection losses, and surface photon distribution are modeled taking into account the front surface recombination velocity. The increase of power losses by surface recombination is dependent on the angle of incidence.
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    Settaluri, K. T.; Lo, H.; Ram, R. J. Thin Thermoelectric Generator System for Body Energy Harvesting. J. Electron. Mater. 2012, 41, 984– 988,  DOI: 10.1007/s11664-011-1834-3
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    Thin Thermoelectric Generator System for Body Energy Harvesting
    Settaluri, Krishna T.; Lo, Hsinyi; Ram, Rajeev J.
    Journal of Electronic Materials (2012), 41 (6), 984-988CODEN: JECMA5; ISSN:0361-5235. (Springer)
    Wearable thermoelec. generators (TEGs) harvest thermal energy generated by the body to generate useful electricity. The performance of these systems is limited by (1) the small working temp. differential between the body and ambient, (2) the desire to use natural air convection cooling on the cold side of the generator, and (3) the requirement for thin, lightwt. systems that are comfortable for long-term use. Our work has focused on the design of the heat transfer system as part of the overall thermoelec. (TE) system. In particular, the small heat transfer coeff. for natural air convection results in a module thermal impedance that is smaller than that of the heat sink. In this heat-sink-limited regime, the thermal resistance of the generator should be optimized to match that of the heat sink to achieve the best performance. In addn., we have designed flat (1 mm thickness) copper heat spreaders to realize performance surpassing splayed pin heat sinks. Two-dimensional (2-D) heat spreading exploits the large surface area available in a wristband and allows patterned copper to efficiently cool the TE. A d.c. (DC)/DC converter is integrated on the wristband. The system generates up to 28.5 μW/cm2 before the converter and 8.6 μW/cm2 after the converter, with 30% efficiency. It generates output of 4.15 V with overall thickness under 5 mm.
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    Basaeri, H.; Christensen, D. B.; Roundy, S. A Review of Acoustic Power Transfer for Bio-Medical Implants. Smart Mater. Struct. 2016, 25, 123001,  DOI: 10.1088/0964-1726/25/12/123001
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    A review of acoustic power transfer for bio-medical implants
    Basaeri, Hamid; Christensen, David B.; Roundy, Shad
    Smart Materials and Structures (2016), 25 (12), 123001/1-123001/23CODEN: SMSTER; ISSN:1361-665X. (IOP Publishing Ltd.)
    Bio-implantable devices have been used to perform therapeutic functions such as drug delivery or diagnostic monitoring of physiol. parameters. Proper operation of these devices depends on the continuous reliable supply of power. A battery, which is the conventional method to supply energy, is problematic in many of these devices as it limits the lifetime of the implant or dominates the size. In order to power implantable devices, power transfer techniques have been implemented as an attractive alternative to batteries and have received significant research interest in recent years. Acoustic waves are increasingly being investigated as a method for delivering power through human skin and the human body. Acoustic power transfer (APT) has some advantages over other powering techniques such as inductive power transfer and mid range RF power transmission. These advantages include lower absorption in tissue, shorter wavelength enabling smaller transducers, and higher power intensity threshold for safe operation. This paper will cover the basic physics and modeling of APT and will review the current state of acoustic (or ultrasonic) power transfer for biomedical implants. As the sensing and computational elements for biomedical implants are becoming very small, we devote particular attention to the scaling of acoustic and alternative power transfer techniques. Finally, we present current issues and challenges related to the implementation of this technique for powering implantable devices.
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    Kim, A.; Ochoa, M.; Rahimi, R.; Ziaie, B. New and Emerging Energy Sources for Implantable Wireless Microdevices. IEEE access 2015, 3, 89– 98,  DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2406292
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    Dagdeviren, C.; Javid, F.; Joe, P.; von Erlach, T.; Bensel, T.; Wei, Z.; Saxton, S.; Cleveland, C.; Booth, L.; McDonnell, S. Flexible Piezoelectric Devices for Gastrointestinal Motility Sensing. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2017, 1, 807– 817,  DOI: 10.1038/s41551-017-0140-7
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    Flexible piezoelectric devices for gastrointestinal motility sensing
    Dagdeviren, Canan; Javid, Farhad; Joe, Pauline; von Erlach, Thomas; Bensel, Taylor; Wei, Zijun; Saxton, Sarah; Cleveland, Cody; Booth, Lucas; McDonnell, Shane; Collins, Joy; Hayward, Alison; Langer, Robert; Traverso, Giovanni
    Nature Biomedical Engineering (2017), 1 (10), 807-817CODEN: NBEAB3; ISSN:2157-846X. (Nature Research)
    Improvements in ingestible electronics with the capacity to sense physiol. and pathophysiol. states have transformed the std. of care for patients. Yet, despite advances in device development, significant risks assocd. with solid, non-flexible gastrointestinal transiting systems remain. Here, we report the design and use of an ingestible, flexible piezoelec. device that senses mech. deformation within the gastric cavity. We demonstrate the capabilities of the sensor in both in vitro and ex vivo simulated gastric models, quantify its key behaviors in the gastrointestinal tract using computational modeling and validate its functionality in awake and ambulating swine. Our proof-of-concept device may lead to the development of ingestible piezoelec. devices that might safely sense mech. variations and harvest mech. energy inside the gastrointestinal tract for the diagnosis and treatment of motility disorders, as well as for monitoring ingestion in bariatric applications.
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    Dagdeviren, C.; Yang, B. D.; Su, Y.; Tran, P. L.; Joe, P.; Anderson, E.; Xia, J.; Doraiswamy, V.; Dehdashti, B.; Feng, X. Conformal Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting and Storage from Motions of the Heart, Lung, and Diaphragm. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2014, 111, 1927– 1932,  DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1317233111
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    Conformal piezoelectric energy harvesting and storage from motions of the heart, lung, and diaphragm
    Dagdeviren, Canan; Yang, Byung Duk; Su, Yewang; Tran, Phat L.; Joe, Pauline; Anderson, Eric; Xia, Jing; Doraiswamy, Vijay; Dehdashti, Behrooz; Feng, Xue; Lu, Bingwei; Poston, Robert; Khalpey, Zain; Ghaffari, Roozbeh; Huang, Yonggang; Slepian, Marvin J.; Rogers, John A.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2014), 111 (5), 1927-1932CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)
    The authors report advanced materials and devices that enable high-efficiency mech.-to-elec. energy conversion from the natural contractile and relaxation motions of the heart, lung, and diaphragm, demonstrated in several different animal models, each of which has organs with sizes that approach human scales. A co-integrated collection of such energy-harvesting elements with rectifiers and microbatteries provides an entire flexible system, capable of viable integration with the beating heart via medical sutures and operation with efficiencies of ∼2%. Addnl. expts., computational models, and results in multilayer configurations capture the key behaviors, illuminate essential design aspects, and offer sufficient power outputs for operation of pacemakers, with or without battery assist.
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    Wang, J.; He, T.; Lee, C. Development of Neural Interfaces and Energy Harvesters Towards Self-Powered Implantable Systems for Healthcare Monitoring and Rehabilitation Purposes. Nano Energy 2019, 65, 104039,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104039
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    Development of neural interfaces and energy harvesters towards self-powered implantable systems for healthcare monitoring and rehabilitation purposes
    Wang, Jiahui; He, Tianyiyi; Lee, Chengkuo
    Nano Energy (2019), 65 (), 104039CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Despite its great promise, neural interface has yet to substantially impact modern healthcare monitoring and therapeutic interventions. However, considering the recent development of self-power solns., data transmission technologies, and artificial intelligence, neural interface has the potential to transform future clin. applications. Together with the recent self-powered energy harvesting technologies, neural interfaces are evolving towards fully implantable systems. Here, we first review the progress and current status of neural interfaces, start from the well-established neuromodulation protocols and efforts to translational applications, then move on to milestones of neural interface development, and end with the review on considerations and requirements of active and inactive materials. With the knowledge of neural interface current status, we further review implantable systems which are built on top of the neural interfaces. Particularly, we review well-established powering solns. Furthermore, we summarize the recent demonstrations of direct tissue stimulation with self-powered energy harvesters in chronol. order. In the end, we discuss the future opportunities and challenges in the direction towards self-powered systems for healthcare monitoring and rehabilitation purposes.
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    Panda, P.; Sahoo, B. Pzt to Lead Free Piezo Ceramics: A Review. Ferroelectrics 2015, 474, 128– 143,  DOI: 10.1080/00150193.2015.997146
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    PZT to Lead Free Piezo Ceramics: A Review
    Panda, P. K.; Sahoo, B.
    Ferroelectrics (2015), 474 (1), 128-143CODEN: FEROA8; ISSN:0015-0193. (Taylor & Francis, Inc.)
    A review. The growth of piezo science is phenomenal since the discovery of piezoelectricity in 1880. Among various piezoelec. materials, lead zirconate titanate (PZT) is a very popular and exhaustively studied piezo system which allows synthesis of large no. of materials with wide range of properties due to formation of solid solns. over large range of Zr:Ti ratio. Also, this system accommodates wide range of dopants for modification of crystal structure. Due to this versatile nature, PZT has emerged as very popular among users and researchers worldwide. However, considering the toxicity of lead oxide, development of lead free piezo ceramics is encouraged in recent years. Some lead free piezo material systems such as BNT, BKT, KNN, BZT-BCT have been explored. However, development of lead free piezo devices and their performance in comparison with PZT devices are yet to be established. At this juncture, it was felt that an article reviewing the current status of development of piezo materials highlighting the change from PZT to various lead free systems would be of very much interest to the researchers. Therefore, efforts are made to bring out the recent developments on R&D of piezo materials in this review article.
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    Sezer, N.; Koç, M. A Comprehensive Review on the State-of-the-Art of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting. Nano Energy 2021, 80, 105567,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105567
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    A comprehensive review on the state-of-the-art of piezoelectric energy harvesting
    Sezer, Nurettin; Koc, Muammer
    Nano Energy (2021), 80 (), 105567CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    A review. The global energy crisis and environmental pollutions caused mainly by the increased consumption of nonrenewable energy sources prompted researchers to explore alternative energy technologies that can harvest energies available in the ambient environment. Mech. energy is the most ubiquitous ambient energy that can be captured and converted into useful elec. power. Piezoelec. transduction is the prominent mech. energy harvesting mechanism owing to its high electromech. coupling factor and piezoelec. coeff. compared to electrostatic, electromagnetic, and triboelec. transductions. Thus, piezoelec. energy harvesting has received the utmost interest by the scientific community. Advancements of micro and nanoscale materials and manufg. processes have enabled the fabrication of piezoelec. generators with favorable features such as enhanced electromech. coupling factor, piezoelec. coeff., flexibility, stretch-ability, and integrate-ability for diverse applications. Besides that, miniature devices with lesser power demand are realized in the market with technol. developments in the electronics industry. Thus, it is anticipated that in near future, many electronics will be powered by piezoelec. generators. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the state-of-the-art of piezoelec. energy harvesting. The piezoelec. energy conversion principles are delineated, and the working mechanisms and operational modes of piezoelec. generators are elucidated. Recent researches on the developments of inorg., org., composite, and bio-inspired natural piezoelec. materials are reviewed. The applications of piezoelec. energy harvesting at nano, micro, and mesoscale in diverse fields including transportation, structures, aerial applications, in water applications, smart systems, microfluidics, biomedicals, wearable and implantable electronics, and tissue regeneration are reviewed. The advancements, limitations, and potential improvements of the materials and applications of the piezoelec. energy harvesting technol. are discussed. Briefly, this review presents the broad spectrum of piezoelec. materials for clean power supply to wireless electronics in diverse fields.
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  102. 102
    Han, M.; Wang, H.; Yang, Y.; Liang, C.; Bai, W.; Yan, Z.; Li, H.; Xue, Y.; Wang, X.; Akar, B. Three-Dimensional Piezoelectric Polymer Microsystems for Vibrational Energy Harvesting, Robotic Interfaces and Biomedical Implants. Nat. Electron. 2019, 2, 26– 35,  DOI: 10.1038/s41928-018-0189-7
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    Panda, P. Environmental Friendly Lead-Free Piezoelectric Materials. J. Mater. Sci. 2009, 44, 5049– 5062,  DOI: 10.1007/s10853-009-3643-0
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    103
    Review: environmental friendly lead-free piezoelectric materials
    Panda, P. K.
    Journal of Materials Science (2009), 44 (19), 5049-5062CODEN: JMTSAS; ISSN:0022-2461. (Springer)
    A review. Lead zirconate titanate (PZT)-based piezoelec. materials are well known for their excellent piezoelec. properties. However, considering the toxicity of lead and its compds., there is a general awareness for the development of environmental friendly lead-free materials as evidenced from the legislation passed by the European Union to this effect. Several classes of materials are now being considered as potentially attractive alternatives to PZTs for specific applications. In this paper, attempts have been made to review the recent developments on lead-free piezo materials emphasizing on their prepn., structure-property correlation, etc. In this context, perovskite systems such as bismuth sodium titanate, alkali niobates (ANbO3), etc. and non-perovskites such as bismuth layer-structured ferroelecs. are reviewed in detail. From the above study, it is concluded that some lead-free compns. show stable piezoelec. responses even though they do not match the overall performance of PZT. This has been the stimulant for growing research on this subject. This topic is of current interest to the researchers worldwide as evidenced from the large no. of research publications. This has motivated us to come out with a review article with a view that it would give further impetus to the researchers already working in this area and also draw the attention of others.
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  104. 104
    Niu, P.; Chapman, P.; Riemer, R.; Zhang, X. Evaluation of Motions and Actuation Methods for Biomechanical Energy Harvestin. In Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE 35th annual power electronics specialists conference (IEEE Cat. No. 04CH37551), June 20–25, 2004, Aachen, Germany; IEEE, 2004; p 2100– 2106.
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    Donelan, J. M.; Li, Q.; Naing, V.; Hoffer, J. A.; Weber, D.; Kuo, A. D. Biomechanical Energy Harvesting: Generating Electricity During Walking with Minimal User Effort. Science 2008, 319, 807– 810,  DOI: 10.1126/science.1149860
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    Biomechanical Energy Harvesting: Generating Electricity During Walking with Minimal User Effort
    Donelan, J. M.; Li, Q.; Naing, V.; Hoffer, J. A.; Weber, D. J.; Kuo, A. D.
    Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2008), 319 (5864), 807-810CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
    We have developed a biomech. energy harvester that generates electricity during human walking with little extra effort. Unlike conventional human-powered generators that use pos. muscle work, our technol. assists muscles in performing neg. work, analogous to regenerative braking in hybrid cars, where energy normally dissipated during braking drives a generator instead. The energy harvester mounts at the knee and selectively engages power generation at the end of the swing phase, thus assisting deceleration of the joint. Test subjects walking with one device on each leg produced an av. of 5 W of electricity, which is about 10 times that of shoe-mounted devices. The cost of harvesting-the addnl. metabolic power required to produce 1 W of electricity-is less than one-eighth of that for conventional human power generation. Producing substantial electricity with little extra effort makes this method well-suited for charging powered prosthetic limbs and other portable medical devices.
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  106. 106
    Cung, K.; Han, B. J.; Nguyen, T. D.; Mao, S.; Yeh, Y.-W.; Xu, S.; Naik, R. R.; Poirier, G.; Yao, N.; Purohit, P. K. Biotemplated Synthesis of Pzt Nanowires. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 6197– 6202,  DOI: 10.1021/nl4035708
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    106
    Biotemplated Synthesis of PZT Nanowires
    Cung, Kellye; Han, Booyeon J.; Nguyen, Thanh D.; Mao, Sheng; Yeh, Yao-Wen; Xu, Shiyou; Naik, Rajesh R.; Poirier, Gerald; Yao, Nan; Purohit, Prashant K.; McAlpine, Michael C.
    Nano Letters (2013), 13 (12), 6197-6202CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)
    Piezoelec. nanowires are an important class of smart materials for next-generation applications including energy harvesting, robotic actuation, and bioMEMS. Lead zirconate titanate (PZT), in particular, has attracted significant attention, owing to its superior electromech. conversion performance. Yet, the ability to synthesize cryst. PZT nanowires with well-controlled properties remains a challenge. Applications of common nanosynthesis methods to PZT are hampered by issues such as slow kinetics, lack of suitable catalysts, and harsh reaction conditions. Here we report a versatile biomimetic method, in which biotemplates are used to define PZT nanostructures, allowing for rational control over compn. and crystallinity. Specifically, stoichiometric PZT nanowires were synthesized using both polysaccharide (alginate) and bacteriophage templates. The wires possessed measured piezoelec. consts. of up to 132 pm/V after poling, among the highest reported for PZT nanomaterials. Further, integrated devices can generate up to 0.820 μW/cm2 of power. These results suggest that biotemplated piezoelec. nanowires are attractive candidates for stimuli-responsive nanosensors, adaptive nanoactuators, and nanoscale energy harvesters.
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  107. 107
    Sun, C.; Shi, J.; Bayerl, D. J.; Wang, X. PVDF Microbelts for Harvesting Energy from Respiration. Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 4508– 4512,  DOI: 10.1039/c1ee02241e
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    107
    PVDF microbelts for harvesting energy from respiration
    Sun, Chengliang; Shi, Jian; Bayerl, Dylan J.; Wang, Xudong
    Energy & Environmental Science (2011), 4 (11), 4508-4512CODEN: EESNBY; ISSN:1754-5706. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
    In this paper, we report a technique that uses piezoelec. polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) microbelts to convert the energy from low-speed air flow to electricity via their resonant oscillation. The micrometer thick PVDF thin films were fabricated by a top-down reactive ion etching process, where the thickness was controlled by etching time and the piezoelec. phase was well preserved. The thickness, air flow speed and elec. output relationship was predicted theor. and characterized exptl. The PVDF microbelts were able to generate sufficient elec. energy from low speed air flow for the sustained operation of small electronic devices. Their capability for harvesting energy from simulated respiration was also demonstrated.
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  108. 108
    Lin, H.-I.; Wuu, D.-S.; Shen, K.-C.; Horng, R.-H. Fabrication of an Ultra-Flexible Zno Nanogenerator for Harvesting Energy from Respiration. ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 2013, 2, P400,  DOI: 10.1149/2.001311jss
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    108
    Fabrication of an ultra-flexible ZnO nanogenerator for harvesting energy from respiration
    Lin, Hung-I.; Wuu, Dong-Sing; Shen, Kun-Ching; Horng, Ray-Hua
    ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology (2013), 2 (9), P400-P404CODEN: EJSSBG; ISSN:2162-8769. (Electrochemical Society)
    A novel ZnO nanogenerator (NG) with a flexible and highly lightwt. substrate has the potential to harvest energy from human respiration. Previous studies have proposed lift-off and fold-up fabrication methods. The ZnO nanowires (NWs) are transferred to a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer, which serves as the secondary flexible substrate. The thickness of the 2-fold ZnO NG is approx. 25 μm, whereas the thickness of the 16-fold NG is approx. 200 μm. The 16-fold ZnO NG generates approx. 0.6 V and 0.5 μA at the low air flow rate of 2.0 ms-1, and reaches approx. 1.3 V and 0.8 μA at the air flow rate of 5.0 ms-1.
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  109. 109
    Han, M.; Zhang, X.-S.; Meng, B.; Liu, W.; Tang, W.; Sun, X.; Wang, W.; Zhang, H. R-Shaped Hybrid Nanogenerator with Enhanced Piezoelectricity. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 8554– 8560,  DOI: 10.1021/nn404023v
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    109
    r-Shaped Hybrid Nanogenerator with Enhanced Piezoelectricity
    Han, Mengdi; Zhang, Xiao-Sheng; Meng, Bo; Liu, Wen; Tang, Wei; Sun, Xuming; Wang, Wei; Zhang, Haixia
    ACS Nano (2013), 7 (10), 8554-8560CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)
    Piezoelec. and triboelec. nanogenerators (NGs) are proposed in the past few years to effectively harvest mech. energy from the environment. Here, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer is placed under the aluminum electrode of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), thus forming an r-shaped hybrid NG. Micro/nanostructures were fabricated on the PDMS surface and the aluminum electrodes of PVDF to enhance the output performance. Power densities of the piezoelec. part and the triboelec. part are 10.95 and 2.04 mW/cm3, resp. Also, influence of the triboelec. charges on the piezoelec. output voltage was studied. Both finite element method simulations and exptl. measurements are conducted to verify this phenomenon. The novel hybrid NG is also demonstrated as a power source for consumer electronics. Through one cycle of elec. generation, 10 light-emitting diodes are lighted up instantaneously, and a 4-bit liq. crystal display can display continuously for >15 s. Besides, the device is integrated into a keyboard to harvest energy in the typing process.
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  110. 110
    Kim, D.; Han, S. A.; Kim, J. H.; Lee, J. H.; Kim, S. W.; Lee, S. W. Biomolecular Piezoelectric Materials: From Amino Acids to Living Tissues. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1906989,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201906989
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    110
    Biomolecular Piezoelectric Materials: From Amino Acids to Living Tissues
    Kim, Daeyeong; Han, Sang A.; Kim, Jung Ho; Lee, Ju-Hyuck; Kim, Sang-Woo; Lee, Seung-Wuk
    Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2020), 32 (14), 1906989CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    A review. Biomol. piezoelec. materials are considered a strong candidate material for biomedical applications due to their robust piezoelectricity, biocompatibility, and low dielec. property. The elec. field has been found to affect tissue development and regeneration, and the piezoelec. properties of biol. materials in the human body are known to provide elec. fields by pressure. Therefore, great attention has been paid to the understanding of piezoelectricity in biol. tissues and its building blocks. The aim herein is to describe the principle of piezoelectricity in biol. materials from the very basic building blocks (i.e., amino acids, peptides, proteins, etc.) to highly organized tissues (i.e., bones, skin, etc.). Research progress on the piezoelectricity within various biol. materials is summarized, including amino acids, peptides, proteins, and tissues. The mechanisms and origin of piezoelectricity within various biol. materials are also covered.
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  111. 111
    Lee, J.-H.; Lee, S.-W. Piezoelectric Biomaterials. In Bio-Inspired Nanomaterials: Nanomaterials Built from Biomolecules and Using Bio-Derived Principles; Lee, S.-W., Ed.; Soft Matter and Biomaterials on the Nanoscale: The Wspc Reference on Functional Nanomaterials─Part I, Vol. 3World Scientific, 2020.
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    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
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    Skladal, P.; Riccardi, C. d. S.; Yamanaka, H.; da Costa, P. I. Piezoelectric Biosensors for Real-Time Monitoring of Hybridization and Detection of Hepatitis C Virus. J. Virol. Methods 2004, 117, 145– 151,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.01.005
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    Piezoelectric biosensors for real-time monitoring of hybridization and detection of hepatitis C virus
    Skladal, Petr; Riccardi, Carla dos Santos; Yamanaka, Hideko; Inacio da Costa, Paulo
    Journal of Virological Methods (2004), 117 (2), 145-151CODEN: JVMEDH; ISSN:0166-0934. (Elsevier Science B.V.)
    The piezoelec. quartz crystal resonators modified with oligonucleotide probes were used for detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in serum. The gold electrodes on either rough or smooth surface crystals were modified with a self-assembled monolayer of cystamine. After activation with glutaraldehyde, either avidin or streptavidin were immobilized and used for attachment of biotinylated DNA probes (four different sequences). Piezoelec. biosensors were used in a flow-through setup for direct monitoring of DNA resulting from the reverse transcriptase-linked polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of the original viral RNA. The samples of patients with hepatitis C were analyzed and the results were compared with the std. RT-PCR procedure (Amplicor test kit of Roche, microwell format with spectrophotometric evaluation). The piezoelec. hybridization assay was completed in 10 min and the same sensing surface was suitable for repeated use.
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    Lee, B. Y.; Zhang, J.; Zueger, C.; Chung, W.-J.; Yoo, S. Y.; Wang, E.; Meyer, J.; Ramesh, R.; Lee, S.-W. Virus-Based Piezoelectric Energy Generation. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012, 7, 351– 356,  DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2012.69
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    113
    Virus-based piezoelectric energy generation
    Lee, Byung Yang; Zhang, Jinxing; Zueger, Chris; Chung, Woo-Jae; Yoo, So Young; Wang, Eddie; Meyer, Joel; Ramesh, Ramamoorthy; Lee, Seung-Wuk
    Nature Nanotechnology (2012), 7 (6), 351-356CODEN: NNAABX; ISSN:1748-3387. (Nature Publishing Group)
    Piezoelec. materials can convert mech. energy into elec. energy, and piezoelec. devices made of a variety of inorg. materials and org. polymers have been demonstrated. However, synthesizing such materials often requires toxic starting compds., harsh conditions and/or complex procedures. Previously, it was shown that hierarchically organized natural materials such as bones, collagen fibrils and peptide nanotubes can display piezoelec. properties. Here, we demonstrate that the piezoelec. and liq.-cryst. properties of M13 bacteriophage (phage) can be used to generate elec. energy. Using piezoresponse force microscopy, we characterize the structure-dependent piezoelec. properties of the phage at the mol. level. We then show that self-assembled thin films of phage can exhibit piezoelec. strengths of up to 7.8 pm V-1. We also demonstrate that it is possible to modulate the dipole strength of the phage, hence tuning the piezoelec. response, by genetically engineering the major coat proteins of the phage. Finally, we develop a phage-based piezoelec. generator that produces up to 6 nA of current and 400 mV of potential and use it to operate a liq.-crystal display. Because biotechnol. techniques enable large-scale prodn. of genetically modified phages, phage-based piezoelec. materials potentially offer a simple and environmentally friendly approach to piezoelec. energy generation.
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    Hou, T.-C.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, H.; Chen, J.; Chen, L.-J.; Lin Wang, Z. Triboelectric Nanogenerator Built inside Shoe Insole for Harvesting Walking Energy. Nano Energy 2013, 2, 856– 862,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2013.03.001
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    114
    Triboelectric nanogenerator built inside shoe insole for harvesting walking energy
    Hou, Te-Chien; Yang, Ya; Zhang, Hulin; Chen, Jun; Chen, Lih-Juann; Wang, Zhong Lin
    Nano Energy (2013), 2 (5), 856-862CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    We report a simple fabrication, great performance and cost-effective triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG), which is based on the cycled contact-sepn. between a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film and a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film, for effectively harvesting footfall energy. The elastic sponge is first used as the spacer in the TENG, where the size and the thickness of the spacers have a significant effect on the output performance of the TENG. By using the optimized device, a TENG-based shoe insole is used to harvest human walking energy, where the max. output voltage and c.d. reached up to 220 V and 40 μA, resp. We also demonstrate that the fabricated shoe insole using a single layer of TENG can be directly used to light up 30 white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in serial connection. By taking the merits of this simple fabrication, outstanding performance, robust characteristic and low-cost technol., we believe that TENG can open up great opportunities not only for powering small electronics, but also can contribute to large-scale energy harvesting through engineering design.
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  115. 115
    Yang, Y.; Zhang, H.; Chen, J.; Jing, Q.; Zhou, Y. S.; Wen, X.; Wang, Z. L. Single-Electrode-Based Sliding Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Self-Powered Displacement Vector Sensor System. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 7342– 7351,  DOI: 10.1021/nn403021m
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    115
    Single-Electrode-Based Sliding Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Self-Powered Displacement Vector Sensor System
    Yang, Ya; Zhang, Hulin; Chen, Jun; Jing, Qingshen; Zhou, Yu Sheng; Wen, Xiaonan; Wang, Zhong Lin
    ACS Nano (2013), 7 (8), 7342-7351CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)
    The authors report a single-electrode-based sliding-mode triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) that not only can harvest mech. energy but also is a self-powered displacement vector sensor system for touching pad technol. By using the relative sliding between an electrodeless polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) patch with surface-etched nanoparticles and an Al electrode that is grounded, the fabricated TENG can produce an open-circuit voltage up to 1100 V, a short-circuit c.d. of 6 mA/m2, and a max. power d. of 350 mW/m2 on a load of 100 MΩ, which can be used to instantaneously drive 100 green-light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The working mechanism of the TENG is based on the charge transfer between the Al electrode and the ground by modulating the relative sliding distance between the tribo-charged PTFE patch and the Al plate. Grating of linear rows on the Al electrode enables the detection of the sliding speed of the PTFE patch along one direction. Also, 16 Al electrode channels arranged along four directions were used to monitor the displacement (the direction and the location) of the PTFE patch at the center, where the output voltage signals in the 16 channels were recorded in real-time to form a mapping figure. The advantage of this design is that it only requires the bottom Al electrode to be grounded and the top PTFE patch needs no elec. contact, which is beneficial for energy harvesting in automobile rotation mode and touch pad applications.
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  116. 116
    Chi, Y.; Xia, K.; Zhu, Z.; Fu, J.; Zhang, H.; Du, C.; Xu, Z. Rice Paper-Based Biodegradable Triboelectric Nanogenerator. Microelectron. Eng. 2019, 216, 111059,  DOI: 10.1016/j.mee.2019.111059
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    116
    Rice paper-based biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerator
    Chi, Yue; Xia, Kequan; Zhu, Zhiyuan; Fu, Jiangming; Zhang, Hongze; Du, Chaolin; Xu, Zhiwei
    Microelectronic Engineering (2019), 216 (), 111059CODEN: MIENEF; ISSN:0167-9317. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Recently, paper-based electronics are fast developing and have attracted significant attention. In this work, we proposed a novel rice paper-based biodegradable triboelec. nanogenerator (RP-TENG), which is based on single-electrode working mode. The biodegradable materials, such as rice paper and transparent conductive ink, were used as the triboelec. materials and conductive electrode, resp. After exptl. test, the approx. values of open-circuit voltage (VOC), short-circuit current (ISC), and output power d. reache 244 V, 6μA, and 37.64μW/cm2, resp. To further improve the elec. output of RP-TENG, we developed a rice paper powder TENG (RPP-TENG). In addn., the fabricated RP-TENG is highly stable and recyclable. The generated electronic output of RP-TENG can light up 45 com. LEDs.
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  117. 117
    Imani, I. M.; Kim, B.; Xiao, X.; Rubab, N.; Park, B.-J.; Kim, Y.-J.; Zhao, P.; Kang, M.; Kim, S.-W. Ultrasound-Driven on-Demand Transient Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Subcutaneous Antibacterial Activity. Adv. Sci. 2023, 10, 2204801,  DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204801
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    117
    Ultrasound-Driven On-Demand Transient Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Subcutaneous Antibacterial Activity
    Imani, Iman M.; Kim, Bosung; Xiao, Xiao; Rubab, Najaf; Park, Byung-Joon; Kim, Young-Jun; Zhao, Pin; Kang, Minki; Kim, Sang-Woo
    Advanced Science (Weinheim, Germany) (2023), 10 (3), 2204801CODEN: ASDCCF; ISSN:2198-3844. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    To prevent surgical site infection (SSI), which significantly increases the rate morbidity and mortality, eliminating microorganisms is prominent. Antimicrobial resistance is identified as a global health challenge. This work proposes a new strategy to eliminate microorganisms of deep tissue through elec. stimulation with an ultrasound (US)-driven implantable, biodegradable, and vibrant triboelec. nanogenerator (IBV-TENG). After a programmed lifetime, the IBV-TENG can be eliminated by provoking the on-demand device dissoln. by controlling US intensity with no surgical removal of the device from the body. A voltage of ≈4 V and current of ≈22μA generated from IBV-TENG under ultrasound in vitro, confirming inactivating ≈100% of Staphylococcus aureus and ≈99% of Escherichia coli. Furthermore, ex vivo results show that IBV-TENG implanted under porcine tissue successfully inactivates bacteria. This antibacterial technol. is expected to be a countermeasure strategy against SSIs, increasing life expectancy and healthcare quality by preventing microorganisms of deep tissue.
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  118. 118
    Kang, M.; Khusrin, M. S. B. M.; Kim, Y.-J.; Kim, B.; Park, B. J.; Hyun, I.; Imani, I. M.; Choi, B.-O.; Kim, S.-W. Nature-Derived Highly Tribopositive ϰ-Carrageenan-Agar Composite-Based Fully Biodegradable Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Nano Energy 2022, 100, 107480,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107480
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    118
    Nature-derived highly tribopositive κ-carrageenan-agar composite-based fully biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerators
    Kang, Minki; Bin Mohammed Khusrin, Muhammad Syafiq; Kim, Young-Jun; Kim, Bosung; Park, Byung Joon; Hyun, Inah; Imani, Iman Mohammadi; Choi, Byung-Ok; Kim, Sang-Woo
    Nano Energy (2022), 100 (), 107480CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Biodegradable triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) have been studied for powering biotransient electronics in past years. For stable powering, developing biodegradable materials which have high tribopos. properties as well as high biocompatibility is crucially required. Here, we investigate a nature-derived κ-carrageenan-agar (κC-Agar) composite as high-performing triboelec. friction material for biodegradable TENG. We found that the composite shows greatly enhanced electron-donating property. At an optimized κC concn. of 80 wt%, the surface potential at most 57.5% increases compared to bare materials. We validated that the enhancement was caused by increased charge trapping sites consisting of Ca2+ cations and sulfate ester groups in the composite. In addn., we found that the κC-Agar composite has high intrinsic biocompatibility as it shows high cell viability in MTT assay and subdermal implant causes little noticeable inflammation, contributed by the high hydrophilicity of the composite. We further demonstrate a fully biodegradable TENG using an optimized κC-Agar composite. Very thin (0.3 mm) and flexible our device generates high output root-mean-square (RMS) current of 0.45 mA·m-2 and output RMS power of 0.15 mW·m-2 at optimized impedance. Our work provides a basis for the development of high-performance biodegradable TENGs for self-powered transient electronics.
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  119. 119
    Khandelwal, G.; Joseph Raj, N. P. M.; Alluri, N. R.; Kim, S.-J. Enhancing Hydrophobicity of Starch for Biodegradable Material-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2021, 9, 9011– 9017,  DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c01853
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  120. 120
    Khandelwal, G.; Min, G.; Karagiorgis, X.; Dahiya, R. Aligned Plla Electrospun Fibres Based Biodegradable Triboelectric Nanogenerator. Nano Energy 2023, 110, 108325,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108325
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    120
    Aligned PLLA electrospun fibres based biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerator
    Khandelwal, Gaurav; Min, Guanbo; Karagiorgis, Xenofon; Dahiya, Ravinder
    Nano Energy (2023), 110 (), 108325CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Transient triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) fabricated with degradable materials is an emerging area which can tackle the global issue of electronic waste. Here, we report a fully biodegradable TENG comprising of aligned PLLA (aPLLA) fibers and chitosan as the active layers. The aPLLA and random PLLA (rPLLA) fibers are compared for the performance and the aPLLA fiber based TENG (aPL-TENG) is found to exhibit superior performance (output voltage and current of 45 V and 9μA, resp.) due to better 103 helix chain conformation. The performance of aPLLA fibers was also analyzed with different interface combinations. The aPL-TENG showed excellent mech. stability for 24000 cycles and produced an output power d. of 6.5 mW m-2. The soil burial test confirms the degrdn. of the materials used in the device fabrication. Finally, as a proof-of-concept, the output of aPL-TENG was fed to a capacitor to demonstrate it capability to continuously power the com. wrist and stop watch. Considering the facile fabrication and easily available sustainable materials used for the aPL-TENG, the presented approach can provide attractive green energy harvesting machine to power portable devices at a large scale - without having to worry about the end-of-life electronic waste management.
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  121. 121
    Khandelwal, G.; Minocha, T.; Yadav, S. K.; Chandrasekhar, A.; Raj, N. P. M. J.; Gupta, S. C.; Kim, S.-J. All Edible Materials Derived Biocompatible and Biodegradable Triboelectric Nanogenerator. Nano Energy 2019, 65, 104016,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104016
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    121
    All edible materials derived biocompatible and biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerator
    Khandelwal, Gaurav; Minocha, Tarun; Yadav, Sanjeev Kumar; Chandrasekhar, Arunkumar; Maria Joseph Raj, Nirmal Prashanth; Gupta, Subash Chandra; Kim, Sang-Jae
    Nano Energy (2019), 65 (), 104016CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    The energy crisis and plastic pollution are of growing concern worldwide. Nanogenerators converting mech. energy to elec. energy would be of assistance. Triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) are inexpensive, simple to fabricate, and afford high output, as revealed by extensive research over the past decade. However, most TENGs use a polymer as either the substrate or the active layer, contributing to plastic pollution. Biodegradable/edible devices are required; they are harmless when discarded. We here derive a single-electrode lightwt. TENG (E-TENG) using only edible materials. Laver coated with an edible silver leaf serves as the active layer and a rice sheet as the substrate. We analyzed surface potential, morphol., and roughness; laver was triboelec. active. The results of the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, cell imaging, and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining suggest that the device minimally affected cell viability. The device was bioresorbable in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and gastric acid. Output performance was tested using paper, tissue paper, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP). The elec. performance was systematically studied; an FEP-laver E-TENG performed best (output of 23 V and current of 315 nA). The output was used to power a hygrometer, a wristwatch, green light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and UV LEDs.
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  122. 122
    Wang, R.; Gao, S.; Yang, Z.; Li, Y.; Chen, W.; Wu, B.; Wu, W. Engineered and Laser-Processed Chitosan Biopolymers for Sustainable and Biodegradable Triboelectric Power Generation. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1706267,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706267
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  123. 123
    Xiao, X.; Meng, X.; Kim, D.; Jeon, S.; Park, B. J.; Cho, D. S.; Lee, D. M.; Kim, S. W. Ultrasound-Driven Injectable and Fully Biodegradable Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Small Methods 2023, 7, 2201350,  DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201350
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    123
    Ultrasound-Driven Injectable and Fully Biodegradable Triboelectric Nanogenerators
    Xiao, Xiao; Meng, Xiangchun; Kim, Dabin; Jeon, Sera; Park, Byung-Joon; Cho, Daniel Sanghyun; Lee, Dong-Min; Kim, Sang-Woo
    Small Methods (2023), 7 (6), 2201350CODEN: SMMECI; ISSN:2366-9608. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    Implantable medical devices (IMDs) provide practical approaches to monitor physiol. parameters, diagnose diseases, and aid treatment. However, device installation, maintenance, and long-term implantation increase the risk of infection with conventional IMDs. Therefore, medical devices with biocompatibility, controllability, and miniaturization are highly demandable. An ultrasound-driven, biodegradable, and injectable triboelec. nanogenerator (I-TENG) is demonstrated to reduce the risks of implant-related injuries and infections. The injection can be given by s.c. injection with a needle to minimize the implantation incision. The stable output of I-TENG is driven by ultrasound (20 kHz, 1 W cm-2), with a voltage of 356.8 mV and current of 1.02μA during in vivo studies and an elec. field of about 0.92 V mm-1 during ex vivo expts. The cell scratch and proliferation assays showed that the delivered elec. field effectively increased cell migration and proliferation, indicating a significant potential to accelerate healing with electricity.
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  124. 124
    Zheng, Q.; Zou, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, Z.; Shi, B.; Wang, X.; Jin, Y.; Ouyang, H.; Li, Z.; Wang, Z. L. Biodegradable Triboelectric Nanogenerator as a Life-Time Designed Implantable Power Source. Sci. Adv. 2016, 2, e1501478  DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501478
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    124
    Biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerator as a life-time designed implantable power source
    Zheng, Qiang; Zou, Yang; Zhang, Yalan; Liu, Zhuo; Shi, Bojing; Wang, Xinxin; Jin, Yiming; Ouyang, Han; Li, Zhou; Wang, Zhong Lin
    Science Advances (2016), 2 (3), e1501478/1-e1501478/10CODEN: SACDAF; ISSN:2375-2548. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
    Transient electronics built with degradable org. and inorg. materials is an emerging area and has shown great potential for in vivo sensors and therapeutic devices. However, most of these devices require external power sources to function, which may limit their applications for in vivo cases. We report a biodegradable triboelec. nanogenerator (BD-TENG) for in vivo biomech. energy harvesting, which can be degraded and resorbed in an animal body after completing its work cycle without any adverse long-term effects. Tunable elec. output capabilities and degrdn. features were achieved by fabricated BD-TENG using different materials. When applying BD-TENG to power two complementary micrograting electrodes, a DC-pulsed elec. field was generated, and the nerve cell growth was successfully orientated, showing its feasibility for neuron-repairing process. Our work demonstrates the potential of BD-TENG as a power source for transient medical devices.
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  125. 125
    Meng, X.; Xiao, X.; Jeon, S.; Kim, D.; Park, B. J.; Kim, Y. J.; Rubab, N.; Kim, S.; Kim, S. W. An Ultrasound-Driven Bioadhesive Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Instant Wound Sealing and Electrically Accelerated Healing in Emergencies. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2209054,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209054
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    125
    An Ultrasound-Driven Bioadhesive Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Instant Wound Sealing and Electrically Accelerated Healing in Emergencies
    Meng, Xiangchun; Xiao, Xiao; Jeon, Sera; Kim, Dabin; Park, Byung-Joon; Kim, Young-Jun; Rubab, Najaf; Kim, SeongMin; Kim, Sang-Woo
    Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2023), 35 (12), 2209054CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    A bioadhesive triboelec. nanogenerator (BA-TENG), as a first-aid rescue for instant and robust wound sealing and ultrasound-driven accelerated wound healing, is designed. This BA-TENG is fabricated with biocompatible materials, and integrates a flexible TENG as the top layer and bioadhesive as the bottom layer, resulting in effective electricity supply and strong sutureless sealing capability on wet tissues. When driven by ultrasound, the BA-TENG can produce a stable voltage of 1.50 V and current of 24.20μA underwater. The ex vivo porcine colon organ models show that the BA-TENG seals defects instantly (≈5 s) with high interfacial toughness (≈150 J m-2), while the rat bleeding liver incision model confirms that the BA-TENG performs rapid wound closure and hemostasis, reducing the blood loss by about 82%. When applied in living rats, the BA-TENG not only seals skin injuries immediately but also produces a strong elec. field (E-field) of about 0.86 kV m-1 stimulated by ultrasound to accelerate skin wound healing significantly. The in vitro studies confirm that these effects are attributed to the E-field-accelerated cell migration and proliferation. In addn., these TENG adhesives can be applied to not only wound treatment, nerve stimulation and regeneration, and charging batteries in implanted devices.
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  126. 126
    Fan, F.-R.; Tian, Z.-Q.; Lin Wang, Z. Flexible Triboelectric Generator. Nano Energy 2012, 1, 328– 334,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.01.004
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    126
    Flexible triboelectric generator
    Fan, Feng-Ru; Tian, Zhong-Qun; Lin Wang, Zhong
    Nano Energy (2012), 1 (2), 328-334CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Charges induced in triboelec. process are usually referred as a neg. effect either in scientific research or technol. applications, and they are wasted energy in many cases. Here, we demonstrate a simple, low cost and effective approach of using the charging process in friction to convert mech. energy into elec. power for driving small electronics. The triboelec. generator (TEG) is fabricated by stacking two polymer sheets made of materials having distinctly different triboelec. characteristics, with metal films deposited on the top and bottom of the assembled structure. Once subjected to mech. deformation, a friction between the two films, owing to the nano-scale surface roughness, generates equal amt. but opposite signs of charges at two sides. Thus, a triboelec. potential layer is formed at the interface region, which serves as a charge "pump" for driving the flow of electrons in the external load if there is a variation in the capacitance of the system. Such a flexible polymer TEG gives an output voltage of up to 3.3 V at a power d. of ∼10.4 mW/cm3. TEGs have the potential of harvesting energy from human activities, rotating tires, ocean waves, mech. vibration and more, with great applications in self-powered systems for personal electronics, environmental monitoring, medical science and even large-scale power.
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  127. 127
    Wang, D.; Wang, C.; Bi, Z.; Zhou, B.; Wang, L.; Li, Q.; Turng, L.-S. Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene/Poly (3-Hydroxybutyrate)(Eptfe/Phb) Triboelectric Nanogenerators and Their Potential Applications as Self-Powered and Sensing Vascular Grafts. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 455, 140494,  DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.140494
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    127
    Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (ePTFE/PHB) triboelectric nanogenerators and their potential applications as self-powered and sensing vascular grafts
    Wang, Dongfang; Wang, Chen; Bi, Zhaojie; Zhou, Baokai; Wang, Lixia; Li, Qian; Turng, Lih-Sheng
    Chemical Engineering Journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2023), 455 (), 140494CODEN: CMEJAJ; ISSN:1385-8947. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Being able to detect or monitor the onset of thrombosis, recurrent stenosis, or other vascular disorders in newly transplanted vascular grafts will be very beneficial for patients who received the artificial blood vessel through bypass surgeries. The inherent advantages of triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) in self-powered signal monitoring presents a feasible soln. In this study, a double-layer TENG intended for self-powered and real-time sensing of vascular graft applications was constructed using two biocompatible materials commonly used in tissue engineering. In particular, an electrospun poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) membrane as a pos. tribomaterial was combined with an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membrane, a strong neg. tribomaterial, to construct an ePTFE/PHB TENG. While possessing power generation, charging capacities, and operation stability, the ePTFE/PHB TENG was capable of supporting the growth of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and monitoring changing hemodynamic conditions. Although many challenges remain and necessary future developments are needed, this study demonstrated the feasibility of a self-powered and sensing TENG vascular graft.
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  128. 128
    Zhang, Y.; Zhou, Z.; Fan, Z.; Zhang, S.; Zheng, F.; Liu, K.; Zhang, Y.; Shi, Z.; Chen, L.; Li, X. Self-Powered Multifunctional Transient Bioelectronics. Small 2018, 14, 1802050,  DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802050
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  129. 129
    Alazzawi, M.; Kadim Abid Alsahib, N.; Turkoglu Sasmazel, H. Core/Shell Glycine-Polyvinyl Alcohol/Polycaprolactone Nanofibrous Membrane Intended for Guided Bone Regeneration: Development and Characterization. Coatings 2021, 11, 1130,  DOI: 10.3390/coatings11091130
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    129
    Core/Shell Glycine-Polyvinyl Alcohol/Polycaprolactone Nanofibrous Membrane Intended for Guided Bone Regeneration: Development and Characterization
    Alazzawi, Marwa; Kadim Abid Alsahib, Nabeel; Turkoglu Sasmazel, Hilal
    Coatings (2021), 11 (9), 1130CODEN: COATED; ISSN:2079-6412. (MDPI AG)
    Glycine (Gly), which is the simplest amino acid, induces the inflammation response and enhances bone mass d., and particularly its β polymorph has superior mech. and piezoelec. properties. Therefore, electrospinning of Gly with any polymer, including polyvinyl alc. (PVA), has a great potential in biomedical applications, such as guided bone regeneration (GBR) application. However, their application is limited due to a fast degrdn. rate and undesirable mech. and phys. properties. Therefore, encapsulation of Gly and PVA fiber within a poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) shell provides a slower degrdn. rate and improves the mech., chem., and phys. properties. A membrane intended for GBR application is a barrier membrane used to guide alveolar bone regeneration by preventing fast-proliferating cells from growing into the bone defect site. In the present work, a core/shell nanofibrous membrane, composed of PCL as shell and PVA:Gly as core, was developed utilizing the coaxial electrospinning technique and characterized morphol., mech., phys., chem., and thermally. Moreover, the characterization results of the core/shell membrane were compared to monolithic electrospun PCL, PVA, and PVA:Gly fibrous membranes. The results showed that the core-shell membrane appears to be a good candidate for GBR application with a nano-scale fiber of 412 ± 82 nm and microscale pore size of 6.803 ± 0.035 μm. Moreover, the wettability of 47.4 ± 2.2° contact angle (C.A) and mech. properties of 135 ± 3.05 MPa av. modulus of elasticity, 4.57 ± 0.04 MPa av. ultimate tensile stress (UTS), and 39.43± 0.58av. elongation at break are desirable and suitable for GBR application. Furthermore, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results exhibited the formation of β-Gly.
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  130. 130
    Yue, O.; Wang, X.; Hou, M.; Zheng, M.; Hao, D.; Bai, Z.; Zou, X.; Cui, B.; Liu, C.; Liu, X. Smart Nanoengineered Electronic-Scaffolds Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerators as Tissue Batteries for Integrated Cartilage Therapy. Nano Energy 2023, 107, 108158,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.108158
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    130
    Smart nanoengineered electronic-scaffolds based on triboelectric nanogenerators as tissue batteries for integrated cartilage therapy
    Yue, Ouyang; Wang, Xuechuan; Hou, Mengdi; Zheng, Manhui; Hao, Dongyu; Bai, Zhongxue; Zou, Xiaoliang; Cui, Boqiang; Liu, Chunlin; Liu, Xinhua
    Nano Energy (2023), 107 (), 108158CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    At present, cartilage defect therapy requires a long-term repair period and does not permit real-time detection of the cartilage repair state named "black box". Inspired by the electroactive nature of living organisms, next-generation tissue trauma therapy with integrated bioelectronics promises to achieve the desired therapeutic effects. Here, a tissue battery for integrated cartilage therapy was nanoengineered through the on-demand integration of intelligent scaffolds with a porous three-dimensional structure and multi-convex triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG)-based sensor. The proposed cartilage tissue battery is repair-induced, self-powered, highly sensitive, implantable, intelligently degradable, and anti-interference. The sensor based on the contact sepn. TENG mechanism has a high sensitivity (52.5 V MPa-1) within the pressure range of joint movement (0-1.8 MPa), enabling the tissue battery to in-situ detect the real-time status of cartilage repair in the "black box". Addnl., in vitro and in vivo expts. demonstrated that the tissue battery converts mech. energy into electricity to stimulate chondrocyte proliferation in the scaffold, thereby shortening the cartilage repair period. The proposed tissue battery for tissue repair under elec. stimulation is beneficial for reducing pain and treatment costs for patients with cartilage defects and is a promising strategy for bioelectronic implants.
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  131. 131
    Zhang, Y.; Zhou, Z.; Sun, L.; Liu, Z.; Xia, X.; Tao, T. H. Genetically Engineered” Biofunctional Triboelectric Nanogenerators Using Recombinant Spider Silk. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1805722,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805722
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    Da Silva, D.; Kaduri, M.; Poley, M.; Adir, O.; Krinsky, N.; Shainsky-Roitman, J.; Schroeder, A. Biocompatibility, Biodegradation and Excretion of Polylactic Acid (PLA) in Medical Implants and Theranostic Systems. Chem. Eng. J. 2018, 340, 9– 14,  DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2018.01.010
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    132
    Biocompatibility, biodegradation and excretion of polylactic acid (PLA) in medical implants and theranostic systems
    da Silva, Dana; Kaduri, Maya; Poley, Maria; Adir, Omer; Krinsky, Nitzan; Shainsky-Roitman, Janna; Schroeder, Avi
    Chemical Engineering Journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2018), 340 (), 9-14CODEN: CMEJAJ; ISSN:1385-8947. (Elsevier B.V.)
    A review. Polylactic acid (PLA) is the most commonly used biodegradable polymer in clin. applications today. Examples range from drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, temporary and long-term implantable devices; constantly expanding to new fields. This is owed greatly to the polymer's favorable biocompatibility and to its safe degrdn. products. Once coming in contact with biol. media, the polymer begins breaking down, usually by hydrolysis, into lactic acid (LA) or to carbon dioxide and water. These products are metabolized intracellularly or excreted in the urine and breath. Bacterial infection and foreign-body inflammation enhance the breakdown of PLA, through the secretion of enzymes that degrade the polymeric matrix. The biodegrdn. occurs both on the surface of the polymeric device and inside the polymer body, by diffusion of water between the polymer chains. The median half-life of the polymer is 30 wk; however, this can be lengthened or shortened to address the clin. needs. Degrdn. kinetics can be tuned by detg. the mol. compn. and the phys. architecture of the device. For example, using L- or D-chirality of the LA will greatly lengthen or shorten the degrdn. rates, resp. Despite the fact that this polymer is more than 150 years old, PLA remains a fertile platform for biomedical innovation and fundamental understanding of how artificial polymers can safely coexist with biol. systems.
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    Ma, Q.; Shi, K.; Su, T.; Wang, Z. Biodegradation of Polycaprolactone (PCL) with Different Molecular Weights by Candida Antarctica Lipase. J. Polym. Environ. 2020, 28, 2947– 2955,  DOI: 10.1007/s10924-020-01826-4
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    133
    Biodegradation of Polycaprolactone (PCL) with Different Molecular Weights by Candida antarctica Lipase
    Ma, Qingfeng; Shi, Ke; Su, Tingting; Wang, Zhanyong
    Journal of Polymers and the Environment (2020), 28 (11), 2947-2955CODEN: JPENFW; ISSN:1572-8919. (Springer)
    Abstr.: Biodegrdn. characteristics of polycaprolactone (PCL) films with three different mol. wts. after being degraded by Candida antarctica lipase were investigated. The changes of the PCL films before and after degrdn. were characterized. The results showed that the degrdn. process of PCL films could be roughly divided into two phrases: a rapid degrdn. phase and a slow degrdn. phase. Mol. wts. of PCL films had no influence on the performance of lipase; however, increasing mol. wt. caused the nos. of pores on the degraded PCL films to increase, and the pores became deeper as the degrdn. time increased. The results also showed that the crystallinity of the films decreased with increasing degrdn. time, and both the cryst. and the amorphous regions of the films were simultaneously degraded. The thermal stability of the films also gradually decreased with the increase of degrdn. time. Despite the above changes, the degrdn. did not cause the chem. compn. and structure of PCL to change, and PCL remained the main component.
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  134. 134
    Wang, H.; Shi, Z. In Vitro Biodegradation Behavior of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloy. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B 2011, 98B, 203– 209,  DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31769
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    In vitro biodegradation behavior of magnesium and magnesium alloy
    Wang, Hao; Shi, Zhiming
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Part B: Applied Biomaterials (2011), 98B (2), 203-209CODEN: JBMRGL; ISSN:1552-4973. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
    Magnesium has the potential to be used as degradable metallic biomaterial. For magnesium and its alloys to be used as biodegradable implant materials, their degrdn. rates should be consistent with the rate of healing of the affected tissue, and the release of the degrdn. products should be within the body's acceptable absorption levels. Conventional magnesium degrades rapidly, which is undesirable. In this study, biodegrdn. behaviors of high purity magnesium and com. purity magnesium alloy AZ31 in both static and dynamic Hank's soln. are systematically investigated. The in vitro test results show that magnesium purifn. and selective alloying are effective approaches to reduce the degrdn. rate of magnesium. In the static condition, the corrosion products accumulate on the materials surface as a protective layer, which results in a lower degrdn. rate than the dynamic condition. Anodized coating can significantly further reduce the degrdn. rate of magnesium. This study strongly indicates that magnesium can be used as degradable implant material as long as the degrdn. is controlled at a low rate. Magnesium purifn., selective alloying, and anodized coating are three effective approaches to reduce the rate of degrdn. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2011.
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    Katti, D. S.; Lakshmi, S.; Langer, R.; Laurencin, C. Toxicity, Biodegradation and Elimination of Polyanhydrides. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2002, 54, 933– 961,  DOI: 10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00052-2
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    135
    Toxicity, biodegradation and elimination of polyanhydrides
    Katti, D. S.; Lakshmi, S.; Langer, R.; Laurencin, C. T.
    Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (2002), 54 (7), 933-961CODEN: ADDREP; ISSN:0169-409X. (Elsevier Science B.V.)
    A review and discussion. Although originally developed for the textile industry, polyanhydrides have found extensive use in biomedical applications due to their biodegradability and excellent biocompatibility. Polyanhydrides are most commonly synthesized from diacid monomers by polycondensation. Efficient control over various physicochem. properties, such as biodegradability and biocompatibility, can be achieved for this class of polymers, due to the availability of a wide variety of diacid monomers as well as by copolymn. of these monomers. Biodegrdn. of these polymers takes place by the hydrolysis of the anhydride bonds and the polymer undergoes predominantly surface erosion, a desired property to attain near zero-order drug release profile. This review examines the mode of degrdn. and elimination of these polyanhydrides in vivo as well as the biocompatibility and toxicol. aspects of various polyanhydrides.
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  136. 136
    Reeder, J. T.; Xie, Z.; Yang, Q.; Seo, M. H.; Yan, Y.; Deng, Y.; Jinkins, K. R.; Krishnan, S. R.; Liu, C.; McKay, S. Soft, Bioresorbable Coolers for Reversible Conduction Block of Peripheral Nerves. Science 2022, 377, 109– 115,  DOI: 10.1126/science.abl8532
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    136
    Soft, bioresorbable coolers for reversible conduction block of peripheral nerves
    Reeder, Jonathan T.; Xie, Zhaoqian; Yang, Quansan; Seo, Min-Ho; Yan, Ying; Deng, Yujun; Jinkins, Katherine R.; Krishnan, Siddharth R.; Liu, Claire; McKay, Shannon; Patnaude, Emily; Johnson, Alexandra; Zhao, Zichen; Kim, Moon Joo; Xu, Yameng; Huang, Ivy; Avila, Raudel; Felicelli, Christopher; Ray, Emily; Guo, Xu; Ray, Wilson Z.; Huang, Yonggang; MacEwan, Matthew R.; Rogers, John A.
    Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2022), 377 (6601), 109-115CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:1095-9203. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
    Implantable devices capable of targeted and reversible blocking of peripheral nerve activity may provide alternatives to opioids for treating pain. Local cooling represents an attractive means for on-demand elimination of pain signals, but traditional technologies are limited by rigid, bulky form factors; imprecise cooling; and requirements for extn. surgeries. Here, we introduce soft, bioresorbable, microfluidic devices that enable delivery of focused, minimally invasive cooling power at arbitrary depths in living tissues with real-time temp. feedback control. Construction with water-sol., biocompatible materials leads to dissoln. and bioresorption as a mechanism to eliminate unnecessary device load and risk to the patient without addnl. surgeries. Multiweek in vivo trials demonstrate the ability to rapidly and precisely cool peripheral nerves to provide local, on-demand analgesia in rat models for neuropathic pain.
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  137. 137
    Li, Z.; Feng, H.; Zheng, Q.; Li, H.; Zhao, C.; Ouyang, H.; Noreen, S.; Yu, M.; Su, F.; Liu, R. Photothermally Tunable Biodegradation of Implantable Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Tissue Repairing. Nano Energy 2018, 54, 390– 399,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.10.020
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    137
    Photothermally tunable biodegradation of implantable triboelectric nanogenerators for tissue repairing
    Li, Zhe; Feng, Hongqing; Zheng, Qiang; Li, Hu; Zhao, Chaochao; Ouyang, Han; Noreen, Sehrish; Yu, Min; Su, Fan; Liu, Ruping; Li, Linlin; Wang, Zhong Lin; Li, Zhou
    Nano Energy (2018), 54 (), 390-399CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Implantable triboelec. nanogenerators (iTENGs) are promising to work as sustainable power source for implanted healthcare electronic devices. In this study, we fabricated a serial of biodegradable (BD) iTENGs and effectively tuned their degrdn. process in vivo by employing Au nanorods (AuNRs), which responded to the near-IR (NIR) light sensitively. The implanted BD-iTENG worked well for more than 28 days in vivo, without NIR treatment. When NIR treatment was applied, the output of AuNRs-BD-iTENG rapidly reduced to 0 within 24 h and the device was mostly degraded in 14 days. This showed that the in vivo degrdn. of our BD-iTENG could be triggered and come into effect very quickly with rational manipulation. The peak value of in vitro and in vivo output voltage generated by the AuNRs-BD-iTENG were 28 V and 2 V, resp. Moreover, the in vivo output voltage was applied on fibroblast cells and demonstrated a significant acceleration for cell migration across the scratch, which was very beneficial to wound healing process. In addn., we discovered that the alternating BD-iTENG output was as efficient as d.c. (DC) stimuli. The mechanisms were investigated. Our work has demonstrated the feasibility of building a photothermally tunable BD-iTENG as a transient power source for biomedical healthcare electronics.
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  138. 138
    Hinchet, R.; Yoon, H.-J.; Ryu, H.; Kim, M.-K.; Choi, E.-K.; Kim, D.-S.; Kim, S.-W. Transcutaneous Ultrasound Energy Harvesting Using Capacitive Triboelectric Technology. Science 2019, 365, 491– 494,  DOI: 10.1126/science.aan3997
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    138
    Transcutaneous ultrasound energy harvesting using capacitive triboelectric technology
    Hinchet, Ronan; Yoon, Hong-Joon; Ryu, Hanjun; Kim, Moo-Kang; Choi, Eue-Keun; Kim, Dong-Sun; Kim, Sang-Woo
    Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2019), 365 (6452), 491-494CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
    A major challenge for implantable medical systems is the inclusion or reliable delivery of elec. power. We use ultrasound to deliver mech. energy through skin and liqs. and demonstrate a thin implantable vibrating triboelec. generator able to effectively harvest it. The ultrasound can induce micrometer-scale displacement of a polymer thin membrane to generate elec. energy through contact electrification. We recharge a lithium-ion battery at a rate of 166 microcoulombs per s in water. The voltage and current generated ex vivo by ultrasound energy transfer reached 2.4 V and 156 microamps under porcine tissue. These findings show that a capacitive triboelec. electret is the first technol. able to compete with piezoelectricity to harvest ultrasound in vivo and to power medical implants.
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  139. 139
    Ryu, H.; Park, H.-m.; Kim, M.-K.; Kim, B.; Myoung, H. S.; Kim, T. Y.; Yoon, H.-J.; Kwak, S. S.; Kim, J.; Hwang, T. H. Self-Rechargeable Cardiac Pacemaker System with Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 4374,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24417-w
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    139
    Self-rechargeable cardiac pacemaker system with triboelectric nanogenerators
    Ryu, Hanjun; Park, Hyun-moon; Kim, Moo-Kang; Kim, Bosung; Myoung, Hyoun Seok; Kim, Tae Yun; Yoon, Hong-Joon; Kwak, Sung Soo; Kim, Jihye; Hwang, Tae Ho; Choi, Eue-Keun; Kim, Sang-Woo
    Nature Communications (2021), 12 (1), 4374CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)
    Self-powered implantable devices have the potential to extend device operation time inside the body and reduce the necessity for high-risk repeated surgery. Without the technol. innovation of in vivo energy harvesters driven by biomech. energy, energy harvesters are insufficient and inconvenient to power titanium-packaged implantable medical devices. Here, we report on a com. coin battery-sized high-performance inertia-driven triboelec. nanogenerator (I-TENG) based on body motion and gravity. We demonstrate that the enclosed five-stacked I-TENG converts mech. energy into electricity at 4.9μW/cm3 (root-mean-square output). In a preclin. test, we show that the device successfully harvests energy using real-time output voltage data monitored via Bluetooth and demonstrate the ability to charge a lithium-ion battery. Furthermore, we successfully integrate a cardiac pacemaker with the I-TENG, and confirm the ventricle pacing and sensing operation mode of the self-rechargeable cardiac pacemaker system. This proof-of-concept device may lead to the development of new self-rechargeable implantable medical devices.
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  140. 140
    Yoon, H.-J.; Kim, S.-W. Nanogenerators to Power Implantable Medical Systems. Joule 2020, 4, 1398– 1407,  DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2020.05.003
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    Mulpuru, S. K.; Madhavan, M.; McLeod, C. J.; Cha, Y. M.; Friedman, P. A. Cardiac Pacemakers: Function, Troubleshooting, and Management: Part 1 of a 2-Part Series. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2017, 69, 189– 210,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.10.061
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    141
    Cardiac Pacemakers: Function, Troubleshooting, and Management: Part 1 of a 2-Part Series
    Mulpuru Siva K; Madhavan Malini; McLeod Christopher J; Cha Yong-Mei; Friedman Paul A
    Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2017), 69 (2), 189-210 ISSN:.
    Advances in cardiac surgery toward the mid-20th century created a need for an artificial means of stimulating the heart muscle. Initially developed as large external devices, technological advances resulted in miniaturization of electronic circuitry and eventually the development of totally implantable devices. These advances continue to date, with the recent introduction of leadless pacemakers. In this first part of a 2-part review, we describe indications, implant-related complications, basic function/programming, common pacemaker-related issues, and remote monitoring, which are relevant to the practicing cardiologist. We provide an overview of magnetic resonance imaging and perioperative management among patients with cardiac pacemakers.
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    Gorskii, O. V. Potential Power Supply Methods for Implanted Devices. Biomed. Eng. 2018, 52, 204– 209,  DOI: 10.1007/s10527-018-9814-z
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    Wenger, N.; Moraud, E. M.; Gandar, J.; Musienko, P.; Capogrosso, M.; Baud, L.; Le Goff, C. G.; Barraud, Q.; Pavlova, N.; Dominici, N. Spatiotemporal Neuromodulation Therapies Engaging Muscle Synergies Improve Motor Control after Spinal Cord Injury. Nat. Med. 2016, 22, 138– 145,  DOI: 10.1038/nm.4025
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    Spatiotemporal neuromodulation therapies engaging muscle synergies improve motor control after spinal cord injury
    Wenger, Nikolaus; Moraud, Eduardo Martin; Gandar, Jerome; Musienko, Pavel; Capogrosso, Marco; Baud, Laetitia; Le Goff, Camille G.; Barraud, Quentin; Pavlova, Natalia; Dominici, Nadia; Minev, Ivan R.; Asboth, Leonie; Hirsch, Arthur; Duis, Simone; Kreider, Julie; Mortera, Andrea; Haverbeck, Oliver; Kraus, Silvio; Schmitz, Felix; DiGiovanna, Jack; van den Brand, Rubia; Bloch, Jocelyne; Detemple, Peter; Lacour, Stephanie P.; Bezard, Erwan; Micera, Silvestro; Courtine, Gregoire
    Nature Medicine (New York, NY, United States) (2016), 22 (2), 138-145CODEN: NAMEFI; ISSN:1078-8956. (Nature Publishing Group)
    Elec. neuromodulation of lumbar segments improves motor control after spinal cord injury in animal models and humans. However, the physiol. principles underlying the effect of this intervention remain poorly understood, which has limited the therapeutic approach to continuous stimulation applied to restricted spinal cord locations. Here we developed stimulation protocols that reproduce the natural dynamics of motoneuron activation during locomotion. For this, we computed the spatiotemporal activation pattern of muscle synergies during locomotion in healthy rats. Computer simulations identified optimal electrode locations to target each synergy through the recruitment of proprioceptive feedback circuits. This framework steered the design of spatially selective spinal implants and real-time control software that modulate extensor and flexor synergies with precise temporal resoln. Spatiotemporal neuromodulation therapies improved gait quality, wt.-bearing capacity, endurance and skilled locomotion in several rodent models of spinal cord injury. These new concepts are directly translatable to strategies to improve motor control in humans.
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    Niu, S.; Wang, S.; Lin, L.; Liu, Y.; Zhou, Y. S.; Hu, Y.; Wang, Z. L. Theoretical Study of Contact-Mode Triboelectric Nanogenerators as an Effective Power Source. Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 3576– 3583,  DOI: 10.1039/c3ee42571a
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    Parandeh, S.; Kharaziha, M.; Karimzadeh, F. An Eco-Friendly Triboelectric Hybrid Nanogenerators Based on Graphene Oxide Incorporated Polycaprolactone Fibers and Cellulose Paper. Nano Energy 2019, 59, 412– 421,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.02.058
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    145
    An eco-friendly triboelectric hybrid nanogenerators based on graphene oxide incorporated polycaprolactone fibers and cellulose paper
    Parandeh, S.; Kharaziha, M.; Karimzadeh, F.
    Nano Energy (2019), 59 (), 412-421CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    In this research, an eco-friendly triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) with high output performance based on poly(caprolactone) (PCL)/graphene oxide (GO) and cellulose paper was developed. PCL/GO fibrous layers consisting of various concns. of GO nanosheets (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 wt%) were fabricated using a cost-effective and simple electrospinning approach. Moreover, the role of GO concn. as well as the topog., thickness, and size of friction layers on the triboelec. performance was investigated. We realized that PCL/4 wt% GO-cellulose paper produced an open circuit voltage, c.d. and max. power d. up to 120 V, 2.5 mA/m2 and 72.5 mW/m2, resp. Results demonstrated that this open circuit voltage was 33% greater than that of flat PCL/4 wt% GO layer, confirming the role of the fibrous structure to promote charge d. accumulation. Moreover, a 98% increase in the open circuit voltage was calcd. for the TENG contg. PCL-4 wt% GO with the dimension of 4 × 4 cm2. The output of triboelec. nanogenerator, driven by human hand tapping, was enough to light up at least 21 blue-light-emitting diodes (LEDs) continuously. This higher performance was attributed to the formation of nanopores and strengthened neg. charges on PCL from the fibrous structure and oxygen functional groups of GO, resp. We believed that the suggested triboelec. nanogenerator with high performance, low-cost and easy fabrication process, as well as biocompatibility, has the potential to be applied for eco-friendly power sources to resolve the electronic waste issue and for self-powered biomedical devices.
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  146. 146
    Zou, H.; Zhang, Y.; Guo, L.; Wang, P.; He, X.; Dai, G.; Zheng, H.; Chen, C.; Wang, A. C.; Xu, C. Quantifying the Triboelectric Series. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 1427,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09461-x
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    146
    Quantifying the triboelectric series
    Zou Haiyang; Zhang Ying; Guo Litong; Wang Peihong; He Xu; Dai Guozhang; Zheng Haiwu; Chen Chaoyu; Wang Aurelia Chi; Xu Cheng; Wang Zhong Lin; Zhang Ying; Guo Litong; Xu Cheng; Wang Zhong Lin
    Nature communications (2019), 10 (1), 1427 ISSN:.
    Triboelectrification is a well-known phenomenon that commonly occurs in nature and in our lives at any time and any place. Although each and every material exhibits triboelectrification, its quantification has not been standardized. A triboelectric series has been qualitatively ranked with regards to triboelectric polarization. Here, we introduce a universal standard method to quantify the triboelectric series for a wide range of polymers, establishing quantitative triboelectrification as a fundamental materials property. By measuring the tested materials with a liquid metal in an environment under well-defined conditions, the proposed method standardizes the experimental set up for uniformly quantifying the surface triboelectrification of general materials. The normalized triboelectric charge density is derived to reveal the intrinsic character of polymers for gaining or losing electrons. This quantitative triboelectric series may serve as a textbook standard for implementing the application of triboelectrification for energy harvesting and self-powered sensing.
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  147. 147
    Chen, H.; Song, Y.; Guo, H.; Miao, L.; Chen, X.; Su, Z.; Zhang, H. Hybrid Porous Micro Structured Finger Skin Inspired Self-Powered Electronic Skin System for Pressure Sensing and Sliding Detection. Nano Energy 2018, 51, 496– 503,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.07.001
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    147
    Hybrid porous micro structured finger skin inspired self-powered electronic skin system for pressure sensing and sliding detection
    Chen, Haotian; Song, Yu; Guo, Hang; Miao, Liming; Chen, Xuexian; Su, Zongming; Zhang, Haixia
    Nano Energy (2018), 51 (), 496-503CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Fingertip is the most sensitive region in human body due to the unique fingerprint patterns and interlocked structure between epidermal-dermal, which amplify the tactile stimuli and enhance the sensitivity. Inspired by the complicated anatomical structure, we fabricated a finger skin inspired e-skin system composed of fingerprint inspired triboelec. generator (TENG), epidermal-dermal inspired hybrid porous microstructure (HPMS) pressure sensor and s.c. fat inspired fabric based porous supercapacitor (FPSC). The TENG is responsible for detecting sliding direction and speed with the help of the four spiral electrodes, which adopt the frequency rather than the amplitude to detect the signal to avoid interfere from the environment. The HPMS, on the one hand, integrates the advantages from both the microstructure and porous structure to enhance the sensitivity further. On the other hand, the sensitivity of HPMS sensor is tunable by designing the shape and porosity of the HPMS, which is proved by theory, simulation and expt. The FPSC, which can tolerate some degree of compression, works to supply energy for the pressure sensor. In this way, the sensor system can work independently without external battery. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, this sensor system has been used to detect complex action including pressure and sliding. During this process, the pressure and sliding direction and speed can be detected simultaneously without connecting to external energy source, showing its potential application area in soft robot and wearable devices.
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    Wang, Z. L. Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG)─Sparking an Energy and Sensor Revolution. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 2000137,  DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202000137
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    148
    Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG)-Sparking an Energy and Sensor Revolution
    Wang, Zhong Lin
    Advanced Energy Materials (2020), 10 (17), 2000137CODEN: ADEMBC; ISSN:1614-6840. (Wiley-Blackwell)
    The study presents the fundamental scientific understanding of electron transfer in contact electrification in solid-solid and liq.-solid cases and a newly revised model for the formation of elec. double layer. The potential revolutionary impacts of triboelec. nanogenerators as energy sources and sensors are presented in the fields of health care, environmental science, wearable electronics, internet of things, human-machine interfacing, robotics, and artificial intelligence.
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  149. 149
    Xu, J.; Yin, J.; Fang, Y.; Xiao, X.; Zou, Y.; Wang, S.; Chen, J. Deep Learning Assisted Ternary Electrification Layered Triboelectric Membrane Sensor for Self-Powered Home Security. Nano Energy 2023, 113, 108524,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108524
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    149
    Deep learning assisted ternary electrification layered triboelectric membrane sensor for self-powered home security
    Xu, Jing; Yin, Junyi; Fang, Yunsheng; Xiao, Xiao; Zou, Yongjiu; Wang, Shaolei; Chen, Jun
    Nano Energy (2023), 113 (), 108524CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    In the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), home security has become increasingly crit. Here, we have developed a ternary-electrification-layered triboelec. membrane sensor (TEL-TMS) as a cost-effective approach for self-powered home security. This triboelec. membrane sensor holds a collection of compelling features, including decent flexibility and transparency, enabling a tight attachment to the curved surfaces. By integrating it into household devices such as doors, windows, and safe cases, comprehensive monitoring coverage for the entire home can be achieved. The results showed that the TEL-TMS has a speed range detection of 5-165 mm/s, a response time of 0.32 s, an error rate of less than 1%, and exceptional stability (>10,000 cycles). With the further introduction of machine learning algorithms, the sensor can identify different motion states and activity patterns with a classification accuracy of up to 99.2%. Moreover, it is easily detachable and reusable, offering wide applicability. To facilitate practical applications, a custom mobile application (APP) based on built-in algorithms has been developed for one-click status monitoring and intelligent home environment recognition. The development of this TEL-TMS represents a solid step towards self-powered smart home security.
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    Zhang, S.; Bick, M.; Xiao, X.; Chen, G.; Nashalian, A.; Chen, J. Leveraging Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Bioengineering. Matter 2021, 4, 845– 887,  DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2021.01.006
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    150
    Leveraging triboelectric nanogenerators for bioengineering
    Zhang, Songlin; Bick, Michael; Xiao, Xiao; Chen, Guorui; Nashalian, Ardo; Chen, Jun
    Matter (2021), 4 (3), 845-887CODEN: MATTCG; ISSN:2590-2385. (Elsevier Inc.)
    A review. Triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) are able to convert low-frequency biomech. motions into characteristically high-voltage and low-current elec. signals via a coupling of contact electrification and electrostatic induction. Resulting from a unique working principle, TENGs hold a collection of compelling features, including light wt., structural simplicity, cost-effectiveness, biocompatibility, and a wide range of soft materials choices. Elec. signals generated from human body motions via TENGs could be used as sustainable power sources, active biomonitors, and elec. stimulation therapeutics for bioengineering. Here we comprehensively reviewed the advancements in using TENGs for on-body energy, sensing, and therapeutic applications to build up a body area network (BAN) for personalized health care. We concluded our review with a discussion of the challenges and problems of leveraging triboelec. nanogenerators for bioengineering.
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    Zhao, X.; Askari, H.; Chen, J. Nanogenerators for Smart Cities in the Era of 5g and Internet of Things. Joule 2021, 5, 1391– 1431,  DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2021.03.013
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    Xu, Q.; Fang, Y.; Jing, Q.; Hu, N.; Lin, K.; Pan, Y.; Xu, L.; Gao, H.; Yuan, M.; Chu, L. A Portable Triboelectric Spirometer for Wireless Pulmonary Function Monitoring. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2021, 187, 113329,  DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113329
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    152
    A portable triboelectric spirometer for wireless pulmonary function monitoring
    Xu, Qinghao; Fang, Yunsheng; Jing, Qingshen; Hu, Ning; Lin, Ke; Pan, Yifan; Xu, Lin; Gao, Haiqi; Yuan, Ming; Chu, Liang; Ma, Yanwen; Xie, Yannan; Chen, Jun; Wang, Lianhui
    Biosensors & Bioelectronics (2021), 187 (), 113329CODEN: BBIOE4; ISSN:0956-5663. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a severe acute respiratory syndrome infection has spread rapidly across the world since its emergence in 2019 and drastically altered our way of life. Patients who have recovered from COVID-19 may still face persisting respiratory damage from the virus, necessitating long-term supervision after discharge to closely assess pulmonary function during rehabilitation. Therefore, developing portable spirometers for pulmonary function tests is of great significance for convenient home-based monitoring during recovery. Here, we propose a wireless, portable pulmonary function monitor for rehabilitation care after COVID-19. It is composed of a breath-to-elec. (BTE) sensor, a signal processing circuit, and a Bluetooth communication unit. The BTE sensor, with a compact size and light wt. of 2.5 cm3 and 1.8 g resp., is capable of converting respiratory biomech. motions into considerable elec. signals. The output signal stability is greater than 93% under 35%-81% humidity, which allows for ideal expiration airflow sensing. Through a wireless communication circuit system, the signals can be received by a mobile terminal and processed into important physiol. parameters, such as forced expiratory vol. in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC). The FEV1/FVC ratio is then calcd. to further evaluate pulmonary function of testers. Through these measurement methods, the acquired pulmonary function parameters are shown to exhibit high accuracy (>97%) in comparison to a com. spirometer. The practical design of the self-powered flow spirometer presents a low-cost and convenient method for pulmonary function monitoring during rehabilitation from COVID-19.
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    Lin, Z.; Zhang, G.; Xiao, X.; Au, C.; Zhou, Y.; Sun, C.; Zhou, Z.; Yan, R.; Fan, E.; Si, S. A Personalized Acoustic Interface for Wearable Human-Machine Interaction. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2109430,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202109430
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    153
    A Personalized Acoustic Interface for Wearable Human-Machine Interaction
    Lin, Zhiwei; Zhang, Gaoqiang; Xiao, Xiao; Au, Christian; Zhou, Yihao; Sun, Chenchen; Zhou, Zhihao; Yan, Rong; Fan, Endong; Si, Shaobo; Weng, Lei; Mathur, Shaurya; Yang, Jin; Chen, Jun
    Advanced Functional Materials (2022), 32 (9), 2109430CODEN: AFMDC6; ISSN:1616-301X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    Communication and interaction with machines are changing our ways of life. However, developing an acoustic interface that simultaneously features waterproofness, wearability, high fidelity, and high accuracy for human-machine interaction remains a grand challenge. Herein, a waterproof acoustic sensor (WAS) as a wearable translation interface to communicate with machines is reported. Owing to the sound-response ability of internal microparticles, the WAS holds a significantly broad frequency response range of 0.1-20 kHz, covering almost the entire human audible range. The WAS is stable against human perspiration, shows omnidirectional response, and displays an excellent frequency detection resoln. of 0.0001 kHz. With a collection of compelling features, the WAS can serve as a wearable acoustic human-machine interface and a high-fidelity auditory platform for music recording. Moreover, the WAS-based acoustic interface holds a remarkable 98% accuracy for speech recognition with the assistance of an artificial intelligence algorithm. Finally, the WAS-based acoustic interface demonstrates speaker verification and identification for implementation in highly secure biometric authentication systems and wireless control of an intelligent car using speech recognition. Such a WAS-based acoustic interface represents the advancement of high-fidelity translation platforms for human-machine interactions toward practical applications, including the Internet of Things, assistive technol., and intelligent recognition systems.
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  154. 154
    Fang, Y.; Zou, Y.; Xu, J.; Chen, G.; Zhou, Y.; Deng, W.; Zhao, X.; Roustaei, M.; Hsiai, T. K.; Chen, J. Ambulatory Cardiovascular Monitoring Via a Machine-Learning-Assisted Textile Triboelectric Sensor. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2104178,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104178
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    154
    Ambulatory Cardiovascular Monitoring Via a Machine-Learning-Assisted Textile Triboelectric Sensor
    Fang, Yunsheng; Zou, Yongjiu; Xu, Jing; Chen, Guorui; Zhou, Yihao; Deng, Weili; Zhao, Xun; Roustaei, Mehrdad; Hsiai, Tzung K.; Chen, Jun
    Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2021), 33 (41), 2104178CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    Wearable bioelectronics for continuous and reliable pulse wave monitoring against body motion and perspiration remains a great challenge and highly desired. Here, a low-cost, lightwt., and mech. durable textile triboelec. sensor that can convert subtle skin deformation caused by arterial pulsatility into electricity for high-fidelity and continuous pulse waveform monitoring in an ambulatory and sweaty setting is developed. The sensor holds a signal-to-noise ratio of 23.3 dB, a response time of 40 ms, and a sensitivity of 0.21μA kPa-1. With the assistance of machine learning algorithms, the textile triboelec. sensor can continuously and precisely measure systolic and diastolic pressure, and the accuracy is validated via a com. blood pressure cuff at the hospital. Addnl., a customized cellphone application (APP) based on built-in algorithm is developed for one-click health data sharing and data-driven cardiovascular diagnosis. The textile triboelec. sensor enabled wireless biomonitoring system is expected to offer a practical paradigm for continuous and personalized cardiovascular system characterization in the era of the Internet of Things.
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  155. 155
    Fang, Y.; Xu, J.; Xiao, X.; Zou, Y.; Zhao, X.; Zhou, Y.; Chen, J. A Deep-Learning-Assisted on-Mask Sensor Network for Adaptive Respiratory Monitoring. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2200252,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200252
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    155
    A Deep-Learning-Assisted On-Mask Sensor Network for Adaptive Respiratory Monitoring
    Fang, Yunsheng; Xu, Jing; Xiao, Xiao; Zou, Yongjiu; Zhao, Xun; Zhou, Yihao; Chen, Jun
    Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2022), 34 (24), 2200252CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    Wearable respiratory monitoring is a fast, non-invasive, and convenient approach to provide early recognition of human health abnormalities like restrictive and obstructive lung diseases. Here, a computational fluid dynamics assisted on-mask sensor network is reported, which can overcome different user facial contours and environmental interferences to collect highly accurate respiratory signals. Inspired by cribellate silk, Rayleigh-instability-induced spindle-knot fibers are knitted for the fabrication of permeable and moisture-proof textile triboelec. sensors that hold a decent signal-to-noise ratio of 51.2 dB, a response time of 0.28 s, and a sensitivity of 0.46 V kPa-1. With the assistance of deep learning, the on-mask sensor network can realize the respiration pattern recognition with a classification accuracy up to 100%, showing great improvement over a single respiratory sensor. Addnl., a customized user-friendly cellphone application is developed to connect the processed respiratory signals for real-time data-driven diagnosis and one-click health data sharing with the clinicians. The deep-learning-assisted on-mask sensor network opens a new avenue for personalized respiration management in the era of the Internet of Things.
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  156. 156
    Wang, Z. L.; Wang, A. C. On the Origin of Contact-Electrification. Mater. Today 2019, 30, 34– 51,  DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2019.05.016
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    156
    On the origin of contact-electrification
    Wang, Zhong Lin; Wang, Aurelia Chi
    Materials Today (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2019), 30 (), 34-51CODEN: MTOUAN; ISSN:1369-7021. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    A review. Although contact electrification (triboelectrification) (CE) has been documented since 2600 years ago, its scientific understanding remains inconclusive, unclear, and un-unified. This paper reviews the updated progress for studying the fundamental mechanism of CE using Kelvin's probe force microscopy for solid-solid cases. Our conclusion is that electron transfer is the dominant mechanism for CE between solid-solid pairs. Electron transfer occurs only when the interat. distance between the two materials is shorter than the normal bonding length (typically ∼0.2 nm) in the region of repulsive forces. A strong electron cloud overlap (or wave function overlap) between the two atoms/mols. in the repulsive region leads to electron transition between the atoms/mols., owing to the reduced interat. potential barrier. The role played by contact/friction force is to induce strong overlap between the electron clouds (or wave function in physics, bonding in chem.). The electrostatic charges on the surfaces can be released from the surface by electron thermionic emission and/or photon excitation, so these electrostatic charges may not remain on the surface if sample temp. is higher than ∼300-400°C. The electron transfer model could be extended to liq.-solid, liq.-gas and even liq.-liq. cases. As for the liq.-solid case, mols. in the liq. would have electron cloud overlap with the atoms on the solid surface at the very first contact with a virginal solid surface, and electron transfer is required in order to create the first layer of electrostatic charges on the solid surface. This step only occurs for the very first contact of the liq. with the solid. Then, ion transfer is the second step and is the dominant process thereafter, which is a redistribution of the ions in soln. considering electrostatic interactions with the charged solid surface. This is proposed as a two-step formation process of the elec. double layer (EDL) at the liq.-solid interface. Charge transfer in the liq.-gas case is believed to be due to electron transfer once a gas mol. strikes the liq. surface to induce the overlapping electron cloud under pressure. In general, electron transfer due to the overlapping electron cloud under mech. force/pressure is proposed as the dominant mechanism for initiating CE between solids, liqs. and gases. This study provides not only the first systematic understanding about the physics of CE, but also demonstrates that the triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) is an effective method for studying the nature of CE between any materials.
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  157. 157
    Xu, C.; Zi, Y.; Wang, A. C.; Zou, H.; Dai, Y.; He, X.; Wang, P.; Wang, Y.-C.; Feng, P.; Li, D. On the Electron-Transfer Mechanism in the Contact-Electrification Effect. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1706790,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706790
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    Wang, Z. L. Triboelectric Nanogenerators as New Energy Technology for Self-Powered Systems and as Active Mechanical and Chemical Sensors. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 9533– 9557,  DOI: 10.1021/nn404614z
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    158
    Triboelectric Nanogenerators as New Energy Technology for Self-Powered Systems and as Active Mechanical and Chemical Sensors
    Wang, Zhong Lin
    ACS Nano (2013), 7 (11), 9533-9557CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)
    A review. Tribo-electrification is an effect that is known to each and every one probably since ancient Greek time, but it is usually taken as a neg. effect and is avoided in many technologies. The authors have recently invented a triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) that is used to convert mech. energy into electricity by a conjunction of tribo-electrification and electrostatic induction. As for this power generation unit, in the inner circuit, a potential is created by the triboelec. effect due to the charge transfer between 2 thin org./inorg. films that exhibit opposite tribo-polarity; in the outer circuit, electrons are driven to flow between 2 electrodes attached on the back sides of the films to balance the potential. Since the most useful materials for TENG are org., it is also named org. nanogenerator, which is the 1st using org. materials for harvesting mech. energy. The authors review the fundamentals of the TENG in the 3 basic operation modes: vertical contact-sepn. mode, in-plane sliding mode, and single-electrode mode. Ever since the 1st report of the TENG in Jan. 2012, the output power d. of TENG was improved 5 orders of magnitude within 12 mo. The area power d. reaches 313 W/m2, vol. d. reaches 490 kW/m3, and a conversion efficiency of ∼60% was demonstrated. The TENG can be applied to harvest all kinds of mech. energy that is available but wasted in the daily life, such as human motion, walking, vibration, mech. triggering, rotating tire, wind, flowing H2O, and more. Alternatively, TENG can also be used as a self-powered sensor for actively detecting the static and dynamic processes arising from mech. agitation using the voltage and current output signals of the TENG, resp., with potential applications for touch pad and smart skin technologies. To enhance the performance of the TENG, besides the vast choices of materials in the triboelec. series, from polymer to metal and to fabric, the morphologies of their surfaces can be modified by phys. techniques with the creation of pyramid-, square-, or hemisphere-based micro- or nano-patterns, which are effective for enhancing the contact area and possibly the triboelectrification. The surfaces of the materials can be functionalized chem. using various mols., nanotubes, nanowires, or nanoparticles, to enhance the triboelec. effect. The contact materials can be composites, such as embedding nanoparticles in a polymer matrix, which may change not only the surface electrification but also the permittivity of the materials so that they can be effective for electrostatic induction. Therefore, there are numerous ways to enhance the performance of the TENG from the materials point of view. This gives an excellent opportunity for chemists and materials scientists to do extensive study both in the basic science and in practical applications. The authors anticipate that a better enhancement of the output power d. will be achieved in the next few years. The TENG is possible not only for self-powered portable electronics but also as a new energy technol. with potential to contribute to the world energy in the near future.
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    Niu, S.; Wang, S.; Liu, Y.; Zhou, Y. S.; Lin, L.; Hu, Y.; Pradel, K. C.; Wang, Z. L. A Theoretical Study of Grating Structured Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 2339– 2349,  DOI: 10.1039/C4EE00498A
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    A theoretical study of grating structured triboelectric nanogenerators
    Niu, Simiao; Wang, Sihong; Liu, Ying; Zhou, Yu Sheng; Lin, Long; Hu, Youfan; Pradel, Ken C.; Wang, Zhong Lin
    Energy & Environmental Science (2014), 7 (7), 2339-2349CODEN: EESNBY; ISSN:1754-5706. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
    Triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) technol. is an emerging new mech. energy harvesting technol. with numerous advantages. Amongst the multitude of TENG designs, the grating structure is not only the most promising for ultra-high output power but also the most complicated. In this manuscript, the first theor. model of the grating structured TENG is presented with in-depth interpretation and anal. of its working principle. Two different categories of grating structured TENGs - grating structured TENGs with equal plate-length and with unequal plate-length are discussed in detail to illustrate their difference in output characteristics. Then for each of these two categories, a study of the basic output profiles and an in-depth discussion on the influence of the electrode structure, no. of grating units, and thickness of the dielec. layers were made to obtain a strategy for optimization.
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    Fan, F. R.; Tang, W.; Wang, Z. L. Flexible Nanogenerators for Energy Harvesting and Self-Powered Electronics. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 4283– 4305,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201504299
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    Flexible Nanogenerators for Energy Harvesting and Self-Powered Electronics
    Fan, Feng Ru; Tang, Wei; Wang, Zhong Lin
    Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2016), 28 (22), 4283-4305CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    A review. Flexible nanogenerators that efficiently convert mech. energy into elec. energy have been extensively studied because of their great potential for driving low-power personal electronics and self-powered sensors. Integration of flexibility and stretchability to nanogenerator has important research significance that enables applications in flexible/stretchable electronics, org. optoelectronics, and wearable electronics. Progress in nanogenerators for mech. energy harvesting is reviewed, mainly including two key technologies: flexible piezoelec. nanogenerators (PENGs) and flexible triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs). By means of material classification, various approaches of PENGs based on ZnO nanowires, lead zirconate titanate (PZT), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), 2D materials, and composite materials are introduced. For flexible TENG, its structural designs and factors detg. its output performance are discussed, as well as its integration, fabrication and applications. The latest representative achievements regarding the hybrid nanogenerator are also summarized. Finally, some perspectives and challenges in this field are discussed.
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    Liu, Z.; Li, H.; Shi, B.; Fan, Y.; Wang, Z. L.; Li, Z. Wearable and Implantable Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1808820,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201808820
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    Wang, S.; Xie, Y.; Niu, S.; Lin, L.; Wang, Z. L. Freestanding Triboelectric-Layer-Based Nanogenerators for Harvesting Energy from a Moving Object or Human Motion in Contact and Non-Contact Modes. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 2818– 2824,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305303
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    162
    Freestanding Triboelectric-Layer Based Nanogenerators for Harvesting Energy from a Moving Object or Human Motion in Contact and Non-Contact Modes
    Wang, Sihong; Xie, Yannan; Niu, Simiao; Lin, Long; Wang, Zhong Lin
    Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2014), 26 (18), 2818-2824CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    The authors this paper demonstrate a new mode of triboelec. nanogenerator, in which a freestanding triboelec.-layer slides between two stationary electrodes on the same plane. With two electrodes alternatively approached by the tribo-charges on the sliding layer, an a.c. is generated between the electrodes due to electrostatic induction at contact and noncontact modes. From both theor. anal. and exptl. demonstration, the FTENG is proven to be very effective in mech. energy conversion, which can generate an open-circuit voltage over 10 kV and drive the flow of equal amt. of charges as the total tribo-charges in each sliding motion. Also, a systematical study on the influence of electrode distance in device structure indicates that a smaller sepn. is more favorable. A FTENG with an electrode distance of merely 1 mm can provide a max. power d. of 6.7 W/m2 to a load. Compared to the existing sliding TENG, this FTENG has a good tolerance to the vertical sepn. between the sliding triboelec. surface and the electrode, so that it can operate in both contact and noncontact sliding mode. Because of these unique features, the FTENG can achieve versatile energy harvesting from unrestricted and freely moving mech.-energy sources at a greatly enhanced efficiency. This new operation mode can generate a series of new device structures and largely expand the applications of TENG both as effective energy sources and also as active sensors. This newly designed TENG allows energy harvesting from a walking person, a moving car or train.
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    Wang, S.; Lin, L.; Xie, Y.; Jing, Q.; Niu, S.; Wang, Z. L. Sliding-Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on in-Plane Charge-Separation Mechanism. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 2226– 2233,  DOI: 10.1021/nl400738p
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    Sliding-Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on In-Plane Charge-Separation Mechanism
    Wang, Sihong; Lin, Long; Xie, Yannan; Jing, Qingshen; Niu, Simiao; Wang, Zhong Lin
    Nano Letters (2013), 13 (5), 2226-2233CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)
    Aiming at harvesting ambient mech. energy for self-powered systems, triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) were recently developed as a highly efficient, cost-effective and robust approach to generate electricity from mech. movements and vibrations from the coupling between triboelectrification and electrostatic induction. However, all of the previously demonstrated TENGs are based on vertical sepn. of triboelec.-charged planes, which requires sophisticated device structures to ensure enough resilience for the charge sepn., otherwise there is no output current. The authors demonstrated a newly designed TENG based on an in-plane charge sepn. process using the relative sliding between two contacting surfaces. Using Polyamide 6,6 (Nylon) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films with surface etched nanowires, the two polymers at the opposite ends of the triboelec. series, the newly invented TENG produces an open-circuit voltage up to ∼1300 V and a short-circuit c.d. of 4.1 mA/m2 with a peak power d. of 5.3 W/m2, which can be used as a direct power source for instantaneously driving hundreds of serially connected light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The working principle and the relations between elec. outputs and the sliding motion are fully elaborated and systematically studied, providing a new mode of TENGs with diverse applications. Compared to the existing vertical-touching based TENGs, this planar-sliding TENG has a high efficiency, easy fabrication, and suitability for many types of mech. triggering. Also, with the relation between the elec. output and the sliding motion being calibrated, the sliding-based TENG could potentially be used as a self-powered displacement/speed/acceleration sensor.
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    Yao, G.; Kang, L.; Li, J.; Long, Y.; Wei, H.; Ferreira, C. A.; Jeffery, J. J.; Lin, Y.; Cai, W.; Wang, X. Effective Weight Control Via an Implanted Self-Powered Vagus Nerve Stimulation Device. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 5349,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07764-z
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    Effective weight control via an implanted self-powered vagus nerve stimulation device
    Yao, Guang; Kang, Lei; Li, Jun; Long, Yin; Wei, Hao; Ferreira, Carolina A.; Jeffery, Justin J.; Lin, Yuan; Cai, Weibo; Wang, Xudong
    Nature Communications (2018), 9 (1), 5349CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)
    In vivo vagus nerve stimulation holds great promise in regulating food intake for obesity treatment. Here we present an implanted vagus nerve stimulation system that is battery-free and spontaneously responsive to stomach movement. The vagus nerve stimulation system comprises a flexible and biocompatible nanogenerator that is attached on the surface of stomach. It generates biphasic elec. pulses in responsive to the peristalsis of stomach. The elec. signals generated by this device can stimulate the vagal afferent fibers to reduce food intake and achieve wt. control. This strategy is successfully demonstrated on rat models. Within 100 days, the av. body wt. is controlled at 350 g, 38% less than the control groups. This work correlates nerve stimulation with targeted organ functionality through a smart, self-responsive system, and demonstrated highly effective wt. control. This work also provides a concept in therapeutic technol. using artificial nerve signal generated from coordinated body activities.
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    Guo, H.; Pu, X.; Chen, J.; Meng, Y.; Yeh, M.-H.; Liu, G.; Tang, Q.; Chen, B.; Liu, D.; Qi, S. A Highly Sensitive, Self-Powered Triboelectric Auditory Sensor for Social Robotics and Hearing Aids. Sci. Robot. 2018, 3, eaat2516  DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.aat2516
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    Kim, H. S.; Hur, S.; Lee, D.-G.; Shin, J.; Qiao, H.; Mun, S.; Lee, H.; Moon, W.; Kim, Y.; Baik, J. M. Ferroelectrically Augmented Contact Electrification Enables Efficient Acoustic Energy Transfer through Liquid and Solid Media. Energy Environ. Sci. 2022, 15, 1243– 1255,  DOI: 10.1039/D1EE02623B
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    Chen, C.; Wen, Z.; Shi, J.; Jian, X.; Li, P.; Yeow, J. T. W.; Sun, X. Micro Triboelectric Ultrasonic Device for Acoustic Energy Transfer and Signal Communication. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 4143,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17842-w
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    Micro triboelectric ultrasonic device for acoustic energy transfer and signal communication
    Chen, Chen; Wen, Zhen; Shi, Jihong; Jian, Xiaohua; Li, Peiyang; Yeow, John T. W.; Sun, Xuhui
    Nature Communications (2020), 11 (1), 4143CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)
    As a promising energy converter, the requirement for miniaturization and high-accuracy of triboelec. nanogenerators always remains urgent. In this work, a micro triboelec. ultrasonic device was developed by integrating a triboelec. nanogenerator and micro-electro-mech. systems technol. To date, it sets a world record for the smallest triboelec. device, with a 50μm-sized diaphragm, and enables the working frequency to be brought to megahertz. This dramatically improves the miniaturization and chip integration of the triboelec. nanogenerator. With 63 kPa@1 MHz ultrasound input, the micro triboelec. ultrasonic device can generate the voltage signal of 16.8 mV and 12.7 mV through oil and sound-attenuation medium, resp. It also achieved the signal-to-ratio of 20.54 dB and exhibited the practical potential for signal communication by modulating the incident ultrasound. Finally, detailed optimization approaches have also been proposed to further improve the output power of the micro triboelec. ultrasonic device.
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    Zhou, Z.; Chen, K.; Li, X.; Zhang, S.; Wu, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Meng, K.; Sun, C.; He, Q.; Fan, W. Sign-to-Speech Translation Using Machine-Learning-Assisted Stretchable Sensor Arrays. Nat. Electron. 2020, 3, 571– 578,  DOI: 10.1038/s41928-020-0428-6
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    Nair, L. S.; Laurencin, C. T. Biodegradable Polymers as Biomaterials. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2007, 32, 762– 798,  DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.05.017
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    Biodegradable polymers as biomaterials
    Nair, Lakshmi S.; Laurencin, Cato T.
    Progress in Polymer Science (2007), 32 (8-9), 762-798CODEN: PRPSB8; ISSN:0079-6700. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    A review. During the past 2 decades significant advances were made in the development of biodegradable polymeric materials for biomedical applications. Degradable polymeric biomaterials are preferred candidates for developing therapeutic devices such as temporary prostheses, 3-dimensional porous structures as scaffolds for tissue engineering and as controlled/sustained release drug delivery vehicles. Each of these applications demands materials with specific phys., chem., biol., biomech. and degrdn. properties to provide efficient therapy. Consequently, a wide range of natural or synthetic polymers capable of undergoing degrdn. by hydrolytic or enzymic route are being investigated for biomedical applications. This review summarizes the main advances published over the last 15 years, outlining the synthesis, biodegradability and biomedical applications of biodegradable synthetic and natural polymers.
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    Peng, X.; Dong, K.; Wu, Z.; Wang, J.; Wang, Z. L. A Review on Emerging Biodegradable Polymers for Environmentally Benign Transient Electronic Skins. J. Mater. Sci. 2021, 56, 16765– 16789,  DOI: 10.1007/s10853-021-06323-0
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    A review on emerging biodegradable polymers for environmentally benign transient electronic skins
    Peng, Xiao; Dong, Kai; Wu, Zhiyi; Wang, Jie; Wang, Zhong Lin
    Journal of Materials Science (2021), 56 (30), 16765-16789CODEN: JMTSAS; ISSN:0022-2461. (Springer)
    A review. Biodegradable or transient electronics is an emerging technol. whose key characteristic is an ability to dissolve, resorb, phys. disappear or disintegrate in physiol. environments after fulfilling their functions over prescribed time frames. Biodegradable electronics as temporary implants can be safely absorbed by the body, and as green electronics can effectively alleviate landfill and environmental issues caused by electronic wastes, which are expected to ultimately eliminate assocd. costs and risks resulting from recycling operations. In this review, the state of the art of the biodegradable polymers, their fabrication techniques, and potential applications in environment friendly electronic skins (e-skins) are comprehensively summarized and systematically discussed. In addn., the future outlook for the development of biodegradable e-skins is also discussed at the end. It is expected that this review will potentially provide vital tools and beneficial strategies for the design of biodegradable e-skins with the functions of diagnosis, therapy and green sensing that are beneficial for human healthcare and environmental protection.
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  171. 171
    Chen, S.; Wu, Z.; Chu, C.; Ni, Y.; Neisiany, R. E.; You, Z. Biodegradable Elastomers and Gels for Elastic Electronics. Adv. Sci. 2022, 9, 2105146,  DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105146
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    Biodegradable Elastomers and Gels for Elastic Electronics
    Chen, Shuo; Wu, Zekai; Chu, Chengzhen; Ni, Yufeng; Neisiany, Rasoul Esmaeely; You, Zhengwei
    Advanced Science (Weinheim, Germany) (2022), 9 (13), 2105146CODEN: ASDCCF; ISSN:2198-3844. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    A review. Biodegradable electronics are considered as an important bio-friendly soln. for electronic waste (e-waste) management, sustainable development, and emerging implantable devices. Elastic electronics with higher imitative mech. characteristics of human tissues, have become crucial for human-related applications. The convergence of biodegradability and elasticity has emerged a new paradigm of next-generation electronics esp. for wearable and implantable electronics. The corresponding biodegradable elastic materials are recognized as a key to drive this field toward the practical applications. The review first clarifies the relevant concepts including biodegradable and elastic electronics along with their general design principles. Subsequently, the crucial mechanisms of the degrdn. in polymeric materials are discussed in depth. The diverse types of biodegradable elastomers and gels for electronics are then summarized. Their mol. design, modification, processing, and device fabrication esp. the structure-properties relationship as well as recent advanced are reviewed in detail. Finally, the current challenges and the future directions are proposed. The crit. insights of biodegradability and elastic characteristics in the elastomers and gel allows them to be tailored and designed more effectively for electronic applications.
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  172. 172
    Tanjung, F. A.; Arifin, Y.; Husseinsyah, S. Enzymatic Degradation of Coconut Shell Powder-Reinforced Polylactic Acid Biocomposites. J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater. 2020, 33, 800– 816,  DOI: 10.1177/0892705718811895
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    172
    Enzymatic degradation of coconut shell powder-reinforced polylactic acid biocomposites
    Tanjung, Faisal Amri; Arifin, Yalun; Husseinsyah, Salmah
    Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials (2020), 33 (6), 800-816CODEN: JTMAEQ; ISSN:0892-7057. (Sage Publications Ltd.)
    This work examd. the effects of filler content and chem. treatment on the biodegrdn. of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/coconut shell (CS) biocomposites in a diastase enzyme-contg. buffer medium. CS was treated with two distinct chem. treatments: maleic acid and silanation with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APE). The CS was incorporated into PLA composites and their biodegrdn. patterns were studied. Both of the treated PLA/CS biocomposites exhibited lower biodegrdn. rates than the untreated biocomposites due to their enhanced interfacial adhesion, which reduced the area exposed to enzyme hydrolysis. Scanning electron micrographs taken after 30 days of biodegrdn. displayed surface roughening on both of the treated biocomposites, with fewer voids compared to the untreated biocomposites. The differential scanning calorimetry indicated that the glass transition temp. and melting temp. values of the treated biocomposites increased but that crystallinity declined. The crystn. temp. peak apparently disappeared due to the polymer chain alignment and rearrangement of the shorter PLA chains caused by the degrdn. Fourier transform IR anal. revealed the structural changes in the biocomposites after biodegrdn., indicating the presence of sol. lactic acid as was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy anal.
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  173. 173
    Brannigan, R. P.; Dove, A. P. Synthesis, Properties and Biomedical Applications of Hydrolytically Degradable Materials Based on Aliphatic Polyesters and Polycarbonates. Biomater. Sci. 2017, 5, 9– 21,  DOI: 10.1039/C6BM00584E
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    173
    Synthesis, properties and biomedical applications of hydrolytically degradable materials based on aliphatic polyesters and polycarbonates
    Brannigan, Ruairi P.; Dove, Andrew P.
    Biomaterials Science (2017), 5 (1), 9-21CODEN: BSICCH; ISSN:2047-4849. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
    Polyester-based polymers represent excellent candidates in synthetic biodegradable and bioabsorbable materials for medical applications owing to their tailorable properties. The use of synthetic polyesters as biomaterials offers a unique control of morphol., mech. properties and degrdn. profile through monomer selection, polymer compn. (i.e. copolymer vs. homopolymer, stereocomplexation etc.) and mol. wt. Within this review, the synthetic routes, degrdn. modes and application of aliph. polyester- and polycarbonate-based biomaterials are discussed.
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  174. 174
    von Burkersroda, F.; Schedl, L.; Göpferich, A. Why Degradable Polymers Undergo Surface Erosion or Bulk Erosion. Biomaterials 2002, 23, 4221– 4231,  DOI: 10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00170-9
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    Why degradable polymers undergo surface erosion or bulk erosion
    von Burkersroda, Friederike; Schedl, Luise; Gopferich, Achim
    Biomaterials (2002), 23 (21), 4221-4231CODEN: BIMADU; ISSN:0142-9612. (Elsevier Science Ltd.)
    A theor. model was developed that allows to predict the erosion mechanism of water insol. biodegradable polymer matrixes. The model shows that all degradable polymers can undergo surface erosion or bulk erosion. Which way a polymer matrix erodes after all depends on the diffusivity of water inside the matrix, the degrdn. rate of the polymer's functional groups and the matrix dimensions. From these parameters the model allows to calc. for an individual polymer matrix a dimensionless 'erosion no.' ε. The value of ε indicates the mode of erosion. Based on ε, a crit. device dimension Lcritical can be calcd. If a matrix is larger than Lcritical it will undergo surface erosion, if not it will be bulk eroding. Lcritical values for polymers were estd. based on literature data. Polyanhydrides were found to be surface eroding down to a size of approx. Lcritical=10-4 m while poly(α-hydroxy esters) matrixes need to be larger than Lcritical=10-1 m to lose their bulk erosion properties. To support our theor. findings it was shown exptl. that poly(α-hydroxy ester) matrixes, which are considered classical bulk eroding materials, can also undergo surface erosion.
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  175. 175
    Woodard, L. N.; Grunlan, M. A. Hydrolytic Degradation and Erosion of Polyester Biomaterials. ACS Macro Lett. 2018, 7, 976– 982,  DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00424
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    Hydrolytic Degradation and Erosion of Polyester Biomaterials
    Woodard, Lindsay N.; Grunlan, Melissa A.
    ACS Macro Letters (2018), 7 (8), 976-982CODEN: AMLCCD; ISSN:2161-1653. (American Chemical Society)
    Strategies to refine the degrdn. behavior of polyester biomaterials, particularly to overcome the limitations of slow hydrolytic degrdn., would broaden their utility. Herein, we examine the complexities of polyester degrdn. behavior, its assessment, and strategies for refinement. The factors governing polyester degrdn. are strikingly complex. In addn. to the half-life of the hydrolytically labile bond, a series of interdependent material properties must be considered. Thus, methods used to characterize such material properties, both before and during degrdn., must be carefully selected. Assessment of degrdn. behavior is further complicated by the variability of reported test protocols and the need for accelerated rather than real-time in vitro testing conditions. Ultimately, through better control of degrdn. behavior and correlation of in vitro, simulated degrdn. to that obsd. in vivo, the development of superior devices prepd. with polyester biomaterials may be achieved.
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  176. 176
    Ulbricht, J.; Jordan, R.; Luxenhofer, R. On the Biodegradability of Polyethylene Glycol, Polypeptoids and Poly(2-Oxazoline)S. Biomaterials 2014, 35, 4848– 4861,  DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.029
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    176
    On the biodegradability of polyethylene glycol, polypeptoids and poly(2-oxazoline)s
    Ulbricht, Juliane; Jordan, Rainer; Luxenhofer, Robert
    Biomaterials (2014), 35 (17), 4848-4861CODEN: BIMADU; ISSN:0142-9612. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Despite being the gold std. of hydrophilic biomaterials and well known sensitivity of polyethylene glycol (PEG) against oxidative degrdn., very little information on the decompn. of PEG under biol. oxidative stress can be found in the literature. Poly(2-oxazoline)s (POx) and polypeptoids (POI), two pseudo-polypeptides, have attracted some attention for the use as biomaterials and alternative to PEG with an altered stability against oxidative degrdn. All three polymer families are supposedly non-biodegradable, which could be seen as one of their main disadvantages. Here, we present evidence that PEG, POx and POI are degradable by oxidative degrdn. under biol. relevant conditions. Transition metal catalyzed generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to a pronounced time and concn. dependent degrdn. of all polymers investigated. While we do not envision oxidative degrdn. to be of relevance in the short-term usage of these polymers, mid- and long-term biodegradability in vivo appears feasible. Moreover, influence in ROS mediated signalling cascades may be one mechanism how synthetic polymers influence complex cellular processes.
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    Pitt, G.; Gratzl, M.; Kimmel, G.; Surles, J.; Sohindler, A. Aliphatic Polyesters Ii. The Degradation of Poly (DL-Lactide), Poly (Ε-Caprolactone), and Their Copolymers in Vivo. Biomaterials 1981, 2, 215– 220,  DOI: 10.1016/0142-9612(81)90060-0
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    Aliphatic polyesters. II. The degradation of poly (DL-lactide), poly (ε-caprolactone), and their copolymers in vivo
    Pitt, C. G.; Gratzl, M. M.; Kimmel, G. L.; Surles, J.; Schindler, A.
    Biomaterials (1981), 2 (4), 215-20CODEN: BIMADU; ISSN:0142-9612.
    The mechanisms of biodegrdn. of poly(DL-lactide) [26680-10-4], poly(ε-caprolactone) [24980-41-4], and copolymers of ε-caprolactone with DL-dilactide, δ-valerolactone, and DL-ε-decalactone in rabbit were qual. similar. However, the rate of the first stage of the degrdn. process, nonenzymic random hydrolytic chain scission, varied by an order of magnitude and was dependent on morphol. as well as chem. effects. Wt. loss was generally not obsd. until the mol. wt. had decreased to 15,000 or less. Poly(DL-lactide) differed from the other polyesters studied, the rate of chain scission increasing after the commencement of wt. loss. The rate of wt. loss was greater and the period prior to wt. loss was shorter when the comonomer content of copolymers of ε-caprolactone was sufficient to reduce the m.p. of ε-caproate sequences to body temp.
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    Geraili, A.; Mequanint, K. Systematic Studies on Surface Erosion of Photocrosslinked Polyanhydride Tablets and Data Correlation with Release Kinetic Models. Polymers 2020, 12, 1105,  DOI: 10.3390/polym12051105
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    Systematic studies on surface erosion of photocrosslinked polyanhydride tablets and data correlation with release kinetic models
    Geraili, Armin; Mequanint, Kibret
    Polymers (Basel, Switzerland) (2020), 12 (5), 1105CODEN: POLYCK; ISSN:2073-4360. (MDPI AG)
    Investigating the impact of different parameters on their erosion behavior is essential before use in drug delivery systems. Although their synthesis is well-established, parameters that may substantially affect the erosion of thiol-ene polyanhydrides including temp. and pH of the media, the geometry of the polymers, and the media shaking rate, have not yet been studied. This study explores the effects of different environmental and geometric parameters on mass loss (erosion) profiles of polyanhydrides synthesized by thiol-ene photopolymn. A comparative study on several release kinetic models fitting is also described for a better understanding of the polymer erosion behavior. The results demonstrated that although the temp. was the only parameter that affected the induction period substantially, the mass-loss rate was influenced by the polymer compn., tablet geometry, temp., pH, and mass transfer (shaking) rate. With regard to geometrical parameters, polymers with the same surface area to vol. ratios showed similar mass loss trends despite their various vols. and surface areas. The mass loss of polyanhydride tablets with more complicated geometries than a simple slab was shown to be non-linear, and the kinetic model study indicated the dominant surface erosion mechanism. The results of this study allow for designing and manufg. efficient delivery systems with a high-predictable drug release required in precision medicine using surface-erodible polyanhydrides.
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    Odelius, K.; Höglund, A.; Kumar, S.; Hakkarainen, M.; Ghosh, A. K.; Bhatnagar, N.; Albertsson, A.-C. Porosity and Pore Size Regulate the Degradation Product Profile of Polylactide. Biomacromolecules 2011, 12, 1250– 1258,  DOI: 10.1021/bm1015464
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    Porosity and Pore Size Regulate the Degradation Product Profile of Polylactide
    Odelius, Karin; Hoglund, Anders; Kumar, Sanjeev; Hakkarainen, Minna; Ghosh, Anup K.; Bhatnagar, Naresh; Albertsson, Ann-Christine
    Biomacromolecules (2011), 12 (4), 1250-1258CODEN: BOMAF6; ISSN:1525-7797. (American Chemical Society)
    Porosity and pore size regulated the degrdn. rate and the release of low molar mass degrdn. products from porous polylactide (PLA) scaffolds. PLA scaffolds with porosities above 90% and different pore size ranges were subjected to hydrolytic degrdn. and compared to their solid analog. The solid film degraded fastest and the degrdn. rate of the porous structures decreased with decreasing pore size. Degrdn. products were detected earlier from the solid films compared to the porous structures as a result of the addnl. migration path within the porous structures. An intermediate degrdn. rate profile was obsd. when the pore size range was broadened. The morphol. of the scaffolds changed during hydrolysis where the larger pore size scaffolds showed sharp pore edges and cavities on the scaffold surface. In the scaffolds with smaller pores, the pore size decreased during degrdn. and a solid surface was formed on the top of the scaffold. Porosity and pore size, thus, influenced the degrdn. and the release of degrdn. products that should be taken into consideration when designing porous scaffolds for tissue engineering.
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  180. 180
    van Andel, E.; Lange, S. C.; Pujari, S. P.; Tijhaar, E. J.; Smulders, M. M.; Savelkoul, H. F.; Zuilhof, H. Systematic Comparison of Zwitterionic and Non-Zwitterionic Antifouling Polymer Brushes on a Bead-Based Platform. Langmuir 2019, 35, 1181– 1191,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01832
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    180
    Systematic Comparison of Zwitterionic and Non-Zwitterionic Antifouling Polymer Brushes on a Bead-Based Platform
    van Andel, Esther; Lange, Stefanie C.; Pujari, Sidharam P.; Tijhaar, Edwin J.; Smulders, Maarten M. J.; Savelkoul, Huub F. J.; Zuilhof, Han
    Langmuir (2019), 35 (5), 1181-1191CODEN: LANGD5; ISSN:0743-7463. (American Chemical Society)
    Nonspecific adsorption of biomols. to solid surfaces, a process called biofouling, is a major concern in many biomedical applications. Great effort has been made in the development of antifouling polymer coatings that are capable of repelling the nonspecific adsorption of proteins, cells, and micro-organisms. In this respect, we herein contribute to understanding the factors that det. which polymer brush results in the best antifouling coating. To this end, we compared five different monomers: two sulfobetaines, a carboxybetaine, a phosphocholine, and a hydroxyl acrylamide. The antifouling coatings were analyzed using our previously described bead-based method with flow cytometry as the read-out system. This method allows for the quick and automated anal. of thousands of beads per s, enabling fast anal. and good statistics. We report the first direct comparison made between a sulfobetaine with opposite charges sepd. by two and three methylene groups and a carboxybetaine bearing two sepg. methylene groups. It was concluded that both the distance between opposite charges and the nature of the anionic groups have a distinct effect on the antifouling performance. Phosphocholines and simple hydroxyl acrylamides are not often compared with the betaines. However, here we found that they perform equally well or even better, yielding the following overall antifouling ranking: HPMAA ≥ PCMA-2 ≈ CBMAA-2 > SBMAA-2 > SBMAA-3 » nonmodified beads (HPMAA being the best).
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    Oak, M.; Mandke, R.; Lakkadwala, S.; Lipp, L.; Singh, J. Effect of Molar Mass and Water Solubility of Incorporated Molecules on the Degradation Profile of the Triblock Copolymer Delivery System. Polymers 2015, 7, 1510– 1521,  DOI: 10.3390/polym7081467
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    Effect of molar mass and water solubility of incorporated molecules on the degradation profile of the triblock copolymer delivery system
    Oak, Mayura; Mandke, Rhishikesh; Lakkadwala, Sushant; Lipp, Lindsey; Singh, Jagdish
    Polymers (Basel, Switzerland) (2015), 7 (8), 1510-1521CODEN: POLYCK; ISSN:2073-4360. (MDPI AG)
    The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of size and type of incorporated model mols. on the polymer degrdn. and release profile from thermosensitive triblock copolymer based controlled delivery systems. In vitro release of the incorporated mols. demonstrated slow release for risperidone (mol. wt. (Mw) = 410.48 Da; partition coeff. (Ko/w) = 3.49), while bovine serum albumin (BSA) (Mw = ∼66,400 Da; Ko/w = 0.007) and insulin (Mw = 5808 Da; Ko/w = 0.02) showed initial burst release followed by controlled release. The proton NMR, Gel Permeation Chromatog., and Cryo-SEM studies suggest that the size and partition coeff. of incorporated mols. influence the pore size, polymer degrdn., and their release. In spite of using a similar polymer delivery system the polymer degrdn. rate and drug release notably differ for these model mols. Therefore, size and oil-water partition coeff. are important factors for designing the controlled release formulation of therapeutics from triblock copolymer based delivery systems.
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    Jung, J. H.; Ree, M.; Kim, H. Acid-and Base-Catalyzed Hydrolyses of Aliphatic Polycarbonates and Polyesters. Catal. Today 2006, 115, 283– 287,  DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2006.02.060
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    Acid and base-catalyzed hydrolyses of aliphatic polycarbonates and polyesters
    Jung, Jae Hwan; Ree, Moonhor; Kim, Heesoo
    Catalysis Today (2006), 115 (1-4), 283-287CODEN: CATTEA; ISSN:0920-5861. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) was synthesized by the zinc glutarate catalyzed copolymn. of carbon dioxide and propylene oxide (PO). Hydrolytic degradability of the PPC polymer was examd. in THF solns. contg. 10 wt.% acidic or basic aq. solns. of varying pH using viscometry and GPC anal. Further, the hydrolysis behaviors of all PPC solns. were compared with those of poly(.vepsiln.-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PLA). All polymers studied show higher degradability in strong basic conditions than in strong acidic conditions, but very low degradability in moderate acidic, basic and neutral conditions. Moreover, PPC is degraded less in strong acidic conditions than the polyesters, while in strong basic conditions, the polycarbonate is more easily degraded. The difference in degradabilities of these polymers in acidic conditions is assocd. with the different nucleophilicities of their carbonyl oxygen atoms, while in basic conditions the differences are assocd. with the different electrophilicities of the corresponding carbonyl carbon atoms. With regard to the hydrolysis results and the structural and chem. nature of the polymer backbones, degrdn. mechanisms are proposed for the acid- and base-catalyzed hydrolyzes of PPC, PCL and PLA.
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    Hao, X.; Silva, E. A.; Månsson-Broberg, A.; Grinnemo, K. H.; Siddiqui, A. J.; Dellgren, G.; Wärdell, E.; Brodin, L. A.; Mooney, D. J.; Sylvén, C. Angiogenic Effects of Sequential Release of VEGF-A165 and PDGF-BB with Alginate Hydrogels after Myocardial Infarction. Cardiovasc. Res. 2007, 75, 178– 185,  DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2007.03.028
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    Angiogenic effects of sequential release of VEGF-A165 and PDGF-BB with alginate hydrogels after myocardial infarction
    Hao, Xiaojin; Silva, Eduardo A.; Mansson-Broberg, Agneta; Grinnemo, Karl-Henrik; Siddiqui, Anwar J.; Dellgren, Goeran; Waerdell, Eva; Brodin, Lars Aake; Mooney, David J.; Sylven, Christer
    Cardiovascular Research (2007), 75 (1), 178-185CODEN: CVREAU; ISSN:0008-6363. (Elsevier B.V.)
    This study investigates whether local sequential delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor-A165 (VEGF-A165) followed by platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) with alginate hydrogels could induce an angiogenic effect and functional improvement greater than single factors after myocardial infarction. Alginate hydrogels were prepd. by combining high and low mol. wt. alginate. Growth factor release rates were monitored over time in vitro with 125I-labeled VEGF-A165 and PDGF-BB included in the gels. One week after myocardial infarction was induced in Fisher rats, gels with VEGF-A165, PDGF-BB, or both were given intra-myocardially along the border of the myocardial infarction. Vessel d. was analyzed in hearts and cardiac function was detd. by Tissue Doppler Echocardiog. In addn., the angiogenic effect of sequenced delivery was studied in vitro in aortic rings from C57B1/6 mice. Alginate gels were capable of delivering VEGF-A165 and PDGF-BB in a sustainable manner, and PDGF-BB was released more slowly than VEGF-A165. Sequential growth factor administration led to a higher d. of α-actin pos. vessels than single factors, whereas no further increment was found in capillary d. Sequential protein delivery increased the systolic velocity-time integral and displayed a superior effect than single factors. In the aortic ring model, sequential delivery led to a higher angiogenic effect than single factor administration. The alginate hydrogel is an effective and promising injectable delivery system in a myocardial infarction model. Sequential growth factor delivery of VEGF-A165 and PDGF-BB induces mature vessels and improves cardiac function more than each factor singly. This may indicate clin. utility.
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    Yaşayan, G. Chitosan Films and Chitosan/Pectin Polyelectrolyte Complexes Encapsulating Silver Sulfadiazine for Wound Healing. Istanbul J. Pharm. 2020, 50, 238– 244,  DOI: 10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2020.0021
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    Correia, D. M.; Padrão, J.; Rodrigues, L. R.; Dourado, F.; Lanceros-Méndez, S.; Sencadas, V. Thermal and Hydrolytic Degradation of Electrospun Fish Gelatin Membranes. Polym. Test. 2013, 32, 995– 1000,  DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2013.05.004
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    Thermal and hydrolytic degradation of electrospun fish gelatin membranes
    Correia, D. M.; Padrao, J.; Rodrigues, L. R.; Dourado, F.; Lanceros-Mendez, S.; Sencadas, V.
    Polymer Testing (2013), 32 (5), 995-1000CODEN: POTEDZ; ISSN:0142-9418. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    The thermal and hydrolytic degrdn. of electrospun gelatin membranes crosslinked with glutaraldehyde in vapor phase has been studied. In vitro degrdn. of gelatin membranes was evaluated in phosphate buffer saline soln. at 37 °C. After 15 days under these conditions, a wt. loss of 68% was obsd., attributed to solvation and depolymn. of the main polymeric chains. Thermal degrdn. kinetics of the gelatin raw material and as-spun electrospun membranes showed that the electrospinning processing conditions do not influence polymer degrdn. However, for crosslinked samples a decrease in the activation energy was obsd., assocd. with the effect of glutaraldehyde crosslinking reaction in the inter- and intra-mol. hydrogen bonds of the protein. It is also shown that the electrospinning process does not affect the formation of the helical structure of gelatin chains.
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    Liu, S.; Wu, G.; Chen, X.; Zhang, X.; Yu, J.; Liu, M.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, P. Degradation Behavior in Vitro of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)/Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) Composite Suture. Polymers 2019, 11, 1015,  DOI: 10.3390/polym11061015
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    Degradation behavior in vitro of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composite suture
    Liu, Shuqiang; Wu, Gaihong; Chen, Xiaogang; Zhang, Xiaofang; Yu, Juanjuan; Liu, Mingfang; Zhang, Yao; Wang, Peng
    Polymers (Basel, Switzerland) (2019), 11 (6), 1015CODEN: POLYCK; ISSN:2073-4360. (MDPI AG)
    Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) suture can be absorbed by the human body, and so have wide applications in modern surgery operations. The degrdn. period of PLA suture is expected to meet with the healing time of different types of wounds. In order to control the degrdn. period of the PLA suture, the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were composited with PLA suture, and the degrdn. expt. in vitro was performed on sutures. The structure and properties of sutures during degrdn., such as surface morphol., breaking strength, elongation, mass and chem. structure, were tracked and analyzed. The results indicated that the degrdn. brought about surface defects and resulted in 13.5 wk for the strength valid time of the original PLA suture. By contrast, the strength valid time of the CNTs/PLA suture was increased to 26.6 wk. While the toughness of both the pure PLA and CNTs/PLA sutures decreased rapidly and almost disappeared after 3 to 4 wk of degrdn. The mass loss demonstrated that the time required for complete degrdn. of the two sutures was obviously different, the pure PLA suture 49 wk, while CNTs/PLA sutures 63 to 73 wk. The research proved that CNTs delayed PLA degrdn. and prolonged its strength valid time in degrdn.
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  187. 187
    Miao, Y.; Cui, H.; Dong, Z.; Ouyang, Y.; Li, Y.; Huang, Q.; Wang, Z. Structural Evolution of Polyglycolide and Poly(Glycolide-Co-Lactide) Fibers During in Vitro Degradation with Different Heat-Setting Temperatures. ACS Omega 2021, 6, 29254– 29266,  DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04974
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    187
    Structural Evolution of Polyglycolide and Poly(glycolide-co-lactide) Fibers during In Vitro Degradation with Different Heat-Setting Temperatures
    Miao, Yushuang; Cui, Huashuai; Dong, Zhimin; Ouyang, Yi; Li, Yiguo; Huang, Qing; Wang, Zongbao
    ACS Omega (2021), 6 (43), 29254-29266CODEN: ACSODF; ISSN:2470-1343. (American Chemical Society)
    The structural evolution of polyglycolide (PGA) and poly(glycolide-co-lactide) (P(GA-co-LA)) with 8% LA content fibers with different heat-setting temps. was investigated during in vitro degrdn. using WAXD, SAXS, and mech. property tests. It was found that the PGA fiber was more susceptible to the degrdn. process than the P(GA-co-LA) fiber and a higher heat-setting temp. reduced the degrdn. rate of the two samples. The wt. and mech. properties of the samples showed a gradual decrease during degrdn. We proposed that the degrdn. of PGA and P(GA-co-LA) fibers proceeded in four stages. A continuous increase in crystallinity during the early stage of degrdn. and a gradual decline during the later period indicated that preferential hydrolytic degrdn. occurred in the amorphous regions, followed by a further degrdn. in the cryst. regions. The cleavage-induced crystn. occurred during the later stage of degrdn., contributing to an appreciable decrease in the long period and lamellar thickness of both PGA and P(GA-co-LA) samples. The introduction of LA units into the PGA skeleton reduced the difference in the degrdn. rate between the cryst. and amorphous regions, and they were simultaneously degraded in the early stage of degrdn., leading to a degrdn. mechanism different from that of the PGA fiber.
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  188. 188
    Darestani, M. T.; Entezami, A. A.; Mobedi, H.; Abtahi, M. Degradition of Poly (D, L-Lactide-Co-Glycolide) 50:50 Implant in Aqueous Medium. Iran. Polym. J. 2005, 14, 753– 763
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  189. 189
    Taddei, P.; Di Foggia, M.; Causa, F.; Ambrosio, L.; Fagnano, C. In Vitro Bioactivity of Poly (ϵ-Caprolactone)-Apatite (PCL-AP) Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: The Influence of the PCL/AP Ratio. Int. J. Artif. Organs 2006, 29, 719– 725,  DOI: 10.1177/039139880602900712
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    189
    In vitro bioactivity of poly(ε-caprolactone)-apatite (PCL-AP) scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: the influence of the PCL/AP ratio
    Taddei, P.; Di Foggia, M.; Causa, F.; Ambrosio, L.; Fagnano, C.
    International Journal of Artificial Organs (2006), 29 (7), 719-725CODEN: IJAODS; ISSN:0391-3988. (Wichtig Editore)
    Porous poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) is used as long-term bioresorbable scaffold for bone tissue engineering. The bone regeneration process can be enhanced by addn. of carbonated apatites (AP). This study was aimed at evaluating the influence of the PCL/AP ratio on the in vitro degrdn. and bioactivity of PCL-AP composites. To this purpose, PCL-AP samples were synthesized with the following PCL/AP wt./wt. ratios: 50/50, 60/40 and 75/25. Vibrational IR and Raman spectroscopies coupled to thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to investigate the in vitro degrdn. mechanism in different media: 0.01 M NaOH soln. (pH = 12), saline phosphate buffer at pH 7.5 (SPB), esterase in SPB and simulated body fluid (SBF) at pH 7.5. The latter medium was used to evaluate the bioactivity of the composites. A control PCL sample was analyzed before the addn. of the AP component. As regards the untreated samples, the method of synthesis utilized for prepg. the composite was found to enhance the crystallinity degree. The AP component revealed to be constituted of a B-type carbonated hydroxyapatite with a 3% carbonate content. After 28 days of treatment, the samples showed different degrdn. patterns and extents depending on the degrdn. medium, the starting PCL crystallinity and composite compn. Wt. measurements, Raman and TG analyses revealed deposition of an apatitic phase on all the composites immersed in SBF. Therefore, all the samples displayed a good bioactivity; the sample which showed the most pronounced apatitic deposition was 50/50, i.e. that contg. the highest amt. of AP.
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  190. 190
    Bonartsev, A.; Boskhomodgiev, A.; Iordanskii, A.; Bonartseva, G.; Rebrov, A.; Makhina, T.; Myshkina, V.; Yakovlev, S.; Filatova, E.; Ivanov, E. Hydrolytic Degradation of Poly (3-Hydroxybutyrate), Polylactide and Their Derivatives: Kinetics, Crystallinity, and Surface Morphology. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 2012, 556, 288– 300,  DOI: 10.1080/15421406.2012.635982
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    190
    Hydrolytic degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), polylactide and their derivatives: kinetics, crystallinity, and surface Morphology
    Bonartsev, A. P.; Boskhomodgiev, A. P.; Iordanskii, A. L.; Bonartseva, G. A.; Rebrov, A. V.; Makhina, T. K.; Myshkina, V. L.; Yakovlev, S. A.; Filatova, E. A.; Ivanov, E. A.; Bagrov, D. V.; Zaikov, G. E.
    Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals (2012), 556 (1), 288-300CODEN: MCLCD8; ISSN:1542-1406. (Taylor & Francis, Inc.)
    Hydrolytic degrdns. of biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), polylactide (PLA) and their derivs. were explored by kinetic and structure methods at 37 and 70°C in phosphate buffer. It was revealed the kinetic profiles for copolymer PHBV (20% of 3-hydroxyvalerate) and the blend PHB-PLA (1:1 wt. ratio). The intensity of biopolymer hydrolysis depending on temp. is characterized by total wt. loss and the viscosity-averaged mol. wt. decrement (ΔMW) as well as by WAXS and AMF techniques. Characterization of PHB and PHBV includes both ΔMW and crystallinity evolution (x-ray diffraction) as well as the AFM anal. of PHB film surfaces before and after aggressive medium exposition. The degrdn. is enhanced in the series PHBV < PHB < PHB-PLA blend < PLA. The impact of MW on the biopolymer hydrolysis is shown.
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  191. 191
    Cogan, S. F.; Edell, D. J.; Guzelian, A. A.; Ping Liu, Y.; Edell, R. Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposited Silicon Carbide as an Implantable Dielectric Coating. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A 2003, 67A, 856– 867,  DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.10152
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    191
    Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposited silicon carbide as an implantable dielectric coating
    Cogan, Stuart F.; Edell, David J.; Guzelian, Andrew A.; Liu, Ying Ping; Edell, Robyn
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Part A (2003), 67A (3), 856-867CODEN: JBMRCH ISSN:. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
    Amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC) films, deposited by plasma-enhanced chem. vapor deposition (PECVD), have been evaluated as insulating coatings for implantable microelectrodes. The a-SiC was deposited on platinum or iridium wire for measurement of elec. leakage through the coating in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4). Low leakage currents of <10-11 A were obsd. over a ±5-V bias. The electronic resistivity of a-SiC was 3×1013 Ω-cm. Dissoln. rates of a-SiC in PBS at 37 and 90° were detd. from changes in IR absorption band intensities and compared with those of silicon nitride formed by low-pressure chem. vapor deposition (LPCVD). Dissoln. rates of LPCVD silicon nitride were 2 nm/h and 0.4 nm/day at 90 and 37°, resp., while a-SiC had a dissoln. rate of 0.1 nm/h at 90° and no measurable dissoln. at 37°. Biocompatibility was assessed by implanting a-SiC-coated quartz disks in the s.c. space of the New Zealand White rabbit. Histol. evaluation showed no chronic inflammatory response and capsule thickness was comparable to silicone or uncoated quartz controls. Amorphous SiC-coated microelectrodes were implanted in the parietal cortex for periods up to 150 days and the cortical response evaluated by histol. evaluation of neuronal viability at the implant site. The a-SiC was more stable in physiol. saline than LPCVD Si3N4 and well tolerated in the cortex.
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  192. 192
    Kang, S.-K.; Park, G.; Kim, K.; Hwang, S.-W.; Cheng, H.; Shin, J.; Chung, S.; Kim, M.; Yin, L.; Lee, J. C. Dissolution Chemistry and Biocompatibility of Silicon-and Germanium-Based Semiconductors for Transient Electronics. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 9297– 9305,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b02526
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    192
    Dissolution Chemistry and Biocompatibility of Silicon- and Germanium-Based Semiconductors for Transient Electronics
    Kang, Seung-Kyun; Park, Gayoung; Kim, Kyungmin; Hwang, Suk-Won; Cheng, Huanyu; Shin, Jiho; Chung, Sangjin; Kim, Minjin; Yin, Lan; Lee, Jeong Chul; Lee, Kyung-Mi; Rogers, John A.
    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2015), 7 (17), 9297-9305CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
    Semiconducting materials are central to the development of high-performance electronics that are capable of dissolving completely when immersed in aq. solns., groundwater, or biofluids, for applications in temporary biomedical implants, environmentally degradable sensors, and other systems. The results reported here include comprehensive studies of the dissoln. by hydrolysis of polycryst. silicon, amorphous silicon, silicon-germanium, and germanium in aq. solns. of various pH values and temps. In vitro cellular toxicity evaluations demonstrate the biocompatibility of the materials and end products of dissoln., thereby supporting their potential for use in biodegradable electronics. A fully dissolvable thin-film solar cell illustrates the ability to integrate these semiconductors into functional systems.
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  193. 193
    Darestani, M.; Entezami, A.; Mobedi, H.; Abtahi, M. Degradation of Poly(D,L-Lactide-Co-Glycolide) 50:50 Implant in Aqueous Medium. Iran. Polym. J. 2005, 14, 753– 763
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    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  194. 194
    Wang, S.; Xie, Y.; Niu, S.; Lin, L.; Liu, C.; Zhou, Y. S.; Wang, Z. L. Maximum Surface Charge Density for Triboelectric Nanogenerators Achieved by Ionized-Air Injection: Methodology and Theoretical Understanding. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 6720– 6728,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201402491
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    194
    Maximum Surface Charge Density for Triboelectric Nanogenerators Achieved by Ionized-Air Injection: Methodology and Theoretical Understanding
    Wang, Sihong; Xie, Yannan; Niu, Simiao; Lin, Long; Liu, Chang; Zhou, Yu Sheng; Wang, Zhong Lin
    Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2014), 26 (39), 6720-6728CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    A review. Contact electrification, also named as triboelectrification is reviewed. Triboelec. nanogenerators achieved by ionized-air injection are discussed in particular.
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  195. 195
    Pang, Y.; Xi, F.; Luo, J.; Liu, G.; Guo, T.; Zhang, C. An Alginate Film-Based Degradable Triboelectric Nanogenerator. RSC Adv. 2018, 8, 6719– 6726,  DOI: 10.1039/C7RA13294H
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    195
    An alginate film-based degradable triboelectric nanogenerator
    Pang, Yaokun; Xi, Fengben; Luo, Jianjun; Liu, Guoxu; Guo, Tong; Zhang, Chi
    RSC Advances (2018), 8 (12), 6719-6726CODEN: RSCACL; ISSN:2046-2069. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
    Alginate, as a natural linear polysaccharide derived from brown sea algae, has the advantage of low toxicity, good biocompatibility, and biodegradability, which has aroused wide interests in recent years. In this study, a degradable triboelec. generator based on an alginate film is presented. The calcium alginate film, which is prepd. by a simple freeze-drying method and a crosslinking reaction, has a form of porous structures that are beneficial for triboelec. power generation. The fabricated TENG has a stable output performance with a max. voltage, current, and power of 33 V, 150 nA, and 9.5 μW, resp. The performances of the TENG were investigated at different thicknesses of the calcium alginate film and various concns. of the sodium alginate soln., as well as the degradability of the film with different thicknesses and temps. In addn., the TENG was designed for harvesting water wave energy in a low-frequency range from 1 to 4 Hz. This study is promising to provide new insights to develop degradable and eco-friendly TENG based on ocean plants and expand the application range in blue energy.
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  196. 196
    Valentini, L.; Rescignano, N.; Puglia, D.; Cardinali, M.; Kenny, J. Preparation of Alginate/Graphene Oxide Hybrid Films and Their Integration in Triboelectric Generators. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2015, 2015, 1192– 1197,  DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402610
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    196
    Preparation of Alginate/Graphene Oxide Hybrid Films and Their Integration in Triboelectric Generators
    Valentini, Luca; Rescignano, Nicoletta; Puglia, Debora; Cardinali, Marta; Kenny, Jose
    European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry (2015), 2015 (7), 1192-1197CODEN: EJICFO; ISSN:1434-1948. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    Sodium alginate/graphene oxide (Al/GO) nanocomposite films were prepd. by solvent casting. The structure, morphol., and elec. properties of Al/GO films were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, and thermal anal. The use of such an Al/GO film for a device that uses friction as the charging process to convert mech. energy into elec. power is reported. The triboelec. generator (TEG) was fabricated by stacking a drop-cast Al/GO film between indium-tin oxide (ITO)-coated poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and a PET sheet. Also, the use of such a TEG as a pressure sensor is also illustrated.
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  197. 197
    Chen, S.; Jiang, J.; Xu, F.; Gong, S. Crepe Cellulose Paper and Nitrocellulose Membrane-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Energy Harvesting and Self-Powered Human-Machine Interaction. Nano Energy 2019, 61, 69– 77,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.04.043
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    197
    Crepe cellulose paper and nitrocellulose membrane-based triboelectric nanogenerators for energy harvesting and self-powered human-machine interaction
    Chen, Sheng; Jiang, Jingxian; Xu, Feng; Gong, Shaoqin
    Nano Energy (2019), 61 (), 69-77CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Cellulose-derived materials have gained a lot of attention for applications in advanced electronics because they are abundant, low cost, lightwt., and sustainable. Herein, we report a paper-based triboelec. nanogenerator (P-TENG) using com. available materials derived from cellulose by a facile and cost-effective approach. Print paper is used as the substrate, while crepe cellulose paper (CCP) paired with a nitrocellulose membrane (NCM) are used as the friction layers of the P-TENG. CCP and NCM have significantly different tribopolarities and microstructures (i.e., corrugated and porous structures for CPP and NCM, resp.), thereby yielding P-TENGs with outstanding triboelec. performance. For instance, we have demonstrated P-TENGs with an output voltage and current of 196.8 V and 31.5μA, resp., a high power d. of 16.1 W/m2, and a robust durability of more than 10,000 cycles. The P-TENGs, as a sustainable power source, can power various electronic devices. Moreover, their great potential applications in self-powered sensing and human-machine interfaces have been demonstrated. Human motion, like a finger touch, can be detected by the P-TENG. A keyboard based on an array of P-TENGs is able to achieve self-powered, real-time communication between a Paper Piano and a computer. This study not only combines the advantages of CCP and NCM to produce high-performance P-TENGs, but also demonstrates the feasibility of using com. available products to prep. green and sustainable electronics.
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    Reddy, J. P.; Rhim, J.-W. Characterization of Bionanocomposite Films Prepared with Agar and Paper-Mulberry Pulp Nanocellulose. Carbohydr. Polym. 2014, 110, 480– 488,  DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.056
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    198
    Characterization of bionanocomposite films prepared with agar and paper-mulberry pulp nanocellulose
    Reddy, Jeevan Prasad; Rhim, Jong-Whan
    Carbohydrate Polymers (2014), 110 (), 480-488CODEN: CAPOD8; ISSN:0144-8617. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Crystd. nanocellulose (CNC) was sepd. from paper-mulberry (Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold) bast pulp by sulfuric acid hydrolysis method and they were blended with agar to prep. bionanocomposite films. The effect of CNC content (1, 3, 5 and 10 wt% based on agar) on the mech., water vapor permeability (WVP), and thermal properties of the nanocomposites were studied. Changes of the cellulose fibers in structure, morphol., crystallinity, and thermal properties of the films were evaluated using FT-IR, TEM, SEM, XRD, and TGA anal. methods. The CNC was composed of fibrous and spherical or elliptic granules of nano-cellulose with sizes of 50-60 nm. Properties of agar film such as mech. and water vapor barrier properties were improved significantly (p < 0.05) by blending with the CNC. The tensile modulus and tensile strength of agar film increased by 40% and 25%, resp., in the composite film with 5 wt% of CNC, and the WVP of agar film decreased by 25% after formation of nanocomposite with 3 wt% of CNC. The CNC obtained from the paper-mulberry bast pulp can be used as a reinforcing agent for the prepn. of bio-nanocomposites, and they have a high potential for the development of completely biodegradable food packaging materials.
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  199. 199
    Shi, K.; Zou, H.; Sun, B.; Jiang, P.; He, J.; Huang, X. Dielectric Modulated Cellulose Paper/Pdms-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Wireless Transmission and Electropolymerization Applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 1904536,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201904536
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    199
    Dielectric Modulated Cellulose Paper/PDMS-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Wireless Transmission and Electropolymerization Applications
    Shi, Kunming; Zou, Haiyang; Sun, Bin; Jiang, Pingkai; He, Jinliang; Huang, Xingyi
    Advanced Functional Materials (2020), 30 (4), 1904536CODEN: AFMDC6; ISSN:1616-301X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    Achieving high output performance is the key in the development of triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) for future versatile applications. In this study, a novel TENG assembled with porous cellulose paper and polydimethylsiloxane is demonstrated. Through dielec. modulation of the friction materials by the nanoparticles (i.e., BaTiO3, Ag), the triboelec. outputs increase significantly with the permittivity increase, which is attributed to the enhancement of the charge trapping capability and the surface charge d. of the friction materials. The dielec. modulated TENG demonstrates a high output voltage of 88 V and a current of 8.3μA, corresponding to an output power of 141μW. Acting as a sensor unit, the TENG can successfully operate in a wireless transmission system, which can remotely monitor the machine operation and deliver the messages assocd. with finger movements. Moreover, the TENG can also perform as an efficient power source in an electropolymn. system for electropolymg. polyaniline on a carbon nanotube electrode, holding a great potential to synthesize a high capacitance electrode for supercapacitors. This work provides a simple and efficient way to construct high performance TENGs and promotes their practical applications in the fields of wireless transmission and electropolymn. systems.
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  200. 200
    Sriphan, S.; Charoonsuk, T.; Maluangnont, T.; Pakawanit, P.; Rojviriya, C.; Vittayakorn, N. Multifunctional Nanomaterials Modification of Cellulose Paper for Efficient Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2020, 5, 2000001,  DOI: 10.1002/admt.202000001
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    200
    Multifunctional Nanomaterials Modification of Cellulose Paper for Efficient Triboelectric Nanogenerators
    Sriphan, Saichon; Charoonsuk, Thitirat; Maluangnont, Tosapol; Pakawanit, Phakkhananan; Rojviriya, Catleya; Vittayakorn, Naratip
    Advanced Materials Technologies (Weinheim, Germany) (2020), 5 (5), 2000001CODEN: AMTDCM; ISSN:2365-709X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    There is a need to develop inexpensive, lightwt., and flexible high-performance triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) from renewable resources. Here, a multifunctional cellulose filter paper (CFP)-based TENG consisting of dielec. Ti0.8O2 nanosheets (Ti0.8O2 NSs) and conducting Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) is prepd. by a simple dip coating method. The incorporation of dielec. Ti0.8O2 NSs onto the CFP significantly improves charge generation, while the inclusion of Ag NPs provides an elec. conductive path for charge transportation. The presence of these fillers can be deduced from XRD, SEM, EDS, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy. Their distribution is visualized in 3D by synchrotron radiation X-ray tomog. The present CFP-based TENG provides an output voltage and c.d. of ≈42 V and ≈1 μA cm-2, resp. with the power d. of ≈25 μW cm-2. It is capable of lighting up 40 light-emitting diode bulbs and charging a 0.22 μF capacitor to 8 V in only 5 s. The developed TENG is also capable of detecting simple human motions, i.e., finger tapping, finger rubbing, and foot trampling. This work offers a facile design of low cost yet efficient paper-based TENG by dual modification with multifunctional nanomaterials, and also demonstrates its use as a feasible power source that not only drives small electronics, but also scavenges energy from human actions.
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  201. 201
    Yao, C.; Hernandez, A.; Yu, Y.; Cai, Z.; Wang, X. Triboelectric Nanogenerators and Power-Boards from Cellulose Nanofibrils and Recycled Materials. Nano Energy 2016, 30, 103– 108,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.09.036
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    201
    Triboelectric nanogenerators and power-boards from cellulose nanofibrils and recycled materials
    Yao, Chunhua; Hernandez, Alberto; Yu, Yanhao; Cai, Zhiyong; Wang, Xudong
    Nano Energy (2016), 30 (), 103-108CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    This paper reports the implementation of renewable, biodegradable, and abundant cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) in triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) development. Flexible and transparent CNF thin films are triboelec. pos. material with nanoscale surface roughness. They are paired with FEP (fluorinated ethylene propylene) to assemble TENG devices, which exhibit comparable performance to the reported TENG devices built on synthetic polymers. CNF-based TENG is further integrated within a fiberboard made from recycled cardboard fibers using a chem.-free cold pressing method. The fiberboard produces up to ∼30 V and ∼90 μA elec. outputs when subjected to a normal human step. This development shows great promises in creating large-scale and environmentally sustainable triboelec. board for flooring, packaging and supporting infrastructures from CNF and other natural wood-extd. materials.
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  202. 202
    Yao, C.; Yin, X.; Yu, Y.; Cai, Z.; Wang, X. Chemically Functionalized Natural Cellulose Materials for Effective Triboelectric Nanogenerator Development. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27, 1700794,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201700794
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    Fukada, K.; Tajima, T.; Seyama, M. Thermally Degradable Inductors with Water-Resistant Metal Leaf/Oleogel Wires and Gelatin/Chitosan Hydrogel Films. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 44697– 44703,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12380
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    Thermally Degradable Inductors with Water-Resistant Metal Leaf/Oleogel Wires and Gelatin/Chitosan Hydrogel Films
    Fukada, Kenta; Tajima, Takuro; Seyama, Michiko
    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2022), 14 (39), 44697-44703CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
    Ingestible electronics monitor biometric information from outside the body. Making them with harmless or digestible materials will contribute to further reducing the burden on the patient's oral intake. Here, considering that the inductive part plays an important role in communications, we demonstrate a degradable inductor fabricated with harmless substances. Such a transient component must meet conflicting requirements for both operation and disassembly. Therefore, we integrated a substrate made of gelatin, a thermally degradable material, and a precision coil pattern made of edible gold or silver leaf. However, gelatin itself lost its initial shape easily due to quick sol-gel changes in physiol. conditions. Thus, we managed the gelatin's thermal responsiveness by using a tangle of gelatin/chitosan gel networks and genipin, an org. crosslinking agent, and gained insights into the criteria for developing transient devices with thermo-degradability. In addn., to compensate for the lack of water resistance and low cond. of thin metal foils, we propose a laminated structure with oleogel (beeswax/olive oil). LCR resonance circuits, by connecting a com. capacitor to the coil, worked wirelessly in the megahertz band and gradually degraded in a warm-water environment. The presented org. electronics will contribute to the future development of transient wireless communications for implantable and ingestible medical devices or environmental sensors with natural and harmless ingredients.
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  204. 204
    Li, L.; Hsieh, Y.-L. Chitosan Bicomponent Nanofibers and Nanoporous Fibers. Carbohydr. Res. 2006, 341, 374– 381,  DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.11.028
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    Chitosan bicomponent nanofibers and nanoporous fibers
    Li, Lei; Hsieh, You-Lo
    Carbohydrate Research (2006), 341 (3), 374-381CODEN: CRBRAT; ISSN:0008-6215. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Nanofibers with av. diams. between 20 and 100 nm have been prepd. by electrospinning of 82.5% deacetylated chitosan (Mv = 1600 kDa) mixed with poly(vinyl alc.) (PVA, Mw = 124-186 kDa) in 2% (vol./vol.) aq. acetic acid. The formation of bicomponent fibers was feasible with 3% concn. of soln. contg. up to an equal mass of chitosan. Finer fibers, fewer beaded structures and more efficient fiber formation were obsd. with increasing PVA contents. Nanoporous fibers could be generated by removing the PVA component in the 17/83 chitosan/PVA bicomponent fibers with 1 M NaOH (12 h). Fiber formation efficiency and compn. uniformity improved significantly when the mol. wt. of chitosan was halved by alk. hydrolysis (50 wt % aq. NaOH, 95 °C, 48 h). The improved uniform distribution of chitosan and PVA in the bicomponent fibers was attributed to better mixing mostly due to the reduced mol. wt. and to the increased deacetylation of the chitosan.
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    Rinaudo, M. Chitin and Chitosan: Properties and Applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2006, 31, 603– 632,  DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2006.06.001
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    Chitin and chitosan: properties and applications
    Rinaudo, Marguerite
    Progress in Polymer Science (2006), 31 (7), 603-632CODEN: PRPSB8; ISSN:0079-6700. (Elsevier B.V.)
    This review with extensive list of refs. emphasizes recent papers on the high value-added applications of chitin and chitosan in medicine and cosmetics. Chitin is the second most important natural polymer in the world with main exploited sources being two marine crustaceans, shrimp and crabs. The objective was to appraise the state of the art concerning this polysaccharide: its morphol. in the native solid state, methods of identification and characterization and chem. modifications, as well as the difficulties in utilizing and processing it for selected applications. We note the important work of P. Austin, S. Tokura and S. Hirano, who have contributed to the applications development of chitin, esp. in fiber form. Then, we discuss chitosan, the most important deriv. of chitin, outlining the best techniques to characterize it and the main problems encountered in its utilization. Chitosan, which is sol. in acidic aq. media, is used in many applications (food, cosmetics, biomedical and pharmaceutical applications). We briefly describe the chem. modifications of chitosan-an area in which a variety of syntheses have been proposed tentatively, but are not yet developed for industrial scale.
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    He, L.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, B.; Gao, Y.; Yuan, W.; Li, X.; Zhou, L.; Zhao, Z.; Wang, Z. L.; Wang, J. A High-Output Silk-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Durability and Humidity Resistance. Nano Energy 2023, 108, 108244,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108244
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    A high-output silk-based triboelectric nanogenerator with durability and humidity resistance
    He, Lixia; Zhang, Chuguo; Zhang, Baofeng; Gao, Yikui; Yuan, Wei; Li, Xinyuan; Zhou, Linglin; Zhao, Zhihao; Wang, Zhong Lin; Wang, Jie
    Nano Energy (2023), 108 (), 108244CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Triboelec. nanogenerator, as an energy harvesting device, is regarded as a promising technol. to power distributed electronics of the Internet of Things (IoTs) by forming self-powered systems. However, humidity resistance and durability are the two issues should be addressed before its practical application. Here, a mulberry-silk based triboelec. nanogenerator (MS-TENG) with low-wear, humidity-resistant and high-output characteristics is proposed to harvest energy efficiently and economically. Benefitting from the fluffy structure and good triboelec. performance of mulberry silk, it achieves a high charge d. under a low friction force and its energy harvesting efficiency improves by 10 times compared with previous works. Moreover, taking advantage of low friction force and hygroscopicity of mulberry silk, the output performance of MS-TENG is basically stable after 1,500,000 cycles or even under the relative humidity up to 90%. This work provides an efficient strategy for the long-term practical application of TENG in energy harvesting and powering IoTs.
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    Hu, X.; Shmelev, K.; Sun, L.; Gil, E.-S.; Park, S.-H.; Cebe, P.; Kaplan, D. L. Regulation of Silk Material Structure by Temperature-Controlled Water Vapor Annealing. Biomacromolecules 2011, 12, 1686– 1696,  DOI: 10.1021/bm200062a
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    Regulation of silk material structure by temperature-controlled water vapor annealing
    Hu, Xiao; Shmelev, Karen; Sun, Lin; Gil, Eun-Seok; Park, Sang-Hyug; Cebe, Peggy; Kaplan, David L.
    Biomacromolecules (2011), 12 (5), 1686-1696CODEN: BOMAF6; ISSN:1525-7797. (American Chemical Society)
    We present a simple and effective method to obtain refined control of the mol. structure of silk biomaterials through phys. temp.-controlled water vapor annealing (TCWVA). The silk materials can be prepd. with control of crystallinity, from a low content using conditions at 4 °C (α helix dominated silk I structure), to highest content of ∼60% crystallinity at 100 °C (β-sheet dominated silk II structure). This new phys. approach covers the range of structures previously reported to govern crystn. during the fabrication of silk materials, yet offers a simpler, green chem., approach with tight control of reproducibility. The transition kinetics, thermal, mech., and biodegrdn. properties of the silk films prepd. at different temps. were investigated and compared by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), uniaxial tensile studies, and enzymic degrdn. studies. The results revealed that this new phys. processing method accurately controls structure, in turn providing control of mech. properties, thermal stability, enzyme degrdn. rate, and human mesenchymal stem cell interactions. The mechanistic basis for the control is through the temp.-controlled regulation of water vapor to control crystn. Control of silk structure via TCWVA represents a significant improvement in the fabrication of silk-based biomaterials, where control of structure-property relationships is key to regulating material properties. This new approach to control crystn. also provides an entirely new green approach, avoiding common methods that use org. solvents (methanol, ethanol) or org. acids. The method described here for silk proteins would also be universal for many other structural proteins (and likely other biopolymers), where water controls chain interactions related to material properties.
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    Jiang, W.; Li, H.; Liu, Z.; Li, Z.; Tian, J.; Shi, B.; Zou, Y.; Ouyang, H.; Zhao, C.; Zhao, L. Fully Bioabsorbable Natural-Materials-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1801895,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801895
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    Kim, H. J.; Kim, J. H.; Jun, K. W.; Kim, J. H.; Seung, W. C.; Kwon, O. H.; Park, J. Y.; Kim, S. W.; Oh, I. K. Silk Nanofiber-Networked Bio-Triboelectric Generator: Silk Bio-TEG. Adv. Energy Mater. 2016, 6, 1502329,  DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201502329
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    Jo, M.; Min, K.; Roy, B.; Kim, S.; Lee, S.; Park, J.-Y.; Kim, S. Protein-Based Electronic Skin Akin to Biological Tissues. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 5637– 5645,  DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01435
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    Protein-Based Electronic Skin Akin to Biological Tissues
    Jo, Minsik; Min, Kyungtaek; Roy, Biswajit; Kim, Sookyoung; Lee, Sangmin; Park, Ji-Yong; Kim, Sunghwan
    ACS Nano (2018), 12 (6), 5637-5645CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)
    Human skin provides an interface that transduces external stimuli into elec. signals for communication with the brain. There has been considerable effort to produce soft, flexible, and stretchable electronic skin (E-skin) devices. However, common polymers cannot imitate human skin perfectly due to their poor biocompatibility, biofunctionality, and permeability to many chems. and biomols. Herein, the authors report on highly flexible, stretchable, conformal, mol.-permeable, and skin-adhering E-skins that combine a metallic nanowire (NW) network and silk protein hydrogel. The silk protein hydrogels offer high stretchability and stability under hydration through the addn. of Ca2+ ions and glycerol. The NW electrodes exhibit stable operation when subjected to large deformations and hydration. Meanwhile, the hydrogel window provides water and biomols. to the electrodes (communication between the environment and the electrode). These favorable characteristics allow the E-skin to be capable of sensing strain, electrochem., and electrophysiol. signals.
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    Chang, T.-H.; Peng, Y.-W.; Chen, C.-H.; Chang, T.-W.; Wu, J.-M.; Hwang, J.-C.; Gan, J.-Y.; Lin, Z.-H. Protein-Based Contact Electrification and Its Uses for Mechanical Energy Harvesting and Humidity Detecting. Nano Energy 2016, 21, 238– 246,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.01.017
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    Protein-based contact electrification and its uses for mechanical energy harvesting and humidity detecting
    Chang, Ting-Hao; Peng, Yin-Wei; Chen, Chuan-Hua; Chang, Ting-Wei; Wu, Jyh-Ming; Hwang, Jenn-Chang; Gan, Jon-Yiew; Lin, Zong-Hong
    Nano Energy (2016), 21 (), 238-246CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    In recent years, the use of triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) has become an effective technique to harvest mech. energy based on contact electrification and the electrostatic effect. However, the elec. output of TENGs decreases in environments with high relative humidity (RH), which restricts their application. The reason for this phenomenon is that charge transfer in most TENGs occurs through an electron pathway. By using gelatin/glycerol and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as triboelec. layers to construct a biocompatible TENG, we found that the elec. output of the TENG can be maintained or is even enhanced at higher RH. The hydration of amino groups in gelatin resulted in addnl. charges (mobile ions) on the triboelec. layers during the contact electrification process, consequently increasing the elec. output of the TENG. The elec. output generated from the TENG increased 2-fold when the RH was increased from 20% to 60%. By using genipin to react with the amino groups in gelatin, the formation of mobile ions was blocked and the measured charge d. on the triboelec. layers decreased as the RH gradually increased. We also demonstrated that the change of elec. output generated from the TENG could be applied as a tool to detect RH, exhibiting the superior stability and durability of the TENG. This study also leads to a fundamental understanding of the mechanism of contact electrification when using protein as the triboelec. layer.
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    Sun, Q.; Qian, B.; Uto, K.; Chen, J.; Liu, X.; Minari, T. Functional Biomaterials Towards Flexible Electronics and Sensors. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2018, 119, 237– 251,  DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.08.018
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    Functional biomaterials towards flexible electronics and sensors
    Sun, Qingqing; Qian, Binbin; Uto, Koichiro; Chen, Jinzhou; Liu, Xuying; Minari, Takeo
    Biosensors & Bioelectronics (2018), 119 (), 237-251CODEN: BBIOE4; ISSN:0956-5663. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Biomaterials have gained increasing attention in the fabrication of a variety of flexible electronics due to their tunable soly., robust mech. property, multi-active binding sites, and excellent biocompatible and biodegradable characterization as well. Here, we review the recent progress of bio-based materials in flexible sensors, mainly describe nature biomaterials (silk fibroin, cellulose and chitin) and chem.-synthesized biomaterials as well as their applications in health monitors, biosensor, human-machine interactions (HMIs) and more, and highlight the current opportunities and challenges that lay ahead in mounting nos. of academia and industry. Furthermore, we expect this review could contribute to unveiling the potentials of developing outstanding and eco-friendly sensors with biomaterials by utilization of printing techniques.
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    Reddy, M. S. B.; Ponnamma, D.; Choudhary, R.; Sadasivuni, K. K. A Comparative Review of Natural and Synthetic Biopolymer Composite Scaffolds. Polymers 2021, 13, 1105,  DOI: 10.3390/polym13071105
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    A comparative review of natural and synthetic biopolymer composite scaffolds
    Reddy, M. Sai Bhargava; Ponnamma, Deepalekshmi; Choudhary, Rajan; Sadasivuni, Kishor Kumar
    Polymers (Basel, Switzerland) (2021), 13 (7), 1105CODEN: POLYCK; ISSN:2073-4360. (MDPI AG)
    A review. Tissue engineering (TE) and regenerative medicine integrate information and technol. from various fields to restore/replace tissues and damaged organs for medical treatments. To achieve this, scaffolds act as delivery vectors or as cellular systems for drugs and cells; thereby, cellular material is able to colonize host cells sufficiently to meet up the requirements of regeneration and repair. This process is multi-stage and requires the development of various components to create the desired neo-tissue or organ. In several current TE strategies, biomaterials are essential components. While several polymers are established for their use as biomaterials, careful consideration of the cellular environment and interactions needed is required in selecting a polymer for a given application. Depending on this, scaffold materials can be of natural or synthetic origin, degradable or nondegradable. In this review, an overview of various natural and synthetic polymers and their possible composite scaffolds with their physicochem. properties including biocompatibility, biodegradability, morphol., mech. strength, pore size, and porosity are discussed. The scaffolds fabrication techniques and a few com. available biopolymers are also tabulated.
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    Hedberg, Y. S. Role of Proteins in the Degradation of Relatively Inert Alloys in the Human Body. NPJ. Mater. Degrad. 2018, 2, 26,  DOI: 10.1038/s41529-018-0049-y
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    Jiang, J.; Zhang, S.; Qian, Z.; Qin, N.; Song, W.; Sun, L.; Zhou, Z.; Shi, Z.; Chen, L.; Li, X. Protein Bricks: 2D and 3D Bio-Nanostructures with Shape and Function on Demand. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1705919,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705919
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    Diouf-Lewis, A.; Commereuc, S.; Verney, V. Toward Greener Polyolefins: Antioxidant Effect of Phytic Acid from Cereal Waste. Eur. Polym. J. 2017, 96, 190– 199,  DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.09.014
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    Toward greener polyolefins: Antioxidant effect of phytic acid from cereal waste
    Diouf-Lewis, Audrey; Commereuc, Sophie; Verney, Vincent
    European Polymer Journal (2017), 96 (), 190-199CODEN: EUPJAG; ISSN:0014-3057. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Phytic acid is a major byproduct of the cereal industry. The present work reports the use for the first time of phytic acid as a natural antioxidant in polyolefins. Our purpose is to respond to the key concern of replacing petroleum-based polymer stabilizers with bio-based stabilizers, paying attention to the use of biomass. Advances in bio-based thermo-stabilizers are intensifying, such as proposing original compds. from plants; however, the development of photo-stabilizers has not evolved since the 1970s. In this study, the antioxidant efficiency of phytic acid is measured against thermo- and photo-oxidn. conditions in polyolefins. Its activity is compared to natural α-tocopherol, and to synthetic Irganox 1010. Variations in the mol. structure of polypropylene PP-phytic acid films, artificially exposed to oxidn. at 80 °C, are monitored by rheol. The efficiency of phytic acid as a photo-stabilizer is assessed using accelerated artificial light conditions. The results are promising, phytic acid showing spectacular natural antioxidant potential.
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    Kumar, M.; Sundaram, S.; Gnansounou, E.; Larroche, C.; Thakur, I. S. Carbon Dioxide Capture, Storage and Production of Biofuel and Biomaterials by Bacteria: A Review. Bioresour. Technol. 2018, 247, 1059– 1068,  DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.050
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    Carbon dioxide capture, storage and production of biofuel and biomaterials by bacteria: A review
    Kumar, Manish; Sundaram, Smita; Gnansounou, Edgard; Larroche, Christian; Thakur, Indu Shekhar
    Bioresource Technology (2018), 247 (), 1059-1068CODEN: BIRTEB; ISSN:0960-8524. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    A review. Due to industrialization and urbanization, as humans continue to rely on fossil fuels, carbon dioxide (CO2) will inevitably be generated and result in an increase of Global Warming Gases (GWGs). However, their prospect is misted up because of the environmental and economic intimidation posed by probable climate shift, generally called it as the "green house effect". Among all GWGs, the major contributor in greenhouse effect is CO2. Mitigation strategies that include capture and storage of CO2 by biol. means may reduce the impact of CO2 emissions on environment. The biol. CO2 sequestration has significant advantage, since increasing atm. CO2 level supports productivity and overall storage capacity of the natural system. This paper reviews CO2 sequestration mechanism in bacteria and their pathways for prodn. of value added products such as, biodiesel, bioplastics, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), biosurfactants and other related biomaterials.
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    Li, W.; Liu, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Li, C. a.; He, Z.; Choy, W. C.; Low, P. J.; Sonar, P.; Kyaw, A. K. K. Biodegradable Materials and Green Processing for Green Electronics. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 2001591,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001591
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    Biodegradable Materials and Green Processing for Green Electronics
    Li, Wenhui; Liu, Qian; Zhang, Yuniu; Li, Chang'an; He, Zhenfei; Choy, Wallace C. H.; Low, Paul J.; Sonar, Prashant; Kyaw, Aung Ko Ko
    Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2020), 32 (33), 2001591CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    A review. There is little question that the ''electronic revolution'' of the 20th century has impacted almost every aspect of human life. However, the emergence of solid-state electronics as a ubiquitous feature of an advanced modern society is posing new challenges such as the management of electronic waste (e-waste) that will remain through the 21st century. In addn. to developing strategies to manage such e-waste, further challenges can be identified concerning the conservation and recycling of scarce elements, reducing the use of toxic materials and solvents in electronics processing, and lowering energy usage during fabrication methods. In response to these issues, the construction of electronic devices from renewable or biodegradable materials that decomp. to harmless byproducts is becoming a topic of great interest. Such ''green'' electronic devices need to be fabricated on industrial scale through low-energy and low-cost methods that involve low/non-toxic functional materials or solvents. This review highlights recent advances in the development of biodegradable materials and processing strategies for electronics with an emphasis on areas where green electronic devices show the greatest promise, including solar cells, org. field-effect transistors, light-emitting diodes, and other electronic devices.
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    Steinbüchel, A. Perspectives for Biotechnological Production and Utilization of Biopolymers: Metabolic Engineering of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Biosynthesis Pathways as a Successful Example. Macromol. Biosci. 2001, 1, 1– 24,  DOI: 10.1002/1616-5195(200101)1:1<1::AID-MABI1>3.0.CO;2-B
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    Perspectives for biotechnological production and utilization of biopolymers: Metabolic engineering of polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis pathways as a successful example
    Steinbuchel, Alexander
    Macromolecular Bioscience (2001), 1 (1), 1-24CODEN: MBAIBU; ISSN:1616-5187. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH)
    A review with 185 refs.
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    Rehm, B. H. Bacterial Polymers: Biosynthesis, Modifications and Applications. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2010, 8, 578– 592,  DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2354
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    Bacterial polymers: biosynthesis, modifications and applications
    Rehm, Bernd H. A.
    Nature Reviews Microbiology (2010), 8 (8), 578-592CODEN: NRMACK; ISSN:1740-1526. (Nature Publishing Group)
    A review. Bacteria can synthesize a wide range of biopolymers that serve diverse biol. functions and have material properties suitable for numerous industrial and medical applications. A better understanding of the fundamental processes involved in polymer biosynthesis and the regulation of these processes has created the foundation for metabolic- and protein-engineering approaches to improve economic-prodn. efficiency and to produce tailor-made polymers with highly applicable material properties. Here, I summarize the key aspects of bacterial biopolymer prodn. and highlight how a better understanding of polymer biosynthesis and material properties can lead to increased use of bacterial biopolymers as valuable renewable products.
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    Choi, S. Y.; Cho, I. J.; Lee, Y.; Kim, Y. J.; Kim, K. J.; Lee, S. Y. Microbial Polyhydroxyalkanoates and Nonnatural Polyesters. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1907138,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907138
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    Microbial Polyhydroxyalkanoates and Nonnatural Polyesters
    Choi, So Young; Cho, In Jin; Lee, Youngjoon; Kim, Yeo-Jin; Kim, Kyung-Jin; Lee, Sang Yup
    Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2020), 32 (35), 1907138CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    A review. Microorganisms produce diverse polymers for various purposes such as storing genetic information, energy, and reducing power, and serving as structural materials and scaffolds. Among these polymers, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are microbial polyesters synthesized and accumulated intracellularly as a storage material of carbon, energy, and reducing power under unfavorable growth conditions in the presence of excess carbon source. PHAs have attracted considerable attention for their wide range of applications in industrial and medical fields. Since the first discovery of PHA accumulating bacteria about 100 years ago, remarkable advances have been made in the understanding of PHA biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of microorganisms toward developing efficient PHA producers. Recently, nonnatural polyesters have also been synthesized by metabolically engineered microorganisms, which opened a new avenue toward sustainable prodn. of more diverse plastics. Herein, the current state of PHAs and nonnatural polyesters is reviewed, covering mechanisms of microbial polyester biosynthesis, metabolic pathways, and enzymes involved in biosynthesis of short-chain-length PHAs, medium-chain-length PHAs, and nonnatural polyesters, esp. 2-hydroxyacid-contg. polyesters, metabolic engineering strategies to produce novel polymers and enhance prodn. capabilities and fermn., and downstream processing strategies for cost-effective prodn. of these microbial polyesters. In addn., the applications of PHAs and prospects are discussed.
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    Hazer, B.; Steinbüchel, A. Increased Diversification of Polyhydroxyalkanoates by Modification Reactions for Industrial and Medical Applications. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2007, 74, 1– 12,  DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0732-8
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    Increased diversification of polyhydroxyalkanoates by modification reactions for industrial and medical applications
    Hazer, Baki; Steinbuechel, Alexander
    Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (2007), 74 (1), 1-12CODEN: AMBIDG; ISSN:0175-7598. (Springer)
    A review. A wide range of diverse polyhydroxyalkanoates, PHAs, is currently available due to the low substrate specificity of PHA synthases and subsequent modifications by chem. reactions. These polymers are promising materials for a no. of different applications due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. This review summarizes the large variability of PHAs regarding chem. structure and material properties that can be currently produced. In the first part, in vivo and in vitro biosynthesis processes for prodn. of a large variety of different PHAs will be summarized with regard to obtaining satd. and unsatd. copolyesters and side chain functionalized polyesters, including brominated, hydroxylated, methyl-branched polyesters, and Ph derivs. of polyesters. In the second part, established chem. modifications of PHAs will be summarized as that by means of grafting reactions and graft/block copolymns., as well as by chlorination, crosslinking, epoxidn., hydroxylation, and carboxylation, reactions yield further functionalized PHAs.
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    Chen, G.-Q. A Microbial Polyhydroxyalkanoates (Pha) Based Bio-and Materials Industry. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38, 2434– 2446,  DOI: 10.1039/b812677c
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    A microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) based bio- and materials industry
    Chen, Guo-Qiang
    Chemical Society Reviews (2009), 38 (8), 2434-2446CODEN: CSRVBR; ISSN:0306-0012. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
    A review. Biopolyesters polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) produced by many bacteria have been investigated by microbiologists, mol. biologists, biochemists, chem. engineers, chemists, polymer experts and medical researchers. PHA applications as bioplastics, fine chems., implant biomaterials, medicines, and biofuels have been developed and are covered in this crit. review. Companies have been established or involved in PHA related R&D as well as large scale prodn. Recently, bacterial PHA synthesis has been found to be useful for improving robustness of industrial microorganisms and regulating bacterial metab., leading to yield improvement on some fermn. products. In addn., amphiphilic proteins related to PHA synthesis including PhaP, PhaZ or PhaC have been found to be useful for achieving protein purifn. and even specific drug targeting. It has become clear that PHA and its related technologies are forming an industrial value chain ranging from fermn., materials, energy to medical fields.
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    Handbook of Ecomaterials; Martínez, L. M. T., Kharissova, O. V., Kharisov, B. I., Eds.; Springer, 2019.
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    Ryu, H.; Lee, J. H.; Kim, T. Y.; Khan, U.; Lee, J. H.; Kwak, S. S.; Yoon, H. J.; Kim, S. W. High-Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Solid Polymer Electrolytes with Asymmetric Pairing of Ions. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7, 1700289,  DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201700289
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    Shi, L.; Dong, S.; Xu, H.; Huang, S.; Ye, Q.; Liu, S.; Wu, T.; Chen, J.; Zhang, S.; Li, S. Enhanced Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Solid Polymer Electrolytes with Different Concentrations of Cations. Nano Energy 2019, 64, 103960,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.103960
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    Enhanced performance triboelectric nanogenerators based on solid polymer electrolytes with different concentrations of cations
    Shi, Lin; Dong, Shurong; Xu, Hongsheng; Huang, Shuyi; Ye, Qikai; Liu, Shuting; Wu, Ting; Chen, Jinkai; Zhang, Shaomin; Li, Shijian; Wang, Xiaozhi; Jin, Hao; Kim, Jong Min; Luo, Jikui
    Nano Energy (2019), 64 (), 103960CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs), as a promising energy harvesting technol., have attracted considerable attention and various approaches have been developed to improve their output performance. An innovative strategy was proposed recently by using solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) with asym. pairing ions as the friction layer, showing excellent potential to achieve high-performance TENGs. However, it is far from clear what are the effects of SPE on TENG performance as only one electrolyte, CaCl2, was used for the investigation. Herein, PTFE/PVA-MClx TENGs based on SPEs with different types of electrolytes, including LiCl, ZnCl2, CaCl2, FeCl3, and AlCl3, were fabricated and their performances were investigated. All the devices demonstrated superior output performance than that of the control PTFE/PVA TENG. Specifically, the PTFE/PVA-LiCl TENG exhibited remarkably enhanced triboelec. performance with an output voltage of ∼1345 V, a short-circuit c.d. of ∼260 mA m-2 and a max. power d. of ∼83 W m-2, four times higher than that of the control PTFE/PVA TENG. Detailed investigations revealed that in combination with improved triboelec. property, the enhanced interaction of SPEs with opposite triboelec. layers further significantly boost the triboelec. outputs. This work presents a new method to increase the interaction between triboelec. layers to effectively improve the outputs of TENGs, and to facilitate the development of high performance TENGs.
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  227. 227
    Schauer, A.; Redlich, C.; Scheibler, J.; Poehle, G.; Barthel, P.; Maennel, A.; Adams, V.; Weissgaerber, T.; Linke, A.; Quadbeck, P. Biocompatibility and Degradation Behavior of Molybdenum in an in Vivo Rat Model. Materials 2021, 14, 7776,  DOI: 10.3390/ma14247776
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    Biocompatibility and Degradation Behavior of Molybdenum in an In Vivo Rat Model
    Schauer, Antje; Redlich, Christian; Scheibler, Jakob; Poehle, Georg; Barthel, Peggy; Maennel, Anita; Adams, Volker; Weissgaerber, Thomas; Linke, Axel; Quadbeck, Peter
    Materials (2021), 14 (24), 7776CODEN: MATEG9; ISSN:1996-1944. (MDPI AG)
    The biocompatibility and degrdn. behavior of pure molybdenum (Mo) as a bioresorbable metallic material (BMM) for implant applications were investigated. In vitro degrdn. of a com. available Mo wire (o250 μm) was examd. after immersion in modified Kokubo's SBF for 28 days at 37 °C and pH 7.4. For assessment of in vivo degrdn., the Mo wire was implanted into the abdominal aorta of female Wistar rats for 3, 6 and 12 mo. Microstructure and corrosion behavior were analyzed by means of SEM/EDX anal. After explantation, Mo levels in serum, urine, aortic vessel wall and organs were investigated via ICP-OES anal. Furthermore, histol. analyses of the liver, kidneys, spleen, brain and lungs were performed, as well as blood count and differentiation by FACS anal. Levels of the C-reactive protein were measured in blood plasma of all the animals. In vitro and in vivo degrdn. behavior was very similar, with formation of uniform, non-passivating and dissolving product layers without occurrence of a localized corrosion attack. The in vitro degrdn. rate was 101.6 μg/(cm2·d) which corresponds to 33.6 μm/y after 28 days. The in vivo degrdn. rates of 12, 33 and 36 μg/(cm2·d) were obsd. after 3, 6 and 12 mo for the samples properly implanted in the aortic vessel wall. This corresponds with a degrdn. rate of 13.5 μm/y for the 12-mo cohort. However, the magnitude of degrdn. strongly depended on the implant site, with the wires incorporated into the vessel wall showing the most severe degrdn. Degrdn. of the implanted Mo wire neither induced an increase in serum or urine Mo levels nor were elevated Mo levels found in the liver and kidneys compared with the resp. controls. Only in the direct vicinity of the implant in the aortic vessel wall, a significant amt. of Mo was found, which, however, was far below the amts. to be expected from degrading wires. No abnormalities were detected for all timepoints in histol. and blood analyses compared to the control group. The C-reactive protein levels were similar between all the groups, indicating no inflammation processes. These findings suggest that dissolved Mo from a degrading implant is physiol. transported and excreted. Furthermore, radiog. and μCT analyses revealed excellent radiopacity of Mo in tissues. These findings and the unique combination with its extraordinary mech. properties make Mo an interesting alternative for established BMMs.
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    Gaona, L. A.; Ribelles, J. G.; Perilla, J. E.; Lebourg, M. Hydrolytic Degradation of Plla/Pcl Microporous Membranes Prepared by Freeze Extraction. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2012, 97, 1621– 1632,  DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.06.031
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    Hydrolytic degradation of PLLA/PCL microporous membranes prepared by freeze extraction
    Gaona, Luis A.; Gomez Ribelles, J. L.; Perilla, Jairo E.; Lebourg, M.
    Polymer Degradation and Stability (2012), 97 (9), 1621-1632CODEN: PDSTDW; ISSN:0141-3910. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Poly(L-lactic acid)-Poly(ε-caprolactone) blends (PLLA/PCL) porous membranes were prepd. by freeze extn. (a modification of freeze drying) with ratios 100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 40/60, 20/80, 0/100 in wt. Degrdn. of the membranes in phosphate buffer soln. (PBS) up to 65 wk was studied using wt. loss measurements, high performance liq. chromatog. (HPLC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), mech. indentation, gel permeation chromatog. (GPC), and SEM. Degrdn. rate as obsd. by wt. loss and redn. of mol. wt. and mech. properties depended on the compn. of the blends. In most blends the degrdn. was more prominent in the PLLA phase and was accompanied by consequent recrystn. that formed a cryst. phase with increased resistance to hydrolysis. Occurrence of such cryst. phases and degrdn. of intercryst. domain led to formation of nearly monodisperse mol. wt. populations. Membranes with only 20% PCL presented favorable behavior compared to pure PLLA membranes as reflected in a lower degrdn. rate and a limited loss of the mech. properties. At the same time, degrdn. rate of 80/20 membranes was enhanced with respect to pure PCL, and membranes were stiffer than PCL membranes at all degrdn. times. This compn. could thus be useful for use in tissue engineering for bone or cartilage applications.
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    Dutta, S.; Hung, W.-C.; Huang, B.-H.; Lin, C.-C. Recent Developments in Metal-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactides and Glycolides: Preparation of Polylactides, Polyglycolide, and Poly (Lactide-Co-Glycolide). Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers 2011, 245, 219– 283,  DOI: 10.1007/12_2011_156
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    Wan, L.; Lu, L.; Zhu, T.; Liu, Z.; Du, R.; Luo, Q.; Xu, Q.; Zhang, Q.; Jia, X. Bulk Erosion Degradation Mechanism for Poly (1, 8-Octanediol-Co-Citrate) Elastomer: An in Vivo and in Vitro Investigation. Biomacromolecules 2022, 23, 4268– 4281,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00737
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    Bulk Erosion Degradation Mechanism for Poly(1,8-octanediol-co-citrate) Elastomer: An In Vivo and In Vitro Investigation
    Wan, Lu; Lu, Liangliang; Zhu, Tangsong; Liu, Zhichang; Du, Ruichun; Luo, Qiong; Xu, Qiang; Zhang, Qiuhong; Jia, Xudong
    Biomacromolecules (2022), 23 (10), 4268-4281CODEN: BOMAF6; ISSN:1525-7797. (American Chemical Society)
    As a biodegradable elastomer, poly(1,8-octanediol-co-citrate) (POC) has been widely applied in tissue engineering and implantable electronics. However, the unclear degrdn. mechanism has posed a great challenge for the better application and development of POC. To reveal the degrdn. mechanism, here, we present a systematic investigation into in vivo and in vitro degrdn. behaviors of POC. Initially, crit. factors, including chem. structures, hydrophilic and water-absorbency characteristics, and degrdn. reaction of POC, are investigated. Then, various degrdn.-induced changes during in vitro degrdn. of POC-x (POC with different crosslinking densities) are monitored and discussed. The results show that (1) crosslinking densities exponentially drop with degrdn. time. (2) Mass loss and PBS-absorption ratio grow nonlinearly. (3) The morphol. on the cross-section changes from flat to rough at a microscopic level. (4) The cubic samples keep swelling until they collapse into fragments from a macro view. (5) The mech. properties experience a sharp drop at the beginning of degrdn. Finally, the in vivo degrdn. behaviors of POC-x are investigated, and the results are similar to those in vitro. The comprehensive assessment suggests that the in vitro and in vivo degrdn. of POC occurs primarily through bulk erosion. Inflammation responses triggered by the degrdn. of POC-x are comparable to poly(lactic acid), or even less obvious. In addn., the mech. evaluation of POC in the simulated application environment is first proposed and conducted in this work for a more appropriate application. The degrdn. mechanism of POC revealed will greatly promote the further development and application of POC-based materials in the biomedical field.
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    Zhu, J. Bioactive Modification of Poly (Ethylene Glycol) Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering. Biomaterials 2010, 31, 4639– 4656,  DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.02.044
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    Bioactive modification of poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels for tissue engineering
    Zhu, Junmin
    Biomaterials (2010), 31 (17), 4639-4656CODEN: BIMADU; ISSN:0142-9612. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    In this review, the authors explore different approaches for introducing bioactivity into poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels. Hydrogels are excellent scaffolding materials for repairing and regenerating a variety of tissues because they can provide a highly swollen 3-dimensional (3D) environment similar to soft tissues. Synthetic hydrogels like PEG-based hydrogels have advantages over natural hydrogels, such as the ability for photopolymn., adjustable mech. properties, and easy control of scaffold architecture and chem. compns. However, PEG hydrogels alone cannot provide an ideal environment to support cell adhesion and tissue formation due to their bio-inert nature. The natural extracellular matrix (ECM) was an attractive model for the design and fabrication of bioactive scaffolds for tissue engineering. ECM-mimetic modification of PEG hydrogels has emerged as an important strategy to modulate specific cellular responses. To tether ECM-derived bioactive mols. (BMs) to PEG hydrogels, various strategies were developed for the incorporation of key ECM biofunctions, such as specific cell adhesion, proteolytic degrdn., and signal mol.-binding. A no. of cell types were immobilized on bioactive PEG hydrogels to provide fundamental knowledge of cell/scaffold interactions. This review addresses the recent progress in material designs and fabrication approaches leading to the development of bioactive hydrogels as tissue engineering scaffolds.
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    Geckil, H.; Xu, F.; Zhang, X.; Moon, S.; Demirci, U. Engineering Hydrogels as Extracellular Matrix Mimics. Nanomedicine 2010, 5, 469– 484,  DOI: 10.2217/nnm.10.12
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    Engineering hydrogels as extracellular matrix mimics
    Geckil, Hikmet; Xu, Feng; Zhang, Xiaohui; Moon, SangJun; Demirci, Utkan
    Nanomedicine (London, United Kingdom) (2010), 5 (3), 469-484CODEN: NLUKAC; ISSN:1743-5889. (Future Medicine Ltd.)
    A review. Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex cellular environment consisting of proteins, proteoglycans, and other sol. mols. ECM provides structural support to mammalian cells and a regulatory milieu with a variety of important cell functions, including assembling cells into various tissues and organs, regulating growth and cell-cell communication. Developing a tailored in vitro cell culture environment that mimics the intricate and organized nanoscale meshwork of native ECM is desirable. Recent studies have shown the potential of hydrogels to mimic native ECM. Such an engineered native-like ECM is more likely to provide cells with rational cues for diagnostic and therapeutic studies. The research for novel biomaterials has led to an extension of the scope and techniques used to fabricate biomimetic hydrogel scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. In this article, we detail the progress of the current state-of-the-art engineering methods to create cell-encapsulating hydrogel tissue constructs as well as their applications in in vitro models in biomedicine.
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    Zhang, M.; Zhao, M.; Jian, M.; Wang, C.; Yu, A.; Yin, Z.; Liang, X.; Wang, H.; Xia, K.; Liang, X. Printable Smart Pattern for Multifunctional Energy-Management E-Textile. Matter 2019, 1, 168– 179,  DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2019.02.003
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    González-Hernández, A.; Morales-Cepeda, A. B.; Caicedo, J. C.; Amaya, C.; Olive-Méndez, S. F. Structure, Functional Groups Analysis and Tribo-Mechanical Behavior of Carbide and Nitride Coatings Deposited on AISI 1060 Substrates by RF-Magnetron Sputtering. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2022, 18, 5432– 5443,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.04.075
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    Structure, functional groups analysis and tribo-mechanical behavior of carbide and nitride coatings deposited on AISI 1060 substrates by RF-magnetron sputtering
    Gonzalez-Hernandez, A.; Morales-Cepeda, Ana Beatriz; Caicedo, J. C.; Amaya, C.; Olive-Mendez, Sion F.
    Journal of Materials Research and Technology (2022), 18 (), 5432-5443CODEN: JMRTAL; ISSN:2238-7854. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Carbide- and nitride-based coatings offer excellent mech. and tribol. properties due to the combination of covalent and metallic chem. bonds. Ti-W-N and Ti-W-C single layers, and (Ti-W-N/Ti-W-C)n, with n = 1 and 40, multilayers were deposited by RF-. Magnetron sputtering on AISI 1060 and silicon substrates. The coatings were characterized using FTIR and Raman spectroscopies. The hardness and friction coeff. on the n = 40 multilayered system exhibited enhanced wear results compared to those of the single layers and bilayers. In all the heterostructures, the wear mechanism anal. presented coating debris, adhesive, and abrasive groove type on the track. All pinballs presented powder particles due to abrasive debris caused by the test between the mech. pair.
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    Lee, K. Y.; Mooney, D. J. Alginate: Properties and Biomedical Applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2012, 37, 106– 126,  DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.06.003
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    Alginate: Properties and biomedical applications
    Lee, Kuen Yong; Mooney, David J.
    Progress in Polymer Science (2012), 37 (1), 106-126CODEN: PRPSB8; ISSN:0079-6700. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    A review. Alginate is a biomaterial that has found numerous applications in biomedical science and engineering due to its favorable properties, including biocompatibility and ease of gelation. Alginate hydrogels were particularly attractive in wound healing, drug delivery, and tissue engineering applications to date, as these gels retain structural similarity to the extracellular matrixes in tissues and can be manipulated to play several crit. roles. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of general properties of alginate and its hydrogels, their biomedical applications, and suggest new perspectives for future studies with these polymers.
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    Li, Y.; Zhang, H.; Fan, M.; Zheng, P.; Zhuang, J.; Chen, L. A Robust Salt-Tolerant Superoleophobic Alginate/Graphene Oxide Aerogel for Efficient Oil/Water Separation in Marine Environments. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 46379,  DOI: 10.1038/srep46379
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    A robust salt-tolerant superoleophobic alginate/graphene oxide aerogel for efficient oil/water separation in marine environments
    Li, Yuqi; Zhang, Hui; Fan, Mizi; Zheng, Peitao; Zhuang, Jiandong; Chen, Lihui
    Scientific Reports (2017), 7 (), 46379CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Publishing Group)
    Marine pollution caused by frequent oil spill accidents has brought about tremendous damages to marine ecol. environment. Therefore, the facile large-scale prepn. of three-dimensional (3D) porous functional materials with special wettability is in urgent demand. In this study, we report a low-cost and salt-tolerant superoleophobic aerogel for efficient oil/seawater sepn. The aerogel is prepd. through incorporating graphene oxide (GO) into alginate (ALG) matrix by using a facile combined freeze-drying and ionic crosslinking method. The 3D structure interconnected by ALG and GO ensures the high mech. strength and good flexibility of the developed aerogel. The rough microstructure combined with the hydrophilicity of the aerogel ensures its excellent underwater superoleophobic and antifouling properties. High-content polysaccharides contained in the aerogel guarantees its excellent salt-tolerant property. More impressively, the developed aerogel can retain its underwater superoleophobicity even after 30 days of immersion in seawater, indicating its good stability in marine environments. Furthermore, the aerogel could sep. various oil/water mixts. with high sepn. efficiency (>99%) and good reusability (at least 40 cycles). The facile fabrication process combined with the excellent sepn. performance makes it promising for practical applications in marine environments.
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    Yang, J.-S.; Xie, Y.-J.; He, W. Research Progress on Chemical Modification of Alginate: A Review. Carbohydr. Polym. 2011, 84, 33– 39,  DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.11.048
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    Research progress on chemical modification of alginate: A review
    Yang, Ji-Sheng; Xie, Ying-Jian; He, Wen
    Carbohydrate Polymers (2011), 84 (1), 33-39CODEN: CAPOD8; ISSN:0144-8617. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    A review. This review summarizes results of the recent research on chem. modifications of sodium alginate and alginic acid. Alginate has an abundance of free hydroxyl and carboxyl groups distributed along the polymer chain backbone, and it, therefore, unlike neutral polysaccharides has two types of functional groups that can be modified to alter the characteristics in comparison to the parent compds. The characteristics and applications of some alginate derivs. are also summarized.
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    Pawar, S. N.; Edgar, K. J. Alginate Derivatization: A Review of Chemistry, Properties and Applications. Biomaterials 2012, 33, 3279– 3305,  DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.01.007
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    Alginate derivatization: A review of chemistry, properties and applications
    Pawar, Siddhesh N.; Edgar, Kevin J.
    Biomaterials (2012), 33 (11), 3279-3305CODEN: BIMADU; ISSN:0142-9612. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    A review. Alginates have become an extremely important family of polysaccharides because of their utility in prepg. hydrogels at mild pH and temp. conditions, suitable for sensitive biomols. like proteins and nucleic acids, and even for living cells such as islets of Langerhans. In addn., the complex monosaccharide sequences of alginates, and our growing ability to create controlled sequences by the action of isolated epimerases upon the alginate precursor poly(mannuronic acid), create remarkable opportunities for understanding the relationship of properties to sequence in natural alginates (control of monosaccharide sequence being perhaps the greatest synthetic challenge in polysaccharide chem.). There is however a trend in recent years to create "value-added" alginates, by performing derivatization reactions on the polysaccharide backbone. For example, chem. derivatization may enable alginates to achieve enhanced hydroxyapatite (HAP) nucleation and growth, heparin-like anticoagulation properties, improved cell-surface interactions, degradability, or tuning of the hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance for optimum drug release. The creation of synthetic derivs. therefore has the potential to empower the next generation of applications for alginates. Herein we review progress towards controlled synthesis of alginate derivs., and the properties and applications of these derivs.
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    Tan, W.-H.; Takeuchi, S. Monodisperse Alginate Hydrogel Microbeads for Cell Encapsulation. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 2696– 2701,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.200700433
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    Tan, Wei-Heong; Takeuchi, Shoji
    Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2007), 19 (18), 2696-2701CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    A method that combines internal gelation with T-junction droplet formation in microfluidic devices for the prodn. of monodisperse alginate hydrogel microbeads is described. The authors' approach gives high uniformity, and allows better control over both size and shape of the microbeads compared to conventional external gelation methods performed in microfluidic devices (see figure). Also, the authors demonstrate that the authors' approach is mild enough to encapsulate mammalian cells (Jurkat) without loss of their viability.
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  240. 240
    Meng, H.; Zhang, X.; Sun, S.; Tan, T.; Cao, H. Preparation of Γ-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane Cross-Linked Poly(Aspartic Acid) Superabsorbent Hydrogels without Organic Solvent. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2016, 27, 133– 143,  DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2015.1112497
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    240
    Preparation of γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane cross-linked poly(aspartic acid) superabsorbent hydrogels without organic solvent
    Meng, Hongyu; Zhang, Xin; Sun, Shenyu; Tan, Tianwei; Cao, Hui
    Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition (2016), 27 (2), 133-143CODEN: JBSEEA; ISSN:0920-5063. (Taylor & Francis Ltd.)
    Poly(aspartic acid) (PASP) hydrogel is a type of biodegradable and biocompatible polymer with high water absorbing ability. Traditionally, the prodn. of PASP hydrogel is expensive, complex, environmentally unfriendly, and consumes a large amt. of org. solvents, e.g. DMF or dimethylsulfoxide. This study introduces a one-step synthesis of PASP resin, in which the org. phase was replaced by distd. water and γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane was used as the cross-linker. Absorbent ability and characteristics were detd. by swelling ratio, FTIR, 13C SSNMR, and SEM. In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation and animal skin irritation tests showed the hydrogel has body-friendly properties. Prepg. PASP hydrogel in aq. soln. is promising and finds its use in many applications.
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  241. 241
    Yang, F.; Zhao, J.; Koshut, W. J.; Watt, J.; Riboh, J. C.; Gall, K.; Wiley, B. J. A Synthetic Hydrogel Composite with the Mechanical Behavior and Durability of Cartilage. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2003451,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202003451
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    241
    A Synthetic Hydrogel Composite with the Mechanical Behavior and Durability of Cartilage
    Yang, Feichen; Zhao, Jiacheng; Koshut, William J.; Watt, John; Riboh, Jonathan C.; Gall, Ken; Wiley, Benjamin J.
    Advanced Functional Materials (2020), 30 (36), 2003451CODEN: AFMDC6; ISSN:1616-301X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    This article reports the first hydrogel with the strength and modulus of cartilage in both tension and compression, and the first to exhibit cartilage-equiv. tensile fatigue strength at 100 000 cycles. These properties are achieved by infiltrating a bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofiber network with a poly(vinyl alc.) (PVA)-poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid sodium salt) (PAMPS) double network hydrogel. The BC provides tensile strength in a manner analogous to collagen in cartilage, while the PAMPS provides a fixed neg. charge and osmotic restoring force similar to the role of aggrecan in cartilage. The hydrogel has the same aggregate modulus and permeability as cartilage, resulting in the same time-dependent deformation under confined compression. The hydrogel is not cytotoxic, has a coeff. of friction 45% lower than cartilage, and is 4.4 times more wear-resistant than a PVA hydrogel. The properties of this hydrogel make it an excellent candidate material for replacement of damaged cartilage.
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  242. 242
    Huang, T.; Lu, M.; Yu, H.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, H.; Zhu, M. Enhanced Power Output of a Triboelectric Nanogenerator Composed of Electrospun Nanofiber Mats Doped with Graphene Oxide. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 13942,  DOI: 10.1038/srep13942
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    242
    Enhanced Power Output of a Triboelectric Nanogenerator Composed of Electrospun Nanofiber Mats Doped with Graphene Oxide
    Huang, Tao; Lu, Mingxia; Yu, Hao; Zhang, Qinghong; Wang, Hongzhi; Zhu, Meifang
    Scientific Reports (2015), 5 (), 13942CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Publishing Group)
    We developed a book-shaped triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) that consists of electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) nanofibers to effectively harvest mech. energy. The dispersed graphene oxide in the PVDF nanofibers acts as charge trapping sites, which increased the interface for charge storage as well as the output performance of the TENG. The book-shaped TENG was used as a direct power source to drive small electronics such as LED bulbs. This study proved that it is possible to improve the performance of TENGs using composite materials.
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  243. 243
    Pu, X.; Zha, J.-W.; Zhao, C.-L.; Gong, S.-B.; Gao, J.-F.; Li, R. K. Flexible PVDF/Nylon-11 Electrospun Fibrous Membranes with Aligned ZnO Nanowires as Potential Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 398, 125526,  DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.125526
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    243
    Flexible PVDF/nylon-11 electrospun fibrous membranes with aligned ZnO nanowires as potential triboelectric nanogenerators
    Pu, Xue; Zha, Jun-Wei; Zhao, Chun-Lin; Gong, Shao-Bo; Gao, Jie-Feng; Li, Robert K. Y.
    Chemical Engineering Journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2020), 398 (), 125526CODEN: CMEJAJ; ISSN:1385-8947. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) is a novel energy harvester technol. which attracted a great deal of attention in the area of self-powering electronic devices due to its high output power d. In this investigation, zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO NWs) were incorporated into the electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and nylon 11 nanofibers to construct new TENGs based on PVDF-ZnO NWs/nylon-ZnO NWs. This study showed that ZnO NWs were aligned along the fiber axis during electrospinning. The cooperative and mutual alignment of polymer chains with ZnO NWs were also achieved in the fibers because of electrospinning, which promoted formation of the highly polar cryst. β-phase of PVDF and δ'-phase of nylon. The max. power d. of ZnO NWs incorporated PVDF/nylon 11 triboelec. nanogenerator reached as high as 3.0 W/m2 under an external load of 10-20 MΩ. The fabricated TENG with improved output performance can be directly used to lightening of more than 100 LEDs. Incorporation of ZnO NWs also improved both thermal stability and mech. properties, such as tensile strength and elastic modulus of PVDF and nylon 11 fibrous membranes. This work disclosed a potent and sustainable power source for portable electronic devices.
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  244. 244
    Zhang, X.; Baughman, C. B.; Kaplan, D. L. In Vitro Evaluation of Electrospun Silk Fibroin Scaffolds for Vascular Cell Growth. Biomaterials 2008, 29, 2217– 2227,  DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.01.022
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    244
    In vitro evaluation of electrospun silk fibroin scaffolds for vascular cell growth
    Zhang, Xiaohui; Baughman, Cassandra B.; Kaplan, David L.
    Biomaterials (2008), 29 (14), 2217-2227CODEN: BIMADU; ISSN:0142-9612. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Human aortic endothelial (HAEC) and human coronary artery smooth muscle cell (HCASMC) responses on electrospun silk fibroin scaffolds were studied to evaluate potential for vascular tissue engineering. Cell proliferation studies supported the utility of this biomaterial matrix by both HAECs and HCASMCs. Alignment and elongation of HCASMCs on random non-woven nanofibrous silk scaffolds was obsd. within 5 days after seeding based on SEM and confocal microscopy. Short cord-like structures formed from HAECs on the scaffolds by day 4, and a complex interconnecting network of capillary tubes with identifiable lumens was demonstrated by day 7. The preservation of cell phenotype on the silk fibroin scaffolds was confirmed by the presence of cell-specific markers, including CD146, VE-cadherin, PECAM-1 and vWF for HAECs, and SM-MHC2 and SM-actin for HCASMCs at both protein and transcription levels using immunocytochem. and real-time RT-PCR, resp. Formation of ECM was also demonstrated for the HCASMCs, based on the quantification of collagen type I expression at protein and transcription levels. The results indicate a favorable interaction between vascular cells and electrospun silk fibroin scaffolds. When these results are factored into the useful mech. properties and slow degradability of this protein biomaterial matrix, potential utility in tissue-engineered blood vessels can be envisioned.
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  245. 245
    Chao, S.; Ouyang, H.; Jiang, D.; Fan, Y.; Li, Z. Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Degradable Materials. EcoMat 2021, 3, e12072  DOI: 10.1002/eom2.12072
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    245
    Triboelectric nanogenerator based on degradable materials
    Chao, Shengyu; Ouyang, Han; Jiang, Dongjie; Fan, Yubo; Li, Zhou
    EcoMat (2021), 3 (1), e12072CODEN: ECOMCW; ISSN:2567-3173. (John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)
    A review. Green and eco-friendly energy technol. are crucial to reduce environmental pollution caused by fossil fuels. Triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG), as an emergency green energy technol., which can get the energy from the surrounding environment and organism. The development of TENG based on degradable materials strongly promote the next-generation green energy technologies that will effectively avoid pollution and hazards caused by metal and hardly degradable plastic materials. In this review, we summarize the TENG based on degradable materials and its applications. The typical degradable materials for TENG are animal-based degradable material, plant-based degradable material, and artificial degradable material. We provide perspectives on the challenges and potential solns. assocd. with the next-generation degradable TENG. Beyond the material issue, we highlight the full biodegradable devices that show the healthcare function in vivo.
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  246. 246
    Sarkar, P. K.; Kamilya, T.; Acharya, S. Introduction of Triboelectric Positive Bioplastic for Powering Portable Electronics and Self-Powered Gait Sensor. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2019, 2, 5507– 5514,  DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.9b00677
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    246
    Introduction of triboelectric positive bioplastic for powering portable electronics and self-powered gait sensor
    Sarkar, Piyush Kanti; Kamilya, Tapas; Acharya, Somobrata
    ACS Applied Energy Materials (2019), 2 (8), 5507-5514CODEN: AAEMCQ; ISSN:2574-0962. (American Chemical Society)
    Triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) are in the center of alternative energy scavenger technologies because of numerous possible applications in remote energy harvesting and self-powered sensing. Although there exists a large no. of triboelec. neg. polymers, the choice of triboelec. pos. polymers is indeed limited. Here we report for the first time the use of thermoplastic starch (TPS) as a triboelec. pos. material for designing TENGs. Our bioplastic-based highly durable TENG (b-TENG) can generate open-circuit peak-to-peak output voltage of ∼560 V with output c.d. of ∼120 mA m-2 and instantaneous output power d. of 17 W m-2. We demonstrate b-TENG as a portable power source by powering more than 100 com. blue LEDs, LED strips, and seven segment LCD screens. Addnl., the b-TENG can be used as a self-powered pedometer for step counter, a speedometer for human walking and running, and a human gait anal. sensor to assess phys. activity breeding its futuristic biomedical applications for healthcare purposes. The introduction of eco-friendly bioplastic TPS as a triboelec. pos. component has great potential for biomedical applications because of the abundance, biodegradability, low cost, and ease in fabrication process.
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  247. 247
    Roy, S.; Ko, H.-U; Maji, P. K.; Van Hai, L.; Kim, J. Large Amplification of Triboelectric Property by Allicin to Develop High Performance Cellulosic Triboelectric Nanogenerator. Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 385, 123723,  DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.123723
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    247
    Large amplification of triboelectric property by allicin to develop high performance cellulosic triboelectric nanogenerator
    Roy, Sunanda; Ko, Hyun-U.; Maji, Pradip K.; Le, Van Hai; Kim, Jaehwan
    Chemical Engineering Journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2020), 385 (), 123723CODEN: CMEJAJ; ISSN:1385-8947. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Recently, cellulose has grabbed a tremendous attention in the fabrication of triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) because of their biodegradability and renewability. However, the weak surface polarity and inadequate surface functional groups severely limit its advancement towards high performance TENGs. This study unveils for the first time the majestic power of allicin extd. from garlic juice, in amplifying the triboelec. property of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), aiming to develop a renewable high-performance cellulosic triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs). Allicin was grafted onto CNF using a 'thiol-ene' click chem. It has been obsd. that after allicin modification, the CNF film became mech. and thermally robust. The peak output voltage and current reached to 7.9 V and 5.13μA, when modified film was used in a TENG, which was ∼6.5 times greater than the pristine cellulose based TENG (1.23 V, 0.80μA). Because of higher surface polarity, electron donating capacity and surface roughness of the modified film, the c.d. and power d. increased from 0.2 to 1.28μA/cm2 and 0.25 to 10.13μW/cm2 i.e 6 and 41 times greater resp., than the pristine cellulose TENG. Such large elec. enhancements surpassed many recent reports on cellulose TENG. Furthermore, the allicin grafted TENG showed outstanding stability against humidity, long term cyclic load and environmental aging. These findings clearly demonstrated that tailoring the triboelec. performance by garlic juice could be a major breakthrough in the hunt for durable, high performance self-powered biodegradable TENGs.
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  248. 248
    Luo, J.; Wang, Z.; Xu, L.; Wang, A. C.; Han, K.; Jiang, T.; Lai, Q.; Bai, Y.; Tang, W.; Fan, F. R. Flexible and Durable Wood-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Self-Powered Sensing in Athletic Big Data Analytics. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 5147,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13166-6
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    248
    Flexible and durable wood-based triboelectric nanogenerators for self-powered sensing in athletic big data analytics
    Luo Jianjun; Wang Ziming; Xu Liang; Han Kai; Jiang Tao; Lai Qingsong; Bai Yu; Tang Wei; Wang Zhong Lin; Luo Jianjun; Wang Ziming; Xu Liang; Han Kai; Jiang Tao; Lai Qingsong; Bai Yu; Tang Wei; Wang Zhong Lin; Wang Aurelia Chi; Wang Zhong Lin; Fan Feng Ru
    Nature communications (2019), 10 (1), 5147 ISSN:.
    In the new era of internet of things, big data collection and analysis based on widely distributed intelligent sensing technology is particularly important. Here, we report a flexible and durable wood-based triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered sensing in athletic big data analytics. Based on a simple and effective strategy, natural wood can be converted into a high-performance triboelectric material with excellent mechanical properties, such as 7.5-fold enhancement in strength, superior flexibility, wear resistance and processability. The electrical output performance is also enhanced by more than 70% compared with natural wood. A self-powered falling point distribution statistical system and an edge ball judgement system are further developed to provide training guidance and real-time competition assistance for both athletes and referees. This work can not only expand the application area of the self-powered system to smart sport monitoring and assisting, but also promote the development of big data analytics in intelligent sports industry.
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  249. 249
    Feng, Y.; Zhang, L.; Zheng, Y.; Wang, D.; Zhou, F.; Liu, W. Leaves Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG) and TENG Tree for Wind Energy Harvesting. Nano Energy 2019, 55, 260– 268,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.10.075
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    249
    Leaves based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and TENG tree for wind energy harvesting
    Feng, Yange; Zhang, Liqiang; Zheng, Youbin; Wang, Daoai; Zhou, Feng; Liu, Weimin
    Nano Energy (2019), 55 (), 260-268CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Triboelec. nanogenerators based on biodegradable plant leaf and leaf powder is fabricated through a simple and cost effective method. The short-circuit current (Isc) and output voltage (Vo) of fresh leaf can reach 15 μA and 430 V. Dry leaf is grinded into powder to make solve problem of frangibility when contact and make full use of the leaf. Poly-L-Lysine is used to modify leaf powder and enhance the output performance of leaf powder based TENG. After surface modification, the Isc and Vo can reach high as 60 μA and 1000 V, resp., which can easily power a com. elec. watch and 868 LEDs. To extend the drive mode, wind driven TENG (WTENG) based on PLL modified leaf powder is designed for harvesting wind energy and the max. Isc can reach 150 μA under 7 m/s wind speed. The WTENG is designed to power an "EXIT" LED light for exit passageway in windy weather. Furthermore, TENG tree is designed basing on the live leaves and artificial leaves, which have promising potential use in the remote regions, such as in the mountains or islands, for early warning and indicator light.
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  250. 250
    Feng, Y.; Zheng, Y.; Rahman, Z. U.; Wang, D.; Zhou, F.; Liu, W. Paper-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators and Their Application in Self-Powered Anticorrosion and Antifouling. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 18022– 18030,  DOI: 10.1039/C6TA07288G
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    250
    Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their application in self-powered anticorrosion and antifouling
    Feng, Yange; Zheng, Youbin; Rahman, Zia Ur; Wang, Daoai; Zhou, Feng; Liu, Weimin
    Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability (2016), 4 (46), 18022-18030CODEN: JMCAET; ISSN:2050-7496. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
    As a smart and new energy harvesting device, triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) are able to convert almost all mech. energies into electricity. However, the complex prepn. process requires coating with a conductive layer, which limits their practical applications. Herein, a new type of triboelec. nanogenerator is fabricated using gum wrappers coated with aluminum foil as the conduction layer. To further enhance the output of the paper-based TENG, polydopamine mols. are introduced to improve the surface polarity of the friction layer by a simple self-polymn. reaction at room temp. After chem. modification, the short-circuit current and output voltage are enhanced by more than 3.5 times with max. values of 30 μA and 1000 V, resp. The charge d. increases from 21 μC m-2 to 76 μC m-2, which can light up 496 com. LEDs. Based on the above TENGs, a self-powered cathodic protection anticorrosion system is designed to protect A3 steel from corrosion in 3.5% NaCl soln. Furthermore, the TENG powered cathodic protection system also has good antifouling properties, which can prevent algae from attaching onto metallic substrates. This work demonstrates a recyclable, cost-effective paper-based TENG, which has great potential for practical use in marine anticorrosion and antifouling.
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  251. 251
    Zheng, Z.; Yu, D.; Wang, B.; Guo, Y. Ultrahigh Sensitive, Eco-Friendly, Transparent Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Monitoring Human Motion and Vehicle Movement. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 446, 137393,  DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.137393
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    251
    Ultrahigh sensitive, eco-friendly, transparent triboelectric nanogenerator for monitoring human motion and vehicle movement
    Zheng, Zhipeng; Yu, Di; Wang, Binquan; Guo, Yiping
    Chemical Engineering Journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2022), 446 (Part_4), 137393CODEN: CMEJAJ; ISSN:1385-8947. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Natural biomaterials based triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) is crucial for sustainable self-powered devices that achieves high outputs, biocompatibility, and reduces the environment impact. Meanwhile, transparent TENG can integrate with com. optoelectronic devices to simultaneously realize the self-powering sensing and visual transmission of information. Herein, we prepd. an eco-friendly, flexible, transparent chitosan@starch composite film by drop casting process, which reveals high transmittance exceed 88% in the visible light range. A transparent TENG was designed by pairing the chitosan@starch composite film with the fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) film, and transparent PET/ITO electrodes. The optimized chitosan@starch-FEP based TENG (CS-F/TENG) exhibits the open-circuit voltage of ∼1080 V, short-circuit current of ∼16.9 mA m-2 and the max. power d. of ∼5.07 W m-2. Ultrahigh sensitivity of 46.03 V kPa-1 in the pressure range of 1.25-6.25 kPa is achieved by the CS-F/TENG as a self-powered force sensor, and its potential applications in monitoring human motion and vehicles' speed are also demonstrated. Our work provides novel insights in the utilization of sustainable chitosan@starch composite film for transparent wearable TENG with decent output performance, and also facilitates the potential applications of this device in monitoring human motion and vehicle movement.
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  252. 252
    Chau, N. M.; Le, T. H.; Huynh, D. P.; Truong, T. H.; Nguyen Dinh, M. T.; La, T. T. H.; Bui, V. T. Surface Patterning of GO-S/PLA Nanocomposite with the Assistance of an Ionic Surfactant for High-Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerator. Int. J. Energy Res. 2021, 45, 20047– 20056,  DOI: 10.1002/er.7082
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    252
    Surface patterning of graphene oxide-surfactant/poly(lactic acid) nanocomposite with assistance of ionic surfactant for high-performance triboelectric nanogenerator
    Chau, Ngoc Mai; Le, Thu Ha; Huynh, Dai Phu; Truong, Thi Hien; Nguyen Dinh, Minh Tuan; La, Thi Thai Ha; Bui, Van-Tien
    International Journal of Energy Research (2021), 45 (14), 20047-20056CODEN: IJERDN; ISSN:0363-907X. (John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
    Summary : Porous graphene oxide-surfactant/poly(lactic acid) (GO-S/PLA) nanocomposite film with highly ordered hexagonal pore arrangement was fabricated via a combination of ionic interaction-supported GO dispersion and the improved phase sepn. method. First, a flat nanocomposite film is prepd. by coating a well-dispersed GO-S/PLA soln. on a solid substrate. Subsequently, the film is exposed to a mixt. of chloroform and methanol as a suitable volatile solvent/nonsolvent pair for both PLA and surfactant-grafted GO sheets. A monolayer of honeycomb patterns is spontaneously formed on the nanocomposite surface after complete evapn. of liqs. under normal air conditions. Methanol plays a crucial role in effectively inducing and controlling the ordered honeycomb structures. The pore array features, which include pore diam. and pore d., are tuned by adjusting methanol content. Moreover, the patterned GO-S/PLA nanocomposite demonstrates as an efficient electrification component for high-performance triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) owing to a large surface area and abundant electron-donating groups of GO sheets. A new TENG is composed of the honeycomb GO-S/PLA (hc-GO-S/PLA) and its replica of microdome-patterned polydimethylsiloxane (md-PDMS), as a pair of tribo-components with antagonistic friction surfaces. As a result, it can generate an output power of 0.54 mW cm-2 which is 8.6 times higher than that of TENG with a flat surface and without GO additives. We believe that hc-GO-S/PLA nanocomposite has potential applications in biotechnol., optics, and catalyst fields.
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  253. 253
    Luo, N.; Feng, Y.; Wang, D.; Zheng, Y.; Ye, Q.; Zhou, F.; Liu, W. New Self-Healing Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Simultaneous Repair Friction Layer and Conductive Layer. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 30390– 30398,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07037
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    253
    New Self-Healing Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Simultaneous Repair Friction Layer and Conductive Layer
    Luo, Ning; Feng, Yange; Wang, Daoai; Zheng, Youbin; Ye, Qian; Zhou, Feng; Liu, Weimin
    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2020), 12 (27), 30390-30398CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
    A new self-healing triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) was fabricated by combining a temp. responsive polymer material of polycaprolactone (PCL) with flexible silver nanowires (Ag NWs), which could cope with the damages of TENGs in the long-term use of energy harvesting. Two different structured TENGs were designed to investigate their properties of self-recovery of the friction surfaces and conducting layers. When the top surface of the friction electrode is damaged, the healable PCL polymer will intenerate by heating and flow to the wound to realize the self-healing purpose. If the conductive layer at the bottom of the TENG electrode is also damaged, PCL will also drive the Ag NW network at the bottom of the electrode to move for healing during the heating process. This type of self-healing TENGs with a sandwich structure can exhibit a stable and high output performance with an output voltage of 800 V and a short-circuit current of 30μA after several cutting-healing cycles, which can easily light up 372 com. light-emitting diodes. This work proposes a simple and effective method to design a self-healing TENG, which has a widespread application prospect to prolong the life of TENGs for restoring the loss of output caused by rapid and repeated cutting.
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  254. 254
    Mi, Y.; Lu, Y.; Shi, Y.; Zhao, Z.; Wang, X.; Meng, J.; Cao, X.; Wang, N. Biodegradable Polymers in Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Polymers 2023, 15, 222,  DOI: 10.3390/polym15010222
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    254
    Biodegradable Polymers in Triboelectric Nanogenerators
    Mi, Yajun; Lu, Yin; Shi, Yalin; Zhao, Zequan; Wang, Xueqing; Meng, Jiajing; Cao, Xia; Wang, Ning
    Polymers (Basel, Switzerland) (2023), 15 (1), 222CODEN: POLYCK; ISSN:2073-4360. (MDPI AG)
    A review. Triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) have attracted much attention because they not only efficiently harvest energy from the surrounding environment and living organisms but also serve as multifunctional sensors toward the detection of various chem. and phys. stimuli. In particular, biodegradable TENG (BD-TENG) represents an emerging type of self-powered device that can be degraded, either in physiol. environments as an implantable power source without the necessity of second surgery for device retrieval, or in the ambient environment to minimize assocd. environmental pollution. Such TENGs or TNEG-based self-powered devices can find important applications in many scenarios, such as tissue regeneration, drug release, pacemakers, etc. In this review, the recent progress of TENGs developed on the basis of biodegradable polymers is comprehensively summarized. Material strategies and fabrication schemes of biodegradable and self-powered devices are thoroughly introduced according to the classification of plant-degradable polymer, animal-degradable polymer, and synthetic degradable polymer. Finally, current problems, challenges, and potential opportunities for the future development of BD-TENGs are discussed. We hope this work may provide new insights for modulating the design of BD-TNEGs that can be beneficial for both environmental protection and healthcare.
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  255. 255
    Slabov, V.; Kopyl, S.; Soares dos Santos, M. P.; Kholkin, A. L. Natural and Eco-Friendly Materials for Triboelectric Energy Harvesting. Nano-Micro Lett. 2020, 12, 42,  DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-0373-y
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    255
    Natural and eco-friendly materials for triboelectric energy harvesting
    Slabov, Vladislav; Kopyl, Svitlana; dos Santos, Marco P. Soares; Kholkin, Andrei L.
    Nano-Micro Letters (2020), 12 (), 42CODEN: NLAEBV; ISSN:2150-5551. (Nano-Micro Letters)
    A review. Triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) are promising elec. energy harvesting devices as they can produce renewable clean energy using mech. excitations from the environment. Several designs of triboelec. energy harvesters relying on biocompatible and eco-friendly natural materials have been introduced in recent years. Their ability to provide customizable self-powering for a wide range of applications, including biomedical devices, pressure and chem. sensors, and battery charging appliances, has been demonstrated. This review summarizes major advances already achieved in the field of triboelec. energy harvesting using biocompatible and eco-friendly natural materials. A rigorous, comparative, and crit. anal. of prepn. and testing methods is also presented. Elec. power up to 14 mW was already achieved for the dry leaf/polyvinylidene fluoride-based TENG devices. These findings highlight the potential of eco-friendly self-powering systems and demonstrate the unique properties of the plants to generate elec. energy for multiple applications.
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  256. 256
    Lin, S.; Xu, L.; Chi Wang, A.; Wang, Z. L. Quantifying Electron-Transfer in Liquid-Solid Contact Electrification and the Formation of Electric Double-Layer. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 399,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14278-9
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    256
    Quantifying electron-transfer in liquid-solid contact electrification and the formation of electric double-layer
    Lin, Shiquan; Xu, Liang; Wang, Aurelia Chi; Wang, Zhong Lin
    Nature Communications (2020), 11 (1), 399CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)
    Abstr.: Contact electrification (CE) has been known for more than 2600 years but the nature of charge carriers and their transfer mechanisms still remain poorly understood, esp. for the cases of liq.-solid CE. Here, we study the CE between liqs. and solids and investigate the decay of CE charges on the solid surfaces after liq.-solid CE at different thermal conditions. The contribution of electron transfer is distinguished from that of ion transfer on the charged surfaces by using the theory of electron thermionic emission. Our study shows that there are both electron transfer and ion transfer in the liq.-solid CE. We reveal that solutes in the soln., pH value of the soln. and the hydrophilicity of the solid affect the ratio of electron transfers to ion transfers. Further, we propose a two-step model of electron or/and ion transfer and demonstrate the formation of elec. double-layer in liq.-solid CE.
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  257. 257
    Zou, H.; Guo, L.; Xue, H.; Zhang, Y.; Shen, X.; Liu, X.; Wang, P.; He, X.; Dai, G.; Jiang, P. Quantifying and Understanding the Triboelectric Series of Inorganic Non-Metallic Materials. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 2093,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15926-1
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    257
    Quantifying and understanding the triboelectric series of inorganic non-metallic materials
    Zou, Haiyang; Guo, Litong; Xue, Hao; Zhang, Ying; Shen, Xiaofang; Liu, Xiaoting; Wang, Peihong; He, Xu; Dai, Guozhang; Jiang, Peng; Zheng, Haiwu; Zhang, Binbin; Xu, Cheng; Wang, Zhong Lin
    Nature Communications (2020), 11 (1), 2093CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)
    Contact-electrification is a universal effect for all existing materials, but it still lacks a quant. materials database to systematically understand its scientific mechanisms. Using an established measurement method, this study quantifies the triboelec. charge densities of nearly 30 inorg. nonmetallic materials. From the matrix of their triboelec. charge densities and band structures, it is found that the triboelec. output is strongly related to the work functions of the materials. Our study verifies that contact-electrification is an electronic quantum transition effect under ambient conditions. The basic driving force for contact-electrification is that electrons seek to fill the lowest available states once two materials are forced to reach atomically close distance so that electron transitions are possible through strongly overlapping electron wave functions. We hope that the quantified series could serve as a textbook std. and a fundamental database for scientific research, practical manufg., and engineering.
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  258. 258
    Seung, W.; Yoon, H. J.; Kim, T. Y.; Ryu, H.; Kim, J.; Lee, J. H.; Lee, J. H.; Kim, S.; Park, Y. K.; Park, Y. J. Boosting Power-Generating Performance of Triboelectric Nanogenerators Via Artificial Control of Ferroelectric Polarization and Dielectric Properties. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7, 1600988,  DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201600988
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    Wang, Z.; Liu, W.; He, W.; Guo, H.; Long, L.; Xi, Y.; Wang, X.; Liu, A.; Hu, C. Ultrahigh Electricity Generation from Low-Frequency Mechanical Energy by Efficient Energy Management. Joule 2021, 5, 441– 455,  DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2020.12.023
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    Xu, L.; Wu, H.; Yao, G.; Chen, L.; Yang, X.; Chen, B.; Huang, X.; Zhong, W.; Chen, X.; Yin, Z. Giant Voltage Enhancement Via Triboelectric Charge Supplement Channel for Self-Powered Electroadhesion. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 10262– 10271,  DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05359
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    260
    Giant Voltage Enhancement via Triboelectric Charge Supplement Channel for Self-Powered Electroadhesion
    Xu, Liang; Wu, Hao; Yao, Guo; Chen, Libo; Yang, Xiaodan; Chen, Baodong; Huang, Xin; Zhong, Wei; Chen, Xiangyu; Yin, Zhouping; Wang, Zhong Lin
    ACS Nano (2018), 12 (10), 10262-10271CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)
    Electroadhesion generates an adhesion force using an externally applied power source, which has versatile applications in robotics and material handling. A self-powered electroadhesion system using enhanced triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) to supply power for electroadhesion is presented. By introducing a triboelec. charge supplement channel, the open circuit voltage of the TENG can be significantly boosted by over 10 times, from ∼230 V to >3300 V for a single TENG unit, providing sufficiently high voltage for an electroadhesive patch to generate enough adhesion for practical use. The charge supplement channel takes effect through a replenishing mechanism for dissipated charges, maintaining an optimal charge distribution throughout TENG electrodes, which enables the highest open circuit voltage under given surface charge d. and device configuration. The fabricated self-powered electroadhesion system shows the ability to manipulate objects of various materials via easy and straightforward operations, demonstrating a great potential for applications in material handling and robotics. Also, the voltage enhancement mechanism by the charge supplement channel could be extended to TENGs of other modes, which can provide reliable power sources for various applications that require a high voltage.
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  261. 261
    Kim, J.; Cho, H.; Han, M.; Jung, Y.; Kwak, S. S.; Yoon, H. J.; Park, B.; Kim, H.; Kim, H.; Park, J. Ultrahigh Power Output from Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Serrated Electrode Via Spark Discharge. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 2002312,  DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202002312
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    261
    Ultrahigh Power Output from Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Serrated Electrode via Spark Discharge
    Kim, Jihye; Cho, Hanchul; Han, Maeum; Jung, Young; Kwak, Sung Soo; Yoon, Hong-Joon; Park, Byunggeon; Kim, Hyeok; Kim, Hyoungjae; Park, Jinhyoung; Kim, Sang-Woo
    Advanced Energy Materials (2020), 10 (44), 2002312CODEN: ADEMBC; ISSN:1614-6840. (Wiley-Blackwell)
    An ultrahigh power output from a triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) with a serrated electrode in a low-frequency contact-sepn. mode which is able to directly drive high voltage-operating devices without the need for an external power supply is demonstrated. When a serrated electrode-based TENG (SE-TENG) is driven, the microstructurally serrated electrode creates a spark discharge in the gap between the serrated electrode and a wire, resulting in tremendously boosted triboelec. power output. Based on the spark discharge phenomenon, a boost adaptor is designed to secondarily boost the triboelec. power output performance, and consequently an ultrahigh triboelec. output voltage of 5 kV and c.d. of 2 A m-2 are achieved. The boost adaptor concept can be applied to any typical TENG for achieving higher power-generating performance. Finally, two high voltage applications, a Crookes tube and plasma generation, are demonstrated using the SE-TENG and boost adaptor without any external power supply equipment. The ultrahigh power-generating SE-TENG based on the spark discharge phenomenon occurring in the unique electrode structure has considerable potential to operate high voltage applications directly in harsh environments where electricity cannot be supplied.
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  262. 262
    Kang, C. W.; Lee, D. M.; Park, J.; Bang, S.; Kim, S. W.; Son, S. U. Core-Shell ZnO@ Microporous Organic Polymer Nanospheres as Enhanced Piezo-Triboelectric Energy Harvesting Materials. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202209659  DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209659
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    262
    Core-Shell ZnO@Microporous Organic Polymer Nanospheres as Enhanced Piezo-Triboelectric Energy Harvesting Materials
    Kang, Chang Wan; Lee, Dong-Min; Park, Jina; Bang, Sohee; Kim, Sang-Woo; Son, Seung Uk
    Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2022), 61 (46), e202209659CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    Core-shell nanospheres were prepd. by the homogeneous coating of piezoelec. ZnO nanorod aggregates with triboelec. microporous org. polymer (MOP). The small energy harvesting performance of ZnO@MOP was significantly enhanced, compared with those of ZnO and MOP, due to the piezoelectrification-induced polarization of inner ZnO and the enhanced generation of tribopos. charges of MOP. Piezo-triboelec. nanogenerators (PTENGs) fabricated with ZnO@MOP showed peak-to-peak voltages of up to 534 V and a max. power d. of 1.19 mW cm-2. In addn., the PTENGs showed excellent durability for 30 000 cycles, demonstrating as efficient power sources for charging electrolytic capacitors and for operating 200 green light emitting diode bulbs.
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  263. 263
    Lee, K.; Mhin, S.; Han, H.; Kwon, O.; Kim, W.-B.; Song, T.; Kang, S.; Kim, K. M. A High-Performance PDMS-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator Fabricated Using Surface-Modified Carbon Nanotubes Via Pulsed Laser Ablation. J. Mater. Chem. A 2022, 10, 1299– 1308,  DOI: 10.1039/D1TA08414C
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    263
    A high-performance PDMS-based triboelectric nanogenerator fabricated using surface-modified carbon nanotubes via pulsed laser ablation
    Lee, Kangpyo; Mhin, Sungwook; Han, HyukSu; Kwon, Ohyung; Kim, Woo-Byoung; Song, Taeseup; Kang, Sukhyun; Kim, Kang Min
    Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability (2022), 10 (3), 1299-1308CODEN: JMCAET; ISSN:2050-7496. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
    Poly-(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) has been used as a neg. friction layer in triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) owing to its high electronegativity and flexibility. With the advantage of PDMS, the design of various materials to further enhance the energy output of a PDMS-based TENG system have been suggested for practical applications. Herein, we report a high-efficiency PDMS-based TENG wherein surface-modified carbon nanotubes (SMCs), fabricated by one-step pulsed laser ablation, were used as a PDMS additive. SMCs possess oxygen-rich functional groups on the surface that enhance their permittivity and dispersibility in PDMS. Consequently, improvements in the triboelec. performance and capacitance of an SMC-PDMS-based TENG device (SMC-PDMS) were obsd., owing to the synergistic effects of the enhanced permittivity and dispersibility of SMCs. Compared to a pristine PDMS-based TENG, SMC-PDMS contg. 0.05 wt% SMCs showed an output voltage of 382.12 V and a current of 29.44μA, which correspond to 170% and 243% enhancements, resp. In addn., a facile radio frequency plasma treatment was performed to further improve the performance of SMC-PDMS, resulting in an output voltage of 414.63 V, a current of 40.03μA, and a power d. of 7.69 W m-2.
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  264. 264
    Pandey, P.; Thapa, K.; Ojha, G. P.; Seo, M.-K.; Shin, K. H.; Kim, S.-W.; Sohn, J. I. Metal-Organic Frameworks-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator Powered Visible Light Communication System for Wireless Human-Machine Interactions. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 452, 139209,  DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.139209
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    264
    Metal-organic frameworks-based triboelectric nanogenerator powered visible light communication system for wireless human-machine interactions
    Pandey, Puran; Thapa, Keshav; Ojha, Gunendra Prasad; Seo, Min-Kyu; Shin, Ki Hoon; Kim, Sang-Woo; Sohn, Jung Inn
    Chemical Engineering Journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2023), 452 (Part_2), 139209CODEN: CMEJAJ; ISSN:1385-8947. (Elsevier B.V.)
    We propose a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) nanocrystal decorated electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber as an efficient triboelec. pos. material for the high-performance triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) and demonstrate a self-powered visible light communication (VLC) system for wireless human-machine interactions. The PAN@ZIF-8 nanofibers provide a higher effective contact surface area that can contribute to the improvement of the total amt. of generated charges. This can enable the energy harvesting performance of the PAN@ZIF-8 based TENG (PZ-TENG) to be increased more than 3 times compared to their individual PAN nanofibers and ZIF-8 crystal based TENG devices. Furthermore, we develop a PZ-TENG driven self-powered VLC system and utilize it for the wireless control of home appliances and text messaging systems. 3-bit binary codes are designed with two different mech. activities (clicking '0' and flapping '1') for secure and wireless control of the home appliances (Fan, Humidifier, Bell, and Lamp) and to send a text message "HI DGU" on a mobile phone. The designed self-powered VLC system with advanced coding concepts can further enable remote personal identification, security defense, and smart home authentication and monitoring applications.
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  265. 265
    Xu, F.; Dong, S.; Liu, G.; Pan, C.; Guo, Z. H.; Guo, W.; Li, L.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, C.; Pu, X. Scalable Fabrication of Stretchable and Washable Textile Triboelectric Nanogenerators as Constant Power Sources for Wearable Electronics. Nano Energy 2021, 88, 106247,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106247
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    265
    Scalable fabrication of stretchable and washable textile triboelectric nanogenerators as constant power sources for wearable electronics
    Xu, Fan; Dong, Shanshan; Liu, Guoxu; Pan, Chongxiang; Guo, Zi Hao; Guo, Wenbin; Li, Longwei; Liu, Yanping; Zhang, Chi; Pu, Xiong; Wang, Zhong Lin
    Nano Energy (2021), 88 (), 106247CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    The textile-based triboelec. nanogenerator (tTENG) is one of the most promising energy harvesting devices for realizing self-powered smart textiles and wearable electronics. Herein, we report a scalable machine-knitting fabrication of stretchable, washable and breathable tTENGs for harvesting human motion energies. A plating stitch technique is employed to fabricate tTENGs using various common yarn materials and working in different modes (coplanar sliding mode and contact-sepn. mode). The tTENG can output voltage up to 232 V and power d. up to 66.13 mW/m2. Furthermore, it can constantly power different wearable electronics by integrating with a small-size power management module, which converts the irregular AC output to a stable DC output and improves the energy utilization of tTENG. The stretchability, washability and air permeability of the tTENG are also demonstrated. These findings provide a practically viable textile-based power source that holds great promise in future self-powered wearable electronics and smart textiles.
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    Jiang, Q.; Chen, B.; Zhang, K.; Yang, Y. Ag Nanoparticle-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator to Scavenge Wind Energy for a Self-Charging Power Unit. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 43716– 43723,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b14618
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    266
    Ag Nanoparticle-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator To Scavenge Wind Energy for a Self-Charging Power Unit
    Jiang, Qiang; Chen, Bo; Zhang, Kewei; Yang, Ya
    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2017), 9 (50), 43716-43723CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
    Li-ion batteries are a green energy storage technol. with advantages of high energy d., long lifetime, and sustainability, but they cannot generate elec. energy by themselves. As a novel energy-harvesting technol., triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) are a promising power source for supplying electronic devices, however it is difficult to directly use their high output voltage and low output current. Here, we designed a Ag nanoparticle-based TENG for scavenging wind energy. After including a transformer and a power management circuit into the system, const. output voltages such as 3.6 V and a pulsed current of about 100 mA can be obtained, which can be used to directly light up a light-emitting diode. Furthermore, the produced elec. energy can be effectively stored in a WO3/LiMn2O4 electrode based Li-ion battery. Our present work provides a new approach to effectively scavenge wind energy and store the obtained elec. energy, which is significant for exploring self-charging power units.
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    Ouyang, H.; Tian, J.; Sun, G.; Zou, Y.; Liu, Z.; Li, H.; Zhao, L.; Shi, B.; Fan, Y.; Fan, Y. Self-Powered Pulse Sensor for Antidiastole of Cardiovascular Disease. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1703456,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703456
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    Rahimi, E.; Offoiach, R.; Deng, S.; Chen, X.; Pané, S.; Fedrizzi, L.; Lekka, M. Corrosion Mechanisms of Magnetic Microrobotic Platforms in Protein Media. Appl. Mater. Today 2021, 24, 101135,  DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2021.101135
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    Virtanen, S.; Milošev, I.; Gomez-Barrena, E.; Trebše, R.; Salo, J.; Konttinen, Y. T. Special Modes of Corrosion under Physiological and Simulated Physiological Conditions. Acta Biomater. 2008, 4, 468– 476,  DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2007.12.003
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    Special modes of corrosion under physiological and simulated physiological conditions
    Virtanen, S.; Milosev, I.; Gomez-Barrena, E.; Trebse, R.; Salo, J.; Konttinen, Y. T.
    Acta Biomaterialia (2008), 4 (3), 468-476CODEN: ABCICB; ISSN:1742-7061. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    A review. The aim of this article is to review those aspects of corrosion behavior that are most relevant to the clin. application of implant alloys. The special modes of corrosion encountered by implant alloys are presented. The resistance of the different materials against the most typical corrosion modes (pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion and fretting corrosion) is compared, together with observations of metal ion release from different biomaterials. A short section is dedicated to possible galvanic effects in cases when different types of materials are combined in a biomedical device. The different topics covered are introduced from the viewpoint of materials science, and then placed into the context of medicine and clin. experience.
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  270. 270
    Rahimi, E.; Sanchis-Gual, R.; Chen, X.; Imani, A.; Gonzalez-Garcia, Y.; Asselin, E.; Mol, A.; Fedrizzi, L.; Pané, S.; Lekka, M. Challenges and Strategies for Optimizing Corrosion and Biodegradation Stability of Biomedical Micro-and Nanoswimmers: A Review. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 2210345,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202210345
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    Qian, X.; Zhang, J.; Gu, Z.; Chen, Y. Nanocatalysts-Augmented Fenton Chemical Reaction for Nanocatalytic Tumor Therapy. Biomaterials 2019, 211, 1– 13,  DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.04.023
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    Nanocatalysts-augmented Fenton chemical reaction for nanocatalytic tumor therapy
    Qian, Xiaoqin; Zhang, Jun; Gu, Zi; Chen, Yu
    Biomaterials (2019), 211 (), 1-13CODEN: BIMADU; ISSN:0142-9612. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    A review. It is the challenging goal in cancer biomedicine to search novel cancer-therapeutic modality with concurrent high therapeutic efficiency on combating cancer and low side effects to normal cells/tissues. The recently developed nanocatalytic cancer therapy based on catalytic Fenton reaction represents one of the promising paradigms for potential clin. translation, which has got fast progress very recently. This progress report discusses the rational design and fabrication of Fenton reaction-based nanocatalysts for triggering the in-situ Fenton chem. reaction within tumor microenvironment to generate highly toxic hydroxyl radicals (•OH), which is highly efficient for killing the cancer cells and suppressing the tumor growth. Several strategies for optimizing the nanocatalytic cancer-therapeutic efficiency of Fenton reaction have been highlighted, including screening high-performance Fenton nanocatalysts, increasing peroxide-hydrogen amts. as the reactants, changing the Fenton-reaction conditions (e.g., temp., acidity and photo-triggering), and Fenton reaction-based synergistic cancer therapy such as some sequential nanocatalytic reactions with improved therapeutic outcome. The facing challenges and future developments of Fenton reaction-based nanocatalytic cancer therapy are also discussed for further promoting the clin. translation of this emerging cancer-therapeutic modality to benefit the cancer patients.
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    Meng, X.; Zhang, X.; Liu, M.; Cai, B.; He, N.; Wang, Z. Fenton Reaction-Based Nanomedicine in Cancer Chemodynamic and Synergistic Therapy. Appl. Mater. Today 2020, 21, 100864,  DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100864
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    Volatron, J.; Kolosnjaj-Tabi, J.; Javed, Y.; Vuong, Q. L.; Gossuin, Y.; Neveu, S.; Luciani, N.; Hémadi, M.; Carn, F.; Alloyeau, D. Physiological Remediation of Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles by Ferritin. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 40075,  DOI: 10.1038/srep40075
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    Physiological Remediation of Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles by Ferritin
    Volatron, Jeanne; Kolosnjaj-Tabi, Jelena; Javed, Yasir; Vuong, Quoc Lam; Gossuin, Yves; Neveu, Sophie; Luciani, Nathalie; Hemadi, Miryana; Carn, Florent; Alloyeau, Damien; Gazeau, Florence
    Scientific Reports (2017), 7 (), 40075CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Publishing Group)
    Metallic nanoparticles have been increasingly suggested as prospective therapeutic nanoplatforms, yet their long-term fate and cellular processing in the body is poorly understood. Here we examd. the role of an endogenous iron storage protein - namely the ferritin - in the remediation of biodegradable cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticles. Structural and elemental anal. of ferritins close to exogenous nanoparticles within spleens and livers of mice injected in vivo with cobalt ferrite nanoparticles, suggests the intracellular transfer of degrdn.-derived cobalt and iron, entrapped within endogenous protein cages. In addn., the capacity of ferritin cages to accommodate and store the degrdn. products of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles was investigated in vitro in the acidic environment mimicking the physiol. conditions that are present within the lysosomes. The magnetic, colloidal and structural follow-up of nanoparticles and proteins in the lysosome-like medium confirmed the efficient remediation of nanoparticle-released cobalt and iron ions by ferritins in soln. Metal transfer into ferritins could represent a quintessential process in which biomols. and homeostasis regulate the local degrdn. of nanoparticles and recycle their byproducts.
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    Balfourier, A.; Luciani, N.; Wang, G.; Lelong, G.; Ersen, O.; Khelfa, A.; Alloyeau, D.; Gazeau, F.; Carn, F. Unexpected Intracellular Biodegradation and Recrystallization of Gold Nanoparticles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2020, 117, 103– 113,  DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911734116
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    Unexpected intracellular biodegradation and recrystallization of gold nanoparticles
    Balfourier, Alice; Luciani, Nathalie; Wang, Guillaume; Lelong, Gerald; Ersen, Ovidiu; Khelfa, Abdelali; Alloyeau, Damien; Gazeau, Florence; Carn, Florent
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2020), 117 (1), 103-113CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)
    Gold nanoparticles are used in an expanding spectrum of biomedical applications. However, little is known about their long-term fate in the organism as it is generally admitted that the inertness of gold nanoparticles prevents their biodegrdn. In this work, the biotransformations of gold nanoparticles captured by primary fibroblasts were monitored during up to 6 mo. The combination of electron microscopy imaging and transcriptomics study reveals an unexpected 2-step process of biotransformation. First, there is the degrdn. of gold nanoparticles, with faster disappearance of the smallest size. This degrdn. is mediated by NADPH oxidase that produces highly oxidizing reactive oxygen species in the lysosome combined with a cell-protective expression of the nuclear factor, erythroid 2. Second, a gold recrystn. process generates biomineralized nanostructures consisting of 2.5-nm cryst. particles self-assembled into nanoleaves. Metallothioneins are strongly suspected to participate in buildings blocks biomineralization that self-assembles in a process that could be affected by a chelating agent. These degrdn. products are similar to aurosomes structures revealed 50 y ago in vivo after gold salt therapy. Overall, we bring to light steps in the lifecycle of gold nanoparticles in which cellular pathways are partially shared with ionic gold, revealing a common gold metab.
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    Liu, Z.; Zhang, J.; Yu, P.; Zhang, J.; Makharia, R.; More, K.; Stach, E. Transmission Electron Microscopy Observation of Corrosion Behaviors of Platinized Carbon Blacks under Thermal and Electrochemical Conditions. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2010, 157, B906,  DOI: 10.1149/1.3391737
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    Transmission Electron Microscopy Observation of Corrosion Behaviors of Platinized Carbon Blacks under Thermal and Electrochemical Conditions
    Liu, Z. Y.; Zhang, J. L.; Yu, P. T.; Zhang, J. X.; Makharia, R.; More, K. L.; Stach, E. A.
    Journal of the Electrochemical Society (2010), 157 (6), B906-B913CODEN: JESOAN; ISSN:0013-4651. (Electrochemical Society)
    C blacks such as Vulcan XC-72 are widely used to support Pt or Pt alloy catalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Despite their widespread use, C blacks are susceptible to corrosion during fuel cell operations. The corrosion behaviors of platinized Vulcan XC-72 nanoparticles under thermal and electrochem. conditions were monitored by TEM. The thermal corrosion expt. was carried out in a gas-cell TEM, which allows for a direct observation of the thermal oxidn. behavior of the nanoparticles. The electrochem. corrosion expt. was performed outside of the TEM by loading the nanoparticles on a TEM grid and then electrochem. corroding them step by step followed by taking TEM images from exactly the same nanoparticles after each step. This work revealed 4 types of structural changes: (i) total removal of structurally weak aggregates, (ii) breakdown of aggregates via neck-breaking, (iii) center-hollowed primary particles caused by an inside-out corrosion starting from the center to outer region, and (iv) gradual decrease in the size of primary particles caused by a uniform removal of material from the surface. These structural changes took place in sequence or simultaneously depending on the competition of C corrosion dynamical processes. The results obtained from this work provide insight on C corrosion and its effects on fuel cells' long-term performance and durability.
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    Goldstein, J. I.; Newbury, D. E.; Michael, J. R.; Ritchie, N. W.; Scott, J. H. J.; Joy, D. C. Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis; Springer, 2018.
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    Maric, T.; Nasir, M. Z. M.; Budanovic, M.; Alduhaish, O.; Webster, R. D.; Pumera, M. Corrosion of Light Powered Pt/TiO2 Microrobots. Appl. Mater. Today 2020, 20, 100659,  DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100659
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    Jeong, H. H.; Alarcón-Correa, M.; Mark, A. G.; Son, K.; Lee, T. C.; Fischer, P. Corrosion-Protected Hybrid Nanoparticles. Adv. Sci. 2017, 4, 1700234,  DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700234
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    Corrosion-Protected Hybrid Nanoparticles
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    Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) (2017), 4 (12), 1700234 ISSN:2198-3844.
    Nanoparticles composed of functional materials hold great promise for applications due to their unique electronic, optical, magnetic, and catalytic properties. However, a number of functional materials are not only difficult to fabricate at the nanoscale, but are also chemically unstable in solution. Hence, protecting nanoparticles from corrosion is a major challenge for those applications that require stability in aqueous solutions and biological fluids. Here, this study presents a generic scheme to grow hybrid 3D nanoparticles that are completely encapsulated by a nm thick protective shell. The method consists of vacuum-based growth and protection, and combines oblique physical vapor deposition with atomic layer deposition. It provides wide flexibility in the shape and composition of the nanoparticles, and the environments against which particles are protected. The work demonstrates the approach with multifunctional nanoparticles possessing ferromagnetic, plasmonic, and chiral properties. The present scheme allows nanocolloids, which immediately corrode without protection, to remain functional, at least for a week, in acidic solutions.
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    Zhao, G.; Khezri, B.; Sanchez, S.; Schmidt, O. G.; Webster, R. D.; Pumera, M. Corrosion of Self-Propelled Catalytic Microengines. Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 9125– 9127,  DOI: 10.1039/c3cc44998j
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    Here we show that rolled-up and electroplated catalytic microjet engines undergo dramatic corrosion in fuel soln.
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    Ahmad Agha, N.; Willumeit-Römer, R.; Laipple, D.; Luthringer, B.; Feyerabend, F. The Degradation Interface of Magnesium Based Alloys in Direct Contact with Human Primary Osteoblast Cells. PLoS One 2016, 11, e0157874  DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157874
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    Gonzalez, J.; Hou, R. Q.; Nidadavolu, E. P.; Willumeit-Römer, R.; Feyerabend, F. Magnesium Degradation under Physiological Conditions-Best Practice. Bioact. Mater. 2018, 3, 174– 185,  DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.01.003
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    Magnesium degradation under physiological conditions - Best practice
    Gonzalez Jorge; Hou Rui Qing; Nidadavolu Eshwara P S; Willumeit-Romer Regine; Feyerabend Frank
    Bioactive materials (2018), 3 (2), 174-185 ISSN:.
    This review focusses on the application of physiological conditions for the mechanistic understanding of magnesium degradation. Despite the undisputed relevance of simplified laboratory setups for alloy screening purposes, realistic and predictive in vitro setups are needed. Due to the complexity of these systems, the review gives an overview about technical measures, defines some caveats and can be used as a guideline for the establishment of harmonized laboratory approaches.
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    Liu, L.; Gebresellasie, K.; Collins, B.; Zhang, H.; Xu, Z.; Sankar, J.; Lee, Y.-C.; Yun, Y. Degradation Rates of Pure Zinc, Magnesium, and Magnesium Alloys Measured by Volume Loss, Mass Loss, and Hydrogen Evolution. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 1459,  DOI: 10.3390/app8091459
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    Degradation rates of pure zinc, magnesium, and magnesium alloys measured by volume loss, mass loss, and hydrogen evolution
    Liu, Lumei; Gebresellasie, Kassu; Collins, Boyce; Zhang, Honglin; Xu, Zhigang; Sankar, Jagannathan; Lee, Young-Choon; Yun, Yeoheung
    Applied Sciences (2018), 8 (9), 1459/1-1459/10CODEN: ASPCC7; ISSN:2076-3417. (MDPI AG)
    Degrdn. rate is an important property to evaluate bioabsorbable metallic material; however, values vary depending on the method of measurement. In this study, three different methods of measuring corrosion rate are compared. The degradable samples to analyze corrosion rates include pure magnesium (Mg), lab produced Mg-Zn-Ca alloy (47-7-2), Mg-Zn-Zr-RE (rare earth) alloys (60-13, 60-14), Mg-Zn-Ca-RE alloy (59B), and pure zinc (Zn). A eudiometer was used to measure hydrogen evolution from the reaction of degradable alloys in Hank's Balanced Salt Soln. (HBSS). Corrosion rates based on vol. loss of tested alloys in 30 days were calcd. using Micro-computed tomog. (micro-CT). Final mass change due to corrosion and corrosion removal was measured with a scale. We obsd. that the corrosion rates indicated by hydrogen evolution were high initially, and slowed down sharply in the following measurements. The corrosion rates of tested alloys calcd. by vol. loss and mass loss from high to low are: 60-13 ≈ 60-14 ≈ 47-7-2 > 59B > Mg > Zn (p < 0.05). The results provide instruction to exptl. methodol. to measure corrosion rates of degradable alloys.
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    Redlich, C.; Quadbeck, P.; Thieme, M.; Kieback, B. Molybdenum-a Biodegradable Implant Material for Structural Applications?. Acta Biomater. 2020, 104, 241– 251,  DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.12.031
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    Molybdenum - A biodegradable implant material for structural applications?
    Redlich, Christian; Quadbeck, Peter; Thieme, Michael; Kieback, Bernd
    Acta Biomaterialia (2020), 104 (), 241-251CODEN: ABCICB; ISSN:1742-7061. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Molybdenum as a potentially new biodegradable material was investigated. Degrdn. behavior of com. high purity molybdenum was obsd. in simulated physiol. salt solns. (Kokubo's SBF with/without TRIS-HCl, Cu2+ addn. and 0.9% NaCl soln.). Potentiodynamic polarization, immersion mass loss and ion concn. measurements paired with REM/EDX anal. reveal gradual dissoln. of molybdenum in the proper order of magnitude for stent application, assocd. with formation of thin, non-passivating corrosion products. The underlying corrosion mechanism is discussed as well as a comparison to literature data. However, formation of calcium phosphates (CaP) in SBF significantly decreases corrosion rates. In-situ polarization was found to be a potential way for overcoming this problem and simultaneously enhancing corrosion above the benchmark for a degradable stent material. Biodegradable metals have the potential to overcome severe complications common to orthopedic and cardio-vascular implants. However, the need for a material with moderate and predictable degrdn., high strength and toughness as well as MRI suitability must be satisfied. Molybdenum as potential new biodegradable material may just fulfill these requirements. An overall pos. picture of molybdenum as an interesting alternative to recently discussed metallic biodegradable materials can be concluded from the herein presented results and from literature data, showing directions for future research on the topic.
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    Walker, J.; Shadanbaz, S.; Kirkland, N. T.; Stace, E.; Woodfield, T.; Staiger, M. P.; Dias, G. J. Magnesium Alloys: Predicting in Vivo Corrosion with in Vitro Immersion Testing. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B 2012, 100B, 1134– 1141,  DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32680
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    Magnesium alloys: Predicting in vivo corrosion with in vitro immersion testing
    Walker, Jemimah; Shadanbaz, Shaylin; Kirkland, Nicholas T.; Stace, Edward; Woodfield, Tim; Staiger, Mark P.; Dias, George J.
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Part B: Applied Biomaterials (2012), 100B (4), 1134-1141CODEN: JBMRGL; ISSN:1552-4973. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
    Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys have been proposed as degradable replacements to commonly used orthopedic biomaterials such as titanium alloys and stainless steel. However, the corrosion of Mg in a physiol. environment remains a difficult characteristic to accurately assess with in vitro methods. The aim of this study was to identify a simple in vitro immersion test that could provide corrosion rates similar to those obsd. in vivo. Pure Mg and five alloys (AZ31, Mg-0.8Ca, Mg-1Zn, Mg-1Mn, Mg-1.34Ca-3Zn) were immersed in either Earle's balanced salt soln. (EBSS), min. essential medium (MEM), or MEM-contg. 40 g/L bovine serum albumin (MEMp) for 7, 14, or 21 days before removal and assessment of corrosion by wt. loss. This in vitro data was compared to in vivo corrosion rates of the same materials implanted in a s.c. environment in Lewis rats for equiv. time points. The results suggested that, for the alloys investigated, the EBSS buffered with sodium bicarbonate provides a rate of degrdn. comparable to those obsd. in vivo. In contrast, the addn. of components such as (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid) (HEPES), vitamins, amino acids, and albumin significantly increased corrosion rates. Based on these findings, it is proposed that with this in vitro protocol, immersion of Mg alloys in EBSS can be used as a predictor of in vivo corrosion. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2012.
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    Mert, F.; Blawert, C.; Kainer, K. U.; Hort, N. Influence of Cerium Additions on the Corrosion Behaviour of High Pressure Die Cast AM50 Alloy. Corros. Sci. 2012, 65, 145– 151,  DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2012.08.011
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    Influence of cerium additions on the corrosion behaviour of high pressure die cast AM50 alloy
    Mert, Faruk; Blawert, Carsten; Kainer, Karl Ulrich; Hort, Norbert
    Corrosion Science (2012), 65 (), 145-151CODEN: CRRSAA; ISSN:0010-938X. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    The influence of Ce addns. to AM50 magnesium alloy prepd. by high pressure die casting on the microstructure and corrosion behavior was investigated. The corrosion behavior was evaluated by hydrogen evolution, salt spray, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochem. impedance expts. Ce addn. promotes the formation of Al11Ce3 phase and reduces the amt. of β-phase (Mg17Al12). The corrosion resistance is improved with increasing Ce content which can be attributed to the formation of Al11Ce3 phase, redn. of β-phase (reduced galvanic effects) and higher purity of AME50X alloys (melt cleaning effects).
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    Kang, S. K.; Hwang, S. W.; Yu, S.; Seo, J. H.; Corbin, E. A.; Shin, J.; Wie, D. S.; Bashir, R.; Ma, Z.; Rogers, J. A. Biodegradable Thin Metal Foils and Spin-on Glass Materials for Transient Electronics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25, 1789– 1797,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201403469
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    Biodegradable Thin Metal Foils and Spin-On Glass Materials for Transient Electronics
    Kang, Seung-Kyun; Hwang, Suk-Won; Yu, Sooyoun; Seo, Jung-Hun; Corbin, Elise A.; Shin, Jiho; Wie, Dae Seung; Bashir, Rashid; Ma, Zhenqiang; Rogers, John A.
    Advanced Functional Materials (2015), 25 (12), 1789-1797CODEN: AFMDC6; ISSN:1616-301X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    Biodegradable substrates and encapsulating materials play crit. roles in the development of an emerging class of semiconductor technol., generally referred as transient electronics, whose key characteristic is an ability to dissolve completely, in a controlled manner, upon immersion in ground water or biofluids. The results presented here introduce the use of thin foils of Mo, Fe, W, or Zn as biodegradable substrates and silicate spin-on-glass (SOG) materials as insulating and encapsulating layers, with demonstrations of transient active (diode and transistor) and passive (capacitor and inductor) electronic components. Complete measurements of elec. characteristics demonstrate that the device performance can reach levels comparable to those possible with conventional, nontransient materials. Dissoln. kinetics of the foils and cytotoxicity tests of the SOG yield information relevant to use in transient electronics for temporary biomedical implants, resorbable environmental monitors, and reduced waste consumer electronics.
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    Göpferich, A. Mechanisms of Polymer Degradation and Erosion. Biomaterials 1996, 17, 103– 114,  DOI: 10.1016/0142-9612(96)85755-3
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    Mechanisms of polymer degradation and erosion
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    Biomaterials (1996), 17 (2), 103-14 ISSN:0142-9612.
    The most important features of the degradation and erosion of degradable polymers in vitro are discussed. Parameters of chemical degradation, which is the scission of the polymer backbone, are described such as the type of polymer bond, pH and copolymer composition. Examples are given how these parameters can be used to control degradation rates. Degradation leads finally to polymer erosion, the loss of material from the polymer bulk. The resulting changes in morphology, pH, oligomer and monomer properties as well as crystallinity are illustrated with selected examples. Finally, a brief survey on approaches to polymer degradation and erosion is given.
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    Boimvaser, S.; Mariano, R. N.; Turino, L. N.; Vega, J. R. In Vitro Bulk/Surface Erosion Pattern of Plga Implant in Physiological Conditions: A Study Based on Auxiliary Microsphere Systems. Polym. Bull. 2016, 73, 209– 227,  DOI: 10.1007/s00289-015-1481-6
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    In vitro bulk/surface erosion pattern of PLGA implant in physiological conditions: a study based on auxiliary microsphere systems
    Boimvaser, Sonia; Mariano, Rodolfo N.; Turino, Ludmila N.; Vega, Jorge R.
    Polymer Bulletin (Heidelberg, Germany) (2016), 73 (1), 209-227CODEN: POBUDR; ISSN:0170-0839. (Springer)
    This work investigates the degrdn. of PLGA implants in an aq. medium maintained at physiol. pH ≈ 7.4. Two limiting systems are also investigated, which involve the degrdn. of PLGA microspheres in two different media characterized by: (i) a non-regulated pH, for emulating the autocatalyzed degrdn. in the implant core; and (ii) a regulated physiol. pH, for emulating the uncatalyzed degrdn. at the implant surface. The degrdn. expts. were carried out along 40-50 days, and samples withdrawn during this period were characterized by gravimetry, electronic microscopy, and size exclusion chromatog. Exptl. results suggest that PLGA implants are degraded according to a time-variant spatial pattern, which depends on the pH of the surrounding medium. Initially, the implants suffered a typically bulk erosion process, governed by the acidification of the implant core; and after breakage of the implant wall, the regulated physiol. pH induces a surface erosion process. The two auxiliary microsphere-based expts. were useful to elucidate the degrdn. phenomena occurring in the PLGA implants. The evolution of the mass loss and the wt.-av. mol. wt. along the degrdn. can be successfully predicted by simple math. models based on first-order kinetics.
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    Hermawan, H.; Purnama, A.; Dube, D.; Couet, J.; Mantovani, D. Fe-Mn Alloys for Metallic Biodegradable Stents: Degradation and Cell Viability Studies. Acta Biomater. 2010, 6, 1852– 1860,  DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.11.025
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    Fe-Mn alloys for metallic biodegradable stents: degradation and cell viability studies
    Hermawan, Hendra; Purnama, Agung; Dube, Dominique; Couet, Jacques; Mantovani, Diego
    Acta Biomaterialia (2010), 6 (5), 1852-1860CODEN: ABCICB; ISSN:1742-7061. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Biodegradable stents have shown their potential to be a valid alternative for the treatment of coronary artery occlusion. This new class of stents requires materials having excellent mech. properties and controllable degrdn. behavior without inducing toxicol. problems. The properties of the currently considered gold std. material for stents, stainless steel 316L, were approached by new Fe-Mn alloys. The degrdn. characteristics of these Fe-Mn alloys were investigated including in vitro cell viability. A specific test bench was used to investigate the degrdn. in flow conditions simulating those of coronary artery. A water-sol. tetrazolium test method was used to study the effect of the alloy's degrdn. product to the viability of fibroblast cells. These tests have revealed the corrosion mechanism of the alloys. The degrdn. products consist of metal hydroxides and calcium/phosphorus layers. The alloys have shown low inhibition to fibroblast cells' metabolic activities. It is concluded that they demonstrate their potential to be developed as degradable metallic biomaterials.
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    van Dijkhuizen-Radersma, R.; Moroni, L.; van Apeldoorn, A.; Zhang, Z.; Grijpma, D. Degradable polymers for tissue engineering. In Tissue Engineering; van Blitterswijk, C., Thomsen, P., Lindahl, A., Hubbell, J., Williams, D. F., Cancedda, R., de Bruijn, J. D.; Sohier, J., Eds.; Elsevier, 2008.
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    Ferri, J. M.; Fenollar, O.; Jorda-Vilaplana, A.; García-Sanoguera, D.; Balart, R. Effect of Miscibility on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Poly (Lactic Acid)/Polycaprolactone Blends. Polym. Int. 2016, 65, 453– 463,  DOI: 10.1002/pi.5079
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    Polymer International (2016), 65 (4), 453-463CODEN: PLYIEI; ISSN:0959-8103. (John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
    Binary blends based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) were prepd. by melt mixing in a twin-screw co-rotating extruder in order to increase the low intrinsic elongation at break of PLA for packaging applications. Although PLA and PCL show low miscibility, the presence of PCL leads to a marked improvement in the ductile properties of PLA. Various mech. properties were evaluated in terms of PCL content up to 30 wt% PCL. In addn. to tensile and flexural properties, Poisson's ratio was obtained using biaxial extensometry to evaluate transversal deformations when axial loads are applied. Very slight changes in the melt temp. and glass transition temp. of PLA are obsd. thus indicating the low miscibility of the PLA-PCL system. Field emission SEM reveals some interactions between the two components of the blend since the morphol. is characterized by non-spherical polycaprolactone drops dispersed into the PLA matrix. In addn. to the improvement of mech. ductile properties, PCL provides higher degrdn. rates of blends under conditions of composting for contents below 22.5% PCL. © 2016 Society of Chem. Industry.
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    Saini, P.; Arora, M.; Kumar, M. R. Poly (Lactic Acid) Blends in Biomedical Applications. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2016, 107, 47– 59,  DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.014
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    Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has become a "material of choice" in biomedical applications for its ability to fulfill complex needs that typically include properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, mech. strength, and processability. Despite the advantages of pure PLA in a wider spectrum of applications, it is limited by its hydrophobicity, low impact toughness, and slow degrdn. rate. Blending PLA with other polymers offers a convenient option to enhance its properties or generate novel properties for target applications without the need to develop new materials. PLA blends with different natural and synthetic polymers have been developed by solvent and melt blending techniques and further processed based on end-use applications. A variety of PLA blends has been explored for biomedical applications such as drug delivery, implants, sutures, and tissue engineering. This review discusses the opportunities for PLA blends in the biomedical arena, including the overview of blending and postblend processing techniques and the applications of PLA blends currently in use and under development.
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    Li, S.; Anjard, S.; Rashkov, I.; Vert, M. Hydrolytic Degradation of PLA/PEO/PLA Triblock Copolymers Prepared in the Presence of Zn Metal or CaH2. Polymer 1998, 39, 5421– 5430,  DOI: 10.1016/S0032-3861(97)10272-5
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    An erodible polymer matrix was represented as the sum of small individual polymer matrix parts. The factors that det. erosion were combined, and the erosion of each matrix piece was regarded as a random event. Once such a matrix piece came into contact with water, an individual life expectation was assigned to it using Monte Carlo techniques. The proposed model could describe complicated phenomena such as changes in polymer matrix microstructure, movement of erosion fronts, creation of pores, and wt. loss during erosion, yet it was simple and easy to use. For quant. evaluations the model was fit to exptl. data for wt. loss and erosion front movement in 1,3-bis(4-carboxyphenyl)propane-sebacic acid copolymer polyanhydrides. The so obtained model consts. were useful for the prediction of independent parameters like the porosity of polymer matrixes during erosion.
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    Corre, Y.-M.; Bruzaud, S.; Audic, J.-L.; Grohens, Y. Morphology and Functional Properties of Commercial Polyhydroxyalkanoates: A Comprehensive and Comparative Study. Polym. Test. 2012, 31, 226– 235,  DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2011.11.002
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    PHA is a bacterial biopolyester with growing industrial interest but still limited com. availability. This study was dedicated to the characterization of some industrially mature PHAs, com. available on an industrial scale. Such investigation was first devoted to the physico-chem. anal. of four grades of PHA provided by three different suppliers in order to det. their resp. molar masses. Then, the study of their crystn. behavior revealed a fast process with a relatively high level of crystallinity. Tensile tests brought information about the ageing effect on the mech. properties of this fragile material. Finally, the investigations of the oxygen and water vapor barrier properties made in parallel with polypropylene (PP), polyamide 6 (PA6), polystyrene (PS) and polylactide (PLA) provided a good insight on the potential use of PHA for application in food packaging.
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    Peelman, N.; Ragaert, P.; De Meulenaer, B.; Adons, D.; Peeters, R.; Cardon, L.; Van Impe, F.; Devlieghere, F. Application of Bioplastics for Food Packaging. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2013, 32, 128– 141,  DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2013.06.003
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    This review provides state of the art information on the performance of bioplastics materials, focusing on food packaging. It gives an overview of the main materials used for producing biobased films, their limitations, solns. thereof, possible applications and a state of the art on bioplastics already used as a food packaging material.Furthermore an inventory on bioplastics was made in the context of a research project. Important characteristics regarding packaging material are summarized in an extended table, which shows a big variety (e.g. permeability, tensile properties), suggesting a wide range of food products can be packed in biobased polymer films.
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    van Bochove, B.; Grijpma, D. W. Photo-Crosslinked Synthetic Biodegradable Polymer Networks for Biomedical Applications. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2019, 30, 77– 106,  DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2018.1553105
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    A review. Photo-crosslinked synthetic biodegradable polymer networks are highly interesting materials for utilization in biomedical applications such as drug delivery, cell encapsulation and tissue engineering scaffolds. Varying the architecture, chem., degree of functionalization and mol. wt. of the macromer precursor mols. results in networks with a wide range of phys.- and mech. properties, crosslinking densities, degrdn. characteristics and thus in potential applications. Photo-crosslinked networks can easily be prepd. and have the possibility to entrap a wide range of (biol. active) substances and cells. Addnl., spatial and temporal control over the crosslinking process when using additive manufg. processes, allows for the prepn. of network structures with complex shapes. Photo-crosslinked networks have been used to prep. drug delivery devices, as these networks allow for drug delivery in a controlled way over a prolonged period of time. Furthermore, additive manufg. techniques such as extrusion-based additive manufg. and stereolithog. have been used to prep. photo-crosslinked tissue engineering scaffolds. This allows for the prepn. of designed porous structures with precise control over the pore size and pore architecture and optimal mech. properties. In particular for stereolithog., a wide variety of resins based on biodegradable photo-crosslinkable macromers has been developed.
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    Bat, E.; Zhang, Z.; Feijen, J.; Grijpma, D. W.; Poot, A. A. Biodegradable Elastomers for Biomedical Applications and Regenerative Medicine. Regen. Med. 2014, 9, 385– 398,  DOI: 10.2217/rme.14.4
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    A review. Synthetic biodegradable polymers are of great value for the prepn. of implants that are required to reside only temporarily in the body. The use of biodegradable polymers obviates the need for a second surgery to remove the implant, which is the case when a nondegradable implant is used. After implantation in the body, biomedical devices may be subjected to degrdn. and erosion. Understanding the mechanisms of these processes is essential for the development of biomedical devices or implants with a specific function, for example, scaffolds for tissue-engineering applications. For the engineering and regeneration of soft tissues (e.g., blood vessels, cardiac muscle and peripheral nerves), biodegradable polymers are needed that are flexible and elastic. The scaffolds prepd. from these polymers should have tuneable degrdn. properties and should perform well under long-term cyclic deformation conditions. The required polymers, which are either phys. or chem. crosslinked biodegradable elastomers, are reviewed in this article.
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    A review with 68 refs. Current methods of synthesis and characterization of materials designed for contact with blood, as replacements for soft and hard tissues, as adhesives, and as dental materials are described. Approaches for controlling the interface between tissue and biomaterials and ways in which the engineered materials may contribute to medicine are also considered.
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    A review. Many key components of implantable medical devices are made from polymeric materials. The functions of these materials include structural support, elec. insulation, protection of other materials from the environment of the body, and biocompatibility, as well as other things such as delivery of a therapeutic drug. In such roles, the stability and integrity of the polymer, over what can be a very long period of time, is very important. For most of these functions, stability over time is desired, but in other cases, the opposite-the degrdn. and disappearance of the polymer over time is required. In either case, it is important to understand both the chem. that can lead to the degrdn. of polymers as well as the kinetics that controls these reactions. Hydrolysis and oxidn. are the two classes of reactions that lead to the breaking down of polymers. Both are discussed in detail in the context of the environmental factors that impact the utility of various polymers for medical device applications. Understanding the chem. and kinetics allows prediction of stability as well as explanations for observations such as porosity and the unexpected behavior of polymeric composite materials in some situations. In the last part, phys. degrdn. such interfacial delamination in composites is discussed.
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    Pickett, J. E.; Coyle, D. J. Hydrolysis Kinetics of Condensation Polymers under Humidity Aging Conditions. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2013, 98, 1311– 1320,  DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.04.001
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    The hydrolytic stability of polycarbonate (PC), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), and resorcinol polyarylate (RPA) films was studied at 65-95 °C and 23-95% relative humidity (RH) by measuring the time to embrittlement as measured by a bending test on films. The data show that the hydrolysis of these polymers is second order in RH with overall kinetics 1/tfail = A exp(-Ea/RT) [RH]2 where tfail is the embrittlement time in days, R is the gas const., T is the temp. in kelvins, and RH is the fractional relative humidity. The activation energy, Ea, in kJ/mol and ln(A), resp., for the polymers were PC: 92, 24.9; PET: 129, 39.3; RPA: 102, 30.0.
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    Poly (L-lactide)-degrading enzyme was produced in a liq. culture of Amycolatopsis sp.(strain 41). In comparison with polyester substrates, silk powder from silkworm cocoons was the most effective in inducing enzyme prodn. within 5 d. Application to DEAE and Superdex 75 columns resulted in a major protein with mol. wt. estd. to be 42 kDa from size exclusion chromatog. or 40 kDa from SDS-PAGE anal. Optimum pH and temp. are 6.0 and 37-45°C, resp. Besides PLLA, the enzyme degrades casein, silk powder and Suc-(Ala)3-pNA at an even lower level than Proteinase-K, but not Suc-(Gly)3-pNA, poly(ε-caprolactone) nor poly(β-hydroxybutyrate).
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    Lim, H.-A.; Raku, T.; Tokiwa, Y. Hydrolysis of Polyesters by Serine Proteases. Biotechnol. Lett. 2005, 27, 459– 464,  DOI: 10.1007/s10529-005-2217-8
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    The substrate specificity of α-chymotrypsin and other serine proteases, trypsin, elastase, proteinase K and subtilisin, towards hydrolysis of various polyesters was examd. using poly(L-lactide) (PLA), poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), poly(ethylene succinate) (PES), poly(ethylene adipate) (PEA), poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBS/A), poly[oligo(tetramethylene succinate)-co-(tetramethylane carbonate)] (PBS/C), and poly(.vepsiln.-caprolactone) (PCL). α-Chymotrypsin could degrade PLA and PEA with a lower activity on PBS/A. Proteinase K and subtilisin degraded almost all substrates other than PHB. Trypsin and elastase had similar substrate specificities to α-chymotrypsin.
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    Corma, A.; Iborra, S.; Velty, A. Chemical Routes for the Transformation of Biomass into Chemicals. Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 2411– 2502,  DOI: 10.1021/cr050989d
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    A review. Methods for conversion of disaccharides, fats, terpenes, and other substances from vegetable biomass in industrial org. chems. are reviewed.
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    Sak-Bosnar, M.; Sakač, N. Direct Potentiometric Determination of Diastase Activity in Honey. Food Chem. 2012, 135, 827– 831,  DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.05.006
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    Food Chemistry (2012), 135 (2), 827-831CODEN: FOCHDJ; ISSN:0308-8146. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    A novel method for the detn. of diastase activity is reported. The method is based on a direct potentiometric measurement of triiodide ion that is released when a starch-triiodide complex is hydrolyzed by honey diastase. The increase of free triiodide ion concn. in a sample is found to be directly proportional to the diastase activity of the sample. A response mechanism of the platinum redox electrode is proposed, allowing a calcn. of the diastase activity factor (F). The sensor and analyte parameters, including F, were obtained by least squares fitting of potentiometric data using the optimization function of the Solver add-in of Microsoft Excel. The values of F obtained by the new direct potentiometric method were compared with those obtained using the std. Phadebas method (DN values), and the two values were found to agree within exptl. error. Finally, the diastase activity of nine varieties of honey was detd. using the novel method developed here.
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    Xu, X.-J.; Sy, J. C.; Prasad Shastri, V. Towards Developing Surface Eroding Poly (Α-Hydroxy Acids). Biomaterials 2006, 27, 3021– 3030,  DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.12.006
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    Biomaterials (2006), 27 (15), 3021-3030CODEN: BIMADU; ISSN:0142-9612. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    We have prepd. a library of biodegradable polyesters derived from poly(α-hydroxy acids) (PHAs) that appear to primarily exhibit surface erosion behavior. This was achieved by increasing the hydrophobicity of the polymers in two distinct steps, namely: macromer formation and a coupling step. In the first step, macromerdiols (MDs) with varying lipophilicities were prepd. by polymn. of -lactide or mixt. of -lactide and glycolide (3/1 by mole) to various lengths (n = 10, 20, 30, and 40) using alkanediols of increasing C-chain length (C6, C8, and C12) as initiators in the presence of Tin(II) catalyst. In the second step, the macromer diols were linked together with diacid dichlorides of varying C-chain lengths (C6, C8, C10, and C12) to yield polyesters ranging in mol. wt. (Mw) from 20 to 130 KDa and polydispersity of 1.5-6. These polyesters exhibited different thermal behavior from pure PHAs that can be tuned by changing the initiator core, the lactide/glycolide chain length, and diacid dichloride type. In addn., all these polymers showed soly. in THF unlike poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). In contrast to PLLA and PLGA, the degrdn. behavior of these novel polyesters exhibited linear profiles consistent with a surface erosion behavior. Release studies using Congo red as a model drug from microspheres prepd. from these polyesters showed linear release profiles with correlation consts. of least-square fits approaching a value of unity. Degradable polyesters with tunable thermal and degrdn. behavior may find applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering, where control over these parameters is crit. to ensure predictable outcomes.
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    Saha, S. K.; Tsuji, H. Effects of Molecular Weight and Small Amounts of D-Lactide Units on Hydrolytic Degradation of Poly(L-Lactic Acid)s. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2006, 91, 1665– 1673,  DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.12.009
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    Effects of molecular weight and small amounts of D-lactide units on hydrolytic degradation of poly(L-lactic acid)s
    Saha, Swapan Kumar; Tsuji, Hideto
    Polymer Degradation and Stability (2006), 91 (8), 1665-1673CODEN: PDSTDW; ISSN:0141-3910. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Films of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) with different no.-av. mol. wts. (M n) and D-lactide unit contents (XD ) were made amorphous and the effects of mol. wt. and small amts. of -lactide units on the hydrolytic degrdn. behavior in phosphate-buffered soln. at 37 °C of PLLA were studied. The degraded films were studied using gravimetry, gel permeation chromatog., polarimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, x-ray diffractometry, and tensile testing. To exclude the effects of crystallinity on the hydrolytic degrdn., the films were made amorphous by melt-quenching. The incorporation of small amts. of D-lactide units drastically enhanced the hydrolytic degrdn. of PLLA. In the period of 0-32 wk, the hydrolytic degrdn. rate const. (k) of PLLA films increased with increasing X , while the k values did not depend on M n. This means that the effects of X on the hydrolytic degrdn. rate of the films are higher than those of M n. In contrast, in the period of 32-60 wk neither X nor M n was a crucial parameter to det. k values, probably because in addn. to these parameters the differences in the amt. of catalytic oligomers accumulated in films and crystallinity affect the hydrolytic degrdn. behavior of the films. The initially amorphous PLLA films remained amorphous even after the hydrolytic degrdn. for 60 wk.
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  311. 311
    Makadia, H. K.; Siegel, S. J. Poly Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier. Polymers 2011, 3, 1377– 1397,  DOI: 10.3390/polym3031377
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    Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) as biodegradable controlled drug delivery carrier
    Makadia, Hirenkumar K.; Siegel, Steven J.
    Polymers (Basel, Switzerland) (2011), 3 (3), 1377-1397CODEN: POLYCK; ISSN:2073-4360. (MDPI AG)
    A review. In past two decades poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) has been among the most attractive polymeric candidates used to fabricate devices for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. PLGA is biocompatible and biodegradable, exhibits a wide range of erosion times, has tunable mech. properties and most importantly, is a FDA approved polymer. In particular, PLGA has been extensively studied for the development of devices for controlled delivery of small mol. drugs, proteins and other macromols. in com. use and in research. This manuscript describes the various fabrication techniques for these devices and the factors affecting their degrdn. and drug release.
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  312. 312
    Tsuji, H.; Mizuno, A.; Ikada, Y. Properties and Morphology of Poly (L-Lactide). Iii. Effects of Initial Crystallinity on Long-Term in Vitro Hydrolysis of High Molecular Weight Poly (L-Lactide) Film in Phosphate-Buffered Solution. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2000, 77, 1452– 1464,  DOI: 10.1002/1097-4628(20000815)77:7<1452::AID-APP7>3.0.CO;2-S
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    312
    Properties and morphology of poly(L-lactide). Part 3. Effects of initial crystallinity on long-term in vitro hydrolysis of high molecular weight poly(L-lactide) film in phosphate-buffered solution
    Tsuji, Hideto; Mizuno, Akira; Ikada, Yoshito
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science (2000), 77 (7), 1452-1464CODEN: JAPNAB; ISSN:0021-8995. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
    The effects of crystallinity (xc) on the hydrolysis of high mol. wt. poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) films in a phosphate-buffered soln. at 37° was investigated by gel permeation chromatog., tensile testing, differential scanning calorimetry, SEM, and polarizing optical microscopy. The change in mol. wt. distribution and surface morphol. of the PLLA films after hydrolysis revealed that the hydrolysis of PLLA film in a phosphate-buffered soln. proceeded homogeneously along the film cross section, mainly via the bulk-erosion mechanism. The induction period until the start of the decrease in mass remaining and the tensile strength became longer with a decrease in the initial xc of the PLLA films. The rate of mol. wt. redn. was higher as the initial xc of the PLLA films increased when hydrolysis was carried out up to 24 mo. Melting and glass transition temps. of the PLLA films increased in the first 12 mo of hydrolysis, while they decreased in another 24 mo, irresp. of the initial xc. The xc value of the PLLA films increased monotonously by hydrolysis. The lamella disorientation in PLLA spherulites after hydrolysis implied that the hydrolysis of PLLA chains occurred predominantly in the amorphous region between the cryst. regions in the spherulites. The area of a specific mol. wt. in GPC spectra at 36 mo increased with increase in the initial xc of the PLLA film, suggesting that the specific peak should be due to the component of one fold in the cryst. region. The reason for enhanced hydrolysis of PLLA films having higher initial crystallinities was discussed in terms of tie chains and terminal groups of PLLA.
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  313. 313
    Zhou, S.-Y.; Yang, B.; Li, Y.; Gao, X.-R.; Ji, X.; Zhong, G.-J.; Li, Z.-M. Realization of Ultra-High Barrier to Water Vapor by 3D-Interconnection of Super-Hydrophobic Graphene Layers in Polylactide Films. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 14377– 14386,  DOI: 10.1039/C7TA03901H
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    Realization of ultra-high barrier to water vapor by 3D-interconnection of superhydrophobic graphene layers in polylactide films
    Zhou, Sheng-Yang; Yang, Biao; Li, Yue; Gao, Xin-Rui; Ji, Xu; Zhong, Gan-Ji; Li, Zhong-Ming
    Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability (2017), 5 (27), 14377-14386CODEN: JMCAET; ISSN:2050-7496. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
    Inferior water barrier performance has always been a major deficiency of polylactide (PLA) that is in practice difficult to overcome owing to the existence of plentiful hydrophilic ester bonds in the main chain. Here, we propose an architecture of super-hydrophobic 3D-networks in PLA, where interconnected graphene oxide grafted octadecylamine (GOgODA) nanosheets are able to effectively suppress dissoln. and diffusion of water mols. into the PLA matrix. Prior to the employment of the special technol. "decoration of building block for vapor barrier - post-molding assembly", uniform-sized PLA microspheres and super-hydrophobic GOgODA were simultaneously prepd. Perfect GOgODA networks were successfully realized within transparent nanocomposite PLA films and obvio-14 g cm cm-2 s-1 Pa-1. This prominent amelioration was derived from the ordered dispersion of well-extended GOgODA nanosheets, which conc. selectively at the interface of PLA regions and are arranged exactly perpendicular to the permeating pathway of water mols. This methodol. provides a facile and effective way to advance the functions and properties of PLA.
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  314. 314
    Sailema-Palate, G. P.; Vidaurre, A.; Campillo-Fernández, A. J.; Castilla-Cortázar, I. A Comparative Study on Poly (Ε-Caprolactone) Film Degradation at Extreme Ph Values. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2016, 130, 118– 125,  DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.06.005
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    A comparative study on Poly(ε-caprolactone) film degradation at extreme pH values
    Sailema-Palate, G. Patricia; Vidaurre, A.; Campillo, A. F.; Castilla-Cortazar, I.
    Polymer Degradation and Stability (2016), 130 (), 118-125CODEN: PDSTDW; ISSN:0141-3910. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    The present paper studies the effect of pH on hydrolytic degrdn. of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL). Degrdn. of the films was performed at 37 °C in 2.5 M NaOH soln. (pH 13) and 2.5 M HCl soln. (pH 1). Wt. loss, degree of swelling, mol. wt., and calorimetric and mech. properties were obtained as a function of degrdn. time. Morphol. changes in the samples were carefully studied through electron microscopy. At the start of the process the degrdn. rate of PCL films at pH 13 was faster than at pH 1. In the latter case, there was an induction period of around 300 h with no changes in wt. loss or swelling rate, but there were drastic changes in mol. wt. and crystallinity. The changes in some properties throughout the degrdn. period, such as crystallinity, mol. wt. and Young's modulus were lower in degrdns. at higher pH, highlighting differences in the degrdn. mechanism of alk. and acid hydrolysis. Along with visual inspection of the degraded samples, this suggests a surface degrdn. at pH 13, whereas bulk degrdn. may occur at pH 1.
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    Chen, Z. Surface Hydration and Antifouling Activity of Zwitterionic Polymers. Langmuir 2022, 38, 4483– 4489,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00512
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    Surface Hydration and Antifouling Activity of Zwitterionic Polymers
    Chen, Zhan
    Langmuir (2022), 38 (15), 4483-4489CODEN: LANGD5; ISSN:0743-7463. (American Chemical Society)
    A review. It is believed that the strong surface hydration of zwitterionic polymers leads to excellent antifouling properties. This Perspective presents the recent developments in studies on such surface hydration in situ using sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy. SFG research provides direct mol. level evidence that zwitterionic polymers have strong surface hydration, which prevents protein adsorption and marine animal attachment. The salt effect and protein interaction on surface hydration of zwitterionic polymers have also been examd. using SFG. Possible future research directions on surface hydration of new zwitterionic polymers including zwitterionic hydrogels, copolymers, and mixed charged polymers are discussed. It is also important to combine exptl. SFG studies with computer simulations to further elucidate the surface hydration to understand antifouling mechanisms.
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    Lau, S. K.; Yong, W. F. Recent Progress of Zwitterionic Materials as Antifouling Membranes for Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration, and Reverse Osmosis. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2021, 3, 4390– 4412,  DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c00779
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    316
    Recent Progress of Zwitterionic Materials as Antifouling Membranes for Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration, and Reverse Osmosis
    Lau, Siew Kei; Yong, Wai Fen
    ACS Applied Polymer Materials (2021), 3 (9), 4390-4412CODEN: AAPMCD; ISSN:2637-6105. (American Chemical Society)
    A review. Numerous materials have been employed in the surface modification of membranes, including different polymers and nanomaterials over the years. The pernicious challenges of membrane sepn. include the trade-off between water permeability and solute rejection as well as fouling when it is tested under liq. conditions. Zwitterionic polymers have attracted wide interest due to their unique properties of contg. both cationic and anionic groups while maintaining electroneutrality and high hydrophilicity. These zwitterionic polymers have been utilized as coating materials or grafted layers not only on the surfaces of porous membranes but also as thin film composite membranes. To illustrate, the membranes modified with this class of materials are capable of resisting foulants through two distinct mechanisms, which are the hydration layer formation and steric repulsion effect, showcasing their unique chem. properties. To bridge the gaps of the recent development of zwitterionic membranes and their relationships with foulants for targeted sepn. such as ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO), this crit. review will first fundamentally classify the fouling into four categories according to their characteristics and fouling mechanisms, namely, inorg. foulants, nonmigratory foulants, spreadable foulants, and proliferative foulants. The antifouling strategies which are active antifouling and passive antifouling (e.g., fouling resistance and fouling release) will be summarized. Apart from that, the chem., morphol., and modification approaches of zwitterionic membranes including surface coating, surface grafting, and phys. blending on targeted applications as well as the sepn. performance of the state-of-the-art membranes will be presented in detail. Lastly, the summary, outlook of major challenges and opportunities of the zwitterionic materials will be highlighted. It is anticipated that this review can generate a pathway to facilitate the next generation of zwitterionic-based membranes with superior sepn. performance for specific sepn.
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  317. 317
    Li, M.; Jiang, M.; Gao, Y.; Zheng, Y.; Liu, Z.; Zhou, C.; Huang, T.; Gu, X.; Li, A.; Fang, J. Current Status and Outlook of Biodegradable Metals in Neuroscience and Their Potential Applications as Cerebral Vascular Stent Materials. Bioact. Mater. 2022, 11, 140– 153,  DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.09.025
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    317
    Current status and outlook of biodegradable metals in neuroscience and their potential applications as cerebral vascular stent materials
    Li, Ming; Jiang, Miaowen; Gao, Yuan; Zheng, Yufeng; Liu, Zhi; Zhou, Chen; Huang, Tao; Gu, Xuenan; Li, Ang; Fang, Jiancheng; Ji, Xunming
    Bioactive Materials (2022), 11 (), 140-153CODEN: BMIAD4; ISSN:2452-199X. (Elsevier B.V.)
    A review. Over the past two decades, biodegradable metals (BMs) have emerged as promising materials to fabricate temporary biomedical devices, with the purpose of avoiding potential side effects of permanent implants. In this review, we first surveyed the current status of BMs in neuroscience, and briefly summarized the representative stents for treating vascular stenosis. Then, inspired by the convincing clin. evidence on the in vivo safety of Mg alloys as cardiovascular stents, we analyzed the possibility of producing biodegradable cerebrovascular Mg alloy stents for treating ischemic stroke. For these novel applications, some key factors should also be considered in designing BM brain stents, including the anat. features of the cerebral vasculature, hemodynamic influences, neuro-cytocompatibility and selection of alloying elements. This work may provide insights into the future design and fabrication of BM neurol. devices, esp. for brain stents.
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  318. 318
    Kraus, T.; Moszner, F.; Fischerauer, S.; Fiedler, M.; Martinelli, E.; Eichler, J.; Witte, F.; Willbold, E.; Schinhammer, M.; Meischel, M. Biodegradable Fe-Based Alloys for Use in Osteosynthesis: Outcome of an in Vivo Study after 52 Weeks. Acta Biomater. 2014, 10, 3346– 3353,  DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.04.007
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    Biodegradable Fe-based alloys for use in osteosynthesis: Outcome of an in vivo study after 52 weeks
    Kraus, Tanja; Moszner, Frank; Fischerauer, Stefan; Fiedler, Michael; Martinelli, Elisabeth; Eichler, Johannes; Witte, Frank; Willbold, Elmar; Schinhammer, Michael; Meischel, Martin; Uggowitzer, Peter J.; Loffler, Jorg F.; Weinberg, Annelie
    Acta Biomaterialia (2014), 10 (7), 3346-3353CODEN: ABCICB; ISSN:1742-7061. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    This study investigates the degrdn. performance of three Fe-based materials in a growing rat skeleton over a period of 1 yr. Pins of pure Fe and two Fe-based alloys (Fe-10Mn-1Pd and Fe-21Mn-0.7C-1Pd, in wt.%) were implanted transcortically into the femur of 38 Sprague-Dawley rats and inspected after 4, 12, 24 and 52 wk. The assessment was performed by ex vivo microfocus computed tomog., wt.-loss detn., surface anal. of the explanted pins and histol. examn. The materials investigated showed signs of degrdn.; however, the degrdn. proceeded rather slowly and no significant differences between the materials were detected. We discuss these unexpected findings on the basis of fundamental considerations regarding iron corrosion. Dense layers of degrdn. products were formed on the implants' surfaces, and act as barriers against oxygen transport. For the degrdn. of iron, however, the presence of oxygen is an indispensable prerequisite. Its availability is generally a crit. factor in bony tissue and rather limited there, i.e. in the vicinity of our implants. Because of the relatively slow degrdn. of both pure Fe and the Fe-based alloys, their suitability for bulk temporary implants such as those in osteosynthesis applications appears questionable.
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    Ryu, H.; Seo, M. H.; Rogers, J. A. Bioresorbable Metals for Biomedical Applications: From Mechanical Components to Electronic Devices. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2021, 10, 2002236,  DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202002236
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    Bioresorbable Metals for Biomedical Applications: From Mechanical Components to electronic devices
    Ryu, Hanjun; Seo, Min-Ho; Rogers, John A.
    Advanced Healthcare Materials (2021), 10 (17), 2002236CODEN: AHMDBJ; ISSN:2192-2640. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    A review. Bioresorbable metals and metal alloys are of growing interest for myriad uses in temporary biomedical implants. Examples range from structural elements as stents, screws, and scaffolds to electronic components as sensors, elec. stimulators, and programmable fluidics. The assocd. phys. forms span mech. machined bulk parts to lithog. patterned conductive traces, across a diversity of metals and alloys based on magnesium, zinc, iron, tungsten, and others. The result is a rich set of opportunities in healthcare materials science and engineering. This article summarizes recent advances in this area, starting with an historical perspective followed by a discussion of materials options, considerations in biocompatibility, and device applications. Highlights are in system level bioresorbable electronic platforms that support functions as diagnostics and therapeutics in the context of specific, temporary clin. needs. A concluding section highlights challenges and emerging research directions.
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    Zberg, B.; Uggowitzer, P. J.; Löffler, J. F. Mgznca Glasses without Clinically Observable Hydrogen Evolution for Biodegradable Implants. Nat. Mater. 2009, 8, 887– 891,  DOI: 10.1038/nmat2542
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    MgZnCa glasses without clinically observable hydrogen evolution for biodegradable implants
    Zberg, Bruno; Uggowitzer, Peter J.; Loeffler, Joerg F.
    Nature Materials (2009), 8 (11), 887-891CODEN: NMAACR; ISSN:1476-1122. (Nature Publishing Group)
    Corrosion is normally an undesirable phenomenon in engineering applications. In the field of biomedical applications, however, implants that biocorrode' are of considerable interest. Deploying them not only abrogates the need for implant-removal surgery, but also circumvents the long-term neg. effects of permanent implants. In this context magnesium is an attractive biodegradable material, but its corrosion is accompanied by hydrogen evolution, which is problematic in many biomedical applications. Whereas the degrdn. and thus the hydrogen evolution of cryst. Mg alloys can be altered only within a very limited range, Mg-based glasses offer extended soly. for alloying elements plus a homogeneous single-phase structure, both of which may alter corrosion behavior significantly. Here we report on a distinct redn. in hydrogen evolution in Zn-rich MgZnCa glasses. Above a particular Zn-alloying threshold (≈28 at.%), a Zn- and oxygen-rich passivating layer forms on the alloy surface, which we explain by a model based on the calcd. Pourbaix diagram of Zn in simulated body fluid. We document animal studies that confirm the great redn. in hydrogen evolution and reveal the same good tissue compatibility as seen for cryst. Mg implants. Thus, the glassy Mg60+xZn35-xCa5 (0≤x≤7) alloys show great potential for deployment in a new generation of biodegradable implants.
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    Marco, I.; Myrissa, A.; Martinelli, E.; Feyerabend, F.; Willumeit-Römer, R.; Weinberg, A.; Van der Biest, O. In Vivo and in Vitro Degradation Comparison of Pure Mg, Mg-10Gd and Mg-2Ag: A Short Term Study. Eur. Cells Mater. 2017, 33, 90– 104,  DOI: 10.22203/eCM.v033a07
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    In vivo and in vitro degradation comparison of pure Mg, Mg-10Gd and Mg-2Ag: a short term study
    Marco, I.; Myrissa, A.; Martinelli, E.; Feyerabend, F.; Willumeit-Romer, R.; Weinberg, A. M.; Van der Biest, O.; Weinberg, A. M.; Biest, O. Van der
    European Cells and Materials (2017), 33 (), 90-104CODEN: ECMUBB; ISSN:1473-2262. (AO Research Institute Davos)
    The purpose of this study was to compare short term in vitro and in vivo biodegrdn. studies with low purity Mg (> 99.94 %), Mg-10Gd and Mg-2Ag designed for biodegradable implant applications. Three in vitro testing conditions were applied, using (i) phosphate buffered saline (PBS), (ii) Hank's balanced salt soln. (HBSS) and (iii) Dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM) in 5 % CO2 under sterile conditions. Gas evolution and mass loss (ML) were assessed, as well as the degrdn. layer, by elemental mapping and SEM (SEM). In vivo, implantations were performed on male Sprague-Dawley rats evaluating both, gas cavity vol. and implant vol. redn. by micro-computed tomog. (μCT), 7 d after implantation. Samples were produced by casting, soln. heat treatment and extrusion in disk and pin shape for the in vitro and in vivo expts., resp. Results showed that when the processing of the Mg sample varied, differences were found not only in the alloy impurity content and the grain size, but also in the corrosion behavior. An increase of Fe and Ni or a large grain size seemed to play a major role in the degrdn. process, while the influence of alloying elements, such as Gd and Ag, played a secondary role. Results also indicated that cell culture conditions induced degrdn. rates and degrdn. layer elemental compn. comparable to in vivo conditions. These in vitro and in vivo degrdn. layers consisted of Mg hydroxide, Mg-Ca carbonate and Ca phosphate.
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    Witte, F.; Hort, N.; Vogt, C.; Cohen, S.; Kainer, K. U.; Willumeit, R.; Feyerabend, F. Degradable Biomaterials Based on Magnesium Corrosion. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 2008, 12, 63– 72,  DOI: 10.1016/j.cossms.2009.04.001
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    Degradable biomaterials based on magnesium corrosion
    Witte, Frank; Hort, Norbert; Vogt, Carla; Cohen, Smadar; Kainer, Karl Ulrich; Willumeit, Regine; Feyerabend, Frank
    Current Opinion in Solid State & Materials Science (2009), 12 (5-6), 63-72CODEN: COSSFX; ISSN:1359-0286. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    A review. Biodegradable metals are breaking the current paradigm in biomaterial science to develop only corrosion resistant metals. In particular, metals which consist of trace elements existing in the human body are promising candidates for temporary implant materials. These implants would be temporarily needed to provide mech. support during the healing process of the injured or pathol. tissue. Magnesium and its alloys have been investigated recently by many authors as a suitable biodegradable biomaterial. In this investigative review we would like to summarize the latest achievements and comment on the selection and use, test methods and the approaches to develop and produce magnesium alloys that are intended to perform clin. with an appropriate host response.
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    Agha, N. A.; Feyerabend, F.; Mihailova, B.; Heidrich, S.; Bismayer, U.; Willumeit-Römer, R. Magnesium Degradation Influenced by Buffering Salts in Concentrations Typical of in Vitro and in Vivo Models. Mater. Sci. Eng., C 2016, 58, 817– 825,  DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.09.067
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    Magnesium degradation influenced by buffering salts in concentrations typical of in vitro and in vivo models
    Agha, Nezha Ahmad; Feyerabend, Frank; Mihailova, Boriana; Heidrich, Stefanie; Bismayer, Ulrich; Willumeit-Romer, Regine
    Materials Science & Engineering, C: Materials for Biological Applications (2016), 58 (), 817-825CODEN: MSCEEE; ISSN:0928-4931. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Magnesium and its alloys have considerable potential for orthopedic applications. During the degrdn. process the interface between material and tissue is continuously changing. Moreover, too fast or uncontrolled degrdn. is detrimental for the outcome in vivo. Therefore in vitro setups utilizing physiol. conditions are promising for the material/degrdn. anal. prior to animal expts. The aim of this study is to elucidate the influence of inorg. salts contributing to the blood buffering capacity on degrdn. Extruded pure magnesium samples were immersed under cell culture conditions for 3 and 10 days. Hank's balanced salt soln. without calcium and magnesium (HBSS) plus 10% of fetal bovine serum (FBS) was used as the basic immersion medium. Addnl., different inorg. salts were added with respect to concn. in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM, in vitro model) and human plasma (in vivo model) to form 12 different immersion media. Influences on the surrounding environment were obsd. by measuring pH and osmolality. The degrdn. interface was analyzed by electron-induced X-ray emission (EIXE) spectroscopy, including chem.-element mappings and electron microprobe anal., as well as Fourier transform IR reflection micro-spectroscopy (FTIR).
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    Xu, L.; Zhang, E.; Yin, D.; Zeng, S.; Yang, K. In Vitro Corrosion Behaviour of Mg Alloys in a Phosphate Buffered Solution for Bone Implant Application. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2008, 19, 1017– 1025,  DOI: 10.1007/s10856-007-3219-y
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    In vitro corrosion behaviour of Mg alloys in a phosphate buffered solution for bone implant application
    Xu, Liping; Zhang, Erlin; Yin, Dongsong; Zeng, Songyan; Yang, Ke
    Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine (2008), 19 (3), 1017-1025CODEN: JSMMEL; ISSN:0957-4530. (Springer)
    The corrosion behavior of Mg-Mn and Mg-Mn-Zn magnesium alloy in a phosphate buffered simulated body fluid (SBF) has been investigated by electrochem. testing and wt. loss expt. for bone implant application. Long passivation stage and noble breakdown potential in the polarization curves indicated that a passive layer could be rapidly formed on the surface of magnesium alloy in the phosphate buffered SBF, which in turn can protect magnesium from fast corrosion. Surfaces of the immersed magnesium alloy were characterized by SEM, EDS, SAXS and XPS. Results have shown that Mg-Mn and Mg-Mn-Zn alloy were covered completely by an amorphous Mg-contg. phosphate reaction layer after 24 h immersion. The corrosion behavior of magnesium alloys can be described by the dissolving of magnesium through the reaction between magnesium and soln. and the pptg. of Mg-contg. phosphate on the magnesium surface. Wt. loss rate and wt. gain rate results have indicated that magnesium alloys were corroded seriously at the first 48 h while Mg-contg. phosphate pptd. fast on the surface of magnesium alloy. After 48-96 h immersion, the corrosion reaction and the pptn. reaction reach a stable stage, displaying that the phosphate layer on magnesium surface, esp. Zn-contg. phosphate layer could provide effective protection for magnesium alloy.
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    Bowen, P. K.; Drelich, J.; Goldman, J. Zinc Exhibits Ideal Physiological Corrosion Behavior for Bioabsorbable Stents. Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 2577– 2582,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201300226
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    Zinc Exhibits Ideal Physiological Corrosion Behavior for Bioabsorbable Stents
    Bowen, Patrick K.; Drelich, Jaroslaw; Goldman, Jeremy
    Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2013), 25 (18), 2577-2582CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    Zinc has been examd. for the first time as a bioabsorbable cardiac stent material. Early indications are that the crit. aspects of biocorrosion - the rate of penetration and the immediate effects of generated products - satisfy the requirements for stent application. Pure zinc remains intact for four months or more in a small animal model, after which time corrosion accelerates thus ensuring timely degrdn. of the implant. Corrosion products on zinc after 4.5 and 6 mo in vivo are largely compact and comprise zinc oxide interspersed in zinc carbonate.
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    Gorejová, R.; Haverová, L.; Oriňaková, R.; Oriňak, A.; Oriňak, M. Recent Advancements in Fe-Based Biodegradable Materials for Bone Repair. J. Mater. Sci. 2019, 54, 1913– 1947,  DOI: 10.1007/s10853-018-3011-z
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    Recent advancements in Fe-based biodegradable materials for bone repair
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    Journal of Materials Science (2019), 54 (3), 1913-1947CODEN: JMTSAS; ISSN:0022-2461. (Springer)
    Degradable metallic biomaterials represent a new concept of bioactive biomaterials used for implants with temporary function. They should support the tissue healing process for a certain period and should progressively degrade thereafter. Degradable metallic materials could potentially replace the corrosion-resistant metals currently used for orthopaedic, cardiovascular, and paediatric implants. The interest in the study of degradable metallic biomaterials has dramatically increased in the last decade. This article reviews the current achievements in the design of biodegradable iron-based materials for orthopaedic load-bearing applications. It introduces a broad overview of the different alloying elements, coating materials, and processing methods used to improve the corrosion behavior, mech. properties, and biocompatibility of iron implant materials for temporary hard tissue scaffolds. An emphasis is set on Mn and Zn as the most promising alloying elements for Fe as well as on innovative calcium phosphate-based ceramic and polymeric coatings. In addn., the novel iron-ceramic composite biomaterials for orthopaedic implants are mentioned. Finally, recent challenges and future development direction for iron-based materials are proposed.
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    Zheng, Y. F.; Gu, X. N.; Witte, F. Biodegradable Metals. Mater. Sci. Eng., R. 2014, 77, 1– 34,  DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2014.01.001
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    Sim, K.; Wang, X.; Li, Y.; Linghu, C.; Gao, Y.; Song, J.; Yu, C. Destructive Electronics from Electrochemical-Mechanically Triggered Chemical Dissolution. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2017, 27, 065010,  DOI: 10.1088/1361-6439/aa682f
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    The considerable need to enhance data and hardware security suggest one possible future for electronics where it is possible to destroy them and even make them disappear phys. This paper reports a type of destructive electronics which features fast transience from chem. dissoln. on-demand triggered in an electrochem.-mech. manner. The detailed materials, mechanics, and device construction of the destructive electronics are presented. Expt. and anal. of the triggered releasing and transience study of electronic materials, resistors and metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors illustrate the key aspects of the destructive electronics. The reported destructive electronics is useful in a wide range of areas from security and defense, to medical applications.
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    Wang, Z.-Q.; Liu, Z.-Q.; Zhao, C.-H.; Zhang, K.; Kang, Z.-J.; Qu, T.-R.; Zeng, F.-S.; Guo, P.-Y.; Tong, Z.-C.; Wang, C.-L. An Ultrasound-Induced Self-Clearance Hydrogel for Male Reversible Contraception. ACS Nano 2022, 16, 5515– 5528,  DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09959
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    An Ultrasound-Induced Self-Clearance Hydrogel for Male Reversible Contraception
    Wang, Zi-Qi; Liu, Zhong-Qing; Zhao, Chang-Hao; Zhang, Kuo; Kang, Zhi-Jian; Qu, Tian-Rui; Zeng, Fan-Shu; Guo, Peng-Yu; Tong, Zhi-Chao; Wang, Chang-Lin; Wang, Ke-Liang; Wang, Hong-Lei; Xu, Yin-Sheng; Wang, Wan-Hui; Chu, Mao-lin; Wang, Lu; Qiao, Zeng-Ying; Wang, Hao; Xu, Wanhai
    ACS Nano (2022), 16 (4), 5515-5528CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)
    Nearly half of pregnancies worldwide are unintended mainly due to failure of contraception, resulting in neg. effects on women's health. Male contraception techniques, primarily condoms and vasectomy, play a crucial role in birth control, but cannot be both highly effective and reversible at the same time. Herein, an ultrasound (US)-induced self-clearance hydrogel capable of real-time monitoring is utilized for in situ injection into the vas deferens, enabling effective contraception and noninvasive recanalization whenever needed. The hydrogel is composed of (i) sodium alginate (SA) conjugated with reactive oxygen species (ROS)-cleavable thioketal (SA-tK), (ii) titanium dioxide (TiO2), which can generate a specific level of ROS after US treatment, and (iii) calcium chloride (CaCl2), which triggers the formation of the hydrogel. For contraception, the above mixt. agents are one-time injected into the vas deferens, which can transform from liq. to hydrogel within 160 s, thereby significantly phys. blocking the vas deferens and inhibiting movability of sperm. When fertility is needed, a noninvasive remedial ultrasound can make TiO2 generate ROS, which cleaves SA-tK to destroy the network of the hydrogel. Owing to the recanalization, the refertility rate is restored to 100%. Meanwhile, diagnostic ultrasound (D-US, 22 MHz) can monitor the occlusion and recanalization process in real-time. In summary, the proposed hydrogel contraception can be a reliable, safe, and reversible male contraceptive strategy that addresses an unmet need for men to control their fertility.
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    Pu, Y.; Yin, H.; Dong, C.; Xiang, H.; Wu, W.; Zhou, B.; Du, D.; Chen, Y.; Xu, H. Sono-Controllable and ROS-Sensitive CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing for Augmented/Synergistic Ultrasound Tumor Nanotherapy. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2104641,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104641
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    330
    Sono-Controllable and ROS-Sensitive CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing for Augmented/Synergistic Ultrasound Tumor Nanotherapy
    Pu, Yinying; Yin, Haohao; Dong, Caihong; Xiang, Huijing; Wu, Wencheng; Zhou, Bangguo; Du, Dou; Chen, Yu; Xu, Huixiong
    Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2021), 33 (45), 2104641CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    The potential of the cluster regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-assocd. protein 9 (Cas9)-based therapeutic genome editing is severely hampered by the difficulties in precise regulation of the in vivo activity of the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Herein, sono-controllable and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive sonosensitizer-integrated metal-org. frameworks (MOFs), denoted as P/M@CasMTH1, are developed for augmented sonodynamic therapy (SDT) efficacy using the genome-editing technol. P/M@CasMTH1 nanoparticles comprise singlet oxygen (1O2)-generating MOF structures anchored with CRISPR-Cas9 systems via 1O2-cleavable linkers, which serve not only as a delivery vector of CRISPR-Cas9 targeting MTH1, but also as a sonoregulator to spatiotemporally activate the genome editing. P/M@CasMTH1 escapes from the lysosomes, harvests the ultrasound (US) energy and converts it into abundant 1O2 to induce SDT. The generated ROS subsequently trigger cleavage of ROS-responsive thioether bonds, thus inducing controllable release of the CRISPR-Cas9 system and initiation of genome editing. The genomic disruption of MTH1 conspicuously augments the therapeutic efficacy of SDT by destroying the self-defense system in tumor cells, thereby causing cellular apoptosis and tumor suppression. This therapeutic strategy for synergistic MTH1 disruption and abundant 1O2 generation provides a paradigm for augmenting SDT efficacy based on the emerging nanomedicine-enabled genome-editing technol.
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    Harvey, C. J.; Pilcher, J. M.; Eckersley, R. J.; Blomley, M. J.; Cosgrove, D. O. Advances in Ultrasound. Clin. Radiol. 2002, 57, 157– 177,  DOI: 10.1053/crad.2001.0918
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    Advances in ultrasound
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    Clinical radiology (2002), 57 (3), 157-77 ISSN:0009-9260.
    Ultrasound (US) has undergone dramatic changes since its inception three decades ago; the original cumbersome B-mode gantry system has evolved into a high resolution real-time imaging system. This review describes both recent advances in ultrasound and contrast media and likely future developments. Technological advances in electronics and computing have revolutionized ultrasound practice with ever expanding applications. Developments in transducer materials and array designs have resulted in greater bandwidths with improvements in spatial and contrast resolution. Developments in digital signal processing have produced innovations in beam forming, image display and archiving. Technological advances have resulted in novel imaging modes which exploit the non-linear behaviour of tissue and microbubble contrast agents. Microbubble contrast agents have dramatically extended the clinical and research applications of ultrasound. Not only can Doppler studies be enhanced but also novel non-linear modes allow vessels down to the level of the microcirculation to be imaged. Functional and quantitative studies allow interrogation of a wide spectrum of tissue beds. The advent of tissue-specific agents promises to improve the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound in the detection and characterization of focal liver lesions to rival that of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ultrasound has recently moved into therapeutic applications with high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and microbubble assisted delivery of drugs and genes showing great promise.
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    Sudarshan, V. K.; Mookiah, M. R. K.; Acharya, U. R.; Chandran, V.; Molinari, F.; Fujita, H.; Ng, K. H. Application of Wavelet Techniques for Cancer Diagnosis Using Ultrasound Images: A Review. Comput. Biol. Med. 2016, 69, 97– 111,  DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2015.12.006
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    Application of wavelet techniques for cancer diagnosis using ultrasound images: A Review
    Sudarshan Vidya K; Mookiah Muthu Rama Krishnan; Acharya U Rajendra; Chandran Vinod; Molinari Filippo; Fujita Hamido; Ng Kwan Hoong
    Computers in biology and medicine (2016), 69 (), 97-111 ISSN:.
    Ultrasound is an important and low cost imaging modality used to study the internal organs of human body and blood flow through blood vessels. It uses high frequency sound waves to acquire images of internal organs. It is used to screen normal, benign and malignant tissues of various organs. Healthy and malignant tissues generate different echoes for ultrasound. Hence, it provides useful information about the potential tumor tissues that can be analyzed for diagnostic purposes before therapeutic procedures. Ultrasound images are affected with speckle noise due to an air gap between the transducer probe and the body. The challenge is to design and develop robust image preprocessing, segmentation and feature extraction algorithms to locate the tumor region and to extract subtle information from isolated tumor region for diagnosis. This information can be revealed using a scale space technique such as the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). It decomposes an image into images at different scales using low pass and high pass filters. These filters help to identify the detail or sudden changes in intensity in the image. These changes are reflected in the wavelet coefficients. Various texture, statistical and image based features can be extracted from these coefficients. The extracted features are subjected to statistical analysis to identify the significant features to discriminate normal and malignant ultrasound images using supervised classifiers. This paper presents a review of wavelet techniques used for preprocessing, segmentation and feature extraction of breast, thyroid, ovarian and prostate cancer using ultrasound images.
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    Nguyen, M. T.; Seriani, N.; Gebauer, R. Defective Α-Fe2o3 (0001): An Ab Initio Study. ChemPhysChem 2014, 15, 2930– 2935,  DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402153
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    Defective α-Fe2O3(0001): An ab Initio Study
    Nguyen, Manh-Thuong; Seriani, Nicola; Gebauer, Ralph
    ChemPhysChem (2014), 15 (14), 2930-2935CODEN: CPCHFT; ISSN:1439-4235. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    By using d. functional theory calcns. at the PBE + U level, we investigated the properties of hematite (0001) surfaces decorated with adatoms/vacancies/substituents. For the most stable surface termination over a large range of oxygen chem. potentials (μ0), the vacancy formation and adsorption energies were detd. as a function of μ0. Under oxygen-rich conditions, all defects are metastable with respect to the ideal surface. Under oxygen-poor conditions, O vacancies and Fe adatoms become stable. Under ambient conditions, all defects are metastable; in the bulk, O vacancies form more easily than Fe vacancies, whereas at the surface the opposite is true. All defects, i.e., O and Fe vacancies, Fe and Al adatoms, and Al substituents, induce important modifications to the geometry of the surface in their vicinity. Dissociative adsorption of mol. oxygen is likely to be exothermic on surfaces with Fe/Al adatoms or O vacancies.
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    Lee, K. Y.; Jeong, L.; Kang, Y. O.; Lee, S. J.; Park, W. H. Electrospinning of Polysaccharides for Regenerative Medicine. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2009, 61, 1020– 1032,  DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.07.006
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    Electrospinning of polysaccharides for regenerative medicine
    Lee, Kuen Yong; Jeong, Lim; Kang, Yun Ok; Lee, Seung Jin; Park, Won Ho
    Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (2009), 61 (12), 1020-1032CODEN: ADDREP; ISSN:0169-409X. (Elsevier B.V.)
    A review. Electrospinning techniques enable the prodn. of continuous fibers with dimensions on the scale of nanometers from a wide range of natural and synthetic polymers. The no. of recent studies regarding electrospun polysaccharides and their derivs., which are potentially useful for regenerative medicine, is increasing dramatically. However, difficulties regarding the processibility of the polysaccharides (e.g., poor soly. and high surface tension) have limited their application. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of various polysaccharides such as alginate, cellulose, chitin, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, starch, dextran, and heparin, which are either currently being used or have potential to be used for electrospinning. The recent progress of nanofiber matrixes electrospun from polysaccharides and their biomedical applications in tissue engineering, wound dressings, drug delivery, and enzyme immobilization are discussed.
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    Dai, C.; Zhang, S.; Liu, Z.; Wu, R.; Chen, Y. Two-Dimensional Graphene Augments Nanosonosensitized Sonocatalytic Tumor Eradication. ACS Nano 2017, 11, 9467– 9480,  DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b05215
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    Two-Dimensional Graphene Augments Nanosonosensitized Sonocatalytic Tumor Eradication
    Dai, Chen; Zhang, Shengjian; Liu, Zhuang; Wu, Rong; Chen, Yu
    ACS Nano (2017), 11 (9), 9467-9480CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)
    Ultrasound (US) can activate sonosensitizers for sonodynamic therapy (SDT), but the low activation efficiency and therapeutic outcome significantly hinder its further clin. translation. Inspired by the principles of semiconductor physics and photocatalysis chem., the authors herein report on augmenting the sonocatalytic efficiency of semiconductor TiO2-based nanosonosensitizers for highly efficient SDT by the integration of two-dimensional (2D) ultrathin graphene with TiO2 nanosonosensitizers. The high electrocond. of graphene facilitates the sepn. of the electron (e-) and hole (h+) pairs from the energy band of TiO2 and avoids their recombination upon external US irradn.; thus it significantly augments the therapeutic efficiency of TiO2 nanosonosensitizers for SDT against tumors. By further MnOx functionalization, these 2D composite nanosonosensitizers achieved tumor microenvironment-sensitive (mild acidity) T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of tumors for therapeutic guidance and monitoring. The high photothermal-conversion capability of graphene also synergistically enhanced the SDT efficiency, achieving the complete eradication of a tumor without reoccurrence. This work provides a paradigm for augmenting semiconductor TiO2-based sonocatalytic therapeutic nanomedicine by learning the physiochem. principles from traditional photocatalysis, which also demonstrates a highly efficient noninvasive and safe therapeutic modality for tumor eradication by the nanosonosensitized sonocatalytic process.
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    Qian, X.; Zheng, Y.; Chen, Y. Micro/Nanoparticle-Augmented Sonodynamic Therapy (Sdt): Breaking the Depth Shallow of Photoactivation. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 8097– 8129,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602012
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    Micro/Nanoparticle-Augmented Sonodynamic Therapy (SDT): Breaking the Depth Shallow of Photoactivation
    Qian, Xiaoqin; Zheng, Yuanyi; Chen, Yu
    Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2016), 28 (37), 8097-8129CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    The fast development of photoactivation for cancer treatment provides an efficient photo-therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment, but traditional photodynamic or photothermal therapy suffers from the crit. issue of low in vivo penetration depth of tissues. As a non-invasive therapeutic modality, sonodynamic therapy (SDT) can break the depth barrier of photoactivation because ultrasound has an intrinsically high tissue-penetration performance. Micro/nanoparticles can efficiently augment the SDT efficiency based on nanobiotechnol. The state-of-art of the representative achievements on micro/nanoparticle-enhanced SDT is summarized, and specific functions of micro/nanoparticles for SDT are discussed, from the different viewpoints of ultrasound medicine, material science and nanobiotechnol. Emphasis is put on the relationship of structure/compn.-SDT performance of micro/nanoparticle-based sonosensitizers. Three types of micro/nanoparticle-augmented SDT are discussed, including org. and inorg. sonosensitizers and micro/nanoparticle-based but sonosensitizer-free strategies to enhance the SDT outcome. SDT-based synergistic cancer therapy augmented by micro/nanoparticles and their biosafety are also included. Some urgent crit. issues and potential developments of micro/nanoparticle-augmented SDT for efficient cancer treatment are addressed. It is highly expected that micro/nanoparticle-augmented SDT will be quickly developed as a new and efficient therapeutic modality which will find practical applications in cancer treatment. At the same time, fundamental disciplines regarding materials science, chem., medicine and nanotechnol. will be advanced.
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    Cheng, D.-B.; Zhang, X.-H.; Gao, Y.-J.; Ji, L.; Hou, D.; Wang, Z.; Xu, W.; Qiao, Z.-Y.; Wang, H. Endogenous Reactive Oxygen Species-Triggered Morphology Transformation for Enhanced Cooperative Interaction with Mitochondria. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 7235– 7239,  DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07727
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    Endogenous Reactive Oxygen Species-Triggered Morphology Transformation for Enhanced Cooperative Interaction with Mitochondria
    Cheng, Dong-Bing; Zhang, Xue-Hao; Gao, Yu-Juan; Ji, Lei; Hou, Dayong; Wang, Ziqi; Xu, Wanhai; Qiao, Zeng-Ying; Wang, Hao
    Journal of the American Chemical Society (2019), 141 (18), 7235-7239CODEN: JACSAT; ISSN:0002-7863. (American Chemical Society)
    The morphol. controlled mol. assemblies play vital roles in biol. systems. Here we present endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS)-triggered morphol. transformation of polymer-peptide conjugates (PPCs) for cooperative interaction with mitochondria, exhibiting high tumor therapeutic efficacy. The PPCs are composed of (i) a β-sheet-forming peptide KLVFF conjugated with poly(ethylene glycol) through ROS-cleavable thioketal, (ii) a mitochondria-targeting cytotoxic peptide KLAK, and (iii) a poly(vinyl alc.) backbone. The self-assembled PPCs nanoparticles can enter cells and target mitochondria. Because of overgenerated ROS around mitochondria in most cancer cells, the thioketal linker can be cleaved, leading to transformation from nanoparticles to fibrous nanostructures. As a result, the locational nanofibers with exposure of KLAK exhibit enhanced multivalent cooperative interactions with mitochondria, which causes selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells and powerful tumor suppression efficacy in vivo. As the first example of ROS-triggered intracellular transformation, the locational assembly strategy in vivo may provide a new insight for disease diagnosis and therapy through enhanced interaction with targeting site.
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    Cheng, D.-B.; Zhang, X.-H.; Chen, Y.; Chen, H.; Qiao, Z.-Y.; Wang, H. Ultrasound-Activated Cascade Effect for Synergistic Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer Therapy. iScience 2020, 23, 101144,  DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101144
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    Ultrasound-Activated Cascade Effect for Synergistic Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer Therapy
    Cheng, Dong-Bing; Zhang, Xue-Hao; Chen, Yuanfang; Chen, Hao; Qiao, Zeng-Ying; Wang, Hao
    iScience (2020), 23 (6), 101144CODEN: ISCICE; ISSN:2589-0042. (Elsevier B.V.)
    In some malignant tumor, esp. for pancreatic tumor, poor solid-tumor penetration of nanotherapeutics impedes their treatment efficacy. Herein, we develop a polymer-peptide conjugate with the deep tissue penetration ability, which undergoes a cascade process under ultrasound (US), including (1) the singlet oxygen 1O2 is generated by P18, (2) the thioketal bond is cleaved by the 1O2, (3) the departure of PEG chains leads to the in situ self-assembly, and (4) the resultant self-assembled PK nanoparticles show considerable cellular internalization. Owing to the synergistic effect of US on increasing the membrane permeability, the endocytosis and lysosome escape of PK nanoparticles are further enhanced effectively, resulting in the improved therapeutic efficacy. Thanks to the high tissue-penetrating depth and spatial precision of US, PTPK presents enhanced tumor inhibition in an orthotopic pancreatic tumor model. Therefore, the US-activated cascade effect offers a novel perspective for precision medicine and disease theranostics.
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    Lin, Y.; Kouznetsova, T. B.; Craig, S. L. Mechanically Gated Degradable Polymers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 2105– 2109,  DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13359
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    Mechanically Gated Degradable Polymers
    Lin, Yangju; Kouznetsova, Tatiana B.; Craig, Stephen L.
    Journal of the American Chemical Society (2020), 142 (5), 2105-2109CODEN: JACSAT; ISSN:0002-7863. (American Chemical Society)
    Degradable polymers are desirable for the replacement of conventional org. polymers that persist in the environment, but they often suffer from the unintentional scission of the degradable functionalities on the polymer backbone, which diminishes polymer properties during storage and regular use. Herein, we report a strategy that combats unintended degrdn. in polymers by combining two common degrdn. stimuli-mech. and acid triggers-in an "AND gate" fashion. A cyclobutane (CB) mechanophore is used as a mech. gate to regulate an acid-sensitive ketal that has been widely employed in acid degradable polymers. This gated ketal is further incorporated into the polymer backbone. In the presence of an acid trigger alone, the pristine polymer retains its backbone integrity, and delivering high mech. forces alone by ultrasonication degrades the polymer to an apparent limiting mol. wt. of 28 kDa. The sequential treatment of ultrasonication followed by acid, however, leads to a further 11-fold decrease in mol. wt. to 2.5 kDa. Exptl. and computational evidence further indicate that the ungated ketal possesses mech. strength that is commensurate with the conventional polymer backbones. Single mol. force spectroscopy (SMFS) reveals that the force necessary to activate the CB mol. gate on the time scale of 100 ms is approx. 2 nN.
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    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXpt1Wjtg%253D%253D&md5=0ed4ff228128c4a90dbd11689e073de8
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    Li, G.; Song, E.; Huang, G.; Guo, Q.; Ma, F.; Zhou, B.; Mei, Y. High-Temperature-Triggered Thermally Degradable Electronics Based on Flexible Silicon Nanomembranes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1801448,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201801448
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    Zhao, H.; An, H.; Xi, B.; Yang, Y.; Qin, J.; Wang, Y.; He, Y.; Wang, X. Self-Healing Hydrogels with Both Lcst and Ucst through Cross-Linking Induced Thermo-Response. Polymers 2019, 11, 490,  DOI: 10.3390/polym11030490
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    341
    Self-healing hydrogels with both LCST and UCST through cross-linking induced thermo-response
    Zhao, Haifeng; An, Heng; Xi, Baozhong; Yang, Yan; Qin, Jianglei; Wang, Yong; He, Yingna; Wang, Xinguo
    Polymers (Basel, Switzerland) (2019), 11 (3), 490pp.CODEN: POLYCK; ISSN:2073-4360. (MDPI AG)
    Self-healing hydrogels have drawn great attention in the past decade since the self-healing property is one of the characteristics of living creatures. In this study, poly(acrylamide-stat-diacetone acrylamide) P(AM-stat-DAA) with a pendant ketone group was synthesized from easy accessible monomers, and thermo-responsive self-healing hydrogels were prepd. through a series of diacylhydrazide compds. crosslinking without any addnl. stimulus. Although the copolymers do not show thermo-response, the hydrogels became thermo-responsive and both the lower crit. soln. temp. (LCST) and upper crit. soln. temp. (UCST) varied with the compn. of the copolymer and structure of cross-linkers. With a dynamic covalent bond connection, the hydrogel showed gel-sol-gel transition triggered by acidity, redox, and ketone to acylhydrazide group ratios. This is another interesting crosslinking induced thermo-responsive (CIT) hydrogel with different properties compared to PNIPAM-based thermo-responsive hydrogels. The self-healing hydrogel with CIT properties could have great potential for application in areas related to bioscience, life simulation, and temp. switching.
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  342. 342
    Zhang, X.; Bellan, L. M. Composites Formed from Thermoresponsive Polymers and Conductive Nanowires for Transient Electronic Systems. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 21991– 21997,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b04748
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    342
    Composites Formed from Thermoresponsive Polymers and Conductive Nanowires for Transient Electronic Systems
    Zhang, Xin; Bellan, Leon M.
    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2017), 9 (26), 21991-21997CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
    Transient electronic systems that disintegrate after a preprogrammed time or a particular stimulus (e.g. water, light or temp.) are fundamentally linked to the properties and behavior of the materials used for construction. Here, we demonstrate that polymers exhibiting lower crit. soln. temp. (LCST) behavior can work as thermoresponsive substrates for circuitry, and that by coupling these materials with conductive nanowires, we can form a transient electronics platform with unique, irreversible temp.-responsive behavior. Transient systems formed from composites of LCST polymers and conductive nanowires exhibit stable elec. performance in soln. (T soln. > LCST) for over 24 h until a cooling stimulus triggers a rapid (within 5 min) and gigantic (3 to 4 orders of magnitude) transition in elec. conductance due to polymer dissoln. Using a parylene mask, we are able to fabricate thermoresponsive elec. components, such as conductive traces and parallel-plate capacitors, demonstrating the versatility of this material and patterning technique. With this unique stimulus-responsive transient system and polymers with LCSTs above room temp. (e.g. poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), methylcellulose), we have developed a platform in which a circuit requires a source of heat to remain viable, and upon loss of this external heat source the circuit is destroyed and vanishes.
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  343. 343
    Lee, C. H.; Jeong, J. W.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Shi, Y.; Kang, S. K.; Kim, J.; Kim, J. S.; Lee, N. Y.; Kim, B. H. Materials and Wireless Microfluidic Systems for Electronics Capable of Chemical Dissolution on Demand. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25, 1338– 1343,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201403573
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    343
    Materials and wireless microfluidic systems for electronics capable of chemical dissolution on demand
    Lee, Chi Hwan; Jeong, Jae-Woong; Liu, Yuhao; Zhang, Yihui; Shi, Yan; Kang, Seung-Kyun; Kim, Jeonghyun; Kim, Jae Soon; Lee, Na Yeon; Kim, Bong Hoon; Jang, Kyung-In; Yin, Lan; Kim, Min Ku; Banks, Anthony; Paik, Ungyu; Huang, Yonggang; Rogers, John A.
    Advanced Functional Materials (2015), 25 (9), 1338-1343CODEN: AFMDC6; ISSN:1616-301X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    Electronics that are capable of destroying themselves, on demand and in a harmless way, might provide the ultimate form of data security. This paper presents materials and device architectures for triggered destruction of conventional microelectronic systems by means of microfluidic chem. etching of the constituent materials, including silicon, silicon dioxide, and metals (e.g., aluminum). Demonstrations in an array of home-built metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors that exploit ultrathin sheets of monocryst. silicon and in radio-frequency identification devices illustrate the utility of the approaches.
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  344. 344
    Plaghki, L.; Decruynaere, C.; Van Dooren, P.; Le Bars, D. The Fine Tuning of Pain Thresholds: A Sophisticated Double Alarm System. PLoS One 2010, 5, e10269  DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010269
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    Cho, J.; Shin, G. Fabrication of a Flexible, Wireless Micro-Heater on Elastomer for Wearable Gas Sensor Applications. Polymers 2022, 14, 1557,  DOI: 10.3390/polym14081557
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    345
    Fabrication of flexible, wireless micro-heater on elastomer for wearable gas sensor applications
    Cho, Jonam; Shin, Gunchul
    Polymers (Basel, Switzerland) (2022), 14 (8), 1557CODEN: POLYCK; ISSN:2073-4360. (MDPI AG)
    Thin-film microdevices can be applied to various wearable devices due to their high flexibility compared to conventional bulk-type electronic devices. Among the various microdevice types, many IoT-based sensor devices have been developed recently. In the case of such sensor elements, it is important to control the surrounding environment to optimize the sensing characteristics. Among these environmental factors, temp. often has a great influence. There are cases where temp. significantly affects the sensor characteristics, as is the case for gas sensors. For this purpose, the development of thin-film-type micro-heaters is important. For this study, a wirelessly driven thin-film micro-heater was fabricated on the flexible and stretchable elastomer, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS); the antenna was optimized; and the heater was driven at the temp. up to 102°C. The effect of its use on gas-sensing characteristics was compared through the application of the proposed micro-heater to a gas sensor. The heated SnO2 nanowire gas sensor improved the performance of detecting carbon monoxide (CO) by more than 20%, and the recovery time was reduced to less than half. It is expected that thin-film-type micro-heaters that can be operated wirelessly are suitable for application in various wearable devices, including those for smart sensors and health monitoring.
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  346. 346
    Jeroish, Z.; Bhuvaneshwari, K.; Samsuri, F.; Narayanamurthy, V. Microheater: Material, Design, Fabrication, Temperature Control, and Applications─a Role in Covid-19. Biomed. Microdevices 2022, 24, 3,  DOI: 10.1007/s10544-021-00595-8
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    346
    Microheater: material, design, fabrication, temperature control, and applications-a role in COVID-19
    Jeroish, Z. E.; Bhuvaneshwari, K. S.; Samsuri, Fahmi; Narayanamurthy, Vigneswaran
    Biomedical Microdevices (2022), 24 (1), 3CODEN: BMICFC; ISSN:1387-2176. (Springer)
    A review. Heating plays a vital role in science, engineering, mining, and space, where heating can be achieved via elec., induction, IR, or microwave radiation. For fast switching and continuous applications, hotplate or Peltier elements can be employed. However, due to bulkiness, they are ineffective for portable applications or operation at remote locations. Miniaturization of heaters reduces power consumption and bulkiness, enhances the thermal response, and integrates with several sensors or microfluidic chips. The microheater has a thickness of ∼ 100 nm to ∼ 100μm and offers a temp. range up to 1900°C with precise control. In recent years, due to the escalating demand for flexible electronics, thin-film microheaters have emerged as an imperative research area. This review provides an overview of recent advancements in microheater as well as analyses different microheater designs, materials, fabrication, and temp. control. In addn., the applications of microheaters in gas sensing, biol., and elec. and mech. sectors are emphasized. Moreover, the max. temp., voltage, power consumption, response time, and heating rate of each microheater are tabulated. Finally, we addressed the specific key considerations for designing and fabricating a microheater as well as the importance of microheater integration in COVID-19 diagnostic kits. This review thereby provides general guidelines to researchers to integrate microheater in micro-electromech. systems (MEMS), which may pave the way for developing rapid and large-scale SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic kits in resource-constrained clin. or home-based environments.
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  347. 347
    Khan, U.; Kim, T.-H.; Lee, K. H.; Lee, J.-H.; Yoon, H.-J.; Bhatia, R.; Sameera, I.; Seung, W.; Ryu, H.; Falconi, C. Self-Powered Transparent Flexible Graphene Microheaters. Nano Energy 2015, 17, 356– 365,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.09.007
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    347
    Self-powered transparent flexible graphene microheaters
    Khan, Usman; Kim, Tae-Ho; Lee, Kang Hyuck; Lee, Ju-Hyuck; Yoon, Hong-Joon; Bhatia, Ravi; Sameera, Ivaturi; Seung, Wanchul; Ryu, Hanjun; Falconi, Christian; Kim, Sang-Woo
    Nano Energy (2015), 17 (), 356-365CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Transparent and flexible (TF) microheaters are required in wearable devices, labs-on-chip, and micro-reactors. Nevertheless, conventional microheaters are rigid or opaque or both. Moreover, the resistances of conventional metallic microheaters are too low to be effectively powered by wearable energy harvesters. Here, we demonstrate the first TF microheaters by taking advantage of chem. vapor deposition (CVD)-grown graphene heating tracks and of a hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) sheet for passivation; the h-BN sheet increases the max. temp. by ∼80%. Our TF microheaters show excellent temp. uniformity and can reach temps. above 200 °C in just 4 s, with power consumption as low as 39 mW. Addnl., since the CVD-graphene sheet resistance is orders of magnitude higher than that of typical metallic heaters, our devices can be effectively powered by wearable energy harvesters. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate the first self-powered, wearable microheater which achieves a temp. increase of 8 °C when operated by a sound driven textile-based triboelec. nanogenerator. This is a key milestone towards next generation microheaters with applications in portable/wearable personal electronics, wireless health, and remote and mobile environmental sensors.
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  348. 348
    Schild, H. G. Poly (N-Isopropylacrylamide): Experiment, Theory and Application. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1992, 17, 163– 249,  DOI: 10.1016/0079-6700(92)90023-R
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    Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide): experiment, theory and application
    Schild, H. G.
    Progress in Polymer Science (1992), 17 (2), 163-249CODEN: PRPSB8; ISSN:0079-6700.
    A review with 309 refs. on synthesis, crosslinking, soln. properties, modification, and uses of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide).
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  349. 349
    Fundueanu, G.; Constantin, M.; Ascenzi, P. Poly (N-Isopropylacrylamide-Co-Acrylamide) Cross-Linked Thermoresponsive Microspheres Obtained from Preformed Polymers: Influence of the Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Drugs on Their Release Profiles. Acta Biomater. 2009, 5, 363– 373,  DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2008.07.011
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    349
    Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide) cross-linked thermoresponsive microspheres obtained from preformed polymers: influence of the physico-chemical characteristics of drugs on their release profiles
    Fundueanu, Gheorghe; Constantin, Marieta; Ascenzi, Paolo
    Acta Biomaterialia (2009), 5 (1), 363-373CODEN: ABCICB; ISSN:1742-7061. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide) copolymer was synthesized as an interesting thermoresponsive material possessing a phase transition temp. of around 36 °C in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 (PB); the concn. was 10%, w/v. The copolymer maintains a sharp phase transition at a relatively high percentage of acrylamide. The lower crit. soln. temp. (LCST) of the copolymer is influenced by the concn. of copolymer soln. in PB. The copolymer was transformed in thermoresponsive microspheres by chem. crosslinking of amide groups with glutaraldehyde. The key factors for the successful prepn. of microspheres are the use of a concd. polymer soln., a temp. (38 °C) that is high enough but lower than LCST, and a long reaction time (48 h). The microspheres were characterized by optical and SEM, swelling/deswelling kinetics, swelling degree, and PB retention at different temps. Finally, the influence of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity and the mol. wt. of the drugs (propranolol, lidocaine, vitamin B12) on their release profile from thermoresponsive microspheres were examd. Above LCST the hydrogel matrix is in the dehydrated state and hydrophobic interactions between the hydrophobic drugs and the polymer occur, modulating the release rate of the drugs. For hydrophilic drugs, the release rate is modulated mainly by the steric interaction between the drug mol. and the matrix.
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  350. 350
    Jiang, Y.; Trotsyuk, A. A.; Niu, S.; Henn, D.; Chen, K.; Shih, C.-C.; Larson, M. R.; Mermin-Bunnell, A. M.; Mittal, S.; Lai, J.-C. Wireless Closed-Loop Smart Bandage for Chronic Wound Management and Accelerated Tissue Regeneration. Nat. Biotechnol. 2023, 41, 652– 662,  DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01528-3
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    350
    Wireless, closed-loop, smart bandage with integrated sensors and stimulators for advanced wound care and accelerated healing
    Jiang, Yuanwen; Trotsyuk, Artem A.; Niu, Simiao; Henn, Dominic; Chen, Kellen; Shih, Chien-Chung; Larson, Madelyn R.; Mermin-Bunnell, Alana M.; Mittal, Smiti; Lai, Jian-Cheng; Saberi, Aref; Beard, Ethan; Jing, Serena; Zhong, Donglai; Steele, Sydney R.; Sun, Kefan; Jain, Tanish; Zhao, Eric; Neimeth, Christopher R.; Viana, Willian G.; Tang, Jing; Sivaraj, Dharshan; Padmanabhan, Jagannath; Rodrigues, Melanie; Perrault, David P.; Chattopadhyay, Arhana; Maan, Zeshaan N.; Leeolou, Melissa C.; Bonham, Clark A.; Kwon, Sun Hyung; Kussie, Hudson C.; Fischer, Katharina S.; Gurusankar, Gurupranav; Liang, Kui; Zhang, Kailiang; Nag, Ronjon; Snyder, Michael P.; Januszyk, Michael; Gurtner, Geoffrey C.; Bao, Zhenan
    Nature Biotechnology (2023), 41 (5), 652-662CODEN: NABIF9; ISSN:1087-0156. (Nature Portfolio)
    Abstr.: 'Smart' bandages based on multimodal wearable devices could enable real-time physiol. monitoring and active intervention to promote healing of chronic wounds. However, there has been limited development in incorporation of both sensors and stimulators for the current smart bandage technologies. Addnl., while adhesive electrodes are essential for robust signal transduction, detachment of existing adhesive dressings can lead to secondary damage to delicate wound tissues without switchable adhesion. Here we overcome these issues by developing a flexible bioelectronic system consisting of wirelessly powered, closed-loop sensing and stimulation circuits with skin-interfacing hydrogel electrodes capable of on-demand adhesion and detachment. In mice, we demonstrate that our wound care system can continuously monitor skin impedance and temp. and deliver elec. stimulation in response to the wound environment. Across preclin. wound models, the treatment group healed ∼25% more rapidly and with ∼50% enhancement in dermal remodeling compared with control. Further, we obsd. activation of proregenerative genes in monocyte and macrophage cell populations, which may enhance tissue regeneration, neovascularization and dermal recovery.
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  351. 351
    Boustta, M.; Colombo, P.-E.; Lenglet, S.; Poujol, S.; Vert, M. Versatile Ucst-Based Thermoresponsive Hydrogels for Loco-Regional Sustained Drug Delivery. J. Controlled Release 2014, 174, 1– 6,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.10.040
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    351
    Versatile UCST-based thermoresponsive hydrogels for loco-regional sustained drug delivery
    Boustta, Mahfoud; Colombo, Pierre-Emmanuel; Lenglet, Sebastien; Poujol, Sylvain; Vert, Michel
    Journal of Controlled Release (2014), 174 (), 1-6CODEN: JCREEC; ISSN:0168-3659. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Poly(N-acryloyl glycinamide) is a neutral polymer that can form gel-sol thermoresponsive systems with upper crit. soln. temp. in aq. media. The temp. of the reversible gel-sol transition depends on the molar mass and the concn. of macromols. These parameters were combined to adjust the transition temp. slightly above body temp. for the sake of respecting living tissues during the sol form injection using a classical syringe. On contact with local tissues, the injected sol turned rapidly to a gel. The simplicity of the process makes it exploitable to administrate and deliver neutral or ionic drug and esp. those that are sol. in aq. media. The versatility was exemplified from formulations with cobalt acetate, small polymers (MW ∼ 2000 g/mol), tartrazine and methylene blue dyes and albumin. The model compds. were allowed to diffuse in an isotonic pH = 7.4 buffered medium at 37 °C. All the release profiles were typical of diffusion control with 100% release within 2 to 3 wk and no obvious burst. The in vitro release of methylene blue from a gel formulation was checked prior to injection in the peritoneal cavity of mice where the release of the dye was monitored visually through tissue and organ colorations. A comparable polymer-free dye soln. was used as control. Coloration appeared rapidly in tissues and organs and it was still detectable 52 h post injection of the gel whereas it was no longer present at 24 h in control mice.
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  352. 352
    Tao, H.; Hwang, S.-W.; Marelli, B.; An, B.; Moreau, J. E.; Yang, M.; Brenckle, M. A.; Kim, S.; Kaplan, D. L.; Rogers, J. A. Silk-Based Resorbable Electronic Devices for Remotely Controlled Therapy and in Vivo Infection Abatement. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2014, 111, 17385– 17389,  DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1407743111
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    352
    Silk-based resorbable electronic devices for remotely controlled therapy and in vivo infection abatement
    Tao, Hu; Hwang, Suk-Won; Marelli, Benedetto; An, Bo; Moreau, Jodie E.; Yang, Miaomiao; Brenckle, Mark A.; Kim, Stanley; Kaplan, David L.; Rogers, John A.; Omenetto, Fiorenzo G.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2014), 111 (49), 17385-17389CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)
    A paradigm shift for implantable medical devices lies at the confluence between regenerative medicine, where materials remodel and integrate in the biol. milieu, and technol., through the use of recently developed material platforms based on biomaterials and bioresorbable technologies such as optics and electronics. The union of materials and technol. in this context enables a class of biomedical devices that can be optically or electronically functional and yet harmlessly degrade once their use is complete. The authors present here a fully degradable, remotely controlled, implantable therapeutic device operating in vivo to counter a Staphylococcus aureus infection that disappears once its function is complete. This class of device provides fully resorbable packaging and electronics that can be turned on remotely, after implantation, to provide the necessary thermal therapy or trigger drug delivery. Such externally controllable, resorbable devices not only obviate the need for secondary surgeries and retrieval, but also have extended utility as therapeutic devices that can be left behind at a surgical or suturing site, following intervention, and can be externally controlled to allow for infection management by either thermal treatment or by remote triggering of drug release when there is retardation of antibiotic diffusion, deep infections are present, or when systemic antibiotic treatment alone is insufficient due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. After completion of function, the device is safely resorbed into the body, within a programmable period.
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    Su, M.; Kim, B. Silk Fibroin-Carbon Nanotube Composites Based Fiber Substrated Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerator. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2020, 3, 9759– 9770,  DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.0c01854
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    Silk Fibroin-Carbon Nanotube Composites based Fiber Substrated Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerator
    Su, Meng; Kim, Beomjoon
    ACS Applied Nano Materials (2020), 3 (10), 9759-9770CODEN: AANMF6; ISSN:2574-0970. (American Chemical Society)
    The triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) is an emerging technol. that can convert mech. energy generated by human motion into electricity, and it is expected to compensate batteries for driving wearable electronics. However, in the field of wearable TENGs, low cost and common wearable raw material, which is crit. for daily use, cannot generate still higher output power as wearable TENG source. In this study, we developed a flexible fiber-substrated TENG (F-TENG) device based on silk and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using electrospinning and electrospray. The F-TENG has a unique layered microstructure, which can provide a highly free wearing experience and usable output, while satisfying the requirements of being simple, durable, and flexible. The fabrication process subverts the conventional method of processing metal wires into fibers and weaving them into textiles at a later stage by converting a liq. soln. to a thin film made of fibers. The two steps of electrospinning and electrospray can be conducted by using the same setup of equipment, under ambient conditions. The power generation capacity of the arch-shaped F-TENG reached 140.99μW/cm2 with shaker patting and 317.4μW/cm2 with hand patting. A series of wearing tests also showed high potential of its applications. Its tensile property was also proved to be able to meet the normal wearing requirements of daily life. The combination of silk and CNT, as well as the development of the processing methods, are able to lay a reliable foundation for the wearable TENGs to break through many current development bottlenecks.
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    Zhou, Y.; Deng, W.; Xu, J.; Chen, J. Engineering Materials at the Nanoscale for Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 2020, 1, 100142,  DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2020.100142
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    Engineering Materials at the Nanoscale for Triboelectric Nanogenerators
    Zhou, Yihao; Deng, Weili; Xu, Jing; Chen, Jun
    Cell Reports Physical Science (2020), 1 (8), 100142CODEN: CRPSF5; ISSN:2666-3864. (Elsevier Inc.)
    Taking advantage of the coupling effect of contact electrification and electrostatic induction, triboelec. nanogenerators can effectively convert various forms of ambient mech. energy into electricity, and therefore have attracted much attention, with broad applications in energy harvesting, active sensing, and biomedical therapy, which are anticipated to be an indispensable component in the era of the Internet of things. To improve the mech.-to-elec. conversion, various strategies have been reported to engineer the materials used at the nanoscale with phys., chem., biol., and hybrid approaches. These strategies to enhance the output performance and extend the applications of triboelec. nanogenerators are comprehensively reviewed and summarized in this article. Furthermore, perspectives are also discussed in depth, with an emphasis on future research directions to further advance developments within the field.
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  355. 355
    Shi, C.; Leonardi, A.; Zhang, Y.; Ohlendorf, P.; Ruyack, A.; Lal, A.; Ober, C. K. Uv-Triggered Transient Electrospun Poly (Propylene Carbonate)/Poly (Phthalaldehyde) Polymer Blend Fiber Mats. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 28928– 28935,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b06051
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    355
    UV-Triggered Transient Electrospun Poly(propylene carbonate)/Poly(phthalaldehyde) Polymer Blend Fiber Mats
    Shi, Chengjian; Leonardi, Amanda; Zhang, Yiren; Ohlendorf, Peter; Ruyack, Alexander; Lal, Amit; Ober, Christopher K.
    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2018), 10 (34), 28928-28935CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
    This work reports the first transient electrospun nanofiber mat triggered by UV-irradn. using poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC)/poly(phthalaldehyde) (cPPA) polymer blends. The ability to trigger room temp. transience of nanofiber mats without the need for addnl. heat or solvent expands its utility in non-biol. fields, esp. for transient electronic devices. The addn. of a photo-acid-generator (PAG) to the system working in combination with UV light provides an acid source to enhance degrdn. since both polymer backbones are acid-sensitive. Electrospinning enables the prodn. of PPC/cPPA composite nanofiber mats capable of significant degrdn. upon exposure to UV radiation while maintaining relatively high mech. properties. An acid amplifier (AA), an auto-catalytically decompg. compd. triggered by acid, was used to generate more acid and accelerate nanofiber degrdn. The electrospun fiber mats can be post-annealed to achieve an improved mat mech. strength of ∼ 170 MPa.
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  356. 356
    Wu, C.; Jiang, J.; Guo, H.; Pu, X.; Liu, L.; Ding, W.; Kohl, P. A.; Wang, Z. L. Sunlight-Triggerable Transient Energy Harvester and Sensors Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerator Using Acid-Sensitive Poly (Phthalaldehyde). Adv. Electron. Mater. 2019, 5, 1900725,  DOI: 10.1002/aelm.201900725
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    356
    Sunlight-Triggerable Transient Energy Harvester and Sensors Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerator Using Acid-Sensitive Poly(phthalaldehyde)
    Wu, Changsheng; Jiang, Jisu; Guo, Hengyu; Pu, Xianjie; Liu, Lisha; Ding, Wenbo; Kohl, Paul A.; Wang, Zhong Lin
    Advanced Electronic Materials (2019), 5 (12), 1900725CODEN: AEMDBW; ISSN:2199-160X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    Transient electronics that disintegrate via material dissoln. or depolymn. under certain stimuli have great potential in biomedical and military applications. The triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG), an emerging mech. energy harvesting technol. with great flexibility in material choices, is promising in offering transient power sources. Previously reported transient energy harvesters using biodegradable polymers require soln.-based degrdn. and have limited applications in non-biol. scenarios. A short time span, sunlight-triggered degradable TENG is developed. The main substrate includes an acid-sensitive poly(phthalaldehyde) (PPHA), a photoacid generator (PAG), and a photosensitizer (PS). Through photo-induced electron transfer, the UV radiation absorbed by the PS is transferred to the PAG to generate photoacids that trigger the depolymn. of PPHA. Transient TENG-based mech. energy harvesters and touch/acoustic sensors are successfully demonstrated by embedding silver nanowires onto the PPHA-based films. The fabricated devices degrade rapidly under winter sunlight. The degrdn. rate can be further tuned via changing the ratio of photosensitive agents. This work not only broadens the applicability of TENG as transient power sources and sensors, but also extends the use of transient functional polymers toward advanced energy and sensing applications.
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    Shabbir, I.; Rubab, N.; Kim, T. W.; Kim, S.-W. Healthcare Management Applications Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerators. APL Mater. 2021, 9, 060703,  DOI: 10.1063/5.0052605
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    357
    Healthcare management applications based on triboelectric nanogenerators
    Shabbir, Irfan; Rubab, Najaf; Kim, Tae Whan; Kim, Sang-Woo
    APL Materials (2021), 9 (6), 060703CODEN: AMPADS; ISSN:2166-532X. (American Institute of Physics)
    A review. In the current era of busy and eventful daily routines, the need for self-driven, robust, and low maintenance healthcare systems emerges significantly more than in earlier times. The nanogenerator (NG) technol. provides a new pathway by utilizing nanostructured and eco-friendly materials toward biomedical systems by harvesting biomech. energy. Triboelec. NGs (TENGs) have been well-developed to cater all these matters, giving self-powered, sustainable, environment-friendly, and low footprint devices. TENG comes up with great potential, therefore, we have summarized various dimensions of its applications in healthcare management, including prevention, detection, diagnosis, and treatment. We have reviewed different aspects of TENG healthcare systems that provide wearable, minimally invasive, and simple solns. while harvesting human motion as the power source. Here, recent advancements of triboelec. devices are compiled while discussing their significance, structure, capabilities, performance, and future potential. Meanwhile, the impact of TENG on protecting and treating various internal and external human organs, such as the heart, neural tissues, skin, and hair, has been described in detail. Moreover, TENG-based solns. have also included minimizing the effects of contemporary and lingering challenges such as air pollution and viral infectious diseases on human health. In the very end, we have concluded with the opportunities and possible solns. for anticipated challenges. (c) 2021 American Institute of Physics.
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  358. 358
    Dong, K.; Hu, Y.; Yang, J.; Kim, S.-W.; Hu, W.; Wang, Z. L. Smart Textile Triboelectric Nanogenerators: Current Status and Perspectives. MRS Bull. 2021, 46, 512– 521,  DOI: 10.1557/s43577-021-00123-2
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    Smart textile triboelectric nanogenerators: Current status and perspectives
    Dong, Kai; Hu, Youfan; Yang, Jin; Kim, Sang-Woo; Hu, Weiguo; Wang, Zhong Lin
    MRS Bulletin (2021), 46 (6), 512-521CODEN: MRSBEA; ISSN:1938-1425. (Springer International Publishing AG)
    Textile triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) is a kind of smart textile technol. that integrates traditional flexible and wearable textile materials with emerging and advanced TENG science, which not only embraces the capabilities of autonomous energy harvesting and active self-powered sensing, but also maintains original wearability and desired comfortability. With the help of the burden-free and self-sufficient wearable intelligent system, individuals can achieve convenient acquisition and efficient utilization of elec. energy, which will help to promote the future development of human-oriented on-body electronics and artificial intelligence. Here, some fundamental knowledge and core elements, including the operational modes and corresponding service occasions, charge generation and transfer mechanisms, remaining challenges and potential solns. are comprehensively summarized and systematically discussed. Based on these analyses, a roadmap toward the scientific research and large-scale com. application of textile TENGs in the next decade is highlighted at the end of the article. We believe that textile TENGs will become an indispensable part of daily clothing in the future, thus benefiting all humankind and human civilization. Graphic abstr.: [graphic not available: see fulltext].
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  359. 359
    Chen, J.; Wang, Z. L. Reviving Vibration Energy Harvesting and Self-Powered Sensing by a Triboelectric Nanogenerator. Joule 2017, 1, 480– 521,  DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2017.09.004
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    Reviving Vibration Energy Harvesting and Self-Powered Sensing by a Triboelectric Nanogenerator
    Chen, Jun; Wang, Zhong Lin
    Joule (2017), 1 (3), 480-521CODEN: JOULBR; ISSN:2542-4351. (Cell Press)
    A review. Vibration energy harvesting and sensing is a traditional and growing research field in which various working mechanisms and designs have been developed for an improved performance. Relying on a coupling effect of contact electrification and electrostatic induction, in the past 5 years, triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) has been applied as a fundamentally new technol. to revive the field of vibration energy harvesting and self-powered sensing, esp. for low-frequency vibrations such as human motion, automobile, machine, and bridge vibrations. The demonstrated instantaneous energy conversion efficiency of ∼70% and a total efficiency up to 85% distinguished TENG from traditional techniques. In this article, both TENG-enabled vibration energy harvesting and self-powered active sensing are comprehensively reviewed. Moving toward future development, problems pressing for solns. and onward research directions are also posed to deliver a coherent picture.
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    Ma, C.; Gao, S.; Gao, X.; Wu, M.; Wang, R.; Wang, Y.; Tang, Z.; Fan, F.; Wu, W.; Wan, H. Chitosan Biopolymer-Derived Self-Powered Triboelectric Sensor with Optimized Performance through Molecular Surface Engineering and Data-Driven Learning. InfoMat 2019, 1, 116– 125,  DOI: 10.1002/inf2.12008
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    Chitosan biopolymer-derived self-powered triboelectric sensor with optimized performance through molecular surface engineering and data-driven learning
    Ma, Chenxiang; Gao, Shengjie; Gao, Xinqi; Wu, Min; Wang, Ruoxing; Wang, Yixiu; Tang, Zhiyuan; Fan, Fengru; Wu, Wenxuan; Wan, Hong; Wu, Wenzhuo
    InfoMat (2019), 1 (1), 116-125CODEN: INFOHH; ISSN:2567-3165. (John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)
    The state-of-the-art triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) are constructed with synthetic polymers, curtailing their application prospects and relevance in sustainable technologies. The economically viable transformation and engineering of naturally abundant materials into efficient TENGs for mech. energy harvesting is meaningful not only for fundamental scientific exploration, but also for addressing societal needs. Being an abundant natural biopolymer, chitosan enables exciting opportunity for low-cost, biodegradable TENG applications. However, the elec. outputs of chitosan-based TENGs are low compared with the devices built with synthetic polymers. Here, we explore the facile mol. surface engineering in chitosan to significantly boost the performance of chitosan-based TENG for enabling the practical applications, for example, self-powered car speed sensor. The mol. surface engineering offers a potentially promising scheme for designing and implementing high-performance biopolymer-based TENGs for self-powered nanosystems in sustainable technologies. We further explore for the first time the feasibility of data mining approaches to analyze and learn the acquired triboelec. signals from the car speed sensors and predict the relationship between the triboelec. signals and car speed values.
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    Sangkhun, W.; Wanwong, S. Natural Textile Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Efficient Energy Harvesting Applications. Nanoscale 2021, 13, 2420– 2428,  DOI: 10.1039/D0NR07756A
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    361
    Natural textile based triboelectric nanogenerators for efficient energy harvesting applications
    Sangkhun, Weradesh; Wanwong, Sompit
    Nanoscale (2021), 13 (4), 2420-2428CODEN: NANOHL; ISSN:2040-3372. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
    This work reports a facile method to create efficient natural textile based triboelec. nanogenerators (N-TENGs). First, plain natural textiles, cotton and silk, were dip-coated in cyanoalkyl silane and fluoroalkyl silane to transform their surface energy into pos. and neg. triboelectricity. The N-TENGs were fabricated by stacking an cyanoalkylated siloxane grafted fabric with an fluoralkylated siloxane grafted fabric to assemble a Cu fabric electrode. A single N-TENG generated a max. output voltage and output current of 216.8 V and 50.3μA (0.87μA cm-2), without any nanopatterning. The double stacked N-TENG showed an enhanced output current of 84.8μA (1.46μA cm-2), and exhibited a max. power output of 0.345 mW cm-2 at an external resistance of 0.42 MΩ. In addn., the N-TENG can light up 100 light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and charge capacitors, demonstrating its self-powering applications.
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    Wen, D.-L.; Liu, X.; Deng, H.-T.; Sun, D.-H.; Qian, H.-Y.; Brugger, J.; Zhang, X.-S. Printed Silk-Fibroin-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Multi-Functional Wearable Sensing. Nano Energy 2019, 66, 104123,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104123
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    Printed silk-fibroin-based triboelectric nanogenerators for multi-functional wearable sensing
    Wen, Dan-Liang; Liu, Xin; Deng, Hai-Tao; Sun, De-Heng; Qian, Heng-Yi; Brugger, Juergen; Zhang, Xiao-Sheng
    Nano Energy (2019), 66 (), 104123CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    The rapid development of wearable sensing technol. exhibits unprecedented opportunities for artificial intelligence by establishing an interactive interface between the phys. and the virtual worlds. Energy preservation and multi-functional integration are central for the enhancement of perception and sustainability of wearable electronics. Herein, to address the above two crit. challenges, we presented a printed silk-fibroin-based triboelec. nanogenerator (PS-TENG), which can efficiently scavenge the bio-mech. energy and precisely detect components of environmental humidity and human body motions simultaneously. An industrial mass-fabrication technol., i.e. screen-printing process, was successfully optimized to manuf. graphite-based microscale surface patterns atop polymeric soft substrate to form interdigital electrodes, which was covered by a thin layer of silk fibroin to realize the PS-TENG. The proposed wearable PS-TENG exhibited a remarkable output performance, and the voltage, the current and the power d. achieved up to 666 V, 174.6μA, 412μW/cm2, resp. Furthermore, this ultra-thin foldable PS-TENG possesses incredible features for multi-functional wearable sensing. With the help of the unique selective absorption property of silk fibroin, it was firstly reported that the existing states of water mols. (i.e., liq. and gaseous) in the air were successfully distinguished. Moreover, as attractive potential applications, it was demonstrated to accurately discriminate the health situation of human body (i.e., respiratory monitoring and joints motion recognizing) based on the capacitive and the triboelec. principles resp., which is a novel combination of passive sensing and active sensing mechanisms within a single wearable device.
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    Niola, F.; Basora, N.; Chornet, E.; Vidal, P. F. A Rapid Method for the Determination of the Degree of N-Acetylation of Chitin-Chitosan Samples by Acid Hydrolysis and HPLC. Carbohydr. Res. 1993, 238, 1– 9,  DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(93)87001-9
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    A rapid method for the determination of the degree of N-acetylation of chitin-chitosan samples by acid hydrolysis and HPLC
    Niola, Frederic; Basora, Nuria; Chornet, Esteban; Vidal, Pierre Francois
    Carbohydrate Research (1993), 238 (), 1-9CODEN: CRBRAT; ISSN:0008-6215.
    A simple and rapid method for the quant. detn. of N-acetyl groups in chitin-chitosan samples consists of an acid hydrolysis conducted at high temp. with a mixt. of sulfuric and oxalic acids. The acetic acid formed is detd. by spectrophotometry at 210 nm after sepn. from the reaction mixt. by HPLC. The method is valid for the entire range of degrees of acetylation and the results compare fairly to those of other techniques.
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    Morgan, D. M.; Neuberger, A. The Synthesis and Acid Hydrolysis of the Methyl 2-Amino-2-Deoxy-D-Glucofuranosides and Their N-Acetyl Derivatives. Carbohydr. Res. 1977, 53, 167– 175,  DOI: 10.1016/S0008-6215(00)88084-2
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    The synthesis and acid hydrolysis of the methyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucofuranosides and their N-acetyl derivatives
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    Carbohydrate Research (1977), 53 (2), 167-75CODEN: CRBRAT; ISSN:0008-6215.
    The Me α- and β-D-glucofuranosides I (R = H) were prepd. by glycosidation of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose. The anomeric I (R = Ac) were hydrolyzed at similar rates, which were similar to those for Me D-glucofuranosides and double those for Me D-glucopyranosides. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of I (R = H) showed an inhibiting effect of the free amino group similar to the corresponding pyranosides. The rates of hydrolysis of the aminodeoxy- and acetamidodeoxyglucofuranosides were greater in D2O than in H2O and this, together with the neg. entropies of activation suggested that these compds. were hydrolyzed by mechanisms similar to those for aldofuranosides.
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    The coagulation concns. of Au, Ag, and mixed Au-Ag sols of particle radius 50-1000 Å (electron micrographs) were studied. Sols with small metal particles were more stable against electrolyte coagulation (NaNO3 electrolyte) than coarser suspensions due to diminished van der Waals attraction between small particles. Metal particles of different radiuses were sepd. by fractional coagulation. The results were discussed with respect to the repeptization of metal sols and the detn. of Hamaker consts.
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    Hedges, J. I.; Mann, D. C. The Characterization of Plant Tissues by Their Lignin Oxidation Products. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1979, 43, 1803– 1807,  DOI: 10.1016/0016-7037(79)90028-0
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    Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (1979), 43 (11), 1803-7CODEN: GCACAK; ISSN:0016-7037.
    The oxidn. products of 23 vascular and nonvascular plants were detd. Results for vanillyl, syringyl, and cinnamyl phenols are presented in the form of 5 lignin parameters which are related to plant variety, lignin concn., and tissue type. The plant tissue samples are resolved into distinct compositional regions corresponding to nonvascular plants, gymnosperm woods, nonwoody gymnosperm tissues, angiosperm woods, and nonwoody angiosperm tissues. The 5 parameters can be used to discriminate between the relative amt. of input of each of the plant types to soils and sediments.
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    International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity (1995), 19 (5), 350-4 ISSN:.
    DESIGN: The influence of blood flow on adipose tissue glycerol levels was investigated in human subcutaneous adipose tissue in situ, with the aid of microdialysis of the extracellular water space. The concentration of tissue-derived glycerol and the escape of ethanol from the dialysis solvent into the extracellular space were simultaneously monitored; the latter was used as an index of local blood flow around the probe. RESULTS: Selective vasodilation with nitroprusside or hydralazine rapidly reduced the concentration of glycerol by 50% and at the same time increased the escape of ethanol (P < 0.001). Stimulation of local blood flow and lipolysis with the beta-adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline caused an increase in ethanol escape (P = 0.01) and a 100% rise in the dialysate glycerol level (P = 0.001). When vasodilation was first induced by nitroprusside, the subsequent addition of isoprenaline to the microdialysate perfusate caused no change in the concentration of glycerol in adipose tissue but a slight increase in ethanol escape. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, local blood flow plays an important role in the regulation of the glycerol level in human adipose tissue. Stimulation of blood flow may under certain conditions decrease the level of glycerol in the extracellular space of adipose tissue although the mobilization of glycerol from fat cells to this compartment is increased. Thus, changes in blood flow and glycerol should be considered together when adipose tissue lipolysis is investigated by microdialysis.
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    Joyeux, A.; Lafon-Lafourcade, S.; Ribéreau-Gayon, P. Evolution of Acetic Acid Bacteria During Fermentation and Storage of Wine. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1984, 48, 153– 156,  DOI: 10.1128/aem.48.1.153-156.1984
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    Joyeux, A.; Lafon-Lafourcade, S.; Ribereau-Gayon, P.
    Applied and Environmental Microbiology (1984), 48 (1), 153-6CODEN: AEMIDF; ISSN:0099-2240.
    Acetic acid bacteria were present at stages of wine making, from the mature grape through vinification to conservation. A succession of Gluconobacter oxydans, Acetobacter pasteurianus, and Acetobacter aceti during the course of these stages was noted. Low levels of A. aceti remained in the wine; they exhibited rapid proliferation on short exposure of the wine to air and caused significant increases in the concn. of HOAc [64-19-7]. Higher temp. of wine storage and higher wine pH favored the development and metab. of these species.
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    Graham, S. A.; Dudem, B.; Mule, A. R.; Patnam, H.; Yu, J. S. Engineering Squandered Cotton into Eco-Benign Microarchitectured Triboelectric Films for Sustainable and Highly Efficient Mechanical Energy Harvesting. Nano Energy 2019, 61, 505– 516,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.04.081
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    Engineering squandered cotton into eco-benign microarchitectured triboelectric films for sustainable and highly efficient mechanical energy harvesting
    Graham, Sontyana Adonijah; Dudem, Bhaskar; Mule, Anki Reddy; Patnam, Harishkumarreddy; Yu, Jae Su
    Nano Energy (2019), 61 (), 505-516CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Harvesting mech. energy from daily life human activities has gained tremendous interest, along with the concept of waste to wealth which has been also a major concern from a few decades. In this regards, firstly, we fabricated microcryst. cellulose (MCC) particles from the squandered cotton and they were further dissolved into biocompatible polyvinyl alc. (PVA) to develop a triboelec. material. The resultant cellulose loaded PVA film (CPF) was employed as a pos. triboelec. material to design a coin-cell type TENG, whereas the Kapton was used as a neg. material. Design of such TENG using CPF can reduce the processing cost and is also significant to incorporate the waste cotton into an energy harvesting device. Besides, the effect of elec. output performance of CPF-based prototype TENG (CPF-pTENG) as a function of the concn. of MCC particles loaded into PVA was also systematically studied and optimized. Thus, the CPF-pTENG with the 2.5 wt% of cellulose added into PVA exhibited a stable and high elec. output. The elec. performance of CPF-pTENG was further enhanced by introducing the microarchitectures on the surface of CPF, and it exhibited comparatively very high voltage, current and power d. values of ∼600 V, 50μA and 84.5 W/m2, resp. Finally, to demonstrate the practical or com. applications, a MACPF-based coin-cell type TENG (i.e., MACPF-ccTENG) was developed to harvest the mech. energies available in daily human life by placing it under the human-foot medial arch, which can be further utilized as a self-power system to drive various portable electronics.
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    Labib, M. E. The Origin of the Surface Charge on Particles Suspended in Organic Liquids. Colloids Surf. 1988, 29, 293– 304,  DOI: 10.1016/0166-6622(88)80124-0
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    Colloids and Surfaces (1988), 29 (3), 293-304CODEN: COSUD3; ISSN:0166-6622.
    Donor-acceptor interactions between a solid surface and an org. liq. lead to the creation of surface charge and counterions in the liq. In simple systems, the energy levels of the solid and the liq. det. the direction of electron transfer and the sign of the surface charge. Exptl. results show that the surface charge and counterions can be formed either by a direct electron transfer as in the case of the metal-org. liq. or by an ion transfer due to the heterolysis of the donor-acceptor complex formed at the surface. The latter case includes many inorg. solid materials. Inorg. oxides bearing hydroxyl groups acquire their charge by a proton transfer mechanism. The proton affinity of the liq. correlates with the sign of the surface charge on various inorg. solids. This result was consistent for both aprotic donor and amphoteric liqs. The various mechanisms leading to the formation of the surface charge in org. liqs. are reviewed and a systematic approach to the phenomenon is provided.
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    Akrami-Hasan-Kohal, M.; Ghorbani, M.; Mahmoodzadeh, F.; Nikzad, B. Development of Reinforced Aldehyde-Modified Kappa-Carrageenan/Gelatin Film by Incorporation of Halloysite Nanotubes for Biomedical Applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020, 160, 669– 676,  DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.222
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    Development of reinforced aldehyde-modified kappa-carrageenan/gelatin film by incorporation of halloysite nanotubes for biomedical applications
    Akrami-Hasan-Kohal, Mohammad; Ghorbani, Marjan; Mahmoodzadeh, Farideh; Nikzad, Behzad
    International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (2020), 160 (), 669-676CODEN: IJBMDR; ISSN:0141-8130. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Recently, with the progression in tissue engineering, the importance of biocompatible nanocomposite film with suitable properties for potential applications in the biomedical area has been more developed. In this work, nanocomposite films of aldehyde-modified Carrageenan/Gelatin/halloysite nanotubes (AD-Carr/Gel/HNTs) nanocomposite films were successfully fabricated by the soln. casting process. Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) with different concns. (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt%) loaded into the aldehyde-modified Carrageenan/Gelatin (AD-Carr/Gel). Meanwhile, the developed AD-Carr/Gel/HNTs nanocomposite films were characterized by SEM (SEM), thermogravimetric anal. (TGA), mech. property, water adsorption as well as in vitro degrdn. The feasibility and capability of the nanocomposite films were further evaluated by hemocompatibility study, which showed that these nanocomposite films are hemocompatible. Besides, MTT assay revealed that the nanocomposite films are non-toxic, presenting the films as a good candidate to be used for tissue engineering purposes.
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  374. 374
    Bai, Z.; Xu, Y.; Li, J.; Zhu, J.; Gao, C.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, J.; Guo, J. An Eco-Friendly Porous Nanocomposite Fabric-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Efficient Energy Harvesting and Motion Sensing. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 42880– 42890,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12709
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    374
    An Eco-friendly Porous Nanocomposite Fabric-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Efficient Energy Harvesting and Motion Sensing
    Bai, Zhiqing; Xu, Yunlong; Li, Jiecong; Zhu, Jingjing; Gao, Can; Zhang, Yao; Wang, Jing; Guo, Jiansheng
    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2020), 12 (38), 42880-42890CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
    A wearable and effective tribopos. material, esp. an economical and eco-friendly triboelec. fabric developed from biomaterials, is highly crucial for the development of green wearable triboelec. nanogenerators. In this work, we design a porous nanocomposite fabric (PNF) with strong charge accumulation capacity through a facile dry-casting method and use it as a tribopos. material to construct attractive wearable triboelec. nanogenerators (abbreviated as TENGs). Specifically, the porous nanocomposite is developed by the incorporation of nano-Al2O3 fillers into cellulose acetate networks. By adjusting the concn. of casting soln. and the content of nano-Al2O3 fillers, we systematically engineer the phys. properties of the PNF for obtaining a large triboelec. charge yield. When a 10 wt % soln. concn. and 10 wt % nanofiller content are adopted for the PNF, the corresponding PNF-TENG can deliver an elec. performance of ~ 2.5 mW/cm2 on a 0.8 MΩ external resistor. This remarkable output can be ascribed to the synergistic effect between the appropriate porous network and improved dielec. properties of the nanocomposite. Moreover, the PNF-TENG also exhibits good reliable elec. outputs under multiple stain-washing measurements or after experiencing cyclical contact-sepn. 13,500 times. Also, the device is capable of charging various capacitors, lighting LED arrays, and driving com. wrist watches and is proven to be an efficient and reliable green wearable power source. Furthermore, a PNF-TENG-based elbow supporter and a grip ball, as self-powered sensors, are proposed to realize real-time detection for human actions during sports exercise. This work proposes an eco-friendly nanocomposite fabric as an effective tribopos. material, verifies the feasibility of developing environmentally friendly wearable power sources and sensors, and provides new insights into the design of green wearable triboelec. nanogenerators.
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  375. 375
    Shabbir, I.; Lee, D.-M.; Choo, D. C.; Lee, Y. H.; Park, K. K.; Yoo, K. H.; Kim, S.-W.; Kim, T. W. A Graphene Nanoplatelets-Based High-Performance, Durable Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Harvesting the Energy of Human Motion. Energy Rep. 2022, 8, 1026– 1033,  DOI: 10.1016/j.egyr.2021.12.020
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    Cheong, J. Y.; Koay, J. S. C.; Chen, R.; Aw, K. C.; Velayutham, T. S.; Chen, B.; Li, J.; Foo, C. Y.; Gan, W. C. Maximizing the Output Power Density Enhancement of Solid Polymer Electrolyte Based-Triboelectric Nanogenerators Via Contact Electrification-Induced Ionic Polarization. Nano Energy 2021, 90, 106616,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106616
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    376
    Maximizing the output power density enhancement of solid polymer electrolyte based-triboelectric nanogenerators via contact electrification-induced ionic polarization
    Cheong, Jian Ye; Koay, Jason Soon Chye; Chen, Ruihao; Aw, Kean Chin; Velayutham, Thamil Selvi; Chen, Binghui; Li, Jing; Foo, Chuan Yi; Gan, Wee Chen
    Nano Energy (2021), 90 (Part_B), 106616CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) have long been considered as a promising soln. to meet the increasing energy demands caused by technol. advancements. A notable recent approach to improve the output power of TENGs is by utilizing solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) as the contact layers. However, the enhancement mechanism brought by the ionic species doped in SPEs was not clearly explained. Herein, polyvinyl alc. (PVA) was subsequently doped with different ionic species to form PVA-SPEs, which were then paired with silicone rubber (SR) in contact-sepn. mode TENGs. The effect of different ionic species was investigated using two general classes of PVA-SPEs, i.e. cation-SPEs and anion-SPEs. Among the various PVA-SPEs, PVA-CaCl2 and PVA-NaNO3 provided the largest enhancements in elec. outputs for cation- and anion-SPEs resp., recording avs. of 95% and 90% increments. The addn. of ionic species creates an internal ionic polarization within the PVA-SPEs, thus increasing their dielec. consts. and ultimately the elec. outputs. Upon contact electrification (CE), the surface charges and electrostatically induced charges on the electrode generates an external elec. field across the PVA-SPEs, hence inducing an internal ionic polarization field due to ionic migration. Due to the presence of the internal ionic polarization field, the difference in the highest electrons' energies (ΔE) between PVA-SPE and SR increases, which consequently enhances the electron transfer during CE. The enhancement mechanism is elucidated by a modified overlapped electron cloud (OEC) model. This model is supported by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) study in which the potential differences after CE of PVA-SPEs are much higher compared to pristine PVA. A max. power d. of 11.3 W/m2 was recorded for PVA-CaCl2/SR, which is a 180% increase over that of pristine PVA/SR. This work demonstrates a reliable and straightforward method to enhance the elec. power output of TENGs. Moreover, an in-depth understanding on the enhancement mechanism by an internal ionic polarization field is provided, hence unfolding a new paradigm for polymer-based TENGs.
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  377. 377
    Jarvis, N. L.; Scheiman, M. A. Surface Potentials of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions. J. Phys. Chem. 1968, 72, 74– 78,  DOI: 10.1021/j100847a014
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    Surface potentials of aqueous electrolyte solutions
    Jarvis, Neldon L.; Scheiman, Milton A.
    Journal of Physical Chemistry (1968), 72 (1), 74-8CODEN: JPCHAX; ISSN:0022-3654.
    The effect of added electrolytes on the surface potential of water was detd. by using the radioactive-electrode technique. Changes in surface potential, Δ V, varied from 64 mv. for Na2SO4 at 1.8m to -180 mv. for NaSCN at 7.5m. The Group IA chlorides in water gave surface-potential differences that decreased in the order K+ = NH4+ > Na+ > Li+, while the surface potentials of the Group IIA cations decreased in the order Ba2+ > Sr2+ > Mg2+. At a const. anion concn. of 2m, the surface-potential differences due to the sodium salts were in the order SO42- > CO32- > CH3COO- > Cl- > NO3- > Br- > I- > SCN-. In general, the anion with the smallest hydration energy gave the greatest decrease in surface potential. The magnitude of each surface-potential change, however, does not appear to be a simple function of the hydration energy. The surface-potential changes must also involve the orientation and structure of the water mols. at the water-air interface, which may be only partially dependent upon the ionic properties as detd. in bulk soln. 21 references.
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    Lowell, J.; Truscott, W. Triboelectrification of identical insulators. II. Theory and further experiments. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 1986, 19, 1281– 1298,  DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/19/7/018
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    Triboelectrification of identical insulators. II. Theory and further experiments
    Lowell, J.; Truscott, W. S.
    Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics (1986), 19 (7), 1281-98CODEN: JPAPBE; ISSN:0022-3727.
    It is not necessary to invoke any phys. distinction between the 2 insulators to explain charge transfer. Certain electron distributions can result in net charge transfer during asym. rubbing even though the temp. (and other phys. properties) remains exactly the same for the 2 surfaces. A quant. model is given which is capable of explaining a wide range of exptl. facts about charge transfer between identical insulators.
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    Simons, J. Coulomb Potentials Have Strong Effects on Anion Electronic States. J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 22314– 22324,  DOI: 10.1021/jp402474d
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    Coulomb Potentials Have Strong Effects on Anion Electronic States
    Simons, Jack
    Journal of Physical Chemistry C (2013), 117 (43), 22314-22324CODEN: JPCCCK; ISSN:1932-7447. (American Chemical Society)
    The Coulomb destabilization of intrinsic electron binding strengths and in forming repulsive Coulomb barriers (RCB) that can act to trap an excess electron are overviewed for a variety of anionic systems that include (i) multiply charged anions in which the charged sites are spatially well sepd., (ii) multiply charged anions that have neg. electron binding energies but in which the RCB decreases the rate of electron detachment, (iii) multiply charged superhalogen anions, (iv) pos. charged polypeptides in which pos. sites' Coulomb potentials stabilize antibonding orbitals allowing an electron to attach, (v) DNA duplex oligomers contg. a thymine dimer damage site that is repaired by electron attachment, and (vi) DNA fragments in which an electron attached to a base π* orbital results in formation of a strand break. Special attention is paid to the degree to which such Coulomb interactions are screened, esp. in the latter two cases.
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  380. 380
    Ccorahua, R.; Huaroto, J.; Luyo, C.; Quintana, M.; Vela, E. A. Enhanced-Performance Bio-Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Starch Polymer Electrolyte Obtained by a Cleanroom-Free Processing Method. Nano Energy 2019, 59, 610– 618,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.03.018
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    380
    Enhanced-performance bio-triboelectric nanogenerator based on starch polymer electrolyte obtained by a cleanroom-free processing method
    Ccorahua, Robert; Huaroto, Juan; Luyo, Clemente; Quintana, Maria; Vela, Emir A.
    Nano Energy (2019), 59 (), 610-618CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    The study of triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) has focused widely on the issue of elevating triboelectrifying capacity. A new recently discovered phenomena of the use of polymers electrolytes for TENGs has been shown to be pos. However, this has not been studied yet in a wide range of materials. Renewable materials, such as biopolymer electrolytes, are still poorly understood regarding their relation to TENG performance. Herein, a polymer electrolyte starch-based bio-TENG was fabricated using a low-cost processing method. The films were elec. characterized at distinct loads, frequencies, thicknesses. Moreover, we complexed the starch polymer with CaCl2 to increase the triboelectrifying capacity and performance. Starch films at 0.5% of salt concn. reached the highest voltage output (1.2 V), exceeding by three-fold of the initial output of the non-complexed pristine biopolymer (0.4 V). Furthermore, the elec. output performance varies pos. at both thinner film thicknesses and elevated loads while moisture of films has been proved to be a crit. parameter in the elec. performance of TENGs, showing that well dried films performed a higher elec. output than moist samples. Furthermore, despite crack generation after fatigue, starch electrolyte films of TENGs showed an inalterable elec. performance suitable for a bunch of applications. To demonstrate one of these applications we achieved to turn on 100 LEDs using starch electrolyte and silicone ecoflex as opponents in a TENG.
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  381. 381
    Torres, F.; Troncoso, O.; Gamucci, O.; Corvaglia, S.; Brunetti, V.; Bardi, G. Immunological Properties of Andean Starch Films Are Independent of Their Nanometric Roughness and Stiffness. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2015, 75, 460– 466,  DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.02.008
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    381
    Immunological properties of Andean starch films are independent of their nanometric roughness and stiffness
    Torres, F. G.; Troncoso, O. P.; Gamucci, O.; Corvaglia, S.; Brunetti, V.; Bardi, G.
    International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (2015), 75 (), 460-466CODEN: IJBMDR; ISSN:0141-8130. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Starch is a natural material extd. from roots, seeds, stems and tubers of different plants. It can be processed as a thermoplastic to produce a variety promising products for biomedical applications, including foams, sheets and films. In the present work, we investigated the immunol. properties of microfilms prepd. with starches extd. from six different types of Andean potatoes and their relationship with the different film-surface features. We confirmed the biocompatibility of all the films using THP-1 human monocytes, noticing only slight decrease in cell viability in two of the tested starches. We also analyzed pro-inflammatory cytokine release and immune cell surface receptor modulation on THP-1 plated onto the films. Our data show differences in the immunol. profile of the same cells cultured onto the different starch films. Furthermore, we examd. whether the dissimilar stiffness or the nanometric roughness of the films might influence the immune stimulation of the THP-1 monocytes. Our results demonstrate no correlation between cultured THP-1 immune activation and surface film characteristics. We conclude that different Andean native potato starch films have specific ability to interact with cell membranes of immune cells, conceivably due to the different spatial localization of amylose and amylopectin in the diverse starches.
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    Torres, F.; Troncoso, O.; Torres, C.; Díaz, D.; Amaya, E. Biodegradability and Mechanical Properties of Starch Films from Andean Crops. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2011, 48, 603– 606,  DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.01.026
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    382
    Biodegradability and mechanical properties of starch films from Andean crops
    Torres, F. G.; Troncoso, O. P.; Torres, C.; Diaz, D. A.; Amaya, E.
    International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (2011), 48 (4), 603-606CODEN: IJBMDR; ISSN:0141-8130. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Different Andean crops were used to obtain starches not previously reported in literature as raw material for the prodn. of biodegradable polymers. The twelve starches obtained were used to prep. biodegradable films by casting. Water and glycerol were used as plasticizers. The mech. properties of the starch based films were assessed by means of tensile tests. Compost tests and FTIR tests were carried out to assess biodegradability of films. The results show that the mech. properties (UTS, Young's modulus and elongation at break) of starch based films strongly depend on the starch source used for their prodn. We found that all the starch films prepd. biodegrade following a three stage process and that the wt. loss rate of all the starch based films tested was higher than the wt. loss rate of the cellulose film used as control.
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  383. 383
    Park, S.-J.; Seol, M.-L.; Kim, D.; Jeon, S.-B.; Choi, Y.-K. Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Nanostructured Metal Surface Using Water-Assisted Oxidation. Nano Energy 2016, 21, 258– 264,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.01.021
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    383
    Triboelectric nanogenerator with nanostructured metal surface using water-assisted oxidation
    Park, Sang-Jae; Seol, Myeong-Lok; Kim, Daewon; Jeon, Seung-Bae; Choi, Yang-Kyu
    Nano Energy (2016), 21 (), 258-264CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    The performance of a triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) was effectively enhanced by forming nanostructures at the contacting interface. The contacting interface usually consists of metal and polymer surface, but the formation of nanostructures have only been actively studied for the polymer so far. In this work, a simple and effective route to forming nanostructures on the metal surface is proposed, using a water-assisted oxidn. (WAO) process. The one-step WAO process requires only hot water without any complicated equipment and treatment. Using the WAO process, densely packed micro and nanostructures were successfully formed on three target metal surfaces: aluminum, copper, and zinc. The output power of the TENG was enhanced after the nanostructure formation because of the increased contact area. The influence of the process conditions on the nanostructure morphol. was addnl. analyzed to maximize the output power. The simple and low-cost WAO process is advantageous in terms of practicality.
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    Xu, G.; Guan, D.; Fu, J.; Li, X.; Li, A.; Ding, W.; Zi, Y. Density of Surface States: Another Key Contributing Factor in Triboelectric Charge Generation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 5355– 5362,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21359
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    Density of surface states: Another key contributing factor in triboelectric charge generation
    Xu, Guoqiang; Guan, Dong; Fu, Jingjing; Li, Xinyuan; Li, Anyin; Ding, Wenbo; Zi, Yunlong
    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2022), 14 (4), 5355-5362CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
    The triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) has been invented as a technol. for harvesting mech. energy, as well as for allocating quantized charge for scientific instruments. The charge generation of the TENG is mainly related to the triboelec. effect or contact electrification (CE) as usually described by the potential-well-electron-cloud model, while the triboelec. charge transfer is related to the difference in the occupied energy levels of electrons. However, in our expt., we obsd. an abnormal triboelec. charge generation phenomena between ternary materials, which cannot be explained by the occupied energy level difference only. To address this issue, we proposed the model based on the d. of surface states (DOSS) as another key contributing factor to the triboelec. charge generation. To demonstrate our model, we introduced an approach to measure the DOSS through applying external elec. field between two triboelec. surfaces. Our expts. confirmed the contribution of the DOSS to the triboelec. charge generation, with the derived charge d. consistent with the measured results, which verified our model. We also predicted that the FEP has the potential to achieve a high charge d. of ∼5.6 × 10-4 C/m2, which is close to the reported max. values. This study provides another key contributing factor to the triboelec. charge generation, which may provide a more complete model for guiding the material selection and modification to tailor the surface charge generated by the CE.
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    Huo, Z.-Y.; Kim, Y.-J.; Suh, I.-Y.; Lee, D.-M.; Lee, J. H.; Du, Y.; Wang, S.; Yoon, H.-J.; Kim, S.-W. Triboelectrification Induced Self-Powered Microbial Disinfection Using Nanowire-Enhanced Localized Electric Field. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 3693,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24028-5
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    Triboelectrification induced self-powered microbial disinfection using nanowire-enhanced localized electric field
    Huo, Zheng-Yang; Kim, Young-Jun; Suh, In-Yong; Lee, Dong-Min; Lee, Jeong Hwan; Du, Ye; Wang, Si; Yoon, Hong-Joon; Kim, Sang-Woo
    Nature Communications (2021), 12 (1), 3693CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)
    Abstr.: Air-transmitted pathogens may cause severe epidemics showing huge threats to public health. Microbial inactivation in the air is essential, whereas the feasibility of existing air disinfection technologies meets challenges including only achieving phys. sepn. but no inactivation, obvious pressure drops, and energy intensiveness. Here we report a rapid disinfection method toward air-transmitted bacteria and viruses using the nanowire-enhanced localized elec. field to damage the outer structures of microbes. This air disinfection system is driven by a triboelec. nanogenerator that converts mech. vibration to electricity effectively and achieves self-powered. Assisted by a rational design for the accelerated charging and trapping of microbes, this air disinfection system promotes microbial transport and achieves high performance: >99.99% microbial inactivation within 0.025 s in a fast airflow (2 m/s) while only causing low pressure drops (<24 Pa). This rapid, self-powered air disinfection method may fill the urgent need for air-transmitted microbial inactivation to protect public health.
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    Zhu, G.; Chen, J.; Liu, Y.; Bai, P.; Zhou, Y. S.; Jing, Q.; Pan, C.; Wang, Z. L. Linear-Grating Triboelectric Generator Based on Sliding Electrification. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 2282– 2289,  DOI: 10.1021/nl4008985
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    Linear-Grating Triboelectric Generator Based on Sliding Electrification
    Zhu, Guang; Chen, Jun; Liu, Ying; Bai, Peng; Zhou, Yu Sheng; Jing, Qingshen; Pan, Caofeng; Wang, Zhong Lin
    Nano Letters (2013), 13 (5), 2282-2289CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)
    The triboelec. effect is known for many centuries and it is the cause of many charging phenomena. However, it was not used for energy harvesting until very recently. Here the authors developed a new principle of triboelec. generator (TEG) based on a fully contacted, sliding electrification process, which lays a fundamentally new mechanism for designing universal, high-performance TEGs to harvest diverse forms of mech. energy in the authors' daily life. Relative displacement between two sliding surfaces of opposite triboelec. polarities generates uncompensated surface triboelec. charges; the corresponding polarization created a voltage drop that results in a flow of induced electrons between electrodes. Grating of linear rows on the sliding surfaces enables substantial enhancements of total charges, output current, and current frequency. The TEG is an efficient power source for simultaneously driving a no. of small electronics. The principle established in this work can be applied to TEGs of different configurations that accommodate the needs of harvesting energy and/or sensing from diverse mech. motions, such as contacted sliding, lateral translation, and rotation/rolling.
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    Seol, M. L.; Woo, J. H.; Lee, D. I.; Im, H.; Hur, J.; Choi, Y. K. Nature-Replicated Nano-in-Micro Structures for Triboelectric Energy Harvesting. Small 2014, 10, 3887– 3894,  DOI: 10.1002/smll.201400863
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    Nature-Replicated Nano-in-Micro Structures for Triboelectric Energy Harvesting
    Seol, Myeong-Lok; Woo, Jong-Ho; Lee, Dong-Il; Im, Hwon; Hur, Jae; Choi, Yang-Kyu
    Small (2014), 10 (19), 3887-3894CODEN: SMALBC; ISSN:1613-6810. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    Surface structures which evolved in nature were replicated by soft lithog. and were used to modify the contact interface of a triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG). These types of unique surface morphologies in nature are suitable for performance improvements in TENGs due to their very large effective contact areas stemming from their densely packed nano-in-micro hierarchical structures.
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    Chen, G.; Xu, L.; Zhang, P.; Chen, B.; Wang, G.; Ji, J.; Pu, X.; Wang, Z. L. Seawater Degradable Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Blue Energy. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2020, 5, 2000455,  DOI: 10.1002/admt.202000455
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    Seawater Degradable Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Blue Energy
    Chen, Guangyao; Xu, Liang; Zhang, Panpan; Chen, Baodong; Wang, Gexia; Ji, Junhui; Pu, Xiong; Wang, Zhong Lin
    Advanced Materials Technologies (Weinheim, Germany) (2020), 5 (9), 2000455CODEN: AMTDCM; ISSN:2365-709X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    Triboelec. nanogenerators (TENG) have been proposed as the most promising technol. to harvest water wave energy, i.e., the so-called blue energy. Dielec. polymers are typically required for TENG to create static charges, which, however, may produce plastic litters to the ocean after its service. In this work, seawater degradable dielec. polymers are investigated for the applications in TENGs. A promising polymer blend (noted as PLA/PLGA), consisted from seawater-degrdn.-favorable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and nonseawater-degradable polylatic acid (PLA), shows a mild rate degrdn. in seawater and complete wt. loss within 9 mo. Furthermore, the PLA/PLGA is found to be tribo-pos. with excellent electrification properties, and is mech. robust. Then, a hollow-plate-shaped seawater degradable TENG (SD-TENG) is designed using PLA/PLGA as the electrification layer and Mg as the electrode, which demonstrates the ability to convert water wave vibration energy into electricity. This SD-TENG demonstrates a clean approach to exploit the ocean wave energy, and may supply power for future temporary marine instruments without maintenances and environmental damages.
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  389. 389
    Wang, S.; Zi, Y.; Zhou, Y. S.; Li, S.; Fan, F.; Lin, L.; Wang, Z. L. Molecular Surface Functionalization to Enhance the Power Output of Triboelectric Nanogenerators. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 3728– 3734,  DOI: 10.1039/C5TA10239A
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    389
    Molecular surface functionalization to enhance the power output of triboelectric nanogenerators
    Wang, Sihong; Zi, Yunlong; Zhou, Yu Sheng; Li, Shengming; Fan, Fengru; Lin, Long; Wang, Zhong Lin
    Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability (2016), 4 (10), 3728-3734CODEN: JMCAET; ISSN:2050-7496. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
    Triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) have been invented as a new technol. for harvesting mech. energy, with enormous advantages. One of the major themes in their development is the improvement of the power output, which is fundamentally detd. by the triboelec. charge d. Besides the demonstrated phys. surface engineering methods to enhance this d., chem. surface functionalization to modify the surface potential could be a more effective and direct approach. In this paper, we introduced the method of using self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to functionalize surfaces for the enhancement of TENGs' output. By using thiol mols. with different head groups to functionalize Au surfaces, the influence of head groups on both the surface potential and the triboelec. charge d. was systematically studied, which reveals their direct correlation. With amine as the head group, the TENG's output power is enhanced by ∼4 times. By using silane-SAMs with an amine head group to modify the silica surface, this approach is also demonstrated for insulating triboelec. layers in TENGs. This research provides an important route for the future research on improving TENGs' output through materials optimization.
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  390. 390
    Song, G.; Kim, Y.; Yu, S.; Kim, M.-O.; Park, S.-H.; Cho, S. M.; Velusamy, D. B.; Cho, S. H.; Kim, K. L.; Kim, J. Molecularly Engineered Surface Triboelectric Nanogenerator by Self-Assembled Monolayers (Mets). Chem. Mater. 2015, 27, 4749– 4755,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b01507
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    390
    Molecularly Engineered Surface Triboelectric Nanogenerator by Self-Assembled Monolayers (METS)
    Song, Giyoung; Kim, Younghoon; Yu, Seunggun; Kim, Min-Ook; Park, Sang-Hee; Cho, Suk Man; Velusamy, Dhinesh Babu; Cho, Sung Hwan; Kim, Kang Lib; Kim, Jongbaeg; Kim, Eunkyoung; Park, Cheolmin
    Chemistry of Materials (2015), 27 (13), 4749-4755CODEN: CMATEX; ISSN:0897-4756. (American Chemical Society)
    Self-powered energy harvesters using triboelec. effect and electrostatic induction were widely studied, leading in the materials viewpoint to numerous material pairs for facile charge sepn. upon repetitive contacts with elaborate topol. structures. Here, the authors present a simple but robust triboelec. platform based on a molecularly engineered surface triboelec. nanogenerator by self-assembled monolayers (METS). Triboelec. surface charge d. of a substrate was readily controlled by the variation of end-functional groups of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). In particular, by employing fluorine terminated SAMs, the authors are able to develop a METS with the max. open circuit voltage and short circuit current of 105 V and 27 μA, resp., under relatively gentle mech. contacts with the 3N vertical force at 1.25 Hz. The power d. of the device was 1.8 W/m2 at the load resistance of 10 MΩ >60 times greater than that of an unmodified dielec./Al device. Also, the authors' approach with SAMs was extended to various types of surfaces including fabrics of silk, cotton, and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and a PET film, and the results of single-friction-surface triboelec. nanogenerators with these materials offers a facile and universal guideline for designing triboelectic materials.
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  391. 391
    Kang, D.; Lee, H. Y.; Hwang, J.-H.; Jeon, S.; Kim, D.; Kim, S.; Kim, S.-W. Deformation-Contributed Negative Triboelectric Property of Polytetrafluoroethylene: A Density Functional Theory Calculation. Nano Energy 2022, 100, 107531,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107531
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    391
    Deformation-contributed negative triboelectric property of polytetrafluoroethylene: A density functional theory calculation
    Kang, Donghyeon; Lee, Hyeon Yeong; Hwang, Joon-Ha; Jeon, Sera; Kim, Dabin; Kim, SeongMin; Kim, Sang-Woo
    Nano Energy (2022), 100 (), 107531CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a promising neg. triboelec. material used in high-performance triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs). To improve the triboelec. output of PTFE, an understanding of the triboelec. properties and electron transfer factor in PTFE is highly required. However, the triboelec. properties of PTFE have not been analyzed by considering the side effects during TENG operations (e.g., deformation). Here, we investigated the change in the triboelec. properties of PTFE due to mol. structure deformation, which is driven by contact force, using d. functional theory (DFT). The deformation of the mol. structure induces modification of the electronic structure and triboelec. properties. Using the linear and deformed PTFE models (80°, 70°, 60°), we detd. that the energy of the LUMO (LUMO) is decreased under deformation using the energy band diagram and d. of states (DOS) (linear: 5.831 eV, 80°: 5.358 eV, 70°: 4.028 eV, 60°: 1.729 eV). This implies that the deformation due to the contact force enhances its neg. triboelec. property (i.e., electron-accepting property). We analyzed this phenomenon because carbon in the deformation region has a strongly electron-deficient state, and the pos. local dipole due to that state is enhanced. In addn., we investigated the LUMO changes, in part, from anti-bonding orbital to a bonding orbital. Because the bonding orbital has a more stable energy state than the anti-bonding orbital, the energy level of the LUMO could be lowered.
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  392. 392
    Byun, K.-E.; Cho, Y.; Seol, M.; Kim, S.; Kim, S.-W.; Shin, H.-J.; Park, S.; Hwang, S. Control of Triboelectrification by Engineering Surface Dipole and Surface Electronic State. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 18519– 18525,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02802
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    392
    Control of triboelectrification by engineering surface dipole and surface electronic state
    Byun, Kyung-Eun; Cho, Yeonchoo; Seol, Minsu; Kim, Seongsu; Kim, Sang-Woo; Shin, Hyeon-Jin; Park, Seongjun; Hwang, Sungwoo
    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2016), 8 (28), 18519-18525CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
    Although triboelectrification is a well-known phenomenon, fundamental understanding of its principle on a material surface has not been studied systematically. Here, the authors demonstrated that the surface potential, esp. the surface dipoles and surface electronic states, governed the triboelectrification by controlling the surface with various electron-donating and -withdrawing functional groups. The functional groups critically affected the surface dipoles and surface electronic states followed by controlling the amt. of and even the polarity of triboelec. charges. As a result, only one monolayer with a thickness of less than 1 nm significantly changed the conventional triboelec. series. First-principles simulations confirmed the atomistic origins of triboelec. charges and helped elucidate the triboelectrification mechanism. The simulation also revealed for the first time where charges are retained after triboelectrification. This study provides new insights to understand triboelectrification.
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  393. 393
    Wang, C.-C.; Chang, C.-Y. Enhanced Output Performance and Stability of Triboelectric Nanogenerators by Employing Silane-Based Self-Assembled Monolayers. J. Mater. Chem. C 2020, 8, 4542– 4548,  DOI: 10.1039/D0TC00041H
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    393
    Enhanced output performance and stability of triboelectric nanogenerators by employing silane-based self-assembled monolayers
    Wang, Chun-Chieh; Chang, Chih-Yu
    Journal of Materials Chemistry C: Materials for Optical and Electronic Devices (2020), 8 (13), 4542-4548CODEN: JMCCCX; ISSN:2050-7534. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
    Triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) that can harvest environmental mech. energy have been considered as a promising soln. in driving wearable electronics. In order to maximize the surface charge d., intense efforts have been devoted to the development of various geometrical micro-/nanostructures on the triboelec. surface. However, this approach generally has a low throughput and high cost, making it highly challenging for practical applications. In this study, we present a promising strategy to simultaneously enhance the performance and stability of TENGs by using silane-based self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Silane-based SAM mols., including fluorinated mols. with different nos. of fluorine (F) atoms and 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES), are employed as the surface modification layer for the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) dielec. layer and the aluminum (Al) electrode, resp. The trichlorosilane groups on these SAMs can hydrolyze to form a covalent bond with the substrate, providing the TENGs with admirable device characteristics. Among the fluorinated mols. investigated herein, the SAMs based on 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorododecyltrichlorosilane (F21) afford the highest output characteristics due to the most distinct difference in the ability to attract and transfer surface electrons from the Al layer to PDMS, delivering an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 600 V and a short circuit current (Isc) of 52μA. The device performance can be further improved by incorporating APTES SAMs on the Al surface, and a Voc of 873 V and an Isc of 78μA are attained. To the best of our knowledge, these characteristics represent the highest output performance ever reported for SAM-modified TENGs. Importantly, the resulting TENG also exhibits good durability, maintaining 96% of its initial voltage output after 250 000 cycles of repeated tests. More encouragingly, our strategy is also applicable for large-area TENGs. The present findings indicate that tailoring the at.-scale interfacial properties plays an important role in the development of high-performance and stable TENGs.
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  394. 394
    Sun, Q.; Wang, L.; Yue, X.; Zhang, L.; Ren, G.; Li, D.; Wang, H.; Han, Y.; Xiao, L.; Lu, G. Fully Sustainable and High-Performance Fish Gelatin-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Wearable Movement Sensing and Human-Machine Interaction. Nano Energy 2021, 89, 106329,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106329
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    394
    Fully sustainable and high-performance fish gelatin-based triboelectric nanogenerator for wearable movement sensing and human-machine interaction
    Sun, Qizeng; Wang, Li; Yue, Xiaoping; Zhang, Linrong; Ren, Guozhang; Li, Donghai; Wang, Hongchen; Han, Yaojie; Xiao, Lulu; Lu, Gang; Yu, Hai-Dong; Huang, Wei
    Nano Energy (2021), 89 (Part_A), 106329CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) have been demonstrated promising as flexible, portable, and wearable devices in energy harvesting and self-powered sensing, providing a new possibility in wearable electronics and human-machine interaction. To reduce the environmental pollution, many sustainable and natural materials have been applied as friction materials in TENGs; however, it is still challenging to fabricate fully sustainable and high-performance TENGs, possibly due to the difficulty in choosing suitable sustainable friction pairs. Herein, we develop a general method to fabricate a flexible, transparent, fully sustainable, and high-performance fish gelatin-based TENG with its friction layers all composed of the fish gelatin films prepd. from kitchen waste fish scales. These films can degrade completely within 30 days in the soil. Modifying the two friction layers with dopamine and fluorinated silane resp. to serve as a promising triboelec. pair, the obtained TENG shows remarkable output performances, which could be further enhanced via surface structuralization and dimension optimization. An open circuit voltage of 500 V and a short circuit current of 4 μA are realized, and the power d. reaches up to 100 μW cm-2. To the best of our knowledge, the output voltage is much higher than that of the reported sustainable TENGs. Our fully sustainable TENG can directly light up 300 light-emitting diodes. Moreover, the device is also used in self-powered wearable sensing of human movements and in human-machine interaction. Our work demonstrates the great potential of utilizing the cost-efficient and sustainable fish scales in flexible, green, and wearable electronics, particularly in human-machine interaction.
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  395. 395
    Satulu, V.; Ionita, M. D.; Vizireanu, S.; Mitu, B.; Dinescu, G. Plasma Processing with Fluorine Chemistry for Modification of Surfaces Wettability. Molecules 2016, 21, 1711,  DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121711
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    395
    Plasma processing with fluorine chemistry for modification of surfaces wettability
    Satulu, Veronica; Ionita, Maria Daniela; Vizireanu, Sorin; Mitu, Bogdana; Dinescu, Gheorghe
    Molecules (2016), 21 (12), 1711/1-1711/15CODEN: MOLEFW; ISSN:1420-3049. (MDPI AG)
    Using plasma in conjunction with fluorinated compds. is widely encountered in material processing. We discuss several plasma techniques for surface fluorination: deposition of fluorocarbon thin films either by magnetron sputtering of polytetrafluoroethylene targets, or by plasma-assisted chem. vapor deposition using tetrafluoroethane as a precursor, and modification of carbon nanowalls by plasma treatment in a sulfur hexafluoride environment. We showed that conformal fluorinated thin films can be obtained and, according to the initial surface properties, superhydrophobic surfaces can be achieved.
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  396. 396
    Curry, E. J.; Ke, K.; Chorsi, M. T.; Wrobel, K. S.; Miller III, A. N.; Patel, A.; Kim, I.; Feng, J.; Yue, L.; Wu, Q. Biodegradable Piezoelectric Force Sensor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2018, 115, 909– 914,  DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710874115
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    396
    Biodegradable Piezoelectric Force Sensor
    Curry, Eli J.; Ke, Kai; Chorsi, Meysam T.; Wrobel, Kinga S.; Miller, Albert N., III; Patel, Avi; Kim, Insoo; Feng, Jianlin; Yue, Lixia; Wu, Qian; Kuo, Chia-Ling; Lo, Kevin W.-H.; Laurencin, Cato T.; Ilies, Horea; Purohit, Prashant K.; Nguyen, Thanh D.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2018), 115 (5), 909-914CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)
    Measuring vital physiol. pressures is important for monitoring health status, preventing the buildup of dangerous internal forces in impaired organs, and enabling novel approaches of using mech. stimulation for tissue regeneration. Pressure sensors are often required to be implanted and directly integrated with native soft biol. systems. Therefore, the devices should be flexible and at the same time biodegradable to avoid invasive removal surgery that can damage directly interfaced tissues. Despite recent achievements in degradable electronic devices, there is still a tremendous need to develop a force sensor which only relies on safe medical materials and requires no complex fabrication process to provide accurate information on important biophysiol. forces. Here, we present a strategy for material processing, electromech. anal., device fabrication, and assessment of a piezoelec. poly-L-lactide (PLLA) polymer to create a biodegradable, biocompatible piezoelec. force sensor, which only employs medical materials used commonly in Food and Drug Administration-approved implants, for the monitoring of biol. forces. We show the sensor can precisely measure pressures in a wide range of 0-18 kPa and sustain a reliable performance for a period of 4 d in an aq. environment. We also demonstrate this PLLA piezoelec. sensor can be implanted inside the abdominal cavity of a mouse to monitor the pressure of diaphragmatic contraction. This piezoelec. sensor offers an appealing alternative to present biodegradable electronic devices for the monitoring of intraorgan pressures. The sensor can be integrated with tissues and organs, forming self-sensing bionic systems to enable many exciting applications in regenerative medicine, drug delivery, and medical devices.
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    Feiner, R.; Dvir, T. Tissue-Electronics Interfaces: From Implantable Devices to Engineered Tissues. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2018, 3, 17076,  DOI: 10.1038/natrevmats.2017.76
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    Tissue-electronics interfaces: from implantable devices to engineered tissues
    Feiner, Ron; Dvir, Tal
    Nature Reviews Materials (2018), 3 (1), 17076CODEN: NRMADL; ISSN:2058-8437. (Nature Research)
    A review. Biomedical electronic devices are interfaced with the human body to ext. precise medical data and to interfere with tissue function by providing elec. stimuli. In this Review, we outline physiol. and pathol. relevant tissue properties and processes that are important for designing implantable electronic devices. We summarize design principles for flexible and stretchable electronics that adapt to the mechanics of soft tissues, such as those including conducting polymers, liq. metal alloys, metallic buckling and meandering architectures. We further discuss technologies for inserting devices into the body in a minimally invasive manner and for eliminating them without further intervention. Finally, we introduce the concept of integrating electronic devices with biomaterials and cells, and we envision how such technologies may lead to the development of bionic organs for regenerative medicine.
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  398. 398
    Hong, Y. J.; Jeong, H.; Cho, K. W.; Lu, N.; Kim, D. H. Wearable and Implantable Devices for Cardiovascular Healthcare: From Monitoring to Therapy Based on Flexible and Stretchable Electronics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1808247,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201808247
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    Baumgartner, M.; Hartmann, F.; Drack, M.; Preninger, D.; Wirthl, D.; Gerstmayr, R.; Lehner, L.; Mao, G.; Pruckner, R.; Demchyshyn, S. Resilient yet Entirely Degradable Gelatin-Based Biogels for Soft Robots and Electronics. Nat. Mater. 2020, 19, 1102– 1109,  DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0699-3
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    Resilient yet entirely degradable gelatin-based biogels for soft robots and electronics
    Baumgartner, Melanie; Hartmann, Florian; Drack, Michael; Preninger, David; Wirthl, Daniela; Gerstmayr, Robert; Lehner, Lukas; Mao, Guoyong; Pruckner, Roland; Demchyshyn, Stepan; Reiter, Lisa; Strobel, Moritz; Stockinger, Thomas; Schiller, David; Kimeswenger, Susanne; Greibich, Florian; Buchberger, Gerda; Bradt, Elke; Hild, Sabine; Bauer, Siegfried; Kaltenbrunner, Martin
    Nature Materials (2020), 19 (10), 1102-1109CODEN: NMAACR; ISSN:1476-1122. (Nature Research)
    Biodegradable and biocompatible elastic materials for soft robotics, tissue engineering or stretchable electronics with good mech. properties, tunability, modifiability or healing properties drive technol. advance, and yet they are not durable under ambient conditions and do not combine all the attributes in a single platform. We have developed a versatile gelatin-based biogel, which is highly resilient with outstanding elastic characteristics, yet degrades fully when disposed. It self-adheres, is rapidly healable and derived entirely from natural and food-safe constituents. We merge all the favorable attributes in one material that is easy to reproduce and scalable, and has a low-cost prodn. under ambient conditions. This biogel is a step towards durable, life-like soft robotic and electronic systems that are sustainable and closely mimic their natural antetypes.
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    Han, W. B.; Lee, J. H.; Shin, J. W.; Hwang, S. W. Advanced Materials and Systems for Biodegradable, Transient Electronics. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 2002211,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002211
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    Advanced Materials and Systems for Biodegradable, Transient Electronics
    Han, Won Bae; Lee, Joong Hoon; Shin, Jeong-Woong; Hwang, Suk-Won
    Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2020), 32 (51), 2002211CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    A review. Transient electronics refers to an emerging class of advanced technol., defined by an ability to chem. or phys. dissolve, disintegrate, and degrade in actively or passively controlled fashions to leave environmentally and physiol. harmless byproducts in environments, particularly in bio-fluids or aq. solns. The unusual properties that are opposite to operational modes in conventional electronics for a nearly infinite time frame offer unprecedented opportunities in research areas of eco-friendly electronics, temporary biomedical implants, data-secure hardware systems, and others. This review highlights the developments of transient electronics, including materials, manufg. strategies, electronic components, and transient kinetics, along with various potential applications.
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    Irimia-Vladu, M. Green” Electronics: Biodegradable and Biocompatible Materials and Devices for Sustainable Future. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 588– 610,  DOI: 10.1039/C3CS60235D
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    "Green" electronics: biodegradable and biocompatible materials and devices for sustainable future
    Irimia-Vladu, Mihai
    Chemical Society Reviews (2014), 43 (2), 588-610CODEN: CSRVBR; ISSN:0306-0012. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
    A review. "Green" electronics represents not only a novel scientific term but also an emerging area of research aimed at identifying compds. of natural origin and establishing economically efficient routes for the prodn. of synthetic materials that have applicability in environmentally safe (biodegradable) and/or biocompatible devices. The ultimate goal of this research is to create paths for the prodn. of human- and environmentally friendly electronics in general and the integration of such electronic circuits with living tissue in particular. Researching into the emerging class of "green" electronics may help fulfill not only the original promise of org. electronics that is to deliver low-cost and energy efficient materials and devices but also achieve unimaginable functionalities for electronics, for example benign integration into life and environment. This Review will highlight recent research advancements in this emerging group of materials and their integration in unconventional org. electronic devices.
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    Chorsi, M. T.; Curry, E. J.; Chorsi, H. T.; Das, R.; Baroody, J.; Purohit, P. K.; Ilies, H.; Nguyen, T. D. Piezoelectric Biomaterials for Sensors and Actuators. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1802084,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802084
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    Hwang, S. W.; Park, G.; Cheng, H.; Song, J. K.; Kang, S. K.; Yin, L.; Kim, J. H.; Omenetto, F. G.; Huang, Y.; Lee, K. M. 25th Anniversary Article: Materials for High-Performance Biodegradable Semiconductor Devices. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 1992– 2000,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201304821
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    25th Anniversary Article: Materials for High-Performance Biodegradable Semiconductor Devices
    Hwang, Suk-Won; Park, Gayoung; Cheng, Huanyu; Song, Jun-Kyul; Kang, Seung-Kyun; Yin, Lan; Kim, Jae-Hwan; Omenetto, Fiorenzo G.; Huang, Yonggang; Lee, Kyung-Mi; Rogers, John A.
    Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2014), 26 (13), 1992-2000CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    We review recent progress in a class of silicon-based electronics that is capable of complete, controlled dissoln. when immersed in water or bio-fluids. This type of technol., referred to in a broader sense as transient electronics, has potential applications in resorbable biomedical devices, eco-friendly electronics, environmental sensors, secure hardware systems and others. New results reported here include studies of the kinetics of hydrolysis of nanomembranes of single cryst. silicon in bio-fluids and aq. solns. at various pH levels and temps. Evaluations of toxicity using live animal models and test coupons of transient electronic materials provide some evidence of their biocompatibility, thereby suggesting potential for use in bioresorbable electronic implants.
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  404. 404
    Kim, D.-H.; Viventi, J.; Amsden, J. J.; Xiao, J.; Vigeland, L.; Kim, Y.-S.; Blanco, J. A.; Panilaitis, B.; Frechette, E. S.; Contreras, D. Dissolvable Films of Silk Fibroin for Ultrathin Conformal Bio-Integrated Electronics. Nat. Mater. 2010, 9, 511– 517,  DOI: 10.1038/nmat2745
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    404
    Dissolvable films of silk fibroin for ultrathin conformal bio-integrated electronics
    Kim, Dae-Hyeong; Viventi, Jonathan; Amsden, Jason J.; Xiao, Jianliang; Vigeland, Leif; Kim, Yun-Soung; Blanco, Justin A.; Panilaitis, Bruce; Frechette, Eric S.; Contreras, Diego; Kaplan, David L.; Omenetto, Fiorenzo G.; Huang, Yonggang; Hwang, Keh-Chih; Zakin, Mitchell R.; Litt, Brian; Rogers, John A.
    Nature Materials (2010), 9 (6), 511-517CODEN: NMAACR; ISSN:1476-1122. (Nature Publishing Group)
    Electronics that are capable of intimate, non-invasive integration with the soft, curvilinear surfaces of biol. tissues offer important opportunities for diagnosing and treating disease and for improving brain/machine interfaces. This article describes a material strategy for a type of bio-interfaced system that relies on ultrathin electronics supported by bioresorbable substrates of silk fibroin. Mounting such devices on tissue and then allowing the silk to dissolve and resorb initiates a spontaneous, conformal wrapping process driven by capillary forces at the biotic/abiotic interface. Specialized mesh designs and ultrathin forms for the electronics ensure minimal stresses on the tissue and highly conformal coverage, even for complex curvilinear surfaces, as confirmed by exptl. and theor. studies. In vivo, neural mapping expts. on feline animal models illustrate one mode of use for this class of technol. These concepts provide new capabilities for implantable and surgical devices.
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  405. 405
    Choudhury, M. Postoperative Management of Vascular Surgery Patients: A Brief Review. Clin. Surg. 2017, 2, 1584,  DOI: 10.25107/2474-1647.1584
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  406. 406
    Zhu, B.; Wang, H.; Leow, W. R.; Cai, Y.; Loh, X. J.; Han, M. Y.; Chen, X. Silk Fibroin for Flexible Electronic Devices. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 4250– 4265,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201504276
    Google Scholar
    406
    Silk fibroin for flexible electronic devices
    Zhu, Bowen; Wang, Hong; Leow, Wan Ru; Cai, Yurong; Loh, Xian Jun; Han, Ming-Yong; Chen, Xiaodong
    Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2016), 28 (22), 4250-4265CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    Flexible electronic devices are necessary for applications involving unconventional interfaces, such as soft and curved biol. systems, in which traditional silicon-based electronics would confront a mech. mismatch. Biol. polymers offer new opportunities for flexible electronic devices by virtue of their biocompatibility, environmental benignity, and sustainability, as well as low cost. As an intriguing and abundant biomaterial, silk offers exquisite mech., optical, and elec. properties that are advantageous toward the development of next-generation biocompatible electronic devices. The utilization of silk fibroin is emphasized as both passive and active components in flexible electronic devices. The employment of biocompatible and biosustainable silk materials revolutionizes state-of-the-art electronic devices and systems that currently rely on conventional semiconductor technologies. Advances in silk-based electronic devices would open new avenues for employing biomaterials in the design and integration of high-performance biointegrated electronics for future applications in consumer electronics, computing technologies, and biomedical diagnosis, as well as human-machine interfaces.
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  407. 407
    Wang, Z. L.; Song, J. Piezoelectric Nanogenerators Based on Zinc Oxide Nanowire Arrays. Science 2006, 312, 242– 246,  DOI: 10.1126/science.1124005
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    407
    Piezoelectric Nanogenerators Based on Zinc Oxide Nanowire Arrays
    Wang, Zhong Lin; Song, Jinhui
    Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2006), 312 (5771), 242-246CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
    We have converted nanoscale mech. energy into elec. energy by means of piezoelec. zinc oxide nanowire (NW) arrays. The aligned NWs are deflected with a conductive at. force microscope tip in contact mode. The coupling of piezoelec. and semiconducting properties in zinc oxide creates a strain field and charge sepn. across the NW as a result of its bending. The rectifying characteristic of the Schottky barrier formed between the metal tip and the NW leads to elec. current generation. The efficiency of the NW-based piezoelec. power generator is estd. to be 17 to 30%. This approach has the potential of converting mech., vibrational, and/or hydraulic energy into electricity for powering nanodevices.
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  408. 408
    Li, H.; Zhao, C.; Wang, X.; Meng, J.; Zou, Y.; Noreen, S.; Zhao, L.; Liu, Z.; Ouyang, H.; Tan, P. Fully Bioabsorbable Capacitor as an Energy Storage Unit for Implantable Medical Electronics. Adv. Sci. 2019, 6, 1801625,  DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801625
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    408
    Fully Bioabsorbable Capacitor as an Energy Storage Unit for Implantable Medical Electronics
    Li Hu; Zhao Chaochao; Wang Xinxin; Meng Jianping; Zou Yang; Noreen Sehrish; Zhao Luming; Liu Zhuo; Ouyang Han; Tan Puchuan; Yu Min; Wang Zhong Lin; Li Zhou; Li Hu; Liu Zhuo; Fan Yubo; Li Hu; Liu Zhuo; Fan Yubo; Zhao Chaochao; Meng Jianping; Zou Yang; Zhao Luming; Ouyang Han; Tan Puchuan; Yu Min; Wang Zhong Lin; Li Zhou; Wang Zhong Lin; Li Zhou
    Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) (2019), 6 (6), 1801625 ISSN:2198-3844.
    Implantable medical electronic devices are usually powered by batteries or capacitors, which have to be removed from the body after completing their function due to their non-biodegradable property. Here, a fully bioabsorbable capacitor (BC) is developed for life-time implantation. The BC has a symmetrical layer-by-layer structure, including polylactic acid (PLA) supporting substrate, PLA nanopillar arrays, self-assembled zinc oxide nanoporous layer, and polyvinyl alcohol/phosphate buffer solution (PVA/PBS) hydrogel. The as-fabricated BC can not only work normally in air but also in a liquid environment, including PBS and the animal body. Long-term normal work time is achieved to 30 days in PBS and 50 days in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The work time of BC in the liquid environment is tunable from days to weeks by adopting different encapsulations along BC edges. Capacitance retention of 70% is achieved after 3000 cycles. Three BCs in series can light up 15 green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in vivo. Additionally, after completing its mission, the BC can be fully degraded in vivo and reabsorbed by a SD rat. Considering its performance, the developed BC has a great potential as a fully bioabsorbable power source for transient electronics and implantable medical devices.
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  409. 409
    Peng, J.; Kang, S. D.; Snyder, G. J. Optimization Principles and the Figure of Merit for Triboelectric Generators. Sci. Adv. 2017, 3, eaap8576  DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aap8576
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  410. 410
    De Santis, M. M.; Alsafadi, H. N.; Tas, S.; Bölükbas, D. A.; Prithiviraj, S.; Da Silva, I. A.; Mittendorfer, M.; Ota, C.; Stegmayr, J.; Daoud, F. Extracellular-Matrix-Reinforced Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting Human Tissue. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2005476,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005476
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    410
    Extracellular-Matrix-Reinforced Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting Human Tissue
    De Santis, Martina M.; Alsafadi, Hani N.; Tas, Sinem; Boeluekbas, Deniz A.; Prithiviraj, Sujeethkumar; Da Silva, Iran A. N.; Mittendorfer, Margareta; Ota, Chiharu; Stegmayr, John; Daoud, Fatima; Koenigshoff, Melanie; Swaerd, Karl; Wood, Jeffery A.; Tassieri, Manlio; Bourgine, Paul E.; Lindstedt, Sandra; Mohlin, Sofie; Wagner, Darcy E.
    Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2021), 33 (3), 2005476CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    A review. Recent advances in 3D bioprinting allow for generating intricate structures with dimensions relevant for human tissue, but suitable bioinks for producing translationally relevant tissue with complex geometries remain unidentified. Here, a tissue-specific hybrid bioink is described, composed of a natural polymer, alginate, reinforced with extracellular matrix derived from decellularized tissue (rECM). rECM has rheol. and gelation properties beneficial for 3D bioprinting while retaining biol. inductive properties supporting tissue maturation ex vivo and in vivo. These bioinks are shear thinning, resist cell sedimentation, improve viability of multiple cell types, and enhance mech. stability in hydrogels derived from them. 3D printed constructs generated from rECM bioinks suppress the foreign body response, are pro-angiogenic and support recipient-derived de novo blood vessel formation across the entire graft thickness in a murine model of transplant immunosuppression. Their proof-of-principle for generating human tissue is demonstrated by 3D bioprinting human airways composed of regionally specified primary human airway epithelial progenitor and smooth muscle cells. Airway lumens remained patent with viable cells for one month in vitro with evidence of differentiation into mature epithelial cell types found in native human airways. rECM bioinks are a promising new approach for generating functional human tissue using 3D bioprinting.
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  411. 411
    Jang, S. R.; Kim, J. I.; Park, C. H.; Kim, C. S. Development of Y-Shaped Small Diameter Artificial Blood Vessel with Controlled Topography Via a Modified Electrospinning Method. Mater. Lett. 2020, 264, 127113,  DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2019.127113
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    411
    Development of Y-shaped small diameter artificial blood vessel with controlled topography via a modified electrospinning method
    Jang, Se Rim; Kim, Jeong In; Park, Chan Hee; Kim, Cheol Sang
    Materials Letters (2020), 264 (), 127113CODEN: MLETDJ; ISSN:0167-577X. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Tissue-engineered small-diam. artificial blood vessels can provide a promising approach to substantially reduce the functional capacity and risk for vascular morbidity and mortality assocd. with vascular disease. Despite great achievements in this field over the last decade, the use of a small-diam. fibrous tubular scaffold with a diam. of less than 6 mm has remained elusive. To predict the success of small-diam. vascular transplantation in humans, various animal tests using microscale engineered vessels are needed. For these reasons, we developed a Y-shaped small diam. fibrous tubular graft (500μm < Φ < 6 mm) with topog. cue using a modified electrospinning technique. Also, the effects of the grafts on human endothelial cell (HUVEC) migration and proliferation were examd. under a fluorescence microscope using a z-stack function. The availability of suitable small-diam. and customized structure artificial vessel with nano to microscale topog. would increase the fraction of patients surgically treated.
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  412. 412
    Zhuang, Y.; Zhang, C.; Cheng, M.; Huang, J.; Liu, Q.; Yuan, G.; Lin, K.; Yu, H. Challenges and Strategies for in Situ Endothelialization and Long-Term Lumen Patency of Vascular Grafts. Bioact. Mater. 2021, 6, 1791– 1809,  DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.11.028
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    412
    Challenges and strategies for in situ endothelialization and long-term lumen patency of vascular grafts
    Zhuang, Yu; Zhang, Chenglong; Cheng, Mengjia; Huang, Jinyang; Liu, Qingcheng; Yuan, Guangyin; Lin, Kaili; Yu, Hongbo
    Bioactive Materials (2021), 6 (6), 1791-1809CODEN: BMIAD4; ISSN:2452-199X. (Elsevier B.V.)
    A review. Vascular diseases are the most prevalent cause of ischemic necrosis of tissue and organ, which even result in dysfunction and death. Vascular regeneration or artificial vascular graft, as the conventional treatment modality, has received keen attentions. However, small-diam. (diam. < 4 mm) vascular grafts have a high risk of thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia (IH), which makes long-term lumen patency challengeable. Endothelial cells (ECs) form the inner endothelium layer, and are crucial for anti-coagulation and thrombogenesis. Thus, promoting in situ endothelialization in vascular graft remodeling takes top priority, which requires recruitment of endothelia progenitor cells (EPCs), migration, adhesion, proliferation and activation of EPCs and ECs. Chemotaxis aimed at ligands on EPC surface can be utilized for EPC homing, while nanofibrous structure, biocompatible surface and cell-capturing mols. on graft surface can be applied for cell adhesion. Moreover, cell orientation can be regulated by topog. of scaffold, and cell bioactivity can be modulated by growth factors and therapeutic genes. Addnl., surface modification can also reduce thrombogenesis, and some drug release can inhibit IH. Considering the influence of macrophages on ECs and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), scaffolds loaded with drugs that can promote M2 polarization are alternative strategies. In conclusion, the advanced strategies for enhanced long-term lumen patency of vascular grafts are summarized in this review. Strategies for recruitment of EPCs, adhesion, proliferation and activation of EPCs and ECs, anti-thrombogenesis, anti-IH, and immunomodulation are discussed. Ideal vascular grafts with appropriate surface modification, loading and fabrication strategies are required in further studies.
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  413. 413
    Schwarz, E. L.; Kelly, J. M.; Blum, K. M.; Hor, K. N.; Yates, A. R.; Zbinden, J. C.; Verma, A.; Lindsey, S. E.; Ramachandra, A. B.; Szafron, J. M. Hemodynamic Performance of Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts in Fontan Patients. npj Regen. Med. 2021, 6, 38,  DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00148-w
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    Hemodynamic performance of tissue-engineered vascular grafts in Fontan patients
    Schwarz Erica L; Verma Aekaansh; Lindsey Stephanie E; Marsden Alison L; Kelly John M; Blum Kevin M; Zbinden Jacob C; Shin'oka Toshiharu; Breuer Christopher K; Kelly John M; Hor Kan N; Yates Andrew R; Shin'oka Toshiharu; Blum Kevin M; Zbinden Jacob C; Hor Kan N; Yates Andrew R; Lindsey Stephanie E; Marsden Alison L; Ramachandra Abhay B; Szafron Jason M; Humphrey Jay D; Shin'oka Toshiharu; Breuer Christopher K; Breuer Christopher K
    NPJ Regenerative medicine (2021), 6 (1), 38 ISSN:.
    In the field of congenital heart surgery, tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) are a promising alternative to traditionally used synthetic grafts. Our group has pioneered the use of TEVGs as a conduit between the inferior vena cava and the pulmonary arteries in the Fontan operation. The natural history of graft remodeling and its effect on hemodynamic performance has not been well characterized. In this study, we provide a detailed analysis of the first U.S. clinical trial evaluating TEVGs in the treatment of congenital heart disease. We show two distinct phases of graft remodeling: an early phase distinguished by rapid changes in graft geometry and a second phase of sustained growth and decreased graft stiffness. Using clinically informed and patient-specific computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, we demonstrate how changes to TEVG geometry, thickness, and stiffness affect patient hemodynamics. We show that metrics of patient hemodynamics remain within normal ranges despite clinically observed levels of graft narrowing. These insights strengthen the continued clinical evaluation of this technology while supporting recent indications that reversible graft narrowing can be well tolerated, thus suggesting caution before intervening clinically.
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  414. 414
    Wälchli, T.; Bisschop, J.; Miettinen, A.; Ulmann-Schuler, A.; Hintermüller, C.; Meyer, E. P.; Krucker, T.; Wälchli, R.; Monnier, P. P.; Carmeliet, P. Hierarchical Imaging and Computational Analysis of Three-Dimensional Vascular Network Architecture in the Entire Postnatal and Adult Mouse Brain. Nat. Protoc. 2021, 16, 4564– 4610,  DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00587-1
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    414
    Hierarchical imaging and computational analysis of three-dimensional vascular network architecture in the entire postnatal and adult mouse brain
    Walchli, Thomas; Bisschop, Jeroen; Miettinen, Arttu; Ulmann-Schuler, Alexandra; Hintermuller, Christoph; Meyer, Eric P.; Krucker, Thomas; Walchli, Regula; Monnier, Philippe P.; Carmeliet, Peter; Vogel, Johannes; Stampanoni, Marco
    Nature Protocols (2021), 16 (10), 4564-4610CODEN: NPARDW; ISSN:1750-2799. (Nature Portfolio)
    The formation of new blood vessels and the establishment of vascular networks are crucial during brain development, in the adult healthy brain, as well as in various diseases of the central nervous system. Here, we describe a step-by-step protocol for our recently developed method that enables hierarchical imaging and computational anal. of vascular networks in postnatal and adult mouse brains. The different stages of the procedure include resin-based vascular corrosion casting, SEM, synchrotron radiation and desktop microcomputed tomog. imaging, and computational network anal. Combining these methods enables detailed visualization and quantification of the 3D brain vasculature. Network features such as vascular vol. fraction, branch point d., vessel diam., length, tortuosity and directionality as well as extravascular distance can be obtained at any developmental stage from the early postnatal to the adult brain. This approach can be used to provide a detailed morphol. atlas of the entire mouse brain vasculature at both the postnatal and the adult stage of development. Our protocol allows the characterization of brain vascular networks sep. for capillaries and noncapillaries. The entire protocol, from mouse perfusion to vessel network anal., takes ∼10 d.
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    Scharfman, H. E. Metabolic Control of Epilepsy. Science 2015, 347, 1312– 1313,  DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa9607
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    Metabolic control of epilepsy
    Scharfman, Helen E.
    Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2015), 347 (6228), 1312-1313CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
    There is no expanded citation for this reference.
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  416. 416
    Liu, C.; Li, J.; Che, L.; Chen, S.; Wang, Z.; Zhou, X. Toward Large-Scale Fabrication of Triboelectric Nanogenerator (Teng) with Silk-Fibroin Patches Film Via Spray-Coating Process. Nano Energy 2017, 41, 359– 366,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.09.038
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    416
    Toward large-scale fabrication of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with silk-fibroin patches film via spray-coating process
    Liu, Chaoran; Li, Jiaqian; Che, Lufeng; Chen, Shaoqiang; Wang, Zuankai; Zhou, Xiaofeng
    Nano Energy (2017), 41 (), 359-366CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Over the past several years, the development of triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) has blossomed owing to many advantages such as the simple structure, high conversion efficiency and wide material selectivity. Currently, most of TENG devices are constructed with micro-structured surfaces using complicated manufg. processes. Owing to the lack of high-vol. manufg. scalability, it still remains a bottleneck to apply TENG into the com. products. In this work, we report the development of a novel TENG, which leverages on the regenerated, flexible, biocompatible, and highly transparent silk-fibroin as a triboelec. layer and can be deposited on a PET/ITO substrate (SF/PET/ITO) using a simple spray-coating process. The as-fabricated TENG exhibits a max. voltage of 213.9 V and a high power d. of 68.0 mW/m2 as a result of the ability of losing electrons and rough surface rendered by the silk-fibroin. We further demonstrate that this generator can charge a capacitor (10μF) to 4.5 V in 6 mins, and instantaneously light up as many as 100 com. LED bulbs. We anticipate that the large-scale fabrication of silk-fibroin-based TENGs will serve as a promising system for electricity generation with an extremely low cost to com. applications.
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  417. 417
    Ouyang, H.; Liu, Z.; Li, N.; Shi, B.; Zou, Y.; Xie, F.; Ma, Y.; Li, Z.; Li, H.; Zheng, Q. Symbiotic Cardiac Pacemaker. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 1821,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09851-1
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    Symbiotic cardiac pacemaker
    Ouyang Han; Liu Zhuo; Shi Bojing; Zou Yang; Li Zhe; Li Hu; Zheng Qiang; Qu Xuecheng; Wang Zhong Lin; Zhang Hao; Li Zhou; Ouyang Han; Zou Yang; Li Zhe; Zheng Qiang; Qu Xuecheng; Wang Zhong Lin; Li Zhou; Liu Zhuo; Shi Bojing; Li Hu; Fan Yubo; Li Ning; Xie Feng; Ma Ye; Zhang Hao; Wang Zhong Lin
    Nature communications (2019), 10 (1), 1821 ISSN:.
    Self-powered implantable medical electronic devices that harvest biomechanical energy from cardiac motion, respiratory movement and blood flow are part of a paradigm shift that is on the horizon. Here, we demonstrate a fully implanted symbiotic pacemaker based on an implantable triboelectric nanogenerator, which achieves energy harvesting and storage as well as cardiac pacing on a large-animal scale. The symbiotic pacemaker successfully corrects sinus arrhythmia and prevents deterioration. The open circuit voltage of an implantable triboelectric nanogenerator reaches up to 65.2 V. The energy harvested from each cardiac motion cycle is 0.495 μJ, which is higher than the required endocardial pacing threshold energy (0.377 μJ). Implantable triboelectric nanogenerators for implantable medical devices offer advantages of excellent output performance, high power density, and good durability, and are expected to find application in fields of treatment and diagnosis as in vivo symbiotic bioelectronics.
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  418. 418
    Kirson, E. D.; Dbalý, V.; Tovaryš, F.; Vymazal, J.; Soustiel, J. F.; Itzhaki, A.; Mordechovich, D.; Steinberg-Shapira, S.; Gurvich, Z.; Schneiderman, R. Alternating Electric Fields Arrest Cell Proliferation in Animal Tumor Models and Human Brain Tumors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2007, 104, 10152– 10157,  DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702916104
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    418
    Alternating electric fields arrest cell proliferation in animal tumor models and human brain tumors
    Kirson, Eilon D.; Dbaly, Vladimir; Tovarys, Frantisek; Vymazal, Josef; Soustiel, Jean F.; Itzhaki, Aviran; Mordechovich, Daniel; Steinberg-Shapira, Shirley; Gurvich, Zoya; Schneiderman, Rosa; Wasserman, Yoram; Salzberg, Marc; Ryffel, Bernhard; Goldsher, Dorit; Dekel, Erez; Palti, Yoram
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2007), 104 (24), 10152-10157CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)
    The authors have recently shown that low intensity, intermediate frequency, elec. fields inhibit by an anti-microtubule mechanism of action, cancerous cell growth in vitro. Using implanted electrodes, these fields were also shown to inhibit the growth of dermal tumors in mice. The present study extends these findings to addnl. cell lines [human breast carcinoma; MDA-MB-231, and human non-small-cell lung carcinoma (H1299)] and to animal tumor models (intradermal B16F1 melanoma and intracranial F-98 glioma) using external insulated electrodes. These findings led to the initiation of a pilot clin. trial of the effects of TTFields in 10 patients with recurrent glioblastoma (GBM). Median time to disease progression in these patients was 26.1 wk and median overall survival was 62.2 wk. These time to disease progression and OS values are more than double the reported medians of historical control patients. No device-related serious adverse events were seen after >70 mo of cumulative treatment in all of the patients. The only device-related side effect seen was a mild to moderate contact dermatitis beneath the field delivering electrodes. The authors conclude that TTFields are a safe and effective new treatment modality which effectively slows down tumor growth in vitro, in vivo and, as demonstrated here, in human cancer patients.
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    Kirson, E. D.; Gurvich, Z.; Schneiderman, R.; Dekel, E.; Itzhaki, A.; Wasserman, Y.; Schatzberger, R.; Palti, Y. Disruption of Cancer Cell Replication by Alternating Electric Fields. Cancer Res. 2004, 64, 3288– 3295,  DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0083
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    Disruption of Cancer Cell Replication by Alternating Electric Fields
    Kirson, Eilon D.; Gurvich, Zoya; Schneiderman, Rosa; Dekel, Erez; Itzhaki, Aviran; Wasserman, Yoram; Schatzberger, Rachel; Palti, Yoram
    Cancer Research (2004), 64 (9), 3288-3295CODEN: CNREA8; ISSN:0008-5472. (American Association for Cancer Research)
    Low-intensity, intermediate-frequency (100-300 kHz), alternating elec. fields, delivered by means of insulated electrodes, were found to have a profound inhibitory effect on the growth rate of a variety of human and rodent tumor cell lines (Patricia C, U-118, U-87, H-1299, MDA231, PC3, B16F1, F-98, C-6, RG2, and CT-26) and malignant tumors in animals. This effect, shown to be nonthermal, selectively affects dividing cells while quiescent cells are left intact. These fields act in two modes: arrest of cell proliferation and destruction of cells while undergoing division. Both effects are demonstrated when such fields are applied for 24 h to cells undergoing mitosis that is oriented roughly along the field direction. The first mode of action is manifested by interference with the proper formation of the mitotic spindle, whereas the second results in rapid disintegration of the dividing cells. Both effects, which are frequency dependent, are consistent with the computed directional forces exerted by these specific fields on charges and dipoles within the dividing cells. In vivo treatment of tumors in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice (B16F1 and CT-26 syngeneic tumor models, resp.), resulted in significant slowing of tumor growth and extensive destruction of tumor cells within 3-6 days. These findings demonstrate the potential applicability of the described elec. fields as a novel therapeutic modality for malignant tumors.
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    McCaig, C. D.; Rajnicek, A. M.; Song, B.; Zhao, M. Controlling Cell Behavior Electrically: Current Views and Future Potential. Physiol. Rev. 2005, 85, 943– 978,  DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00020.2004
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    Controlling cell behavior electrically: current views and future potential
    McCaig Colin D; Rajnicek Ann M; Song Bing; Zhao Min
    Physiological reviews (2005), 85 (3), 943-78 ISSN:0031-9333.
    Direct-current (DC) electric fields are present in all developing and regenerating animal tissues, yet their existence and potential impact on tissue repair and development are largely ignored. This is primarily due to ignorance of the phenomenon by most researchers, some technically poor early studies of the effects of applied fields on cells, and widespread misunderstanding of the fundamental concepts that underlie bioelectricity. This review aims to resolve these issues by describing: 1) the historical context of bioelectricity, 2) the fundamental principles of physics and physiology responsible for DC electric fields within cells and tissues, 3) the cellular mechanisms for the effects of small electric fields on cell behavior, and 4) the clinical potential for electric field treatment of damaged tissues such as epithelia and the nervous system.
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  421. 421
    FOULDS, I. S.; BARKER, A. T. Human Skin Battery Potentials and Their Possible Role in Wound Healing. Br. J. Dermatol. 1983, 109, 515– 522,  DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1983.tb07673.x
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    Human skin battery potentials and their possible role in wound healing
    Foulds I S; Barker A T
    The British journal of dermatology (1983), 109 (5), 515-22 ISSN:0007-0963.
    Measurements of transcutaneous voltage have been made on seventeen normal volunteers. The results show the presence of 'skin battery' voltages comparable in size to those previously reported for amphibian and mammalian skin. No correlation was found between battery voltage and age or sex in the group studied, but consistent anatomical variations were observed. The possible role of these voltages in the natural wound healing process is discussed.
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    Jia, N.; Yang, J.; Liu, J.; Zhang, J. Electric Field: A Key Signal in Wound Healing. Chin. J. of Plast. and Reconstr. Surg. 2021, 3, 95– 102,  DOI: 10.1016/S2096-6911(21)00090-X
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    Luo, R.; Liang, Y.; Yang, J.; Feng, H.; Chen, Y.; Jiang, X.; Zhang, Z.; Liu, J.; Bai, Y.; Xue, J. Reshaping the Endogenous Electric Field to Boost Wound Repair Via Electrogenerative Dressing. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2208395,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208395
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    Reshaping the Endogenous Electric Field to Boost Wound Repair via Electrogenerative Dressing
    Luo, Ruizeng; Liang, Yi; Yang, Jinrui; Feng, Hongqing; Chen, Ying; Jiang, Xupin; Zhang, Ze; Liu, Jie; Bai, Yuan; Xue, Jiangtao; Chao, Shengyu; Xi, Yi; Liu, Xiaoqiang; Wang, Engui; Luo, Dan; Li, Zhou; Zhang, Jiaping
    Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2023), 35 (16), 2208395CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    The endogenous elec. field (EF) generated by transepithelial p.d. plays a decisive role in wound reepithelialization. For patients with large or chronic wounds, neg.-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is the most effective clin. method in inflammation control by continuously removing the necrotic tissues or infected substances, thus creating a proproliferative microenvironment beneficial for wound reepithelialization. However, continuous neg.-pressure drainage causes electrolyte loss and weakens the endogenous EF, which in turn hinders wound reepithelialization. Here, an electrogenerative dressing (EGD) is developed by integrating triboelec. nanogenerators with NPWT. By converting the neg.-pressure-induced mech. deformation into electricity, EGD produces a stable and high-safety EF that can trigger a robust epithelial electrotactic response and drive the macrophages toward a reparative M2 phenotype in vitro. Translational medicine studies confirm that EGD completely reshapes the wound EF weakened by NPWT, and promotes wound closure by facilitating an earlier transition of inflammation/proliferation and guiding epithelial migration and proliferation to accelerate reepithelialization. Long-term EGD therapy remarkably advances tissue remodeling with mature epithelium, orderly extracellular matrix, and less scar formation. Compared with the golden std. of NPWT, EGD orchestrates all the essential wound stages in a noninvasive manner, presenting an excellent prospect in clin. wound therapy.
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    Tandon, N.; Cannizzaro, C.; Chao, P.-H. G.; Maidhof, R.; Marsano, A.; Au, H. T. H.; Radisic, M.; Vunjak-Novakovic, G. Electrical Stimulation Systems for Cardiac Tissue Engineering. Nat. Protoc. 2009, 4, 155– 173,  DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2008.183
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    Electrical stimulation systems for cardiac tissue engineering
    Tandon, Nina; Cannizzaro, Christopher; Chao, Pen-Hsiu Grace; Maidhof, Robert; Marsano, Anna; Au, Hoi Ting Heidi; Radisic, Milica; Vunjak-Novakovic, Gordana
    Nature Protocols (2009), 4 (2), 155-173CODEN: NPARDW; ISSN:1750-2799. (Nature Publishing Group)
    We describe a protocol for tissue engineering of synchronously contractile cardiac constructs by culturing cardiac cells with the application of pulsatile elec. fields designed to mimic those present in the native heart. Tissue culture is conducted in a customized chamber built to allow for cultivation of (i) engineered three-dimensional (3D) cardiac tissue constructs, (ii) cell monolayers on flat substrates or (iii) cells on patterned substrates. This also allows for anal. of the individual and interactive effects of pulsatile elec. field stimulation and substrate topog. on cell differentiation and assembly. The protocol is designed to allow for delivery of predictable elec. field stimuli to cells, monitoring environmental parameters, and assessment of cell and tissue responses. The duration of the protocol is 5 d for two-dimensional cultures and 10 d for 3D cultures.
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    Zuo, B.; Liu, L.; Wu, Z. Effect on Properties of Regenerated Silk Fibroin Fiber Coagulated with Aqueous Methanol/Ethanol. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2007, 106, 53– 59,  DOI: 10.1002/app.26653
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    Effect on properties of regenerated silk fibroin fiber coagulated with aqueous methanol/ethanol
    Zuo, Baoqi; Liu, Leigen; Wu, Zhengyu
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science (2007), 106 (1), 53-59CODEN: JAPNAB; ISSN:0021-8995. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
    Random coil silk fibroin membrane was designed to dissolve with HFIP, and regenerated silk fibroin fibers were obtained by wet spinning. The effect of coagulants (methanol and ethanol) on structure, mech. properties, and actinomyces biodegradability of regenerated silk fibroin fiber was investigated through X-ray diffraction, IR spectra, and TGA. The results showed that the effect on the structure and properties of regenerated silk fibroin fibers coagulated by methanol and ethanol was negligible, but the difference in actinomyces biodegradability in vitro was obvious.
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    Cieza, A.; Causey, K.; Kamenov, K.; Hanson, S. W.; Chatterji, S.; Vos, T. Global Estimates of the Need for Rehabilitation Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 2020, 396, 2006– 2017,  DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32340-0
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    Global estimates of the need for rehabilitation based on the Global Burden of Disease study 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
    Cieza, Alarcos; Causey, Kate; Kamenov, Kaloyan; Hanson, Sarah Wulf; Chatterji, Somnath; Vos, Theo
    Lancet (2020), 396 (10267), 2006-2017CODEN: LANCAO; ISSN:0140-6736. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Rehabilitation has often been seen as a disability-specific service needed by only few of the population. Despite its individual and societal benefits, rehabilitation has not been prioritised in countries and is under-resourced. We present global, regional, and country data for the no. of people who would benefit from rehabilitation at least once during the course of their disabling illness or injury. To est. the need for rehabilitation, data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 were used to calc. the prevalence and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) of 25 diseases, impairments, or bespoke aggregations of sequelae that were selected as amenable to rehabilitation. All analyzes were done at the country level and then aggregated to seven regions: World Bank high-income countries and the six WHO regions (ie, Africa, the Americas, Southeast Asia, Europe, Eastern Mediterranean, and Western Pacific). Globally, in 2019, 2.41 billion (95% uncertainty interval 2.34-2.50) individuals had conditions that would benefit from rehabilitation, contributing to 310 million [235-392] YLDs. This no. had increased by 63% from 1990 to 2019. Regionally, the Western Pacific had the highest need of rehabilitation services (610 million people [588-636] and 83 million YLDs [62-106]). The disease area that contributed most to prevalence was musculoskeletal disorders (1.71 billion people [1.;68-1.80]), with low back pain being the most prevalent condition in 134 of the 204 countries analyzed. To our knowledge, this is the first study to produce a global est. of the need for rehabilitation services and to show that at least one in every three people in the world needs rehabilitation at some point in the course of their illness or injury. This no. counters the common view of rehabilitation as a service required by only few people. We argue that rehabilitation needs to be brought close to communities as an integral part of primary health care to reach more people in need. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
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    Divanoglou, A.; Samuelsson, K.; Sjödahl, E. R.; Andersson, C.; Levi, R. Rehabilitation Needs and Mortality Associated with the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Population-Based Study of All Hospitalised and Home-Healthcare Individuals in a Swedish Healthcare Region. EClinicalMedicine 2021, 36, 100920,  DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100920
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    427
    Rehabilitation needs and mortality associated with the Covid-19 pandemic: a population-based study of all hospitalised and home-healthcare individuals in a Swedish healthcare region
    Divanoglou Anestis; Samuelsson Assoc Prof Kersti; Levi Prof Richard; Sjodahl Prof Emer Rune; Andersson Christer
    EClinicalMedicine (2021), 36 (), 100920 ISSN:.
    BACKGROUND: This first report of the Linkoping Covid-19 Study (LinCoS) aimed at determination of Covid-19-associated mortality, impairments, activity and participation limitations denoting rehabilitation needs four months after discharge from hospital. METHODS: An ambidirectional population-based cohort study including all confirmed Covid-19 cases admitted to hospital during 1/03-31/05 and those living in home healthcare settings identified through a regional registry and evaluated through medical records, including WHO Clinical Progression Scale (CPS). All patients discharged from hospital were followed-up by structured telephone interview at 4 months post-discharge. Respondents indicated any new or aggravated persisting problems in any of 25 body functions and 12 activity/participation items and rated them for impact on daily life. FINDINGS: Out of 734 hospitalised patients, 149 were excluded, 125 died, and 460 were alive at 4-month follow-up of whom 433 (94.1%) were interviewed. In total, 40% reported impairments and activity/participation limitations affecting daily life and warranted further multi-professional rehabilitation assessment, predominantly those with severe disease and a considerable proportion of those with moderate disease. Cognitive and affective impairments were equally common in all groups and were reported by 20-40% of cases. Limb weakness was reported by 31%, with CPS 7-9 being four times more likely to report this problem as compared to CPS 4-5. 26% of those working or studying reported difficulties returning to these activities, this being 3.5 times more likely in CPS 7-9 as compared to CPS 4-5. 25% reported problems walking >1 km, with CPS 7-9 over three times more likely to report this as compared to the other two sub-groups. 90-day mortality rate of Covid-19 associated deaths was 15.1%. INTERPRETATION: Most rehabilitation needs after Covid-19 involved higher cerebral dysfunction both in patients with moderate and severe disease. This should be considered when designing services aiming at minimizing long-term disability. FUNDING: ALF grant and Region Ostergotland.
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    Barth, C. A. Meeting the Needs of People with Physical Disabilities in Crisis Settings. Bull. World Health Organ. 2019, 97, 790– 790A,  DOI: 10.2471/BLT.19.246918
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    Meeting the needs of people with physical disabilities in crisis settings
    Barth Cornelia Anne
    Bulletin of the World Health Organization (2019), 97 (12), 790-790A ISSN:.
    There is no expanded citation for this reference.
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    Wang, J.; Wang, H.; He, T.; He, B.; Thakor, N. V.; Lee, C. Investigation of Low-Current Direct Stimulation for Rehabilitation Treatment Related to Muscle Function Loss Using Self-Powered Teng System. Adv. Sci. 2019, 6, 1900149,  DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900149
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    Investigation of Low-Current Direct Stimulation for Rehabilitation Treatment Related to Muscle Function Loss Using Self-Powered TENG System
    Wang Jiahui; Wang Hao; He Tianyiyi; He Borong; Thakor Nitish V; Lee Chengkuo; Wang Jiahui; Thakor Nitish V; Lee Chengkuo; Wang Jiahui; Wang Hao; He Tianyiyi; He Borong; Thakor Nitish V; Lee Chengkuo; He Tianyiyi; Lee Chengkuo
    Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) (2019), 6 (14), 1900149 ISSN:2198-3844.
    Muscle function loss is characterized as abnormal or completely lost muscle capabilities, and it can result from neurological disorders or nerve injuries. The currently available clinical treatment is to electrically stimulate the diseased muscles. Here, a self-powered system of a stacked-layer triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and a multiple-channel epimysial electrode to directly stimulate muscles is demonstrated. Then, the two challenges regarding direct TENG muscle stimulation are further investigated. For the first challenge of improving low-current TENG stimulation efficiency, it is found that the optimum stimulation efficiency can be achieved by conducting a systematic mapping with a multiple-channel epimysial electrode. The second challenge is TENG stimulation stability. It is found that the force output generated by TENGs is more stable than using the conventional square wave stimulation and enveloped high frequency stimulation. With modelling and in vivo measurements, it is confirmed that the two factors that account for the stable stimulation using TENGs are the long pulse duration and low current amplitude. The current waveform of TENGs can effectively avoid synchronous motoneuron recruitment at the two stimulation electrodes to reduce force fluctuation. Here, after investigating these two challenges, it is believed that TENG direct muscle stimulation could be used for rehabilitative and therapeutic purpose of muscle function loss treatment.
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    Huo, Z. Y.; Lee, D. M.; Jeong, J. M.; Kim, Y. J.; Kim, J.; Suh, I. Y.; Xiong, P.; Kim, S. W. Microbial Disinfection with Supercoiling Capacitive Triboelectric Nanogenerator. Adv. Energy Mater. 2022, 12, 2103680,  DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202103680
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    Microbial Disinfection with Supercoiling Capacitive Triboelectric Nanogenerator
    Huo, Zheng-Yang; Lee, Dong-Min; Jeong, Jang-Mook; Kim, Young-Jun; Kim, Jihye; Suh, In-Yong; Xiong, Peixun; Kim, Sang-Woo
    Advanced Energy Materials (2022), 12 (15), 2103680CODEN: ADEMBC; ISSN:1614-6840. (Wiley-Blackwell)
    Water-borne diseases resulting from pathogen infection are esp. challenges in areas with inadequate sanitation and power supply. Here a novel disinfection system is developed for bacterial and viral inactivation in water using a self-powered supercoiling-mediated rotational triboelec. nanogenerator (S-TENG) as a power source to drive a new oxidn.-assisted electroporation mechanism. Owing to its rational design, the S-TENG achieves an ultrafast rotation (∼7500 rpm), therefore it enables a simultaneous nanowire-enhanced localized elec. field and generation of oxidative species resulting in high disinfection performance: >99.9999% microbial inactivation at a high flux of 15 000 L h-1 m-2. An integrated S-TENG-powered disinfection prototype using an enlarged electrode (area of 50 cm2) achieves complete disinfection when the gravity-driven natural water flows through the whole system at a high rate (1 L min-1). This rapid, self-powered water disinfection method is a potential soln. for urgent water disinfection needs during disasters and pandemics, and water disinfection in areas with inadequate power supply.
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    Oden, A.; McCloskey, E. V.; Kanis, J. A.; Harvey, N. C.; Johansson, H. Burden of High Fracture Probability Worldwide: Secular Increases 2010–2040. Osteoporosis Int. 2015, 26, 2243– 2248,  DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3154-6
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    Burden of high fracture probability worldwide: secular increases 2010-2040
    Oden A; McCloskey E V; Kanis J A; Harvey N C; Johansson H
    Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA (2015), 26 (9), 2243-8 ISSN:.
    UNLABELLED: The number of individuals aged 50 years or more at high risk of osteoporotic fracture worldwide in 2010 was estimated at 158 million and is set to double by 2040. INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to quantify the number of individuals worldwide aged 50 years or more at high risk of osteoporotic fracture in 2010 and 2040. METHODS: A threshold of high fracture probability was set at the age-specific 10-year probability of a major fracture (clinical vertebral, forearm, humeral or hip fracture) which was equivalent to that of a woman with a BMI of 24 kg/m(2) and a prior fragility fracture but no other clinical risk factors. The prevalence of high risk was determined worldwide and by continent using all available country-specific FRAX models and applied the population demography for each country. RESULTS: Twenty-one million men and 137 million women had a fracture probability at or above the threshold in the world for the year 2010. The greatest number of men and women at high risk were from Asia (55 %). Worldwide, the number of high-risk individuals is expected to double over the next 40 years. CONCLUSION: We conclude that individuals with high probability of osteoporotic fractures comprise a very significant disease burden to society, particularly in Asia, and that this burden is set to increase markedly in the future. These analyses provide a platform for the evaluation of risk assessment and intervention strategies.
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    Ruiz-Adame, M.; Correa, M. A Systematic Review of the Indirect and Social Costs Studies in Fragility Fractures. Osteoporosis Int. 2020, 31, 1205– 1216,  DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05319-x
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    A systematic review of the indirect and social costs studies in fragility fractures
    Ruiz-Adame M; Correa M
    Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA (2020), 31 (7), 1205-1216 ISSN:.
    Fragility fractures (FF) are the main clinical consequence of osteoporosis. FF lead to a loss in quality of life (QL), increased dependency and higher costs due to loss of productivity. Despite this, very few studies have been performed about the indirect or social costs of FF. The objective of this review was to systematically synthesize published evidence regarding indirect costs of FF. We conducted a systematic literature review of empirical studies published as peer review papers between 1998 and 2019. A total of 295 papers were found about costs and osteoporosis. After an iterative process, only 16 papers fit the criteria of selection. Despite the important consequences for QL, only seven studies have included research of the issue and only one about dependency. Treatments are cost-effective, but adherence is low. Multiple fractures, older age and low socioeconomic profile imply higher costs. Most studies are performed using the human capital methodology. The main two variables are loss of productivity and absenteeism. Most of the people included in the samples are out of the active population. Those studies that include a follow-up period vary in a range between 3 months and 2 years. Depending on sample and methodology, the indirect costs (IC) are between 2 and 50%. The direct costs associated with FF generally far outweigh the IC. There is a lack of studies about the effects of treatments and adherence and about the dependency system. The changing role of women in coming generations will increase indirect costs.
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    Amin, S.; Achenbach, S. J.; Atkinson, E. J.; Khosla, S.; Melton III, L. J. Trends in Fracture Incidence: A Population-Based Study over 20 Years. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2014, 29, 581– 589,  DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2072
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    Trends in fracture incidence: a population-based study over 20 years
    Amin Shreyasee; Achenbach Sara J; Atkinson Elizabeth J; Khosla Sundeep; Melton L Joseph 3rd
    Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (2014), 29 (3), 581-9 ISSN:.
    To assess recent trends in fracture incidence from all causes at all skeletal sites, we used the comprehensive (inpatient and outpatient) data resources of the Rochester Epidemiology Project to estimate rates for Olmsted County, MN, USA, residents in 2009 to 2011 compared with similar data from 1989 to 1991. During the 3-year study period, 2009 to 2011, 3549 residents ≥50 years of age experienced 5244 separate fractures. The age- and sex-adjusted (to the 2010 US white population) incidence of any fracture was 2704 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI] 2614 to 2793) and that for all fractures was 4017 per 100,000 (95% CI 3908 to 4127). Fracture incidence increased with age in both sexes, but age-adjusted rates were 49% greater among the women. Overall, comparably adjusted fracture incidence rates increased by 11% (from 3627 to 4017 per 100,000 person-years; p = 0.008) between 1989 to 1991 and 2009 to 2011. This was mainly attributable to a substantial increase in vertebral fractures (+47% for both sexes combined), which was partially offset by a decline in hip fractures (-25%) among the women. There was also a 26% reduction in distal forearm fractures among the women; an increase in distal forearm fractures among men aged 50 years and over was not statistically significant. The dramatic increase in vertebral fractures, seen in both sexes and especially after age 75 years, was attributable in part to incidentally diagnosed vertebral fractures. However, the fall in hip fracture incidence, observed in most age groups, continues the steady decline observed among women in this community since 1950. More generally, these data indicate that the dramatic increases in the incidence of fractures at many skeletal sites that were observed decades ago have now stabilized.
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    Pouresmaeili, F.; Kamali Dehghan, B.; Kamarehei, M.; Yong Meng, G. A Comprehensive Overview on Osteoporosis and Its Risk Factors. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag. 2018, 14, 2029– 2049,  DOI: 10.2147/TCRM.S138000
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    A comprehensive overview on osteoporosis and its risk factors
    Pouresmaeili, Farkhondeh; Kamalidehghan, Behnam; Kamarehei, Maryam; Goh, Yong Meng
    Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management (2018), 14 (), 2029-2049CODEN: TCRMA6; ISSN:1178-203X. (Dove Medical Press Ltd.)
    Osteoporosis is a bone disorder with remarkable changes in bone biol. material and consequent bone structural distraction, affecting millions of people around the world from different ethnic groups. Bone fragility is the worse outcome of the disease, which needs long term therapy and medical management, esp. in the elderly. Many involved genes including environmental factors have been introduced as the disease risk factors so far, of which genes should be considered as effective early diagnosis biomarkers, esp. for the individuals from high-risk families. In this review, a no. of important criteria involved in osteoporosis are addressed and discussed.
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    Reid, I. R. A Broader Strategy for Osteoporosis Interventions. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2020, 16, 333– 339,  DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-0339-7
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    A broader strategy for osteoporosis interventions
    Reid Ian R; Reid Ian R
    Nature reviews. Endocrinology (2020), 16 (6), 333-339 ISSN:.
    Approximately 50% of women experience at least one bone fracture postmenopause. Current screening approaches target anti-fracture interventions to women aged >60 years who satisfy clinical risk and bone mineral density criteria for osteoporosis. Intervention is only recommended in 7-25% of those women screened currently, well short of the 50% who experience fractures. Large screening trials have not shown clinically significant decreases in the total fracture numbers. By contrast, six large clinical trials of anti-resorptive therapies (for example, bisphosphonates) have demonstrated substantial decreases in the number of fractures in women not identified as being at high risk of fracture. This finding suggests that broader use of generic bisphosphonates in women selected by age or fracture risk would result in a reduction in total fracture numbers, a strategy likely to be cost-effective. The utility of the current bone density definition of osteoporosis, which neither corresponds with who suffers fractures nor defines who should be treated, requires reappraisal.
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    Lorentzon, M. Treating Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: Current Concepts and Future Developments. J. Int. Med. 2019, 285, 381– 394,  DOI: 10.1111/joim.12873
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    Treating osteoporosis to prevent fractures: current concepts and future developments
    Lorentzon Mattias; Lorentzon Mattias
    Journal of internal medicine (2019), 285 (4), 381-394 ISSN:.
    Antiresorptive drugs, such as the bisphosphonates and the RANKL inhibitor denosumab, are currently the most widely used osteoporosis medications. These drugs increase bone mineral density (BMD) and reduce the risk of vertebral (by 40-70%), nonvertebral (by 25-40%) and hip fractures (by 40-53%) in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Due to the risk of rare side-effects, the use of bisphosphonates has been limited to up to 10 years with oral bisphosphonates and 6 years with intravenous zoledronic acid. Despite their well-proven efficacy and safety, few women at high risk of fracture are started on treatment. Case finding strategies, such as fracture risk-based screening in primary care using the fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) and Fracture Liaison Services, have proved effective in increasing treatment rates and reducing fracture rates. Recently, anabolic therapy with teriparatide was demonstrated to be superior to the bisphosphonate risedronate in preventing vertebral and clinical fractures in postmenopausal women with vertebral fracture. Treatment with the sclerostin antibody romosozumab increases BMD more profoundly and rapidly than alendronate and is also superior to alendronate in reducing the risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fracture in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. For patients with severe osteoporosis and high fracture risk, bisphosphonates alone are unlikely to be able to provide long-term protection against fracture and restore BMD. For those patients, sequential treatment, starting with a bone-building drug (e.g. teriparatide), followed by an antiresorptive, will likely provide better long-term fracture prevention and should be the golden standard of future osteoporosis treatment.
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  437. 437
    Skjødt, M. K.; Frost, M.; Abrahamsen, B. Side Effects of Drugs for Osteoporosis and Metastatic Bone Disease. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2019, 85, 1063– 1071,  DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13759
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    437
    Side effects of drugs for osteoporosis and metastatic bone disease
    Skjodt Michael Kriegbaum; Abrahamsen Bo; Skjodt Michael Kriegbaum; Frost Morten; Frost Morten; Abrahamsen Bo
    British journal of clinical pharmacology (2019), 85 (6), 1063-1071 ISSN:.
    Osteoporosis is a common condition that leads to substantial morbidity and mortality and affects an increasing number of persons worldwide. Several pharmacological therapies that inhibit bone resorption, promote bone formation, or both, are available for the treatment of osteoporosis. The osteoanabolic treatment spectrum was recently expanded by the introduction of a novel bone-forming agent in the United States, and clinical trials indicate that a new class of bone anabolic therapy may become available. Both antiresorptive and bone anabolic therapies are associated with common and rare adverse effects, which are particularly important to address as these drugs are used for long-term treatment in numerous patients with a large proportion being elderly and/or having multimorbidity. In addition, antiresorptive drugs are used to inhibit bone resorption in patients with malignant hypercalcaemia or to prevent skeletal events in cancer patients, and bisphosphonates have been repurposed as a cancer preventive therapy. However, therapeutic doses are generally higher when antiresorptive drugs are used in the oncological setting, which influence the prevalence of adverse effects significantly. This review highlights key issues and controversies regarding adverse effects of currently available and emerging drugs used for osteoporosis and metastatic bone diseases.
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  438. 438
    McNeill, E. P.; Zeitouni, S.; Pan, S.; Haskell, A.; Cesarek, M.; Tahan, D.; Clough, B. H.; Krause, U.; Dobson, L. K.; Garcia, M. Characterization of a Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Matrix with Powerful Osteoregenerative Capabilities. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 3025,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16646-2
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    438
    Characterization of a pluripotent stem cell-derived matrix with powerful osteoregenerative capabilities
    McNeill, Eoin P.; Zeitouni, Suzanne; Pan, Simin; Haskell, Andrew; Cesarek, Michael; Tahan, Daniel; Clough, Bret H.; Krause, Ulf; Dobson, Lauren K.; Garcia, Mayra; Kung, Christopher; Zhao, Qingguo; Saunders, W. Brian; Liu, Fei; Kaunas, Roland; Gregory, Carl A.
    Nature Communications (2020), 11 (1), 3025CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)
    Abstr.: Approx. 10% of fractures will not heal without intervention. Current treatments can be marginally effective, costly, and some have adverse effects. A safe and manufacturable mimic of anabolic bone is the primary goal of bone engineering, but achieving this is challenging. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), are excellent candidates for engineering bone, but lack reproducibility due to donor source and culture methodol. The need for a bioactive attachment substrate also hinders progress. Herein, we describe a highly osteogenic MSC line generated from induced pluripotent stem cells that generates high yields of an osteogenic cell-matrix (ihOCM) in vitro. In mice, the intrinsic osteogenic activity of ihOCM surpasses bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2) driving healing of calvarial defects in 4 wk by a mechanism mediated in part by collagen VI and XII. We propose that ihOCM may represent an effective replacement for autograft and BMP products used commonly in bone tissue engineering.
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  439. 439
    Zhang, Y.; Xu, L.; Liu, Z.; Cui, X.; Xiang, Z.; Bai, J.; Jiang, D.; Xue, J.; Wang, C.; Lin, Y. Self-Powered Pulsed Direct Current Stimulation System for Enhancing Osteogenesis in Mc3t3-E1. Nano Energy 2021, 85, 106009,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106009
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    439
    Self-powered pulsed direct current stimulation system for enhancing osteogenesis in MC3T3-E1
    Zhang, Yingzi; Xu, Lingling; Liu, Zhuo; Cui, Xi; Xiang, Zhuo; Bai, Jinyu; Jiang, Dongjie; Xue, Jiangtao; Wang, Chan; Lin, Youxi; Li, Zhe; Shan, Yizhu; Yang, Yuan; Bo, Lin; Li, Zhou; Zhou, Xiaozhong
    Nano Energy (2021), 85 (), 106009CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Promoting the differentiation of osteoblasts is crit. to maintain bone homeostasis for treatment osteoporosis and fracture healing. For these orthopedic diseases, a portable, highly patient compliance therapy device remains a great challenge. Here, we proposed a biomech.-energy-driven shape memory piezoelec. nanogenerator (sm-PENG) that integrated with fixation splint to promote osteogenic differentiation. The pulsed d.c. (DC) generated from the sm-PENG effectively promote MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cell proliferation, orientation and increase intracellular calcium ion. At the same time, the ALP activity of cells is also improved by pulsed-DC under long-term culture conditions. Ultimately, increasing calcium deposition, extracellular matrix mineralization and osteogenesis. Our work demonstrates the potential of sm-PENG as a power source for pulsed-DC stimulation of bone repair, and shows great prospect self-powered and portable electronic medical device.
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  440. 440
    Tian, J.; Shi, R.; Liu, Z.; Ouyang, H.; Yu, M.; Zhao, C.; Zou, Y.; Jiang, D.; Zhang, J.; Li, Z. Self-Powered Implantable Electrical Stimulator for Osteoblasts’ Proliferation and Differentiation. Nano Energy 2019, 59, 705– 714,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.02.073
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    440
    Self-powered implantable electrical stimulator for osteoblasts proliferation and differentiation
    Tian, Jingjing; Shi, Rui; Liu, Zhuo; Ouyang, Han; Yu, Min; Zhao, Chaochao; Zou, Yang; Jiang, Dongjie; Zhang, Jingshuang; Li, Zhou
    Nano Energy (2019), 59 (), 705-714CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related fractures were considered as worldwide diseases and arose wide public concern, the costs for incident osteoporosis-related fractures in United States is nearly $17 billion in 2005 [1], leading to large economic burden. Here, we proposed a self-powered flexible and implantable elec. stimulator, which consisting of a triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) and a flexible interdigitated electrode. It demonstrated that this self-powered elec. stimulator significantly promoted osteoblasts attachment, proliferation and differentiation, the level of intracellular Ca2+ was up-regulated after elec. stimulation. In addn., the self-powered elec. stimulator was further demonstrated to be driven by the daily movement of a rat, suggesting the practical use as an implantable medical electronic device to elec. induce osteoblasts differentiation and bone remodeling. Described above, the self-powered elec. stimulator probably could meddle bone homeostasis, alleviate osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related fractures. This work shows great progress not only for TENGs applications in implantable medical devices but also for clin. therapy of osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related fractures.
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  441. 441
    Tang, W.; Tian, J.; Zheng, Q.; Yan, L.; Wang, J.; Li, Z.; Wang, Z. L. Implantable Self-Powered Low-Level Laser Cure System for Mouse Embryonic Osteoblasts’ Proliferation and Differentiation. ACS Nano 2015, 9, 7867– 7873,  DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b03567
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    441
    Implantable Self-Powered Low-Level Laser Cure System for Mouse Embryonic Osteoblasts' Proliferation and Differentiation
    Tang, Wei; Tian, Jingjing; Zheng, Qiang; Yan, Lin; Wang, Jiangxue; Li, Zhou; Wang, Zhong Lin
    ACS Nano (2015), 9 (8), 7867-7873CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)
    Bone remodeling or orthodontic treatment is usually a long-term process. It is highly desirable to speed up the process for effective medical treatment. In this work, a self-powered low-level laser cure system for osteogenesis is developed using the power generated by the triboelec. nanogenerator. It is found that the system significantly accelerated the mouse embryonic osteoblasts' proliferation and differentiation, which is essential for bone and tooth healing. The system is further demonstrated to be driven by a living creature's motions, such as human walking or a mouse's breathing, suggesting its practical use as a portable or implantable clin. cure for bone remodeling or orthodontic treatment.
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  442. 442
    Liu, H.; Du, Y.; St-Pierre, J.-P.; Bergholt, M. S.; Autefage, H.; Wang, J.; Cai, M.; Yang, G.; Stevens, M. M.; Zhang, S. Bioenergetic-Active Materials Enhance Tissue Regeneration by Modulating Cellular Metabolic State. Sci. Adv. 2020, 6, eaay7608  DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay7608
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    Perez, R. A.; Seo, S.-J.; Won, J.-E.; Lee, E.-J.; Jang, J.-H.; Knowles, J. C.; Kim, H.-W. Therapeutically Relevant Aspects in Bone Repair and Regeneration. Mater. Today 2015, 18, 573– 589,  DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2015.06.011
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    Therapeutically relevant aspects in bone repair and regeneration
    Perez, Roman A.; Seo, Seog-Jin; Won, Jong-Eun; Lee, Eun-Jung; Jang, Jun-Hyeog; Knowles, Jonathan C.; Kim, Hae-Won
    Materials Today (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2015), 18 (10), 573-589CODEN: MTOUAN; ISSN:1369-7021. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    A review. Over the past few years, attention has been focused on the therapeutic roles in designing bone scaffolds for successful repair and regeneration. Indeed, biol. dynamic events in the bone healing process involve many of the mols. and cells adherent to the scaffold. Recent bone scaffolds have been designed considering intrinsic chem. and phys. factors and exogenous/extrinsic cues that induce bone regeneration. Here, we attempt to topically review the current trends and to suggest featured strategies for the design of therapeutically relevant bone scaffolds taking into account recent studies and applications.
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    Choi, M.-C.; Jo, J.; Park, J.; Kang, H. K.; Park, Y. Nf-Κb Signaling Pathways in Osteoarthritic Cartilage Destruction. Cells 2019, 8, 734,  DOI: 10.3390/cells8070734
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    444
    NF-κB signaling pathways in osteoarthritic cartilage destruction
    Choi, Moon-Chang; Jo, Jiwon; Park, Jonggwan; Kang, Hee Kyoung; Park, Yoonkyung
    Cells (2019), 8 (7), 734CODEN: CELLC6; ISSN:2073-4409. (MDPI AG)
    Osteoarthritis (OA) is a type of joint disease assocd. with wear and tear, inflammation, and aging. Mech. stress along with synovial inflammation promotes the degrdn. of the extracellular matrix in the cartilage, leading to the breakdown of joint cartilage. The nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) transcription factor has long been recognized as a disease-contributing factor and, thus, has become a therapeutic target for OA. Because NF-κB is a versatile and multi-functional transcription factor involved in various biol. processes, a comprehensive understanding of the functions or regulation of NF-κB in the OA pathol. will aid in the development of targeted therapeutic strategies to protect the cartilage from OA damage and reduce the risk of potential side-effects. In this review, we discuss the roles of NF-κB in OA chondrocytes and related signaling pathways, including recent findings, to better understand pathol. cartilage remodeling and provide potential therapeutic targets that can interfere with NF-κB signaling for OA treatment.
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  445. 445
    Peng, Z.; Sun, H.; Bunpetch, V.; Koh, Y.; Wen, Y.; Wu, D.; Ouyang, H. The Regulation of Cartilage Extracellular Matrix Homeostasis in Joint Cartilage Degeneration and Regeneration. Biomaterials 2021, 268, 120555,  DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120555
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    445
    The regulation of cartilage extracellular matrix homeostasis in joint cartilage degeneration and regeneration
    Peng, Zhi; Sun, Heng; Bunpetch, Varitsara; Koh, Yiwen; Wen, Ya; Wu, Dongmei; Ouyang, Hongwei
    Biomaterials (2021), 268 (), 120555CODEN: BIMADU; ISSN:0142-9612. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    A review. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major cause of disability and socioeconomic loss worldwide. However, the current pharmacol. approaches used to treat OA are largely palliative. Being the hallmark of OA, the cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) destruction and abnormal homeostasis is gaining more attention as a therapeutic target in cartilage regeneration. Moreover, during the progression of OA, the cartilage ECM shows significant pathol. alternations, which can be promising biomarkers in identifying the pathol. stages of OA. In this review, we summarize the role of abnormal ECM homeostasis in the joint cartilage during OA. Furthermore, we provide an update on the cartilage ECM derived biomarkers and regenerative medicine therapies targeting cartilage ECM which includes preclin. animal models study and clin. trials.
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  446. 446
    Lin, W.; Klein, J. Recent Progress in Cartilage Lubrication. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2005513,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005513
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    Recent Progress in Cartilage Lubrication
    Lin, Weifeng; Klein, Jacob
    Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2021), 33 (18), 2005513CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    A review. Healthy articular cartilage, covering the ends of bones in major joints such as hips and knees, presents the most efficiently-lubricated surface known in nature, with friction coeffs. as low as 0.001 up to physiol. high pressures. Such low friction is indeed essential for its well-being. It minimizes wear-and-tear and hence the cartilage degrdn. assocd. with osteoarthritis, the most common joint disease, and, by reducing shear stress on the mechanotransductive, cartilage-embedded chondrocytes (the only cell type in the cartilage), it regulates their function to maintain homeostasis. Understanding the origins of such low friction of the articular cartilage, therefore, is of major importance in order to alleviate disease symptoms, and slow or even reverse its breakdown. This progress report considers the relation between frictional behavior and the cellular mech. environment in the cartilage, then reviews the mechanism of lubrication in the joints, in particular focusing on boundary lubrication. Following recent advances based on hydration lubrication, a proposed synergy between different mol. components of the synovial joints, acting together in enabling the low friction, has been proposed. Addnl., recent development of natural and bio-inspired lubricants is reviewed.
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  447. 447
    Murphy, M. P.; Koepke, L. S.; Lopez, M. T.; Tong, X.; Ambrosi, T. H.; Gulati, G. S.; Marecic, O.; Wang, Y.; Ransom, R. C.; Hoover, M. Y. Articular Cartilage Regeneration by Activated Skeletal Stem Cells. Nat. Med. 2020, 26, 1583– 1592,  DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-1013-2
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    Articular cartilage regeneration by activated skeletal stem cells
    Murphy, Matthew P.; Koepke, Lauren S.; Lopez, Michael T.; Tong, Xinming; Ambrosi, Thomas H.; Gulati, Gunsagar S.; Marecic, Owen; Wang, Yuting; Ransom, Ryan C.; Hoover, Malachia Y.; Steininger, Holly; Zhao, Liming; Walkiewicz, Marcin P.; Quarto, Natalina; Levi, Benjamin; Wan, Derrick C.; Weissman, Irving L.; Goodman, Stuart B.; Yang, Fan; Longaker, Michael T.; Chan, Charles K. F.
    Nature Medicine (New York, NY, United States) (2020), 26 (10), 1583-1592CODEN: NAMEFI; ISSN:1078-8956. (Nature Research)
    Abstr.: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease resulting in irreversible, progressive destruction of articular cartilage1. The etiol. of OA is complex and involves a variety of factors, including genetic predisposition, acute injury and chronic inflammation2-4. Here we investigate the ability of resident skeletal stem-cell (SSC) populations to regenerate cartilage in relation to age, a possible contributor to the development of osteoarthritis5-7. We demonstrate that aging is assocd. with progressive loss of SSCs and diminished chondrogenesis in the joints of both mice and humans. However, a local expansion of SSCs could still be triggered in the chondral surface of adult limb joints in mice by stimulating a regenerative response using microfracture (MF) surgery. Although MF-activated SSCs tended to form fibrous tissues, localized co-delivery of BMP2 and sol. VEGFR1 (sVEGFR1), a VEGF receptor antagonist, in a hydrogel skewed differentiation of MF-activated SSCs toward articular cartilage. These data indicate that following MF, a resident stem-cell population can be induced to generate cartilage for treatment of localized chondral disease in OA.
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  448. 448
    Kwon, H.; Brown, W. E.; Lee, C. A.; Wang, D.; Paschos, N.; Hu, J. C.; Athanasiou, K. A. Surgical and Tissue Engineering Strategies for Articular Cartilage and Meniscus Repair. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 2019, 15, 550– 570,  DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0255-1
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    Surgical and tissue engineering strategies for articular cartilage and meniscus repair
    Kwon Heenam; Brown Wendy E; Hu Jerry C; Athanasiou Kyriacos A; Lee Cassandra A; Wang Dean; Paschos Nikolaos
    Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2019), 15 (9), 550-570 ISSN:.
    Injuries to articular cartilage and menisci can lead to cartilage degeneration that ultimately results in arthritis. Different forms of arthritis affect ~50 million people in the USA alone, and it is therefore crucial to identify methods that will halt or slow the progression to arthritis, starting with the initiating events of cartilage and meniscus defects. The surgical approaches in current use have a limited capacity for tissue regeneration and yield only short-term relief of symptoms. Tissue engineering approaches are emerging as alternatives to current surgical methods for cartilage and meniscus repair. Several cell-based and tissue-engineered products are currently in clinical trials for cartilage lesions and meniscal tears, opening new avenues for cartilage and meniscus regeneration. This Review provides a summary of surgical techniques, including tissue-engineered products, that are currently in clinical use, as well as a discussion of state-of-the-art tissue engineering strategies and technologies that are being developed for use in articular cartilage and meniscus repair and regeneration. The obstacles to clinical translation of these strategies are also included to inform the development of innovative tissue engineering approaches.
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  449. 449
    Li, S.; Liu, J.; Liu, S.; Jiao, W.; Wang, X. Chitosan Oligosaccharides Packaged into Rat Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Facilitating Cartilage Injury Repair and Alleviating Osteoarthritis. J. Nanobiotechnol. 2021, 19, 343,  DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01086-x
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    449
    Chitosan oligosaccharides packaged into rat adipose mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles facilitating cartilage injury repair and alleviating osteoarthritis
    Li, Shenglong; Liu, Jie; Liu, Siyu; Jiao, Weijie; Wang, Xiaohong
    Journal of Nanobiotechnology (2021), 19 (1), 343CODEN: JNOAAO; ISSN:1477-3155. (BioMed Central Ltd.)
    This study aimed to investigate the roles of adipose mesenchymal stem cell (AMSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) binding with chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) in cartilage injury, as well as the related mechanisms. IL-1β treatment significantly inhibited the viability and migration of chondrocytes and enhanced cell apoptosis (P < 0.05), while chitosan oligosaccharides and extracellular vesicles-chitosan oligosaccharide conjugates (EVs-COS/EVs-COS conjugates) reversed the changes induced by IL-1β (P < 0.05), and the effects of extracellular vesicles-chitosan oligosaccharide conjugates were better than those of chitosan oligosaccharides (P < 0.05). After cartilage damage, IL-1β, OPN, and p53 were significantly upregulated, COL1A1, COL2A1, OCN, RUNX2, p-Akt/Akt, PI3K, c-Myc, and Bcl2 were markedly downregulated, and extracellular vesicles-chitosan oligosaccharide conjugates reversed the expression induced by cartilage injury. Through sequencing, 760 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) clustered into four expression patterns were assocd. with neg. regulation of the canonical Wnt, PI3K-Akt, AMPK, and MAPK signaling pathways. Extracellular vesicles-chitosan oligosaccharide conjugates may serve as a new cell-free biomaterial to facilitate cartilage injury repair and improve osteoarthritis.
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  450. 450
    Li, H.; Hu, C.; Yu, H.; Chen, C. Chitosan Composite Scaffolds for Articular Cartilage Defect Repair: A Review. RSC Adv. 2018, 8, 3736– 3749,  DOI: 10.1039/C7RA11593H
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    450
    Chitosan composite scaffolds for articular cartilage defect repair: a review
    Li, Huijun; Hu, Cheng; Yu, Huijun; Chen, Chuanzhong
    RSC Advances (2018), 8 (7), 3736-3749CODEN: RSCACL; ISSN:2046-2069. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
    A review. Articular cartilage (AC) defects lack the ability to self-repair due to their avascular nature and the declined mitotic ability of mature chondrocytes. To date, cartilage tissue engineering using implanted scaffolds contg. cells or growth factors is the most promising defect repair method. Scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering have been comprehensively researched. As a promising scaffold biomaterial for AC defect repair, the properties of chitosan are summarized in this review. Strategies to composite chitosan with other materials, such as polymers (including collagen, gelatin, alginate, silk fibroin, poly-caprolactone, and poly-lactic acid) and bioceramics (including calcium phosphate, calcium polyphosphate, and hydroxyapatite) are presented. Methods to manuf. three-dimensional porous structures to support cell attachment and nutriment exchange have also been included.
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  451. 451
    Merkely, G.; Ogura, T.; Ackermann, J.; Barbieri Mestriner, A.; Gomoll, A. H. Clinical Outcomes after Revision of Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation to Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation for Large Chondral Defects: A Comparative Matched-Group Analysis. Cartilage 2021, 12, 155– 161,  DOI: 10.1177/1947603519833136
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    451
    Clinical Outcomes after Revision of Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation to Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation for Large Chondral Defects: A Comparative Matched-Group Analysis
    Merkely, Gergo; Ogura, Takahiro; Ackermann, Jakob; Barbieri mestriner, Alexandre; Gomoll, Andreas h.
    Cartilage (2021), 12 (2), 155-161CODEN: CARTCW; ISSN:1947-6035. (Sage Publications)
    Osteochondral allograft transplantation (OCA) is a well-established procedure for patients with symptomatic cartilage defects in the knee. Revision to OCA after prior failed cartilage repair has shown similar clin. outcomes as primary OCA; however, most of the failed procedures were arthroscopic procedures for smaller defects. There is no literature investigating the clin. outcomes after OCA for prior failed autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) for the treatment of large chondral defects of the knee. The purpose of this study was therefore to det. clin. outcomes of patients undergoing revision to OCA after prior failed ACI as compared with a matched cohort of patients undergoing OCA as a primary cartilage repair procedure (primary OCA). In this review of prospectively collected data, we analyzed data from 26 patients with at least 2 years follow-up. Thirteen patients who underwent revision to OCA after prior failed ACI by a single surgeon were compared with a matched group of patients who underwent primary OCA. The patients were matched per age, gender, body mass index, and defect size. Patient-reported outcomes, reoperations, and survival rates were compared between groups. There were no significant differences in patient-reported clin. outcome scores between the groups at final follow-up. Moreover, there was no significant difference in reoperation rates and survival rates between the groups. The present study demonstrates that revision to OCA is a viable treatment option with favorable functional outcomes and similar reoperation and survival rate as primary OCA even for revision of large chondral defects previously treated with ACI.
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    Crowley, S. G.; Swindell, H. W.; Saltzman, B. M.; Ahmad, C. S.; Popkin, C. A.; Trofa, D. P. Rehabilitation Variability Following Femoral Condyle and Patellofemoral Microfracture Surgery of the Knee. Cartilage 2021, 13, 1801S– 1813S,  DOI: 10.1177/19476035211025818
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    Guo, T.; Noshin, M.; Baker, H. B.; Taskoy, E.; Meredith, S. J.; Tang, Q.; Ringel, J. P.; Lerman, M. J.; Chen, Y.; Packer, J. D. 3D Printed Biofunctionalized Scaffolds for Microfracture Repair of Cartilage Defects. Biomaterials 2018, 185, 219– 231,  DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.09.022
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    453
    3D printed biofunctionalized scaffolds for microfracture repair of cartilage defects
    Guo, Ting; Noshin, Maeesha; Baker, Hannah B.; Taskoy, Evin; Meredith, Sean J.; Tang, Qinggong; Ringel, Julia P.; Lerman, Max J.; Chen, Yu; Packer, Jonathan D.; Fisher, John P.
    Biomaterials (2018), 185 (), 219-231CODEN: BIMADU; ISSN:0142-9612. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    While articular cartilage defects affect millions of people worldwide from adolescents to adults, the repair of articular cartilage articular cartilage defects still remains challenging due to the limited endogenous regeneration of the tissue and poor integration with implants. In this study, we developed a 3D-printed scaffold functionalized with aggrecan that supports the cellular fraction of bone marrow released from microfracture, a widely used clin. procedure, and demonstrated tremendous improvement of regenerated cartilage tissue quality and joint function in a lapine model. Optical coherence tomog. (OCT) revealed doubled thickness of the regenerated cartilage tissue in the group treated with our aggrecan functionalized scaffold compared to std. microfracture treatment. H&E staining showed 366 ± 95 chondrocytes present in the unit area of cartilage layer with the support of bioactive scaffold, while conventional microfracture group showed only 112 ± 26 chondrocytes. The expression of type II collagen appeared almost 10 times higher with our approach compared to normal microfracture, indicating the potential to overcome the fibro-cartilage formation assocd. with the current microfracture approach. The therapeutic effect was also evaluated at joint function level. The mobility was evaluated using a modified Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scale. While the defect control group showed no movement improvement over the course of study, all exptl. groups showed a trend of increasing scores over time. The present work developed an effective method to regenerate crit. articular defects by combining a 3D-printed therapeutic scaffold with the microfracture surgical procedure. This biofunctionalized acellular scaffold has great potential to be applied as a supplement for traditional microfracture to improve the quality of cartilage regeneration in a cost and labor effective way.
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    Zhang, Y.; Liu, X.; Zeng, L.; Zhang, J.; Zuo, J.; Zou, J.; Ding, J.; Chen, X. Polymer Fiber Scaffolds for Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1903279,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201903279
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    Lo, K. W.-H.; Jiang, T.; Gagnon, K. A.; Nelson, C.; Laurencin, C. T. Small-Molecule Based Musculoskeletal Regenerative Engineering. Trends Biotechnol. 2014, 32, 74– 81,  DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.12.002
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    Small-molecule based musculoskeletal regenerative engineering
    Lo, Kevin W.-H.; Jiang, Tao; Gagnon, Keith A.; Nelson, Clarke; Laurencin, Cato T.
    Trends in Biotechnology (2014), 32 (2), 74-81CODEN: TRBIDM; ISSN:0167-7799. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    A review. Clinicians and scientists working in the field of regenerative engineering are actively investigating a wide range of methods to promote musculoskeletal tissue regeneration. Small-mol.-mediated tissue regeneration is emerging as a promising strategy for regenerating various musculoskeletal tissues and a large no. of small-mol. compds. have been recently discovered as potential bioactive mols. for musculoskeletal tissue repair and regeneration. In this review, we summarize the recent literature encompassing the past 4 years in the area of small bioactive mols. for promoting repair and regeneration of various musculoskeletal tissues including bone, muscle, cartilage, tendon, and nerve.
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    Rathan, S.; Dejob, L.; Schipani, R.; Haffner, B.; Möbius, M. E.; Kelly, D. J. Fiber Reinforced Cartilage Ecm Functionalized Bioinks for Functional Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2019, 8, 1801501,  DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801501
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    Hong, H.; Seo, Y. B.; Kim, D. Y.; Lee, J. S.; Lee, Y. J.; Lee, H.; Ajiteru, O.; Sultan, M. T.; Lee, O. J.; Kim, S. H. Digital Light Processing 3D Printed Silk Fibroin Hydrogel for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Biomaterials 2020, 232, 119679,  DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119679
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    457
    Digital light processing 3D printed silk fibroin hydrogel for cartilage tissue engineering
    Hong, Heesun; Seo, Ye Been; Kim, Do Yeon; Lee, Ji Seung; Lee, Young Jin; Lee, Hanna; Ajiteru, Olatunji; Sultan, Md Tipu; Lee, Ok Joo; Kim, Soon Hee; Park, Chan Hum
    Biomaterials (2020), 232 (), 119679CODEN: BIMADU; ISSN:0142-9612. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Three-dimensional printing with Digital Lighting Processing (DLP) printer has come into the new wave in the tissue engineering for regenerative medicine. Esp. for the clin. application, it needs to develop of bio-ink with biocompatibility, biodegradability and printability. Therefore, we demonstrated that Silk fibroin as a natural polymer fabricated with glycidyl-methacrylate (Silk-GMA) for DLP 3D printing. The ability of chondrogenesis with chondrocyte-laden Silk-GMA evaluated in vitro culture system and applied in vivo. DLP 3D printing system provided 3D product with even cell distribution due to rapid printing speed and photopolymn. of DLP 3D printer. Up to 4 wk in vitro cultivation of Silk-GMA hydrogel allows to ensure of viability, proliferation and differentiation to chondrogenesis of encapsulated cells. Moreover, in vivo expts. against partially defected trachea rabbit model demonstrated that new cartilage like tissue and epithelium found surrounding transplanted Silk-GMA hydrogel. This study promises the fabricated Silk GMA hydrogel using DLP 3D printer could be applied to the fields of tissue engineering needing mech. properties like cartilage regeneration.
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  458. 458
    Wang, L.; Guo, X.; Chen, J.; Zhen, Z.; Cao, B.; Wan, W.; Dou, Y.; Pan, H.; Xu, F.; Zhang, Z. Key Considerations on the Development of Biodegradable Biomaterials for Clinical Translation of Medical Devices: With Cartilage Repair Products as an Example. Bioact. Mater. 2022, 9, 332– 342,  DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.07.031
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    458
    Key considerations on the development of biodegradable biomaterials for clinical translation of medical devices: With cartilage repair products as an example
    Wang, Li; Guo, Xiaolei; Chen, Jiaqing; Zhen, Zhen; Cao, Bin; Wan, Wenqian; Dou, Yuandong; Pan, Haobo; Xu, Feng; Zhang, Zepu; Wang, Jianmei; Li, Daisong; Guo, Quanyi; Jiang, Qing; Du, Yanan; Yu, Jiakuo; Heng, Boon Chin; Han, Qianqian; Ge, Zigang
    Bioactive Materials (2022), 9 (), 332-342CODEN: BMIAD4; ISSN:2452-199X. (Elsevier B.V.)
    A review. With the interdisciplinary convergence of biol., medicine and materials science, both research and clin. translation of biomaterials are progressing at a rapid pace. However, there is still a huge gap between applied basic research on biomaterials and their translational products - medical devices, where two significantly different perspectives and mindsets often work independently and non-synergistically, which in turn significantly increases financial costs and research effort. Although this gap is well-known and often criticized in the biopharmaceutical industry, it is gradually widening. In this article, we critically examine the developmental pipeline of biodegradable biomaterials and biomaterial-based medical device products. Then based on clin. needs, market anal., and relevant regulations, some ideas are proposed to integrate the two different mindsets to guide applied basic research and translation of biomaterial-based products, from the material and tech. perspectives. Cartilage repair substitutes are discussed here as an example. Hopefully, this will lay a strong foundation for biomaterial research and clin. translation, while reducing the amt. of extra research effort and funding required due to the dissonance between innovative basic research and commercialization pipeline.
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  459. 459
    Hope, D.; Ampaire, L.; Oyet, C.; Muwanguzi, E.; Twizerimana, H.; Apecu, R. O. Antimicrobial Resistance in Pathogenic Aerobic Bacteria Causing Surgical Site Infections in Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, Southwestern Uganda. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 17299,  DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53712-2
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    459
    Antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic aerobic bacteria causing surgical site infections in Mbarara regional referral hospital, Southwestern Uganda
    Hope Derick; Ampaire Lucas; Muwanguzi Enoch; Apecu Richard Onyuthi; Oyet Caesar; Twizerimana Hillary
    Scientific reports (2019), 9 (1), 17299 ISSN:.
    Surgical site infections (SSI) remain a common postoperative complication despite use of prophylactic antibiotics and other preventive measures, mainly due to increasing antimicrobial resistance. Here, we present antimicrobial resistance rate of bacteria isolated in clinical cases of SSI. A hospital based descriptive cross sectional study was conducted on 83 consented postoperative patients with clinical SSI. Data on patients was obtained using structured data collection form. Two swabs were collected aseptically from each patient. Bacteriological culture examination and identification was done following standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Gram negative bacteria (GNB) were predominant (65.59%) with the dominant being Klebsiella species (29.03%). Overall 86% of aerobic bacteria isolated were multidrug resistant (MDR) where 65.63% and 96.72% of Gram positive and Gram negative isolates were MDR respectively. All the isolates with exception of Enterococci species were resistant to ampicillin. GNB showed high resistance to ceftriaxone, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and gentamicin. All the isolated Klebsiella spp were MDR. S. aureus were all resistant to oxacillin. The isolation rate was higher in emergency, males and dirty wounds in relation to nature of surgery, gender and class of surgical wound respectively. These findings necessitate judicious antibiotic use and calls for surveillance of SSIs periodically as well as strict adherence to good sanitation practice to reduce spread of drug-resistant pathogens.
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    Ekanem, E. E.; Oniya, O.; Saleh, H.; Konje, J. C. Surgical Site Infection in Obstetrics and Gynaecology: Prevention and Management. Obstet. Gynecol. 2021, 23, 124– 137,  DOI: 10.1111/tog.12730
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    Mangram, A. J.; Horan, T. C.; Pearson, M. L.; Silver, L. C.; Jarvis, W. R. Guideline for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 1999. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 1999, 20, 247– 280,  DOI: 10.1086/501620
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    Gundel, O.; Gundersen, S. K.; Dahl, R. M.; Jørgensen, L. N.; Rasmussen, L. S.; Wetterslev, J.; Sæbye, D.; Meyhoff, C. S. Timing of Surgical Site Infection and Pulmonary Complications after Laparotomy. Int. J. Surg. 2018, 52, 56– 60,  DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.02.022
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    Timing of surgical site infection and pulmonary complications after laparotomy
    Gundel Ossian; Gundersen Sofie Kirchhoff; Jorgensen Lars Nannestad; Dahl Rikke Maria; Rasmussen Lars S; Wetterslev Jorn; Saebye Ditte; Meyhoff Christian S
    International journal of surgery (London, England) (2018), 52 (), 56-60 ISSN:.
    BACKGROUND: Surgical site infection (SSI) and other postoperative complications are associated with high costs, morbidity, secondary surgery, and mortality. Many studies have identified factors that may prevent SSI and pulmonary complications, but it is important to know when they in fact occur. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic timing of surgical site infections and pulmonary complications after laparotomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of the PROXI trial which was a randomized clinical trial conducted in 1400 patients undergoing elective or emergent laparotomy. Patients were randomly allocated to either 80% or 30% perioperative inspiratory oxygen fraction. RESULTS: SSI or pulmonary complications were diagnosed in 24.2% (95% CI: 22.0%-26.5%) of the patients at a median of 9 days [IQR: 5-15] after surgery. Most common was surgical site infection (19.6%); median time 10 days after surgery [IQR: 7-18]. The corresponding figures for anastomotic leakage was 5.7%, 8 days [IQR: 6-10]; pneumonia 3.5%, 5 days [IQR: 3-9]; and respiratory failure 2.3%, 3 days [IQR: 1-8]. The oxygen allocation was not significantly related to time of diagnosis for postoperative surgical site infections or pulmonary complications. CONCLUSION: A high percentage of patients undergoing laparotomy develop a postoperative complication. This study adds new knowledge by identifying time intervals within which medical professionals should be aware of surgical site infections and pulmonary complications in order to initiate appropriate treatment of the patients.
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    Scott, R. D., II; Culler, S. D.; Rask, K. J. Understanding the Economic Impact of Health Care-Associated Infections: A Cost Perspective Analysis. J. Infus. Nurs. 2019, 42, 61– 69,  DOI: 10.1097/NAN.0000000000000313
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    Anderson, D. J.; Podgorny, K.; Berríos-Torres, S. I.; Bratzler, D. W.; Dellinger, E. P.; Greene, L.; Nyquist, A.-C.; Saiman, L.; Yokoe, D. S.; Maragakis, L. L. Strategies to Prevent Surgical Site Infections in Acute Care Hospitals: 2014 Update. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2014, 35, S66– S88,  DOI: 10.1017/S0899823X00193869
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    Owens, C.; Stoessel, K. Surgical Site Infections: Epidemiology, Microbiology and Prevention. J. Hosp. Infect. 2008, 70, 3– 10,  DOI: 10.1016/S0195-6701(08)60017-1
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    Surgical site infections: epidemiology, microbiology and prevention
    Owens C D; Stoessel K
    The Journal of hospital infection (2008), 70 Suppl 2 (), 3-10 ISSN:0195-6701.
    Surgical site infections (SSIs) are defined as infections occurring up to 30 days after surgery (or up to one year after surgery in patients receiving implants) and affecting either the incision or deep tissue at the operation site. Despite improvements in prevention, SSIs remain a significant clinical problem as they are associated with substantial mortality and morbidity and impose severe demands on healthcare resources. The incidence of SSIs may be as high as 20%, depending on the surgical procedure, the surveillance criteria used, and the quality of data collection. In many SSIs, the responsible pathogens originate from the patient's endogenous flora. The causative pathogens depend on the type of surgery; the most commonly isolated organisms are Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli. Numerous patient-related and procedure-related factors influence the risk of SSI, and hence prevention requires a 'bundle' approach, with systematic attention to multiple risk factors, in order to reduce the risk of bacterial contamination and improve the patient's defences. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for the prevention of SSIs emphasise the importance of good patient preparation, aseptic practice, and attention to surgical technique; antimicrobial prophylaxis is also indicated in specific circumstances. Emerging technologies, such as microbial sealants, offer the ability to seal and immobilise skin flora for the duration of a surgical procedure; a strong case therefore exists for evaluating such technologies and implementing them into routine clinical practice as appropriate.
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    Prestinaci, F.; Pezzotti, P.; Pantosti, A. Antimicrobial Resistance: A Global Multifaceted Phenomenon. Pathog. Glob. Health 2015, 109, 309– 318,  DOI: 10.1179/2047773215Y.0000000030
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    Antimicrobial resistance: a global multifaceted phenomenon
    Prestinaci Francesca; Pezzotti Patrizio; Pantosti Annalisa
    Pathogens and global health (2015), 109 (7), 309-18 ISSN:.
    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most serious global public health threats in this century. The first World Health Organization (WHO) Global report on surveillance of AMR, published in April 2014, collected for the first time data from national and international surveillance networks, showing the extent of this phenomenon in many parts of the world and also the presence of large gaps in the existing surveillance. In this review, we focus on antibacterial resistance (ABR), which represents at the moment the major problem, both for the high rates of resistance observed in bacteria that cause common infections and for the complexity of the consequences of ABR. We describe the health and economic impact of ABR, the principal risk factors for its emergence and, in particular, we illustrate the highlights of four antibiotic-resistant pathogens of global concern - Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, non-typhoidal Salmonella and Mycobacterium tuberculosis - for whom we report resistance data worldwide. Measures to control the emergence and the spread of ABR are presented.
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    Kadri, S. S. Key Takeaways from the CDC’s 2019 Antibiotic Resistance Threats Report for Frontline Providers. Crit. Care Med. 2020, 48, 939– 945,  DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004371
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    Key Takeaways From the U.S. CDC's 2019 Antibiotic Resistance Threats Report for Frontline Providers
    Kadri Sameer S
    Critical care medicine (2020), 48 (7), 939-945 ISSN:.
    There is no expanded citation for this reference.
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  468. 468
    Imani, S. M.; Ladouceur, L.; Marshall, T.; Maclachlan, R.; Soleymani, L.; Didar, T. F. Antimicrobial Nanomaterials and Coatings: Current Mechanisms and Future Perspectives to Control the Spread of Viruses Including Sars-Cov-2. ACS Nano 2020, 14, 12341– 12369,  DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05937
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    468
    Antimicrobial Nanomaterials and Coatings: Current Mechanisms and Future Perspectives to Control the Spread of Viruses Including SARS-CoV-2
    Imani, Sara M.; Ladouceur, Liane; Marshall, Terrel; Maclachlan, Roderick; Soleymani, Leyla; Didar, Tohid F.
    ACS Nano (2020), 14 (10), 12341-12369CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)
    A review. The global COVID-19 pandemic has attracted considerable attention toward innovative methods and technologies for suppressing the spread of viruses. Transmission via contaminated surfaces has been recognized as an important route for spreading SARS-CoV-2. Although significant efforts have been made to develop antibacterial surface coatings, the literature remains scarce for a systematic study on broad-range antiviral coatings. We provide a comprehensive overview of the antiviral materials and coatings that could be implemented for suppressing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 via contaminated surfaces. We discuss the mechanism of operation and effectivity of several types of inorg. and org. materials, in the bulk and nanomaterial form, and assess the possibility of implementing these as antiviral coatings. Toxicity and environmental concerns are also discussed for the presented approaches. Finally, we present future perspectives with regards to emerging antimicrobial technologies such as omniphobic surfaces and assess their potential in suppressing surface-mediated virus transfer. Although some of these emerging technologies have not yet been tested directly as antiviral coatings, they hold great potential for designing the next generation of antiviral surfaces.
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  469. 469
    Yin, R.; Dai, T.; Avci, P.; Jorge, A. E. S.; de Melo, W. C.; Vecchio, D.; Huang, Y.-Y.; Gupta, A.; Hamblin, M. R. Light Based Anti-Infectives: Ultraviolet C Irradiation, Photodynamic Therapy, Blue Light, and Beyond. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2013, 13, 731– 762,  DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.08.009
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    469
    Light based anti-infectives: ultraviolet C irradiation, photodynamic therapy, blue light, and beyond
    Yin, Rui; Dai, Tianhong; Avci, Pinar; Jorge, Ana Elisa Serafim; de Melo, Wanessa C. M. A.; Vecchio, Daniela; Huang, Ying-Ying; Gupta, Asheesh; Hamblin, Michael R.
    Current Opinion in Pharmacology (2013), 13 (5), 731-762CODEN: COPUBK; ISSN:1471-4892. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    A review. Owing to the worldwide increase in antibiotic resistance, researchers are investigating alternative anti-infective strategies to which it is supposed microorganisms will be unable to develop resistance. Prominent among these strategies, is a group of approaches which rely on light to deliver the killing blow. As is well known, UV light, particularly UVC (200-280 nm), is germicidal, but it has not been much developed as an anti-infective approach until recently, when it was realized that the possible adverse effects to host tissue were relatively minor compared to its high activity in killing pathogens. Photodynamic therapy is the combination of non-toxic photosensitizing dyes with harmless visible light that together produce abundant destructive reactive oxygen species (ROS). Certain cationic dyes or photosensitizers have good specificity for binding to microbial cells while sparing host mammalian cells and can be used for treating many localized infections, both superficial and even deep-seated by using fiber optic delivered light. Many microbial cells are highly sensitive to killing by blue light (400-470 nm) due to accumulation of naturally occurring photosensitizers such as porphyrins and flavins. Near IR light has also been shown to have antimicrobial effects against certain species. Clin. applications of these technologies include skin, dental, wound, stomach, nasal, toenail and other infections which are amenable to effective light delivery.
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    Giladi, M.; Porat, Y.; Blatt, A.; Wasserman, Y.; Kirson, E. D.; Dekel, E.; Palti, Y. Microbial Growth Inhibition by Alternating Electric Fields. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2008, 52, 3517– 3522,  DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00673-08
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    Microbial growth inhibition by alternating electric fields
    Giladi, Moshe; Porat, Yaara; Blatt, Alexandra; Wasserman, Yoram; Kirson, Eilon D.; Dekel, Erez; Palti, Yoram
    Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (2008), 52 (10), 3517-3522CODEN: AMACCQ; ISSN:0066-4804. (American Society for Microbiology)
    Weak elec. currents generated using conductive electrodes have been shown to increase the efficacy of antibiotics against bacterial biofilms, a phenomenon termed "the bioelec. effect.". The purposes of the present study were (i) to find out whether insulated electrodes that generate elec. fields without "ohmic" elec. currents, and thus are not assocd. with the formation of metal ions and free radicals, can inhibit the growth of planktonic bacteria and (ii) to define the parameters that are most effective against bacterial growth. The results obtained indicate that elec. fields generated using insulated electrodes can inhibit the growth of planktonic Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and that the effect is amplitude and frequency dependent, with a max. at 10 MHz. The combined effect of the elec. field and chloramphenicol was found to be additive. Several possible mechanisms underlying the obsd. effect, as well as its potential clin. uses, are discussed.
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    Guan, W.; Tan, L.; Liu, X.; Cui, Z.; Zheng, Y.; Yeung, K. W. K.; Zheng, D.; Liang, Y.; Li, Z.; Zhu, S. Ultrasonic Interfacial Engineering of Red Phosphorous-Metal for Eradicating Mrsa Infection Effectively. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2006047,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006047
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    Ultrasonic Interfacial Engineering of Red Phosphorous-Metal for Eradicating MRSA Infection Effectively
    Guan, Wei; Tan, Lei; Liu, Xiangmei; Cui, Zhenduo; Zheng, Yufeng; Yeung, Kelvin Wai Kwok; Zheng, Dong; Liang, Yanqin; Li, Zhaoyang; Zhu, Shengli; Wang, Xianbao; Wu, Shuilin
    Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2021), 33 (5), 2006047CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is considered to be a potential treatment for various diseases including cancers and bacterial infections due to its deep penetration ability and biosafety, but its SDT efficiency is limited by the hypoxia environment of deep tissues. This study proposes creating a potential soln., sonothermal therapy, by developing the ultrasonic interfacial engineering of metal-red phosphorus (RP), which has an obviously improved sonothermal ability of more than 20°C elevation under 25 min of continuous ultrasound (US) excitation as compared to metal alone. The underlying mechanism is that the mech. energy of the US activates the motion of the interfacial electrons. US-induced electron motion in the RP can efficiently transfer the US energy into phonons in the forms of heat and lattice vibrations, resulting in a stronger US absorption of metal-RP. Unlike the nonspecific heating of the cavitation effect induced by US, titanium-RP can be heated in situ when the US penetrates through 2.5 cm of pork tissue. In addn., through a sonothermal treatment in vivo, bone infection induced by multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is successfully eliminated in under 20 min of US without tissue damage. This work provides a new strategy for combating MRSA by strong sonothermal therapy through US interfacial engineering.
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  472. 472
    Ashrafi, M.; Novak-Frazer, L.; Morris, J.; Baguneid, M.; Rautemaa-Richardson, R.; Bayat, A. Electrical Stimulation Disrupts Biofilms in a Human Wound Model and Reveals the Potential for Monitoring Treatment Response with Volatile Biomarkers. Wound Repair Regen. 2019, 27, 5– 18,  DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12679
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    Electrical stimulation disrupts biofilms in a human wound model and reveals the potential for monitoring treatment response with volatile biomarkers
    Ashrafi Mohammed; Bayat Ardeshir; Ashrafi Mohammed; Novak-Frazer Lilyann; Baguneid Mohamed; Rautemaa-Richardson Riina; Bayat Ardeshir; Ashrafi Mohammed; Novak-Frazer Lilyann; Rautemaa-Richardson Riina; Morris Julie
    Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society (2019), 27 (1), 5-18 ISSN:.
    Management of biofilm infections relies on time-consuming laboratory techniques and monitoring treatment by subjective clinical evaluations. Due to these limitations, there is a need to explore alternative strategies. The aims of this study were to assess the feasibility of using volatile organic compound (VOC) biomarkers to monitor treatment response and measure anti-biofilm efficacy of electrical stimulation (ES) in vitro and in human cutaneous wound biofilm models. Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) biofilms were exposed to ES, ciprofloxacin, or both, with efficacy assessed and quantified by fluorescence staining, enumeration, metabolic assays, and biomass quantification; VOCs were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In vitro MSSA and PA and ex vivo PA biofilms exposed to ES showed significantly reduced bacterial viability, metabolic activity, and biomass compared to controls (p < 0.05). There was significant variation in the relative abundance of VOCs in in vitro MSSA and PA and in ex vivo PA biofilms exposed to ES and antibiotic (p < 0.05). 2-methyl-1-propanol was associated with MSSA viability (R = 0.93, p < 0.05), biomass (R = 0.97, p < 0.05), and metabolic activity (R = 0.93, p < 0.05) and 3-methyl-1-butanol was associated with PA biomass (R = 0.93, p < 0.05). We showed that ES and VOC biomarkers are possible options for alternative nonpharmacological antimicrobial management of biofilms and noninvasive monitoring of wound infection treatment responses, respectively.
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  473. 473
    Huo, Z.-Y.; Du, Y.; Chen, Z.; Wu, Y.-H.; Hu, H.-Y. Evaluation and Prospects of Nanomaterial-Enabled Innovative Processes and Devices for Water Disinfection: A State-of-the-Art Review. Water Res. 2020, 173, 115581,  DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115581
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    473
    Evaluation and prospects of nanomaterial-enabled innovative processes and devices for water disinfection: A state-of-the-art review
    Huo, Zheng-Yang; Du, Ye; Chen, Zhuo; Wu, Yin-Hu; Hu, Hong-Ying
    Water Research (2020), 173 (), 115581CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    A Review. This study provided an overview of established and emerging nanomaterial (NM)-enabled processes and devices for water disinfection for both centralized and decentralized systems. In addn. to a discussion of major disinfection mechanisms, data on disinfection performance (shortest contact time for complete disinfection) and energy efficiency (elec. energy per order; EEO) were collected enabling assessments firstly for disinfection processes and then for disinfection devices. The NM-enabled electro-based disinfection process gained the highest disinfection efficiency with the lowest energy consumption compared with phys.-based, peroxy-based, and photo-based disinfection processes owing to the unique disinfection mechanism and the direct mean of translating energy input to microbes. Among the established disinfection devices (e.g., the stirred, the plug-flow, and the flow-through reactor), the flow-through reactor with mesh/membrane or 3-dimensional porous electrodes showed the highest disinfection performance and energy efficiency attributed to its highest mass transfer efficiency. Addnl., we also summarized recent knowledge about current and potential NMs sepn. and recovery methods as well as electrode strengthening and optimization strategies. Magnetic sepn. and robust immobilization (anchoring and coating) are feasible strategies to prompt the practical application of NM-enabled disinfection devices. Magnetic sepn. effectively solved the problem for the sepn. of evenly distributed particle-sized NMs from microbial soln. and robust immobilization increased the stability of NM-modified electrodes and prevented these electrodes from degrdn. by hydraulic detachment and/or electrochem. dissoln. Furthermore, the study of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was capable of simulating NM-enabled devices, which showed great potential for system optimization and reactor expansion. In this overview, we stressed the need to concern not only the treatment performance and energy efficiency of NM-enabled disinfection processes and devices but also the overall feasibility of system construction and operation for practical application.
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  474. 474
    Wang, D.; Zhu, B.; He, X.; Zhu, Z.; Hutchins, G.; Xu, P.; Wang, W.-N. Iron Oxide Nanowire-Based Filter for Inactivation of Airborne Bacteria. Environ. Sci. Nano 2018, 5, 1096– 1106,  DOI: 10.1039/C8EN00133B
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    474
    Iron oxide nanowire-based filter for inactivation of airborne bacteria
    Wang, Dawei; Zhu, Bin; He, Xiang; Zhu, Zan; Hutchins, Grant; Xu, Ping; Wang, Wei-Ning
    Environmental Science: Nano (2018), 5 (5), 1096-1106CODEN: ESNNA4; ISSN:2051-8161. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
    Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are among the most common methods to improve indoor air quality. However, after long-term operation, the HVAC filter can result in a proliferation of bacteria, which may be released into the filtered air subsequently. This issue can be addressed by designing antibacterial filters. In this study, we report an iron oxide nanowire-based filter fabricated from com. available iron mesh through a thermal treatment. Under optimal conditions, the filter demonstrated a log inactivation efficiency of >7 within 10 s towards S. epidermidis (Gram-pos.), a common bacterial species of indoor bioaerosol. 52% of bioaerosol cells can be captured by a single filter, which can be further improved to 98.7% by connecting five filters in tandem. The capture and inactivation capacity of the reported filter did not degrade over long-term use. The inactivation of bacteria is attributed to the synergic effects of hydroxyl radicals, electroporation, and Joule heating, which disrupt the cell wall and nucleoid of S. epidermidis, as verified by model simulations, fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy, and IR spectroscopy. The relative humidity plays an important role in the inactivation process. The filter also exhibited satisfactory inactivation efficiency towards E. coli (Gram-neg.). The robust synthesis, low cost, and satisfactory inactivation performance towards both Gram-pos. and Gram-neg. bacteria make the filter demonstrated here suitable to be assembled into HVAC filters as an antibacterial layer for efficient control of indoor bioaerosols.
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  475. 475
    Kotnik, T.; Frey, W.; Sack, M.; Meglič, S. H.; Peterka, M.; Miklavčič, D. Electroporation-Based Applications in Biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol. 2015, 33, 480– 488,  DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.06.002
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    475
    Electroporation-based applications in biotechnology
    Kotnik, Tadej; Frey, Wolfgang; Sack, Martin; Haberl Meglic, Sasa; Peterka, Matjaz; Miklavcic, Damijan
    Trends in Biotechnology (2015), 33 (8), 480-488CODEN: TRBIDM; ISSN:0167-7799. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    A review. Electroporation is already an established technique in several areas of medicine, but many of its biotechnol. applications have only started to emerge; the authors review here some of the most promising. The authors outline electroporation as a phenomenon and then proceed to applications, first outlining the best established, the use of reversible electroporation for heritable genetic modification of microorganisms (electrotransformation), and then explore recent advances in applying electroporation for inactivation of microorganisms, extn. of biomols., and fast drying of biomass. Although these applications often aim to upscale to the industrial and/or clin. level, the authors also outline some important chip-scale applications of electroporation. The authors conclude this review with a discussion of the main challenges and future perspectives.
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  476. 476
    Tian, J.; Feng, H.; Yan, L.; Yu, M.; Ouyang, H.; Li, H.; Jiang, W.; Jin, Y.; Zhu, G.; Li, Z. A Self-Powered Sterilization System with Both Instant and Sustainable Anti-Bacterial Ability. Nano Energy 2017, 36, 241– 249,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.04.030
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    476
    A self-powered sterilization system with both instant and sustainable anti-bacterial ability
    Tian, Jingjing; Feng, Hongqing; Yan, Ling; Yu, Min; Ouyang, Han; Li, Hu; Jiang, Wen; Jin, Yiming; Zhu, Guang; Li, Zhou; Wang, Zhong Lin
    Nano Energy (2017), 36 (), 241-249CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    A self-powered and high-efficient water sterilization system was set up consisting of a wave-driven triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) and two nanobrush electrodes made of Ag-nanoparticles integrated ZnO-nanowires. The system showed both instant and sustainable sterilization efficiency for various microbes including those in natural river water. The colony forming units (CFU) were reduced from 106/mL to 0 within 0.5 min of elec. field (EF) treatment for Gram-neg. bacteria. In addn., the bacteria annihilation ability was sustained for at least 20 min after withdrawing the EF. The mechanism lay in the synergetic work of electricity and the Ag/ZnO nanomaterial, which not only produced electroporation during EF treatment, but also induced sustained intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) to do addnl. sterilization when EF was withdrawn.
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    Huo, Z.-Y.; Xie, X.; Yu, T.; Lu, Y.; Feng, C.; Hu, H.-Y. Nanowire-Modified Three-Dimensional Electrode Enabling Low-Voltage Electroporation for Water Disinfection. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50, 7641– 7649,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01050
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    477
    Nanowire-Modified Three-Dimensional Electrode Enabling Low-Voltage Electroporation for Water Disinfection
    Huo, Zheng-Yang; Xie, Xing; Yu, Tong; Lu, Yun; Feng, Chao; Hu, Hong-Ying
    Environmental Science & Technology (2016), 50 (14), 7641-7649CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
    More than 10% of the people in the world still suffer from inadequate access to clean water. Traditional water disinfection methods (e.g., chlorination and UV radiation) include concerns about the formation of carcinogenic disinfection byproducts (DBPs), pathogen reactivation, and/or excessive energy consumption. Recently, a nanowire-assisted electroporation-disinfection method was introduced as an alternative. Here, we develop a new copper oxide nanowire (CuONW)-modified three-dimensional copper foam electrode using a facile thermal oxidn. approach. An electroporation-disinfection cell (EDC) equipped with two such electrodes has achieved superior disinfection performance (>7 log removal and no detectable bacteria in the effluent). The disinfection mechanism of electroporation guarantees an exceedingly low operation voltage (1 V) and level of energy consumption (25 J L-1) with a short contact time (7 s). The low operation voltage avoids chlorine generation and thus reduces the potential of DBP formation. Because of irreversible electroporation damage on cell membranes, no regrowth and/or reactivation of bacteria occurs during storage after EDC treatment. Water disinfection using EDCs has great potential for practical applications.
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  478. 478
    Liu, C.; Xie, X.; Zhao, W.; Liu, N.; Maraccini, P. A.; Sassoubre, L. M.; Boehm, A. B.; Cui, Y. Conducting Nanosponge Electroporation for Affordable and High-Efficiency Disinfection of Bacteria and Viruses in Water. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 4288– 4293,  DOI: 10.1021/nl402053z
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    478
    Conducting nanosponge electroporation for affordable and high-efficiency disinfection of bacteria and viruses in water
    Liu, Chong; Xie, Xing; Zhao, Wenting; Liu, Nian; Maraccini, Peter A.; Sassoubre, Lauren M.; Boehm, Alexandria B.; Cui, Yi
    Nano Letters (2013), 13 (9), 4288-4293CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)
    High-efficiency, affordable, and low energy water disinfection methods are in great need to prevent diarrheal illness, which is one of the top five leading causes of death over the world. Traditional water disinfection methods have drawbacks including carcinogenic disinfection byproducts formation, energy and time intensiveness, and pathogen recovery. Here, we report an innovative method that achieves high-efficiency water disinfection by introducing nanomaterial-assisted electroporation implemented by a conducting nanosponge filtration device. The use of one-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials allows electroporation to occur at only several volts, which is 2 to 3 orders of magnitude lower than that in traditional electroporation applications. The disinfection mechanism of electroporation prevents harmful byproduct formation and ensures a fast treatment speed of 15,000 L/(h·m2), which is equal to a contact time of 1 s. The conducting nanosponge made from low-cost polyurethane sponge coated with carbon nanotubes and silver nanowires ensures the device's affordability. This method achieves more than 6 log (99.9999%) removal of four model bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica typhimirium, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacillus subtilis, and more than 2 log (99%) removal of one model virus, bacteriophage MS2, with a low energy consumption of only 100 J/L.
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    Liu, C.; Xie, X.; Zhao, W.; Yao, J.; Kong, D.; Boehm, A. B.; Cui, Y. Static Electricity Powered Copper Oxide Nanowire Microbicidal Electroporation for Water Disinfection. Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 5603– 5608,  DOI: 10.1021/nl5020958
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    Static Electricity Powered Copper Oxide Nanowire Microbicidal Electroporation for Water Disinfection
    Liu, Chong; Xie, Xing; Zhao, Wenting; Yao, Jie; Kong, Desheng; Boehm, Alexandria B.; Cui, Yi
    Nano Letters (2014), 14 (10), 5603-5608CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)
    Safe water scarcity occurs mostly in developing regions that also suffer from energy shortages and infrastructure deficiencies. Low-cost and energy-efficient water disinfection methods have the potential to make great impacts on people in these regions. At the present time, most water disinfection methods being promoted to households in developing countries are aq. chem.-reaction-based or filtration-based. Incorporating nanomaterials into these existing disinfection methods could improve the performance; however, the high cost of material synthesis and recovery as well as fouling and slow treatment speed is still limiting their application. We demonstrate a novel flow device that enables fast water disinfection using 1-dimensional Cu oxide nanowire (CuONW) assisted electroporation powered by static electricity. Electroporation relies on a strong elec. field to break down microorganism membranes and only consumes a very small amt. of energy. Static electricity as the power source can be generated by an individual person's motion in a facile and low-cost manner, which ensures its application anywhere in the world. The CuONWs used were synthesized through a scalable 1-step air oxidn. of low-cost Cu mesh. With a single filtration, we achieved complete disinfection of bacteria and viruses in both raw tap and lake water with a high flow rate of 3000 L/m2-h, equiv. to only 1 s of contact time. Cu leaching from the nanowire mesh was minimal.
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  480. 480
    Huo, Z.-Y.; Zhou, J.-F.; Wu, Y.; Wu, Y.-H.; Liu, H.; Liu, N.; Hu, H.-Y.; Xie, X. A Cu3P Nanowire Enabling High-Efficiency, Reliable, and Energy-Efficient Low-Voltage Electroporation-Inactivation of Pathogens in Water. J. Mater. Chem. A 2018, 6, 18813– 18820,  DOI: 10.1039/C8TA06304D
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    480
    A Cu3P nanowire enabling high-efficiency, reliable, and energy-efficient low-voltage electroporation-inactivation of pathogens in water
    Huo, Zheng-Yang; Zhou, Jian-Feng; Wu, Yutong; Wu, Yin-Hu; Liu, Hai; Liu, Nian; Hu, Hong-Ying; Xie, Xing
    Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability (2018), 6 (39), 18813-18820CODEN: JMCAET; ISSN:2050-7496. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
    Pathogen infection has become the major reason for human morbidity and mortality in the world. However, common bacterial inactivation methods (e.g., chlorination, UV radiation, and ozonization) have significant drawbacks such as carcinogenic byproduct formation, energy intensiveness, and/or regrowth of pathogens. Nanowire-assisted low-voltage electroporation enables effective and energy-efficient bacterial inactivation. Here, we develop a new Cu3P nanowire-assisted copper mesh (Cu3PNW-Cu) electrode via an in situ growth followed by a phosphidation method and, for the first time, introduce the Cu3PNWs in the water purifn. process. An electroporation-disinfection cell (EDC) equipped with two such electrodes achieves superior bacterial inactivation performance (>6.0 log removal; no live bacteria in the effluent) with a low voltage of 1 V and a high flux of 2.0 m3 h-1 m-2. Under such operating conditions, the Cu3PNW-Cu electrode continuously treats water for 12 h while maintaining complete bacterial inactivation. The disinfection mechanism of electroporation guarantees an exceedingly low level of energy consumption: only 1.2 J for treating 1 L of water. To our knowledge, this is the lowest value obtained to date: >5 orders of magnitude lower than the typical energy consumption for bacterial inactivation using electroporation (150 kJ L-1).
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    Park, J. U.; Hardy, M.; Kang, S. J.; Barton, K.; Adair, K.; Mukhopadhyay, D. K.; Lee, C. Y.; Strano, M. S.; Alleyne, A. G.; Georgiadis, J. G. High-Resolution Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing. Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 782– 789,  DOI: 10.1038/nmat1974
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    High-resolution electrohydrodynamic jet printing
    Park, Jang-Ung; Hardy, Matt; Kang, Seong Jun; Barton, Kira; Adair, Kurt; Mukhopadhyay, Deep kishore; Lee, Chang Young; Strano, Michael S.; Alleyne, Andrew G.; Georgiadis, John G.; Ferreira, Placid M.; Rogers, John A.
    Nature Materials (2007), 6 (10), 782-789CODEN: NMAACR; ISSN:1476-1122. (Nature Publishing Group)
    Efforts to adapt and extend graphic arts printing techniques for demanding device applications in electronics, biotechnol. and microelectromech. systems have grown rapidly in recent years. Here, the authors describe the use of electrohydrodynamically induced fluid flows through fine microcapillary nozzles for jet printing of patterns and functional devices with submicrometer resoln. Key aspects of the physics of this approach, which has some features in common with related but comparatively low-resoln. techniques for graphic arts, are revealed through direct high-speed imaging of the droplet formation processes. Printing of complex patterns of inks, ranging from insulating and conducting polymers, to soln. suspensions of silicon nanoparticles and rods, to single-walled carbon nanotubes, using integrated computer-controlled printer systems illustrates some of the capabilities. High-resoln. printed metal interconnects, electrodes and probing pads for representative circuit patterns and functional transistors with crit. dimensions as small as 1 μm demonstrate potential applications in printed electronics.
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    Tao, H.; Marelli, B.; Yang, M.; An, B.; Onses, M. S.; Rogers, J. A.; Kaplan, D. L.; Omenetto, F. G. Inkjet Printing of Regenerated Silk Fibroin: From Printable Forms to Printable Functions. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 4273– 4279,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201501425
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    Inkjet Printing of Regenerated Silk Fibroin: From Printable Forms to Printable Functions
    Tao, Hu; Marelli, Benedetto; Yang, Miaomiao; An, Bo; Onses, Serdar; Rogers, John A.; Kaplan, David L.; Omenetto, Fiorenzo G.
    Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2015), 27 (29), 4273-4279CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    A different approach to biomaterials fabrication is investigated, developing a biomaterials approach where the system utility can be controllably reconfigured ab initio to enable multiple end uses. Using silk fibroin as the base biomaterial, a silk soln. formulation was developed that can be doped with other components to generate a custom library of inkjet-printable, functional "silk inks" for use in sensing, therapeutics, and regenerative medicine. To illustrate this concept, different functional inks were generated and by the addn. of nanoparticles, enzymes, antibiotics, growth factors, and antibodies during the printing process, with retention of functions.
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    Wang, Z. L.; Jiang, T.; Xu, L. Toward the Blue Energy Dream by Triboelectric Nanogenerator Networks. Nano Energy 2017, 39, 9– 23,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.06.035
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    Toward the blue energy dream by triboelectric nanogenerator networks
    Wang, Zhong Lin; Jiang, Tao; Xu, Liang
    Nano Energy (2017), 39 (), 9-23CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Widely distributed across the globe, water wave energy is one of the most promising renewable energy sources, while little has been exploited due to various limitations of current technologies mainly relying on electromagnetic generator (EMG), esp. its operation in irregular environment and low frequency (<5 Hz). The newly developed triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) exhibits obvious advantages over EMG in harvesting energy from low-frequency water wave motions, and the network of TENGs was proposed as a potential approach toward large-scale blue energy harvesting. Here, a review is given for recent progress in blue energy harvesting using TENG technol., starting from a comparison between the EMG and the TENG both in physics and engineering design. The fundamental mechanism of nanogenerators is presented based on Maxwell's displacement current. Approaches of water wave energy harvesting by liq.-solid contact electrification TENG are introduced. For fully enclosed TENGs, the structural designs and performance optimizations are discussed, based on which the TENG network is proposed for large-scale blue energy harvesting from water waves. Furthermore, the energy harvested by TENG from various sources such as water wave, human motion and vibration etc, is not only new energy, but more importantly, the energy for the new era - the era of internet of things.
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    Fan, F.-R.; Lin, L.; Zhu, G.; Wu, W.; Zhang, R.; Wang, Z. L. Transparent Triboelectric Nanogenerators and Self-Powered Pressure Sensors Based on Micropatterned Plastic Films. Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 3109– 3114,  DOI: 10.1021/nl300988z
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    Transparent Triboelectric Nanogenerators and Self-Powered Pressure Sensors Based on Micropatterned Plastic Films
    Fan, Feng-Ru; Lin, Long; Zhu, Guang; Wu, Wenzhuo; Zhang, Rui; Wang, Zhong Lin
    Nano Letters (2012), 12 (6), 3109-3114CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)
    Transparent, flexible and high efficient power sources are important components of org. electronic and optoelectronic devices. Based on the principle of the previously demonstrated triboelec. generator, the authors demonstrate a new high-output, flexible and transparent nanogenerator by using transparent polymer materials. The authors have fabricated three types of regular and uniform polymer patterned arrays (line, cube, and pyramid) to improve the efficiency of the nanogenerator. The power generation of the pyramid-featured device far surpassed that exhibited by the unstructured films and gave an output voltage of up to 18 V at a c.d. of ∼0.13 μA/cm2. Also, the as-prepd. nanogenerator can be applied as a self-powered pressure sensor for sensing a water droplet (8 mg, ∼3.6 Pa in contact pressure) and a falling feather (20 mg, ∼0.4 Pa in contact pressure) with a low-end detection limit of ∼13 mPa.
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    Zhou, Z.; Shi, Z.; Cai, X.; Zhang, S.; Corder, S. G.; Li, X.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, G.; Chen, L.; Liu, M. The Use of Functionalized Silk Fibroin Films as a Platform for Optical Diffraction-Based Sensing Applications. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1605471,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605471
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    Zi, Y.; Niu, S.; Wang, J.; Wen, Z.; Tang, W.; Wang, Z. L. Standards and Figure-of-Merits for Quantifying the Performance of Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 8376,  DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9376
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    Standards and figure-of-merits for quantifying the performance of triboelectric nanogenerators
    Zi, Yunlong; Niu, Simiao; Wang, Jie; Wen, Zhen; Tang, Wei; Wang, Zhong Lin
    Nature Communications (2015), 6 (), 8376CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Publishing Group)
    Triboelec. nanogenerators have been invented as a highly efficient, cost-effective and easy scalable energy-harvesting technol. for converting ambient mech. energy into electricity. Four basic working modes have been demonstrated, each of which has different designs to accommodate the corresponding mech. triggering conditions. A common std. is thus required to quantify the performance of the triboelec. nanogenerators so that their outputs can be compared and evaluated. Here we report figure-of-merits for defining the performance of a triboelec. nanogenerator, which is composed of a structural figure-of-merit related to the structure and a material figure of merit that is the square of the surface charge d. The structural figure-of-merit is derived and simulated to compare the triboelec. nanogenerators with different configurations. A std. method is introduced to quantify the material figure-of-merit for a general surface. This study is likely to establish the stds. for developing TENGs towards practical applications and industrialization.
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    Wang, G.; Feng, H.; Hu, L.; Jin, W.; Hao, Q.; Gao, A.; Peng, X.; Li, W.; Wong, K.-Y.; Wang, H. An Antibacterial Platform Based on Capacitive Carbon-Doped Tio2 Nanotubes after Direct or Alternating Current Charging. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 2055,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04317-2
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    An antibacterial platform based on capacitive carbon-doped TiO2 nanotubes after direct or alternating current charging
    Wang Guomin; Jin Weihong; Hao Qi; Gao Ang; Peng Xiang; Li Wan; Wang Huaiyu; Chu Paul K; Feng Hongqing; Li Zhou; Feng Hongqing; Li Zhou; Hu Liangsheng; Wong Kwok-Yin; Gao Ang; Wang Huaiyu
    Nature communications (2018), 9 (1), 2055 ISSN:.
    Electrical interactions between bacteria and the environment are delicate and essential. In this study, an external electrical current is applied to capacitive titania nanotubes doped with carbon (TNT-C) to evaluate the effects on bacteria killing and the underlying mechanism is investigated. When TNT-C is charged, post-charging antibacterial effects proportional to the capacitance are observed. This capacitance-based antibacterial system works well with both direct and alternating current (DC, AC) and the higher discharging capacity in the positive DC (DC+) group leads to better antibacterial performance. Extracellular electron transfer observed during early contact contributes to the surface-dependent post-charging antibacterial process. Physiologically, the electrical interaction deforms the bacteria morphology and elevates the intracellular reactive oxygen species level without impairing the growth of osteoblasts. Our finding spurs the design of light-independent antibacterial materials and provides insights into the use of electricity to modify biomaterials to complement other bacteria killing measures such as light irradiation.
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  488. 488
    Sun, Y.-L.; Li, Q.; Sun, S.-M.; Huang, J.-C.; Zheng, B.-Y.; Chen, Q.-D.; Shao, Z.-Z.; Sun, H.-B. Aqueous Multiphoton Lithography with Multifunctional Silk-Centred Bio-Resists. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 8612,  DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9612
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    Aqueous multiphoton lithography with multifunctional silk-centred bio-resists
    Sun, Yun-Lu; Li, Qi; Sun, Si-Ming; Huang, Jing-Chun; Zheng, Bo-Yuan; Chen, Qi-Dai; Shao, Zheng-Zhong; Sun, Hong-Bo
    Nature Communications (2015), 6 (), 8612CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Publishing Group)
    Silk and silk fibroin, the biomaterial from nature, nowadays are being widely utilized in many cutting-edge micro/nanodevices/systems via advanced micro/nanofabrication techniques. Herein, for the first time to our knowledge, we report aq. multiphoton lithog. of diversiform-regenerated-silk-fibroin-centric inks using noncontact and maskless femtosecond laser direct writing (FsLDW). Initially, silk fibroin was FsLDW-crosslinked into arbitrary two/three-dimensional micro/nanostructures with good elastic properties merely using proper photosensitizers. More interestingly, silk/metal composite micro/nanodevices with multidimension-controllable metal content can be FsLDW-customized through laser-induced simultaneous fibroin oxidn./crosslinking and metal photoredn. using the simplest silk/Ag+ or silk/[AuCl4]- aq. resists. Noticeably, during FsLDW, fibroin functions as biol. reductant and matrix, while metal ions act as the oxidant. A FsLDW-fabricated prototyping silk/Ag microelectrode exhibited 104-Ω-1 m-1-scale adjustable elec. cond. This work not only provides a powerful development to silk micro/nanoprocessing techniques but also creates a novel way to fabricate multifunctional metal/biomacromol. complex micro/nanodevices for applications such as micro/nanoscale mech. and elec. bioengineering and biosystems.
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    Xiao, X.; Xiao, X.; Nashalian, A.; Libanori, A.; Fang, Y.; Li, X.; Chen, J. Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Self-Powered Wound Healing. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2021, 10, 2100975,  DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100975
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    Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Self-Powered Wound Healing
    Xiao, Xiao; Xiao, Xiao; Nashalian, Ardo; Libanori, Alberto; Fang, Yunsheng; Li, Xiyao; Chen, Jun
    Advanced Healthcare Materials (2021), 10 (20), 2100975CODEN: AHMDBJ; ISSN:2192-2640. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    Wound healing, one of the most complex processes in the human body, involves the spatial and temporal synchronization of a variety of cell types with distinct roles. Slow or nonhealing skin wounds have potentially life-threatening consequences, ranging from infection to scar, clot, and hemorrhage. Recently, the advent of triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) has brought about a plethora of self-powered wound healing opportunities, owing to their pertinent features, including wide range choices of constitutive biocompatible materials, simple fabrication, portable size, high output power, and low cost. Herein, a comprehensive review of TENGs as an emerging biotechnol. for wound healing applications is presented and covered from three unique aspects: elec. stimulation, antibacterial activity, and drug delivery. To provide a broader context of TENGs applicable to wound healing applications, state-of-the-art designs are presented and discussed in each section. Although some challenges remain, TENGs are proving to be a promising platform for human-centric therapeutics in the era of Internet of Things. Consequently, TENGs for wound healing are expected to provide a new soln. in wound management and play an essential role in the future of point-of-care interventions.
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    Ulery, B. D.; Nair, L. S.; Laurencin, C. T. Biomedical Applications of Biodegradable Polymers. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2011, 49, 832– 864,  DOI: 10.1002/polb.22259
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    Biomedical applications of biodegradable polymers
    Ulery, Bret D.; Nair, Lakshmi S.; Laurencin, Cato T.
    Journal of Polymer Science, Part B: Polymer Physics (2011), 49 (12), 832-864CODEN: JPBPEM; ISSN:0887-6266. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
    A review. Utilization of polymers as biomaterials has greatly impacted the advancement of modern medicine. Specifically, polymeric biomaterials that are biodegradable provide the significant advantage of being able to be broken down and removed after they have served their function. Applications are wide ranging with degradable polymers being used clin. as surgical sutures and implants. To fit functional demand, materials with desired phys., chem., biol., biomech., and degrdn. properties must be selected. Fortunately, a wide range of natural and synthetic degradable polymers has been investigated for biomedical applications with novel materials constantly being developed to meet new challenges. This review summarizes the most recent advances in the field over the past 4 years, specifically highlighting new and interesting discoveries in tissue engineering and drug delivery applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011.
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    Stegmann, E.; Wagner, S.; Schwarz, S. SFB 766:12 Years of Research on the Bacterial Cell Envelope. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 2019, 309, 151360– 151360,  DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.151360
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    SFB 766: 12 years of research on the bacterial cell envelope
    Stegmann Evi; Wagner Samuel; Schwarz Sandra
    International journal of medical microbiology : IJMM (2019), 309 (8), 151360 ISSN:.
    There is no expanded citation for this reference.
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    Grohmann, E.; Christie, P. J.; Waksman, G.; Backert, S. Type Iv Secretion in Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria. Mol. Microbiol. 2018, 107, 455– 471,  DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13896
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    Type IV secretion in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria
    Grohmann, Elisabeth; Christie, Peter J.; Waksman, Gabriel; Backert, Steffen
    Molecular Microbiology (2018), 107 (4), 455-471CODEN: MOMIEE; ISSN:0950-382X. (Wiley-Blackwell)
    A review. Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are versatile multiprotein nanomachines spanning the entire cell envelope in Gram-neg. and Gram-pos. bacteria. They play important roles through the contact-dependent secretion of effector mols. into eukaryotic hosts and conjugative transfer of mobile DNA elements as well as contact-independent exchange of DNA with the extracellular milieu. In the last few years, many details on the mol. mechanisms of T4SSs have been elucidated. Exciting structures of T4SS complexes from Escherichia coli plasmids R388 and pKM101, Helicobacter pylori and Legionella pneumophila have been solved. The structure of the F-pilus was also reported and surprisingly revealed a filament composed of pilin subunits in 1:1 stoichiometry with phospholipid mols. Many new T4SSs have been identified and characterized, underscoring the structural and functional diversity of this secretion superfamily. Complex regulatory circuits also have been shown to control T4SS machine prodn. in response to host cell physiol. status or a quorum of bacterial recipient cells in the vicinity. Here, we summarize recent advances in our knowledge of 'paradigmatic' and emerging systems, and further explore how new basic insights are aiding in the design of strategies aimed at suppressing T4SS functions in bacterial infections and spread of antimicrobial resistances.
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  493. 493
    Li, J.; Li, Z.; Liu, X.; Li, C.; Zheng, Y.; Yeung, K. W. K.; Cui, Z.; Liang, Y.; Zhu, S.; Hu, W. Interfacial Engineering of Bi2S3/Ti3C2TX Mxene Based on Work Function for Rapid Photo-Excited Bacteria-Killing. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 1224,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21435-6
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    Interfacial engineering of Bi2S3/Ti3C2Tx MXene based on work function for rapid photo-excited bacteria-killing
    Li, Jianfang; Li, Zhaoyang; Liu, Xiangmei; Li, Changyi; Zheng, Yufeng; Yeung, Kelvin Wai Kwok; Cui, Zhenduo; Liang, Yanqin; Zhu, Shengli; Hu, Wenbin; Qi, Yajun; Zhang, Tianjin; Wang, Xianbao; Wu, Shuilin
    Nature Communications (2021), 12 (1), 1224CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)
    In view of increasing drug resistance, ecofriendly photoelec. materials are promising alternatives to antibiotics. Here we design an interfacial Schottky junction of Bi2S3/Ti3C2Tx resulting from the contact p.d. between Bi2S3/Ti3C2Tx. The different work functions induce the formation of a local electrophilic/nucleophilic region. The self-driven charge transfer across the interface increases the local electron d. on Ti3C2Tx. The formed Schottky barrier inhibits the backflow of electrons and boosts the charge transfer and sepn. The photocatalytic activity of Bi2S3/Ti3C2Txintensively improved the amt. of reactive oxygen species under 808 nm near-IR radiation. They kill 99.86% of Staphylococcus aureus and 99.92% of Escherichia coli with the assistance of hyperthermia within 10 min. We propose the theory of interfacial engineering based on work function and accordingly design the ecofriendly photoresponsive Schottky junction using two kinds of components with different work functions to effectively eradicate bacterial infection.
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  494. 494
    Wang, Y.; Xu, Y.; Dong, S.; Wang, P.; Chen, W.; Lu, Z.; Ye, D.; Pan, B.; Wu, D.; Vecitis, C. D. Ultrasonic Activation of Inert Poly (Tetrafluoroethylene) Enables Piezocatalytic Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 3508,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23921-3
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    Ultrasonic activation of inert poly(tetrafluoroethylene) enables piezocatalytic generation of reactive oxygen species
    Wang, Yanfeng; Xu, Yeming; Dong, Shangshang; Wang, Peng; Chen, Wei; Lu, Zhenda; Ye, Deju; Pan, Bingcai; Wu, Di; Vecitis, Chad D.; Gao, Guandao
    Nature Communications (2021), 12 (1), 3508CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)
    Controlled generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is essential in biol., chem., and environmental fields, and piezoelec. catalysis is an emerging method to generate ROS, esp. in sonodynamic therapy due to its high tissue penetrability, directed orientation, and ability to trigger in situ ROS generation. However, due to the low piezoelec. coeff., and environmental safety and chem. stability concerns of current piezoelec. ROS catalysts, novel piezoelec. materials are urgently needed. Here, we demonstrate a method to induce polarization of inert poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) particles (<d > ∼ 1-5μm) into piezoelec. electrets with a mild and convenient ultrasound process. Continued ultrasonic irradn. of the PTFE electrets generates ROS including hydroxyl radicals (.OH), superoxide (.O2-) and singlet oxygen (1O2) at rates significantly faster than previously reported piezoelec. catalysts. In summary, ultrasonic activation of inert PTFE particles is a simple method to induce permanent PTFE polarization and to piezocatalytically generate aq. ROS that is desirable in a wide-range of applications from environmental pollution control to biomedical therapy.
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  495. 495
    Mi, J.; Xu, J. K.; Yao, Z.; Yao, H.; Li, Y.; He, X.; Dai, B. Y.; Zou, L.; Tong, W. X.; Zhang, X. T. Implantable Electrical Stimulation at Dorsal Root Ganglions Accelerates Osteoporotic Fracture Healing Via Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide. Adv. Sci. 2022, 9, 2103005,  DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103005
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    495
    Implantable Electrical Stimulation at Dorsal Root Ganglions Accelerates Osteoporotic Fracture Healing via Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide
    Mi, Jie; Xu, Jian-Kun; Yao, Zhi; Yao, Hao; Li, Ye; He, Xuan; Dai, Bing-Yang; Zou, Li; Tong, Wen-Xue; Zhang, Xiao-Tian; Hu, Pei-Jie; Ruan, Ye Chun; Tang, Ning; Guo, Xia; Zhao, Jie; He, Ju-Fang; Qin, Ling
    Advanced Science (Weinheim, Germany) (2022), 9 (1), 2103005CODEN: ASDCCF; ISSN:2198-3844. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    The neuronal engagement of the peripheral nerve system plays a crucial role in regulating fracture healing, but how to modulate the neuronal activity to enhance fracture healing remains unexploited. Here it is shown that elec. stimulation (ES) directly promotes the biosynthesis and release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) by activating Ca2+/CaMKII/CREB signaling pathway and action potential, resp. To accelerate rat femoral osteoporotic fracture healing which presents with decline of CGRP, soft electrodes are engineered and they are implanted at L3 and L4 dorsal root ganglions (DRGs). ES delivered at DRGs for the first two weeks after fracture increases CGRP expression in both DRGs and fracture callus. It is also identified that CGRP is indispensable for type-H vessel formation, a biol. event coupling angiogenesis and osteogenesis, contributing to ES-enhanced osteoporotic fracture healing. This proof-of-concept study shows for the first time that ES at lumbar DRGs can effectively promote femoral fracture healing, offering an innovative strategy using bioelectronic device to enhance bone regeneration.
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    Cheng, D.; Wang, X.; Zhou, X.; Li, J. Nanosonosensitizers with Ultrasound-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Generation for Cancer Sonodynamic Immunotherapy. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2021, 9, 761218,  DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.761218
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    496
    Nanosonosensitizers With Ultrasound-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Generation for Cancer Sonodynamic Immunotherapy
    Cheng Danling; Zhou Xiaojun; Li Jingchao; Wang Xiaoying
    Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology (2021), 9 (), 761218 ISSN:2296-4185.
    Immunotherapy is a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer, while it has been demonstrated to encounter the issues of low immune responses and underlying immune-related adverse events. The sonodynamic therapy (SDT) that utilizes sonosensitizers to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggered by ultrasound (US) stimulation can be used to ablate tumors, which also leads to the induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD), thus achieving SDT-induced immunotherapy. Further combination of SDT with immunotherapy is able to afford enhanced antitumor immunity for tumor regression. In this mini review, we summarize the recent development of nanosonosensitizers with US-induced ROS generation for cancer SDT immunotherapy. The uses of nanosonosensitizers to achieve SDT-induced immunotherapy, combinational therapy of SDT with immunotherapy, and combinational therapy of SDT with multiple immunotherapies are briefly introduced. Furthermore, the current concerns and perspectives for the development and further clinical applications of these nanosonosensitizers for SDT-combined immunotherapy of cancer are discussed.
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  497. 497
    Sun, Y.; Zheng, L.; Yang, Y.; Qian, X.; Fu, T.; Li, X.; Yang, Z.; Yan, H.; Cui, C.; Tan, W. Metal-Organic Framework Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery in Biomedical Applications. Nano-Micro Lett. 2020, 12, 130,  DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00423-3
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    He, S.; Wu, L.; Li, X.; Sun, H.; Xiong, T.; Liu, J.; Huang, C.; Xu, H.; Sun, H.; Chen, W. Metal-Organic Frameworks for Advanced Drug Delivery. Acta Pharm. Sin. B 2021, 11, 2362– 2395,  DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.019
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    Metal-organic frameworks for advanced drug delivery
    He, Siyu; Wu, Li; Li, Xue; Sun, Hongyu; Xiong, Ting; Liu, Jie; Huang, Chengxi; Xu, Huipeng; Sun, Huimin; Chen, Weidong; Gref, Ruxandra; Zhang, Jiwen
    Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (2021), 11 (8), 2362-2395CODEN: APSBCW; ISSN:2211-3835. (Elsevier B.V.)
    A review. Metal-org. frameworks (MOFs), comprised of org. ligands and metal ions/metal clusters via coordinative bonds are highly porous, cryst. materials. Their tunable porosity, chem. compn., size and shape, and easy surface functionalization make this large family more and more popular for drug delivery. There is a growing interest over the last decades in the design of engineered MOFs with controlled sizes for a variety of biomedical applications. This article presents an overall and perspectives of MOFs-based drug delivery systems (DDSs), starting with the MOFs classification adapted for DDSs based on the types of constituting metals and ligands. Then, the synthesis and characterization of MOFs for DDSs are developed, followed by the drug loading strategies, applications, biopharmaceutics and quality control. Importantly, a variety of representative applications of MOFs are detailed from a point of view of applications in pharmaceutics, diseases therapy and advanced DDSs. In particular, the biopharmaceutics and quality control of MOFs-based DDSs are summarized with crit. issues to be addressed. Finally, challenges in MOFs development for DDSs are discussed, such as biostability, biosafety, biopharmaceutics and nomenclature.
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    Wei, P.; Cornel, E. J.; Du, J. Ultrasound-Responsive Polymer-Based Drug Delivery Systems. Drug Delivery Transl. Res. 2021, 11, 1323– 1339,  DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00963-0
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    Ultrasound-responsive polymer-based drug delivery systems
    Wei, Ping; Cornel, Erik Jan; Du, Jianzhong
    Drug Delivery and Translational Research (2021), 11 (4), 1323-1339CODEN: DDTRCY; ISSN:2190-3948. (Springer)
    Abstr.: Ultrasound-responsive polymeric materials have received a tremendous amt. of attention from scientists for several decades. Compared to other stimuli-responsive materials (such as UV-, thermal-, and pH-responsive materials), these smart materials are more applicable since they allow more efficient drug delivery and targeted treatment by fairly non-invasive means. This review describes the recent advances of such ultrasound-responsive polymer-based drug delivery systems and illustrates various applications. More specifically, the mechanism of ultrasound-induced drug delivery, typical formulations, and biomedical applications (tumor therapy, disruption of blood-brain barrier, fighting infectious diseases, transdermal drug delivery, and enhanced thrombolysis) are summarized. Finally, a perspective on the future research directions for the development of ultrasound-responsive polymeric materials to facilitate a clin. translation is given.
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  500. 500
    McAlinden, N.; Massoubre, D.; Richardson, E.; Gu, E.; Sakata, S.; Dawson, M. D.; Mathieson, K. Thermal and Optical Characterization of Micro-Led Probes for in Vivo Optogenetic Neural Stimulation. Opt. Lett. 2013, 38, 992– 994,  DOI: 10.1364/OL.38.000992
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    Thermal and optical characterization of micro-LED probes for in vivo optogenetic neural stimulation
    McAlinden, Niall; Massoubre, David; Richardson, Elliot; Gu, Erdan; Sakata, Shuzo; Dawson, Martin D.; Mathieson, Keith
    Optics Letters (2013), 38 (6), 992-994CODEN: OPLEDP; ISSN:0146-9592. (Optical Society of America)
    Within optogenetics there is a need for compact light sources that are capable of delivering light with excellent spatial, temporal, and spectral resoln. to deep brain structures. Here, we demonstrate a custom GaN-based LED probe for such applications and the elec., optical, and thermal properties are analyzed. The output power d. and emission spectrum were found to be suitable for stimulating channelrhodopsin-2, one of the most common light-sensitive proteins currently used in optogenetics. The LED device produced high light intensities, far in excess of those required to stimulate the light-sensitive proteins within the neurons. Thermal performance was also investigated, illustrating that a broad range of operating regimes in pulsed mode are accessible while keeping a min. increase in temp. for the brain (0.5°C). This type of custom device represents a significant step forward for the optogenetics community, allowing multiple bright excitation sites along the length of a minimally invasive neural probe.
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    Tsakas, A.; Tselios, C.; Ampeliotis, D.; Politi, C. T.; Alexandropoulos, D. Review of Optical Fiber Technologies for Optogenetics. Results Opt. 2021, 5, 100168,  DOI: 10.1016/j.rio.2021.100168
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    Fuhrmann, A.; Göstl, R.; Wendt, R.; Kötteritzsch, J.; Hager, M. D.; Schubert, U. S.; Brademann-Jock, K.; Thünemann, A. F.; Nöchel, U.; Behl, M. Conditional Repair by Locally Switching the Thermal Healing Capability of Dynamic Covalent Polymers with Light. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 13623,  DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13623
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    Conditional repair by locally switching the thermal healing capability of dynamic covalent polymers with light
    Fuhrmann, Anne; Goestl, Robert; Wendt, Robert; Koetteritzsch, Julia; Hager, Martin D.; Schubert, Ulrich S.; Brademann-Jock, Kerstin; Thuenemann, Andreas F.; Noechel, Ulrich; Behl, Marc; Hecht, Stefan
    Nature Communications (2016), 7 (), 13623pp.CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Publishing Group)
    Healable materials could play an important role in reducing the environmental footprint of our modern technol. society through extending the life cycles of consumer products and constructions. However, as most healing processes are carried out by heat alone, the ability to heal damage generally kills the parent material's thermal and mech. properties. Here we present a dynamic covalent polymer network whose thermal healing ability can be switched 'on' and 'off' on demand by light, thereby providing local control over repair while retaining the advantageous macroscopic properties of static polymer networks. We employ a photoswitchable furan-based crosslinker, which reacts with short and mobile maleimide-substituted poly(lauryl methacrylate) chains forming strong covalent bonds while simultaneously allowing the reversible, spatiotemporally resolved control over thermally induced de- and re-crosslinking. We reason that our system can be adapted to more complex materials and has the potential to impact applications in responsive coatings, photolithog. and microfabrication.
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    Asadirad, A. M.; Boutault, S.; Erno, Z.; Branda, N. R. Controlling a Polymer Adhesive Using Light and a Molecular Switch. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 3024– 3027,  DOI: 10.1021/ja500496n
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    Controlling a Polymer Adhesive Using Light and a Molecular Switch
    Asadirad, Amir Mahmoud; Boutault, Stephanie; Erno, Zach; Branda, Neil R.
    Journal of the American Chemical Society (2014), 136 (8), 3024-3027CODEN: JACSAT; ISSN:0002-7863. (American Chemical Society)
    A thermally remendable polymer was synthesized by the Diels-Alder reaction between dithienylfuran and maleimide monomers to generate a photoresponsive diarylethene. UV light (312 nm) and visible light (>435 nm) "gate" the reversibility of the Diels-Alder reaction and turn the self-healing properties of the polymer "off" and "on", resp. After exposure to UV light, the strength of the polymer as an adhesive is enhanced. Visible light weakens the adhesive.
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    Kaur, B.; Raza, R.; Stashick, M. J.; Branda, N. R. Using Light to Control the Inhibition of Karstedt’s Catalyst. Org. Chem. Front. 2019, 6, 1253– 1256,  DOI: 10.1039/C9QO00221A
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    Using light to control the inhibition of Karstedt's catalyst
    Kaur, Brahmjot; Raza, Rameez; Stashick, Mitchell J.; Branda, Neil R.
    Organic Chemistry Frontiers (2019), 6 (8), 1253-1256CODEN: OCFRA8; ISSN:2052-4129. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
    Hydrosilylation reactions are commonly used in the coating industry but the high activity of the platinum catalysts diminishes the 'pot life' of the reagents, and poses a serious industrial problem. In this communication, we illustrate a method for controlling the activity of these catalysts by using light as an external stimulant to turn 'off' a small mol. inhibitor, and activate the catalyst.
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This article is cited by 2 publications.

  1. Dong-Min Lee, Jinsong Kim, Inah Hyun, Sang-Woo Kim. Self-Powered Medical Implants Using Triboelectric Technology. Accounts of Materials Research 2024, 5 (5) , 533-543. https://doi.org/10.1021/accountsmr.3c00261
  2. Chenchen Cai, Xiangjiang Meng, Lixin Zhang, Bin Luo, Yanhua Liu, Tao Liu, Song Zhang, Jinlong Wang, Mingchao Chi, Cong Gao, Yayu Bai, Shuangfei Wang, Shuangxi Nie. High Strength and Toughness Polymeric Triboelectric Materials Enabled by Dense Crystal-Domain Cross-Linking. Nano Letters 2024, 24 (12) , 3826-3834. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00918
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  • Abstract

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    Figure 1

    Figure 1. Overview of B-TENGs as an advanced energy solution for transient IMDs. (A) Schematic representation of B-TENGs in terms of their energy conversion, typical structure, and biomedical applications. (B) Profiles of the mass and performance of B-TENGs through passive and active operations for comparison of their working principles. (C) Conventional IMDs categorized according to power consumption and implant duration, illustrating the current state of powering capabilities of B-TENGs.

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    Figure 2

    Figure 2. Power generation mechanism and target energy of B-TENGs. (A) Schematic of the triboelectric effect and overlapped electron cloud model. Reproduced with permission from ref (148). Copyright 2020 Wiley-VCH. (B) Working principle diagram of B-TENGs. (C) Ambient energy sources with a wide frequency range used for triboelectric energy harvesting. Reproduced with permission from refs (138), (165), (164), (154), and (139), respectively. Copyright 2019 American Association for the Advancement of Science. Copyright 2018 American Association for the Advancement of Science. Copyright 2018 Nature Publishing Group under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Copyright 2021 American Association for the Advancement of Science. Copyright 2021 Nature Publishing Group under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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    Figure 3

    Figure 3. Service lifetime and biodegradation processes of B-TENGs. (A) Schematic illustration of the biodegradation mechanism; each step illustrates the mechanical/chemical dissolution processes along with the functioning and disappearance times after device transplantation. (B) Categorized diagram of bioresorbable materials along with their degradation rates. (C) Plot of the diffusion rate for degradation factors and the degradation rate for bioresorbable B-TENG materials. Encapsulation layers and inner active layers are illustrated to provide the required properties in the suggested methodologies.

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    Figure 4

    Figure 4. Representative bioresorbable polymers and their chemical structures. Bioresorbable polymers can be categorized into NBPs and SBPs.

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    Figure 5

    Figure 5. Bioresorbable polymers for B-TENGs. (A) Schematic representation of B-TENGs composed of various NBPs, including field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) images and the atomic force microscopy (AFM) topology to demonstrate the nanostructured surface morphology of the NBP triboelectric layer (lower and upper scale bars are 5 and 1 μm, respectively). (B) In vitro biodegradation (scale bars are 5 mm) and (C) working principle and output power of B-TENGs using five different NBPs. (A–C) Reproduced with permission from ref (208). Copyright 2018 Wiley-VCH. (D) Structure of the B-TENG using calcium alginate films. (E) Weight loss of a calcium alginate film via in vitro biodegradation in water at room temperature. (D and E) Reproduced with permission from ref (195). Copyright 2018 Royal Society of Chemistry. (F) 3D printing process of CNTs@SF core–sheath fiber-based smart patterns to fabricate electronic textiles capable of triboelectric energy harvesting. Reproduced with permission from ref (233). Copyright 2019 Elsevier. (G) Illustration of a contact-separation mode B-TENG using nanostructured SBPs, including FE-SEM images and the AFM topology of the SBP triboelectric layer. (H) Output currents of B-TENGs with different SBP triboelectric pairs. (I) Triboelectric series of SBPs using polyimide (Kapton) as a reference. (J) In vitro biodegradation of a B-TENG encapsulated by PLGA in PBS (pH = 7.4, 37 °C, scale bars are 10 mm). (H–J) Reproduced with permission from ref (124). Copyright 2016 American Association for the Advancement of Science under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). (K) Structure and dimensions of a breathable B-TENG based on electrospun PLGA, PLA, and Ag NWs. (L) FE-SEM images of the surface morphology of PLGA and PLA nanofibers (scale bars 10 and 2 μm, respectively). (M) Sequential photographs of the in vitro biodegradation of PVA, Ag NWs/PVA, and PLGA/Ag NWs/PVA nanofiber films in PBS at 37 °C. (K–M) Reproduced with permission from ref (52). Copyright 2020 American Association for the Advancement of Science under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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    Figure 6

    Figure 6. Triboelectric charge densities and degradation rates of NBPs and SBPs.

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    Figure 7

    Figure 7. Macroscopic degradation mechanisms. (A) Bulk degradation process with a diffusion coefficient higher than the reaction rate. (B) FE-SEM images of bioresorbable polyesters before and after bulk degradation: PLGA, 33 d in PBS (pH = 7.4) at 37 °C. Reproduced with permission from ref (290). Copyright 2016 Springer Nature. (C) FE-SEM images of bioresorbable polyesters before and after bulk degradation: PCL, 20 h in PBS (pH = 7.2) containing 18 U·mL–1 lipase at 45 °C. Reproduced with permission from ref (133). Copyright 2020 Springer Nature. (D) Surface erosion process with a diffusion coefficient lower than the reaction rate. (E) FE-SEM images of bioresorbable Fe–Mn alloys before and after surface erosion (three months in Hank’s solution at 37 °C). Reproduced with permission from ref (291). Copyright 2010 Elsevier. Profiles of mass, molecular weight, and mechanical strength of polymers during (F) bulk degradation and (G) surface erosion. Reproduced with permission from ref (292). Copyright 2008 Elsevier. (H) Theoretical plot of the erosion number for the hydrolysis of polymers, ε, depending on water diffusivity inside the polymer, Deff, the dimensions of the polymer matrix, L, and the polymer bond reactivity, λ. (I) Critical thickness, Lcritical, the threshold that a polymer specimen must exceed to undergo surface erosion. (H and I) Reproduced with permission from ref (174). Copyright 2002 Elsevier. (J) Mass profiles of surface-eroding polymers with different volume-to-surface area ratios during degradation. Reproduced with permission from ref (178). Copyright 2020 MDPI under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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    Figure 8

    Figure 8. Chemical biodegradation mechanisms, including hydrolysis, oxidation, and enzymatic processes.

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    Figure 9

    Figure 9. Material-based factors that affect the rate of hydrolysis of polyesters. (A) Diagram of the material properties that influence polyester hydrolysis. (B) Illustration of restricted water diffusion due to high crystallinity. (C) Hydrophobicity decreases water diffusion and the degradation rate. (D) Polymer architectures to modulate biodegradation performance via crystallinity and hydrophobicity. (A–D) Reproduced with permission from ref (175). Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society. Sequential photographs showing (E) bulk biodegradation and (F) surface erosion of POC due to low and high cross-linking ratios, respectively (in PBS (pH = 7.4) at 37 °C). (E and F) Reproduced with permission from ref (230). Copyright 2022 American Chemical Society. FE-SEM images of the surface and core of (G) PHA and (H) a PHA–PLLA polymer blend to demonstrate the influence of hydrophobicity on biodegradation behavior. (G and H) Reproduced with permission from ref (309). Copyright 2006 Elsevier.

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    Figure 10

    Figure 10. Environment-based factors and surface properties for the biodegradation of polymers. (A) pH circumstances in gastrointestinal organs of the human body. Reproduced with permission from ref (178). Copyright 2020 MDPI under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). (B) Acid- and (C) base-catalyzed hydrolysis of polyesters. (D) Illustration of the influence of surface morphology on biodegradation performance. (E) FE-SEM images of a PLA solid film and a PLA porous scaffold before and after degradation in water at 60 °C for 14 d. (F) Mass profile of a PLA film vs hydrolysis time depending on the pore size. (E and F) Reproduced with permission from ref (179). Copyright 2011 American Chemical Society. (G) Schematic of how surface coating suppresses water diffusion and the adhesion of proteins and microsomes. (H) Schematic representation of nonmodified and zwitterionic polymer-coated beads, demonstrating antifouling methods against biotinylated serum proteins. Reproduced with permission from ref (180). Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society. (I) Super hydrophobicity was achieved by incorporating GOgODA nanosheets (NSs) into PLA aimed at a decrease in weight loss rate and moisture permeability. Reproduced with permission from ref (313). Copyright 2017 Royal Society of Chemistry.

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    Figure 11

    Figure 11. Mechanisms of metal biodegradation. (A) Environment-specific biodegradation processes of metals based on their reaction with body fluid. Reproduced with permission from ref (317). Copyright 2019 Elsevier. (B) Specific biodegradation processes of metals based on their reaction with body fluids. Reproduced with permission from ref (283) Copyright 2018 Elsevier under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). (C) Macroscopic observation of Mo degradation in a Kokubo SBF solution at 37 °C. Reproduced with permission from ref (285). Copyright 2020 Elsevier. (D) Optical micrographs of degraded pure Fe and Fe-based alloys after implantation into a growing rat skeleton. Reproduced with permission from ref (318). Copyright 2014 Elsevier. (E) Cell viability test according to the biodegradation of Mg and alloys to examine cytotoxicity and biocompatibility. Reproduced with permission from ref (282). Copyright 2016 PLOS under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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    Figure 12

    Figure 12. Ultrasound-triggered on-demand transience in B-TENGs and polymers. (A) Mechanism of triggered biodegradation by intensified acoustic pressure in the micropores of a PHBV encapsulation layer. (B) Photographs of degrading PHBV and PHBV/PEG films over time. (A and B) Reproduced with permission from ref (58). Copyright 2022 American Association for the Advancement of Science. (C) Structural design of an on-demand B-TENG for bacterial inactivation and (D) improved biodegradation rate of its constituent membranes by applying high-intensity ultrasounds (HIU). (C and D) Reproduced with permission from ref (117). Copyright 2023 Wiley-VCH under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). (E) Self-clearance mechanism of an alginate hydrogel-TiO2 NPs composite. Reproduced with permission from ref (329). Copyright 2022 American Chemical Society. (F) Degradation mechanisms of mechanically gated degradable polymers and decrease in molecular weight when subjected to sonication. Reproduced with permission from ref (339). Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society.

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    Figure 13

    Figure 13. Thermally triggered transience. (A) Diagram of the strategies employed to implement thermally responsive degradation and (B) review of triggering temperature and time of thermoresponsive polymers compared to the threshold curve for human skin thermal injury. (C) Photothermally tunable degradation of a PLA-based B-TENG using laser treatment. Reproduced with permission from ref (137). Copyright 2016 PLOS under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. (D) Photothermally tunable degradation of a chitosan-based B-TENG using laser treatment. Reproduced with permission from ref (122). Copyright 2018 Wiley-VCH.

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    Figure 14

    Figure 14. Thermoresponsive transient electronics. (A) Thermally degradable inductors based on gelatin–chitosan hydrogel films. Reproduced with permission from ref (203). Copyright 2022 American Chemical Society. (B) Temperature-dependent transience originating from the LCST behavior of a Ag NW/methylcellulose composite. Reproduced with permission from ref (342). Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society. (C) Schematic diagram of the phase transition via LCST behavior. (D) Thermally triggered transience using a wax-encapsulated acid. Reproduced with permission from ref (61) Copyright 2015 Wiley-VCH. (E) Wireless transient microfluidic system with a heat-expandable polymer for controlled release. Reproduced with permission from ref (343). Copyright 2015 Wiley-VCH.

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    Figure 15

    Figure 15. Light-triggered transient electronics. (A) Photographs of photoresponsive transient electronics based on MBTT/cPPA films and schematic diagrams of working mechanisms. Reproduced with permission from ref (56). Copyright 2014 Wiley-VCH. (B) Photographs of a hydrogel that transitions from gel to sol by UV light, optical microscopy images of a Mg electrode that consequently undergoes hydrolysis, and schematics of the working mechanisms. Reproduced with permission from ref (70). Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society.

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    Figure 16

    Figure 16. Representative strategies to develop large power output bioresorbable triboelectric materials.

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    Figure 17

    Figure 17. Development of high-charge polymers to achieve large power output B-TENGs. (A) Schematics of chemical structures and 3D networks of a chitosan–citric acid (CC) polymeric composite. (B) Photograph of a transparent and flexible CC-TENG. (C) Comparison of the output current density of CC-TENGs based on CC-1 and CC-4 composites. (D) Changes in the output current density of CC-TENGs at different chitosan/citric acid ratios. (A–D) Reproduced with permission from ref (360) Copyright 2019 Wiley-VCH under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). (E) Optical microscopy and SEM images of chitosan-based composite membranes with different nature-derived additives, demonstrating their transparency and changes in surface morphology. (F) Electrical output current of chitosan-based TENGs along with the type of additives incorporated. (E and F) Reproduced with permission from ref (122). Copyright 2018 Wiley-VCH. (G) 3D network of nature-driven ϰ-carrageenan–agar composites. (H) Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) measurement showing an increase in surface potentials of composite films. (G and H) Reproduced with permission from ref (118). Copyright 2022 Elsevier. (I) Schematics and SEM images of cellulose-loaded PVA film (CPF) containing microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) particles and a PVA matrix polymer. (J) Output currents of B-TENGs based on bare PVA, CPF, and microarchitectured CPF (MACPF) that demonstrate highly improved performance. (I and J) Reproduced with permission from ref (371). Copyright 2019 Elsevier. (K) Enhanced output voltages of partially bioresorbable TENGs based on chemically functionalized cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) with nitro and methyl functional groups. Reproduced with permission from ref (202). Copyright 2017 Wiley-VCH.

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    Figure 18

    Figure 18. NP-embedded composites for large power output. (A) Photograph and (B) SEM images of a cellulose aerogel film containing BTO NPs. (C) Dielectric constants of C/BT-1,3,5 and pure cellulose and (D) improved electrical output voltage of the cellulose aerogel/BTO-based TENG. (A–D) Reproduced with permission from ref (199). Copyright 2020 Wiley-VCH. (E) Schematic illustrations of PCL/GO-based B-TENGs. (F) SEM image of a PCL fibrous membrane with 4% GO. (G) Improved output current of PCL/GO−based TENGs owing to the presence of GO NPs. (E–G) Reproduced with permission from ref (145). Copyright 2019 Elsevier. (H) Schematic illustration of a cellulose acetate/nano-Al2O3 (CA/Al2O3) nanocomposite-based TENG. (I) Short-circuit charge transfer and output voltage of a CA/Al2O3 nanocomposite-based TENG at different Al2O3 nanofiller contents. (H and I) Reproduced with permission from ref (374). Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society. (J) Schematic illustration of a TENG based on a cellulose filter paper (CFP)-Ti0.8O2 NSs composite. (K) Increase in the output current density of a CFP composite-based TENG through the addition of Ti0.8O2 NSs. (J and K) Reproduced with permission from ref (200). Copyright 2020 Wiley-VCH.

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    Figure 19

    Figure 19. Ion-doped polymers for large power output. (A) Schematic illustration of the triboelectric charge transfer between bare PVA and PVA-based solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs). (B) Surface potentials of ion-doped PVA-based SPEs ddepending on salts and concentration, measured by KPFM. (C) Energy band diagrams presenting electron transfer between bare PVA and PVA:CaCl2 SPE during a triboelectric event. (A–C) Reproduced with permission from ref (225). Copyright 2017 Wiley-VCH. (D) Output voltages and (E) charge densities of PVA−MClx SPEs-based TENGs. (F) KPFM measurement for PVA−LiCl SPEs to identify their CPDs at different LiCl concentrations. (F) KPFM images of PVA-LiCl SPEs with different LiCl concentrations. (D–F) Reproduced with permission from ref (226). Copyright 2019 Elsevier. (G) Photographs of microstructured ion-doped starch films. (H) Chemical network of a starch:CaCl2 composite polymer. (I) Output current densities of starch:CaCl2-based TENGs at different concentrations of CaCl2. (G–I) Reproduced with permission from ref (380). Copyright 2019 Elsevier.

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    Figure 20

    Figure 20. Bioresorbable polymers with nanostructured surfaces for large power output B-TENGs. (A) Schematic illustration of an arch-shaped silk B-TENG with an electrospun silk fibroin (SF) membrane. (B) FE-SEM image of an electrospun silk membrane. (C) Peak voltages of partially bioresorbable TENGs based on electrospun silk and cast silk membranes. (A–C) Reproduced with permission from ref (209). Copyright 2016 Wiley-VCH. (D) Top-view SEM images of a rough gelatin membrane cast on sandpaper and an electrospun PLA membrane. (E) Schematics of B-TENGs (red, smooth/rough gelatin film; blue, smooth/electrospun PLA membrane) and (F) their short-circuit output current density resulting from contact and separation between different membrane pairs. (D–F) Reproduced with permission from ref (51). Copyright 2018 Elsevier. (G) Photograph, (H) SEM image, and (I) AFM topology of an ICP plasma-etched PLA/PLGA film. (J) Plot of the 100% increase in the output current of a B-TENG based on a PLA/PLGA film upon plasma etching-induced nanostructuring. (G–J) Reproduced with permission from ref (388). Copyright 2020 Wiley-VCH.

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    Figure 21

    Figure 21. Surface functionalization for large power output bioresorbable tribo-materials. (A) Schematic illustration of the surface functionalization process to prepare fluoroalkylated siloxane-grafted fabric (F-fabric) and cyanoalkylated siloxane-grafted fabric (CN-fabric). (B) XPS spectra of F-cotton. (C) Output currents of natural textile TENGs (N-TENGs) based on surface-functionalized cotton and silk fabrics. (A–C) Reproduced with permission from ref (361). Copyright 2021 Royal Society of Chemistry. (D) Schematic illustrations of the grafting process of fluorinated group to functionalize fish gelatin (FG) films. (E) Structure of a fully sustainable fish gelatin (FSFG)-TENG. (F) XPS spectra and (G) contact angles of fluorinated FG (F-FG), dopamine-doped FG (D-FG), and FG. (H) VOC and (I) ISC of the TENGs based on the F-FG film paired with cotton, Al, cellulose, Cu, and D-FG. (D–I) Reproduced with permission from ref (394). Copyright 2021 Elsevier.

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    Figure 22

    Figure 22. Overview of self-powered bioresorbable IMDs based on B-TENGs.

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    Figure 23

    Figure 23. Physiological sensing using B-TENGs. (A) Expanded structure of an implantable bioresorbable triboelectric sensor (BTS) for cardiovascular postoperative care. (B) Output variation of a BTS implanted in a small animal according to the respiratory event identification. (C) Identification of vascular occlusion events following BTS implantation in a large animal. (A–C) Reproduced with permission from ref (30). Copyright 2021 Wiley-VCH. (D) Working mechanism of TENG-integrated vascular grafts (VG-TENG). (E) Experimental setup images and (F) electrical properties of VG-TENGs under different blood flow conditions. (D–F) Reproduced with permission from ref (127). Copyright 2023 Elsevier. (G) Structure and material design of transient TENG (T2ENGs). (H) Photographs of an implanted T2ENG under the subdermal dorsal region in an in vivo experiment. (I) Electrical output of T2ENG to demonstrate the epilepsy monitoring function. (G–I) Reproduced with permission from ref (128). Copyright 2018 Wiley-VCH.

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    Figure 24

    Figure 24. Electroceuticals using B-TENGs. (A) Schematic illustration of an I-TENG under the skin. (B) Photographs of I-TENGs placed inside a needle. (C) Scratch assay to demonstrate enhanced migration by equivalent electrical stimulation. (A–C) Reproduced with permission from ref (123). Copyright 2023 Wiley-VCH. (D) Overall procedure for rapid wound closure and hemostasis using BA-TENG. (E) Scratch wound healing experiments using BA-TENG. (D and E) Reproduced with permission from ref (125). Copyright 2023 Wiley-VCH. (F) Schematic illustration of electrical stimulation using BN-TENG and of the progress observed after BN-TENG implantation. (G) Pause time between two beating cycles of the cardiomyocyte cluster, according to the stimulation effect of the BN-TENG. (H) Beating rates of different cardiomyocyte clusters according to the stimulation effect of the BN-TENG. (F–H) Reproduced with permission from ref (208). Copyright 2018 Wiley-VCH. (I) Schematic illustration of electrical stimulation using BD-TENG. (J) Neuron cells oriented by the electric field (the yellow arrow represents the direction of the electric field, scale bar is 50 μm). (K) Neuron cell alignment analysis for different cell angles. (I–K) Reproduced with permission from ref (124). Copyright 2016 American Association for the Advancement of Science under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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    Figure 25

    Figure 25. Rehabilitation and antibacterial activity of B-TENGs. (A) Schematic illustration of a FED structure. (B) Fracture healing process. (C) Improvement of mineral density and bending performance through FED electrical stimulation. (A–C) Reproduced with permission from ref (54). Copyright 2021 National Academy of Science. (D) Schematic illustration of a TENG-based tissue battery. (E) Cartilage repair system for electrical stimulation using a TENG-based tissue battery. (F) Flow cytometry results that demonstrate accelerated cartilage repair using a TENG-based tissue battery structure. (D–F) Reproduced with permission from ref (130). Copyright 2023 Elsevier. (G) Schematic illustration of the antibacterial mechanism of an RSSP Patch. (H) In vivo antibacterial inhibition of S. aureus by the RSSP Patch. (collected after 7 d, n = 20, ***p ≤ 0.001). (G and H) Reproduced with permission from ref (131). Copyright 2018 Wiley-VCH. (I) Schematic illustration of IBV-TENG under the surgical site to prevent SSI. (J) Images of viable bacteria (E. coli and S. aureus) and the ex vivo antibacterial effect with/without electrical stimulation using IBV-TENG. (I and J) Reproduced with permission from ref (117). Copyright 2023 Wiley-VCH under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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    Figure 26

    Figure 26. Challenges and required properties of future TENGs for transient electronics and IMDs.

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  • References

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      Mihic, Anton; Cui, Zhi; Wu, Jun; Vlacic, Goran; Miyagi, Yasuo; Li, Shu-Hong; Lu, Sun; Sung, Hsing-Wen; Weisel, Richard D.; Li, Ren-Ke
      Circulation (2015), 132 (8), 772-784CODEN: CIRCAZ; ISSN:0009-7322. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins)
      BACKGROUND-: Efficient cardiac function requires synchronous ventricular contraction. After myocardial infarction, the nonconductive nature of scar tissue contributes to ventricular dysfunction by elec. uncoupling viable cardiomyocytes in the infarct region. Injection of a conductive biomaterial polymer that restores impulse propagation could synchronize contraction and restore ventricular function by elec. connecting isolated cardiomyocytes to intact tissue, allowing them to contribute to global heart function. METHODS AND RESULTS-: We created a conductive polymer by grafting pyrrole to the clin. tested biomaterial chitosan to create a polypyrrole (PPy)-chitosan hydrogel. Cyclic voltammetry showed that PPy-chitosan had semiconductive properties lacking in chitosan alone. PPy-chitosan did not reduce cell attachment, metab., or proliferation in vitro. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes plated on PPy-chitosan showed enhanced Ca signal conduction in comparison with chitosan alone. PPy-chitosan plating also improved elec. coupling between skeletal muscles placed 25 mm apart in comparison with chitosan alone, demonstrating that PPy-chitosan can elec. connect contracting cells at a distance. In rats, injection of PPy-chitosan 1 wk after myocardial infarction decreased the QRS interval and increased the transverse activation velocity in comparison with saline or chitosan, suggesting improved elec. conduction. Optical mapping showed increased activation in the border zone of PPy-chitosan-treated rats. Echocardiog. and pressure-vol. anal. showed improvement in load-dependent (ejection fraction, fractional shortening) and load-independent (preload recruitable stroke work) indexes of heart function 8 wk after injection. CONCLUSIONS-: We synthesized a biocompatible conductive biomaterial (PPy-chitosan) that enhances biol. conduction in vitro and in vivo. Injection of PPy-chitosan better maintained heart function after myocardial infarction than a nonconductive polymer.
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    3. 3
      Nichols, C. G. Katp Channels as Molecular Sensors of Cellular Metabolism. Nature 2006, 440, 470– 476,  DOI: 10.1038/nature04711
      3
      KATP channels as molecular sensors of cellular metabolism
      Nichols, Colin G.
      Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2006), 440 (7083), 470-476CODEN: NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Publishing Group)
      In responding to cytoplasmic nucleotide levels, ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel activity provides a unique link between cellular energetics and elec. excitability. Over the past ten years, a steady drumbeat of crystallog. and electrophysiol. studies has led to detailed structural and kinetic models that define the mol. basis of channel activity. In parallel, the uncovering of disease-causing mutations of KATP has led to an explanation of the mol. basis of disease and, in turn, to a better understanding of the structural basis of channel function.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28Xis1OlsLg%253D&md5=aa7cfb5a621c78b33db980d7e7e0708d
    4. 4
      Pearce, E. J.; Everts, B. Dendritic Cell Metabolism. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2015, 15, 18– 29,  DOI: 10.1038/nri3771
      4
      Dendritic cell metabolism
      Pearce, Edward J.; Everts, Bart
      Nature Reviews Immunology (2015), 15 (1), 18-29CODEN: NRIABX; ISSN:1474-1733. (Nature Publishing Group)
      A review. The past 15 years have seen enormous advances in our understanding of the receptor and signalling systems that allow dendritic cells (DCs) to respond to pathogens or other danger signals and initiate innate and adaptive immune responses. We are now beginning to appreciate that many of these pathways not only stimulate changes in the expression of genes that control DC immune functions, but also affect metabolic pathways, thereby integrating the cellular requirements of the activation process. In this Review, we focus on this relatively new area of research and attempt to describe an integrated view of DC immunometabolism.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXitFKltb7P&md5=71e79d6dbd4e67b3cce6dea26261a409
    5. 5
      Xu, Y.; Shi, G.; Tang, J.; Cheng, R.; Shen, X.; Gu, Y.; Wu, L.; Xi, K.; Zhao, Y.; Cui, W. Ecm-Inspired Micro/Nanofibers for Modulating Cell Function and Tissue Generation. Sci. Adv. 2020, 6, eabc2036  DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc2036
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    6. 6
      Guo, H.; Bai, W.; Ouyang, W.; Liu, Y.; Wu, C.; Xu, Y.; Weng, Y.; Zang, H.; Liu, Y.; Jacobson, L. Wireless Implantable Optical Probe for Continuous Monitoring of Oxygen Saturation in Flaps and Organ Grafts. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 3009,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30594-z
      6
      Wireless implantable optical probe for continuous monitoring of oxygen saturation in flaps and organ grafts
      Guo, Hexia; Bai, Wubin; Ouyang, Wei; Liu, Yihan; Wu, Changsheng; Xu, Yameng; Weng, Yang; Zang, Hao; Liu, Yiming; Jacobson, Lauren; Hu, Ziying; Wang, Yihang; Arafa, Hany M.; Yang, Quansan; Lu, Di; Li, Shuo; Zhang, Lin; Xiao, Xun; Vazquez-Guardado, Abraham; Ciatti, Joanna; Dempsey, Elizabeth; Ghoreishi-Haack, Nayereh; Waters, Emily A.; Haney, Chad R.; Westman, Amanda M.; MacEwan, Matthew R.; Pet, Mitchell A.; Rogers, John A.
      Nature Communications (2022), 13 (1), 3009CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Portfolio)
      Continuous, real-time monitoring of perfusion after microsurgical free tissue transfer or solid organ allotransplantation procedures can facilitate early diagnosis of and intervention for anastomotic thrombosis. Current technologies including Doppler systems, cutaneous O2-sensing probes, and fluorine magnetic resonance imaging methods are limited by their intermittent measurements, requirements for skilled personnel, indirect interfaces, and/or their tethered connections. This paper reports a wireless, miniaturized, minimally invasive near-IR spectroscopic system designed for uninterrupted monitoring of local-tissue oxygenation. A bioresorbable barbed structure anchors the probe stably at implantation sites for a time period matched to the clin. need, with the ability for facile removal afterward. The probe connects to a skin-interfaced electronic module for wireless access to essential physiol. parameters, including local tissue oxygenation, pulse oxygenation, and heart rate. In vitro tests and in vivo studies in porcine flap and kidney models demonstrate the ability of the system to continuously measure oxygenation with high accuracy and sensitivity.
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    7. 7
      Kalidasan, V.; Yang, X.; Xiong, Z.; Li, R. R.; Yao, H.; Godaba, H.; Obuobi, S.; Singh, P.; Guan, X.; Tian, X. Wirelessly Operated Bioelectronic Sutures for the Monitoring of Deep Surgical Wounds. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2021, 5, 1217– 1227,  DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00802-0
      7
      Wirelessly operated bioelectronic sutures for the monitoring of deep surgical wounds
      Kalidasan Viveka; Yang Xin; Xiong Ze; Tian Xi; Kurt Selman A; Li Zhipeng; Ho John S; Xiong Ze; Tee Benjamin C K; Ho John S; Xiong Ze; Tee Benjamin C K; Ho John S; Li Renee R; Wang Jiong-Wei; Charles Christopher J; Li Renee R; Wang Jiong-Wei; Charles Christopher J; Yao Haicheng; Godaba Hareesh; Guan Xin; Tee Benjamin C K; Ouyang Jianyong; Obuobi Sybil; Mukherjee Devika; Ee Pui Lai Rachel; Obuobi Sybil; Singh Priti; Loke Weiqiang; Rajarethinam Ravisankar; Chong Choon Seng; Wang Jiong-Wei; Wang Jiong-Wei; Charles Christopher J
      Nature biomedical engineering (2021), 5 (10), 1217-1227 ISSN:.
      Monitoring surgical wounds post-operatively is necessary to prevent infection, dehiscence and other complications. However, the monitoring of deep surgical sites is typically limited to indirect observations or to costly radiological investigations that often fail to detect complications before they become severe. Bioelectronic sensors could provide accurate and continuous monitoring from within the body, but the form factors of existing devices are not amenable to integration with sensitive wound tissues and to wireless data transmission. Here we show that multifilament surgical sutures functionalized with a conductive polymer and incorporating pledgets with capacitive sensors operated via radiofrequency identification can be used to monitor physicochemical states of deep surgical sites. We show in live pigs that the sutures can monitor wound integrity, gastric leakage and tissue micromotions, and in rodents that the healing outcomes are equivalent to those of medical-grade sutures. Battery-free wirelessly operated bioelectronic sutures may facilitate post-surgical monitoring in a wide range of interventions.
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    8. 8
      Song, Y.; Min, J.; Gao, W. Wearable and Implantable Electronics: Moving toward Precision Therapy. ACS Nano 2019, 13, 12280– 12286,  DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08323
      8
      Wearable and Implantable Electronics: Moving toward Precision Therapy
      Song, Yu; Min, Jihong; Gao, Wei
      ACS Nano (2019), 13 (11), 12280-12286CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)
      A review. Soft wearable and implantable electronic systems have attracted tremendous attention due to their flexibility, conformability, and biocompatibility. Such favorable features are crit. for reliably monitoring key biomedical and physiol. information (including both biophys. and biochem. signals) and effective treatment and management of specific chronic diseases. Miniaturized, fully integrated self-powered bioelectronic devices that can harvest energy from the human body represent promising and emerging solns. for long-term, intimate, and personalized therapies. In this Perspective, we offer a brief overview of recent advances in wearable/implantable soft electronic devices and their therapeutic applications ranging from drug delivery to tissue regeneration. We also discuss the key opportunities, challenges, and future directions in this important area needed to fulfill the vision of personalized medicine.
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    9. 9
      Cleven, N. J.; Müntjes, J. A.; Fassbender, H.; Urban, U.; Görtz, M.; Vogt, H.; Gräfe, M.; Göttsche, T.; Penzkofer, T.; Schmitz-Rode, T. A Novel Fully Implantable Wireless Sensor System for Monitoring Hypertension Patients. IEEE. Trans. Biomed. Eng. 2012, 59, 3124– 3130,  DOI: 10.1109/TBME.2012.2216262
      9
      A novel fully implantable wireless sensor system for monitoring hypertension patients
      Cleven Nina J; Muntjes Jutta A; Fassbender Holger; Urban Ute; Gortz Michael; Vogt Holger; Grafe Maik; Gottsche Thorsten; Penzkofer Tobias; Schmitz-Rode Thomas; Mokwa Wilfried
      IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering (2012), 59 (11), 3124-30 ISSN:.
      This paper presents a novel fully implantable wireless sensor system intended for long-term monitoring of hypertension patients, designed for implantation into the femoral artery with computed tomography angiography. It consists of a pressure sensor and a telemetric unit, which is wirelessly connected to an extracorporeal readout station for energy supply and data recording. The system measures intraarterial pressure at a sampling rate of 30 Hz and an accuracy of ±1.0 mmHg over a range of 30-300 mmHg, while consuming up to 300 μW. A special peel-away sheath introducer set was developed to support the implantation procedure. The system delivered stable measurements in initial animal trials in sheep, with results being in good agreement with reference sensor systems.
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    10. 10
      Boutry, C. M.; Kaizawa, Y.; Schroeder, B. C.; Chortos, A.; Legrand, A.; Wang, Z.; Chang, J.; Fox, P.; Bao, Z. A Stretchable and Biodegradable Strain and Pressure Sensor for Orthopaedic Application. Nat. Electron. 2018, 1, 314– 321,  DOI: 10.1038/s41928-018-0071-7
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    11. 11
      Piech, D. K.; Johnson, B. C.; Shen, K.; Ghanbari, M. M.; Li, K. Y.; Neely, R. M.; Kay, J. E.; Carmena, J. M.; Maharbiz, M. M.; Muller, R. A Wireless Millimetre-Scale Implantable Neural Stimulator with Ultrasonically Powered Bidirectional Communication. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2020, 4, 207– 222,  DOI: 10.1038/s41551-020-0518-9
      11
      A wireless millimetre-scale implantable neural stimulator with ultrasonically powered bidirectional communication
      Piech David K; Shen Konlin; Carmena Jose M; Maharbiz Michel M; Muller Rikky; Piech David K; Shen Konlin; Carmena Jose M; Maharbiz Michel M; Muller Rikky; Johnson Benjamin C; Ghanbari M Meraj; Li Ka Yiu; Kay Joshua E; Carmena Jose M; Maharbiz Michel M; Muller Rikky; Johnson Benjamin C; Neely Ryan M; Carmena Jose M; Maharbiz Michel M; Maharbiz Michel M; Muller Rikky
      Nature biomedical engineering (2020), 4 (2), 207-222 ISSN:.
      Clinically approved neural stimulators are limited by battery requirements, as well as by their large size compared with the stimulation targets. Here, we describe a wireless, leadless and battery-free implantable neural stimulator that is 1.7 mm(3) and that incorporates a piezoceramic transducer, an energy-storage capacitor and an integrated circuit. An ultrasonic link and a hand-held external transceiver provide the stimulator with power and bidirectional communication. The stimulation protocols were wirelessly encoded on the fly, reducing power consumption and on-chip memory, and enabling protocol complexity with a high temporal resolution and low-latency feedback. Uplink data indicating whether stimulation occurs are encoded by the stimulator through backscatter modulation and are demodulated at the external transceiver. When embedded in ex vivo porcine tissue, the integrated circuit efficiently harvested ultrasonic power, decoded downlink data for the stimulation parameters and generated current-controlled stimulation pulses. When cuff-mounted and acutely implanted onto the sciatic nerve of anaesthetized rats, the device conferred repeatable stimulation across a range of physiological responses. The miniaturized neural stimulator may facilitate closed-loop neurostimulation for therapeutic interventions.
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    12. 12
      Gutruf, P.; Yin, R. T.; Lee, K. B.; Ausra, J.; Brennan, J. A.; Qiao, Y.; Xie, Z.; Peralta, R.; Talarico, O.; Murillo, A. Wireless, Battery-Free, Fully Implantable Multimodal and Multisite Pacemakers for Applications in Small Animal Models. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 5742,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13637-w
      12
      Wireless, battery-free, fully implantable multimodal and multisite pacemakers for applications in small animal models
      Gutruf, Philipp; Yin, Rose T.; Lee, K. Benjamin; Ausra, Jokubas; Brennan, Jaclyn A.; Qiao, Yun; Xie, Zhaoqian; Peralta, Roberto; Talarico, Olivia; Murillo, Alejandro; Chen, Sheena W.; Leshock, John P.; Haney, Chad R.; Waters, Emily A.; Zhang, Changxing; Luan, Haiwen; Huang, Yonggang; Trachiotis, Gregory; Efimov, Igor R.; Rogers, John A.
      Nature Communications (2019), 10 (1), 5742CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)
      Small animals support a wide range of pathol. phenotypes and genotypes as versatile, affordable models for pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and for exploration of strategies in electrotherapy, gene therapy, and optogenetics. Pacing tools in such contexts are currently limited to tethered embodiments that constrain animal behaviors and exptl. designs. Here, we introduce a highly miniaturized wireless energy-harvesting and digital communication electronics for thin, miniaturized pacing platforms weighing 110 mg with capabilities for subdermal implantation and tolerance to over 200,000 multiaxial cycles of strain without degrdn. in elec. or optical performance. Multimodal and multisite pacing in ex vivo and in vivo studies over many days demonstrate chronic stability and excellent biocompatibility. Optogenetic stimulation of cardiac cycles with in-animal control and induction of heart failure through chronic pacing serve as examples of modes of operation relevant to fundamental and applied cardiovascular research and biomedical technol.
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    13. 13
      Hwang, S.-W.; Tao, H.; Kim, D.-H.; Cheng, H.; Song, J.-K.; Rill, E.; Brenckle, M. A.; Panilaitis, B.; Won, S. M.; Kim, Y.-S. A Physically Transient Form of Silicon Electronics. Science 2012, 337, 1640– 1644,  DOI: 10.1126/science.1226325
      13
      A physically transient form of silicon electronics
      Hwang, Suk-Won; Tao, Hu; Kim, Dae-Hyeong; Cheng, Huanyu; Song, Jun-Kyul; Rill, Elliott; Brenckle, Mark A.; Panilaitis, Bruce; Won, Sang Min; Kim, Yun-Soung; Song, Young Min; Yu, Ki Jun; Ameen, Abid; Li, Rui; Su, Yewang; Yang, Miaomiao; Kaplan, David L.; Zakin, Mitchell R.; Slepian, Marvin J.; Huang, Yonggang; Omenetto, Fiorenzo G.; Rogers, John A.
      Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2012), 337 (6102), 1640-1644CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
      A review. A remarkable feature of modern silicon electronics is its ability to remain phys. invariant, almost indefinitely for practical purposes. Although this characteristic is a hallmark of applications of integrated circuits that exist today, there might be opportunities for systems that offer the opposite behavior, such as implantable devices that function for medically useful time frames but then completely disappear via resorption by the body. The authors report on a set of materials, manufg. schemes, device components, and theor. design tools for a silicon-based complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technol. that has this type of transient behavior, together with integrated sensors, actuators, power supply systems, and wireless control strategies. An implantable transient device that acts as a programmable nonantibiotic bacteriocide provides a system-level example.
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    14. 14
      Petrushevskaya, A.; Rabin, A.; Kilimnik, V. Energy FieldsIn Proceedings of the 24th Conference of Open Innovations Association FRUCT, April 8–12, 2018, Moswoc, Russia; FRUCT Oy: Helsinki, Finland, 2019.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    15. 15
      Yuk, H.; Wu, J.; Zhao, X. Hydrogel Interfaces for Merging Humans and Machines. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2022, 7, 935– 952,  DOI: 10.1038/s41578-022-00483-4
      15
      Hydrogel interfaces for merging humans and machines
      Yuk, Hyunwoo; Wu, Jingjing; Zhao, Xuanhe
      Nature Reviews Materials (2022), 7 (12), 935-952CODEN: NRMADL; ISSN:2058-8437. (Nature Portfolio)
      A review. Abstr :' A review 'the last few decades have witnessed unprecedented convergence between humans and machines that closely operate around the human body. Despite these advances, traditional machines made of hard, dry and abiotic materials are substantially dissimilar to soft, wet and living biol. tissues. This dissimilarity results in severe limitations for long-term, reliable and highly efficient interfacing between humans and machines. To bridge this gap, hydrogels have emerged as an ideal material candidate for interfacing between humans and machines owing to their mech. and chem. similarities to biol. tissues and the versatility and flexibility in designing their properties. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive summary of functional modes, design principles, and current and future applications for hydrogel interfaces towards merging humans and machines.
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    16. 16
      Zhang, C.; Parada, G. A.; Zhao, X.; Chen, Z. Probing Surface Hydration and Molecular Structure of Zwitterionic and Polyacrylamide Hydrogels. Langmuir 2019, 35, 13292– 13300,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02544
      16
      Probing Surface Hydration and Molecular Structure of Zwitterionic and Polyacrylamide Hydrogels
      Zhang, Chengcheng; Parada, German Alberto; Zhao, Xuanhe; Chen, Zhan
      Langmuir (2019), 35 (41), 13292-13300CODEN: LANGD5; ISSN:0743-7463. (American Chemical Society)
      A hydrogel is a hydrophilic cross-linked polymer network which can contain a large amt. of water. Hydrogels with distinguished interfacial phys. toughness were analyzed for their potential application as antifouling coating materials, utilizing sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy as the interfacial anal. technique. The surface structures of one sulfobetaine (SBMA) zwitterionic hydrogel (ZWHG) and two polysaccharide hydrogels (PHGs) were probed in air; their interfacial structures with silica were examd. using SFG in water and protein solns., resp. Both ZWHG and PHGs interfaces in water were dominated by strongly hydrogen-bonded water mols., but the bonding strength assocd. with ZWHG was much stronger. Although all hydrogels experienced interfacial change in the presence of protein solns., after cleaning, the zwitterionic hydrogel interface recovered almost completely while the other two hydrogels were subject to irreversible protein adsorption. Addnl., orientational anal. of ZWHG Me groups in water was conducted and related to the superior hydrogen-bonding strength of water mols. at the ZWHG interface. The interfacial structures of hydrogel materials probed by SFG can be correlated to their antifouling properties. This research highlighted the crit. role that hydrogen-bonding strength of interfacial water mols. play for antifouling applications.
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    17. 17
      Boutry, C. M.; Nguyen, A.; Lawal, Q. O.; Chortos, A.; Rondeau-Gagné, S.; Bao, Z. A Sensitive and Biodegradable Pressure Sensor Array for Cardiovascular Monitoring. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 6954– 6961,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502535
      17
      A Sensitive and Biodegradable Pressure Sensor Array for Cardiovascular Monitoring
      Boutry, Clementine M.; Nguyen, Amanda; Lawal, Qudus Omotayo; Chortos, Alex; Rondeau-Gagne, Simon; Bao, Zhenan
      Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2015), 27 (43), 6954-6961CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      A review. A sensitive and biodegradable pressure sensor array for cardiovascular monitoring is reviewed. Schematic design and fabrication of a fully biodegradable and flexible pressure sensor array from microstructured poly(glycerol sebacate) PGS films are shown.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhsF2ksr3L&md5=902b365e1571f67dac611bd554a007de
    18. 18
      Chiong, J. A.; Tran, H.; Lin, Y.; Zheng, Y.; Bao, Z. Integrating Emerging Polymer Chemistries for the Advancement of Recyclable, Biodegradable, and Biocompatible Electronics. Adv. Sci. 2021, 8, 2101233,  DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101233
      18
      Integrating Emerging Polymer Chemistries for the Advancement of Recyclable, Biodegradable, and Biocompatible Electronics
      Chiong, Jerika A.; Tran, Helen; Lin, Yangju; Zheng, Yu; Bao, Zhenan
      Advanced Science (Weinheim, Germany) (2021), 8 (14), 2101233CODEN: ASDCCF; ISSN:2198-3844. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      Through advances in mol. design, understanding of processing parameters, and development of non-traditional device fabrication techniques, the field of wearable and implantable skin-inspired devices is rapidly growing interest in the consumer market. Like previous technol. advances, economic growth and efficiency is anticipated, as these devices will enable an augmented level of interaction between humans and the environment. However, the parallel growing electronic waste that is yet to be addressed has already left an adverse impact on the environment and human health. Looking forward, it is imperative to develop both human- and environmentally-friendly electronics, which are contingent on emerging recyclable, biodegradable, and biocompatible polymer technologies. This review provides definitions for recyclable, biodegradable, and biocompatible polymers based on reported literature, an overview of the anal. techniques used to characterize mech. and chem. property changes, and std. policies for real-life applications. Then, various strategies in designing the next-generation of polymers to be recyclable, biodegradable, or biocompatible with enhanced functionalities relative to traditional or com. polymers are discussed. Finally, electronics that exhibit an element of recyclability, biodegradability, or biocompatibility with new mol. design are highlighted with the anticipation of integrating emerging polymer chemistries into future electronic devices.
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    19. 19
      Lu, D.; Li, S.; Yang, Q.; Arafa, H. M.; Xu, Y.; Yan, Y.; Ostojich, D.; Bai, W.; Guo, H.; Wu, C. Implantable, Wireless, Self-Fixing Thermal Sensors for Continuous Measurements of Microvascular Blood Flow in Flaps and Organ Grafts. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2022, 206, 114145,  DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114145
      19
      Implantable, wireless, self-fixing thermal sensors for continuous measurements of microvascular blood flow in flaps and organ grafts
      Lu, Di; Li, Shupeng; Yang, Quansan; Arafa, Hany M.; Xu, Yameng; Yan, Ying; Ostojich, Diana; Bai, Wubin; Guo, Hexia; Wu, Changsheng; Li, Shuo; Jacobson, Lauren; Westman, Amanda M.; MacEwan, Matthew R.; Huang, Yonggang; Pet, Mitchell; Rogers, John A.
      Biosensors & Bioelectronics (2022), 206 (), 114145CODEN: BBIOE4; ISSN:0956-5663. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Vascular pedicle thrombosis after free flap transfer or solid organ transplantation surgeries can lead to flap necrosis, organ loss requiring re-transplantation, or even death. Although implantable flow sensors can provide early warning of malperfusion and facilitate operative salvage, measurements performed with existing technologies often depend on extrinsic conditions such as mounting methods and environmental fluctuations. Furthermore, the mechanisms for fixing such probes to vascular or skeletal structures may disrupt the normal blood flow or cause unnecessary tissue damage. Requirements for wired connections to benchtop readout systems also increase costs, complicate clin. care and constrain movements of the patient. Here, we report a wireless, miniaturized flow sensing system that exploits sub-millimeter scale, multi-nodal thermal probes, with biodegradable barbs that secure the probes to the surrounding tissues in a manner that facilitates removal after a period of use. These smartphone-readable devices, together with exptl. validated anal. models of the thermal transport physics, enable reliable, accurate flow sensing in ways that are largely immune to variations in temp. and mech. perturbations. In vivo demonstrations of this technol. in porcine myocutaneous flap and kidney malperfusion models highlight the essential capabilities in microsurgical and transplantation-related biomedical application scenarios.
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    20. 20
      Zhang, H.; Gutruf, P.; Meacham, K.; Montana, M. C.; Zhao, X.; Chiarelli, A. M.; Vázquez-Guardado, A.; Norris, A.; Lu, L.; Guo, Q. Wireless, Battery-Free Optoelectronic Systems as Subdermal Implants for Local Tissue Oximetry. Sci. Adv. 2019, 5, eaaw0873  DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw0873
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    21. 21
      Lu, W.; Bai, W.; Zhang, H.; Xu, C.; Chiarelli, A. M.; Vázquez-Guardado, A.; Xie, Z.; Shen, H.; Nandoliya, K.; Zhao, H. Wireless, Implantable Catheter-Type Oximeter Designed for Cardiac Oxygen Saturation. Sci. Adv. 2021, 7, eabe0579  DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe0579
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    22. 22
      Lee, K.; Ni, X.; Lee, J. Y.; Arafa, H.; Pe, D. J.; Xu, S.; Avila, R.; Irie, M.; Lee, J. H.; Easterlin, R. L. Mechano-Acoustic Sensing of Physiological Processes and Body Motions Via a Soft Wireless Device Placed at the Suprasternal Notch. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2020, 4, 148– 158,  DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0480-6
      22
      Mechano-acoustic sensing of physiological processes and body motions via a soft wireless device placed at the suprasternal notch
      Lee KunHyuck; Arafa Hany; Xu Shuai; Irie Masahiro; Chung Ha Uk; Liu Claire; Huang Ivy; Rogers John A; Lee KunHyuck; Avila Raudel; Reeder Jonathan T; Huang Ivy; Deng Yujun; Xie Zhaoqian; Huang Yonggang; Rogers John A; Ni Xiaoyue; Lee Jong Yoon; Xu Shuai; Avila Raudel; Lee Joo Hee; Jang Hokyung; Kim Jungwoo; Mehta Sunita; Reeder Jonathan T; Deng Yujun; Xie Zhaoqian; Huang Yonggang; Rogers John A; Arafa Hany; Olabisi Omolara O; Chung Esther; Hill Marc; Liu Claire; Rogers John A; Pe David J; Rogers John A; Xu Shuai; Avila Raudel; Deng Yujun; Xie Zhaoqian; Huang Yonggang; Avila Raudel; Getaneh Selam; Deng Yujun; Xie Zhaoqian; Huang Yonggang; Rogers John A; Irie Masahiro; Chung Ha Uk; Rogers John A; Easterlin Ryder L; Kim Dong Hyun; Bell Jeremy; Park Jun Bin; Kim Sung Bong; Pharr Matt; Tzavelis Andreas; Deng Yujun; Xie Zhaoqian; Davies Charles R; Rogers John A
      Nature biomedical engineering (2020), 4 (2), 148-158 ISSN:.
      Skin-mounted soft electronics that incorporate high-bandwidth triaxial accelerometers can capture broad classes of physiologically relevant information, including mechano-acoustic signatures of underlying body processes (such as those measured by a stethoscope) and precision kinematics of core-body motions. Here, we describe a wireless device designed to be conformally placed on the suprasternal notch for the continuous measurement of mechano-acoustic signals, from subtle vibrations of the skin at accelerations of around 10(-3) m s(-2) to large motions of the entire body at about 10 m s(-2), and at frequencies up to around 800 Hz. Because the measurements are a complex superposition of signals that arise from locomotion, body orientation, swallowing, respiration, cardiac activity, vocal-fold vibrations and other sources, we exploited frequency-domain analysis and machine learning to obtain-from human subjects during natural daily activities and exercise-real-time recordings of heart rate, respiration rate, energy intensity and other essential vital signs, as well as talking time and cadence, swallow counts and patterns, and other unconventional biomarkers. We also used the device in sleep laboratories and validated the measurements using polysomnography.
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    23. 23
      Park, D. Y.; Joe, D. J.; Kim, D. H.; Park, H.; Han, J. H.; Jeong, C. K.; Park, H.; Park, J. G.; Joung, B.; Lee, K. J. Self-Powered Real-Time Arterial Pulse Monitoring Using Ultrathin Epidermal Piezoelectric Sensors. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1702308,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702308
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    24. 24
      Kim, D. H.; Shin, H. J.; Lee, H.; Jeong, C. K.; Park, H.; Hwang, G. T.; Lee, H. Y.; Joe, D. J.; Han, J. H.; Lee, S. H. In Vivo Self-Powered Wireless Transmission Using Biocompatible Flexible Energy Harvesters. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27, 1700341,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201700341
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    25. 25
      Zhang, Y.; Mickle, A. D.; Gutruf, P.; McIlvried, L. A.; Guo, H.; Wu, Y.; Golden, J. P.; Xue, Y.; Grajales-Reyes, J. G.; Wang, X. Battery-Free, Fully Implantable Optofluidic Cuff System for Wireless Optogenetic and Pharmacological Neuromodulation of Peripheral Nerves. Sci. Adv. 2019, 5, eaaw5296  DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw5296
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    26. 26
      Choi, Y. S.; Hsueh, Y.-Y.; Koo, J.; Yang, Q.; Avila, R.; Hu, B.; Xie, Z.; Lee, G.; Ning, Z.; Liu, C. Stretchable, Dynamic Covalent Polymers for Soft, Long-Lived Bioresorbable Electronic Stimulators Designed to Facilitate Neuromuscular Regeneration. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 5990,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19660-6
      26
      Stretchable, dynamic covalent polymers for soft, long-lived bioresorbable electronic stimulators designed to facilitate neuromuscular regeneration
      Choi, Yeon Sik; Hsueh, Yuan-Yu; Koo, Jahyun; Yang, Quansan; Avila, Raudel; Hu, Buwei; Xie, Zhaoqian; Lee, Geumbee; Ning, Zheng; Liu, Claire; Xu, Yameng; Lee, Young Joong; Zhao, Weikang; Fang, Jun; Deng, Yujun; Lee, Seung Min; Vazquez-Guardado, Abraham; Stepien, Iwona; Yan, Ying; Song, Joseph W.; Haney, Chad; Oh, Yong Suk; Liu, Wentai; Yun, Hong-Joon; Banks, Anthony; MacEwan, Matthew R.; Ameer, Guillermo A.; Ray, Wilson Z.; Huang, Yonggang; Xie, Tao; Franz, Colin K.; Li, Song; Rogers, John A.
      Nature Communications (2020), 11 (1), 5990CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)
      Bioresorbable electronic stimulators are of rapidly growing interest as unusual therapeutic platforms, i.e., bioelectronic medicines, for treating disease states, accelerating wound healing processes and eliminating infections. Here, we present advanced materials that support operation in these systems over clin. relevant time frames, ultimately bioresorbing harmlessly to benign products without residues, to eliminate the need for surgical extn. Our findings overcome key challenges of bioresorbable electronic devices by realizing lifetimes that match clin. needs. The devices exploit a bioresorbable dynamic covalent polymer that facilitates tight bonding to itself and other surfaces, as a soft, elastic substrate and encapsulation coating for wireless electronic components. We describe the underlying features and chem. design considerations for this polymer, and the biocompatibility of its constituent materials. In devices with optimized, wireless designs, these polymers enable stable, long-lived operation as distal stimulators in a rat model of peripheral nerve injuries, thereby demonstrating the potential of programmable long-term elec. stimulation for maintaining muscle receptivity and enhancing functional recovery.
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    27. 27
      Choi, Y. S.; Jeong, H.; Yin, R. T.; Avila, R.; Pfenniger, A.; Yoo, J.; Lee, J. Y.; Tzavelis, A.; Lee, Y. J.; Chen, S. W. A Transient, Closed-Loop Network of Wireless, Body-Integrated Devices for Autonomous Electrotherapy. Science 2022, 376, 1006– 1012,  DOI: 10.1126/science.abm1703
      27
      A transient, closed-loop network of wireless, body-integrated devices for autonomous electrotherapy
      Choi, Yeon Sik; Jeong, Hyoyoung; Yin, Rose T.; Avila, Raudel; Pfenniger, Anna; Yoo, Jaeyoung; Lee, Jong Yoon; Tzavelis, Andreas; Lee, Young Joong; Chen, Sheena W.; Knight, Helen S.; Kim, Seungyeob; Ahn, Hak-Young; Wickerson, Grace; Vazquez-Guardado, Abraham; Higbee-Dempsey, Elizabeth; Russo, Bender A.; Napolitano, Michael A.; Holleran, Timothy J.; Abdul Razzak, Leen; Miniovich, Alana N.; Lee, Geumbee; Geist, Beth; Kim, Brandon; Han, Shuling; Brennan, Jaclyn A.; Aras, Kedar; Kwak, Sung Soo; Kim, Joohee; Waters, Emily Alexandria; Yang, Xiangxing; Burrell, Amy; Chun, Keum San; Liu, Claire; Wu, Changsheng; Rwei, Alina Y.; Spann, Alisha N.; Banks, Anthony; Johnson, David; Zhang, Zheng Jenny; Haney, Chad R.; Jin, Sung Hun; Sahakian, Alan Varteres; Huang, Yonggang; Trachiotis, Gregory D.; Knight, Bradley P.; Arora, Rishi K.; Efimov, Igor R.; Rogers, John A.
      Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2022), 376 (6596), 1006-1012CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:1095-9203. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
      Temporary postoperative cardiac pacing requires devices with percutaneous leads and external wired power and control systems. This hardware introduces risks for infection, limitations on patient mobility, and requirements for surgical extn. procedures. Bioresorbable pacemakers mitigate some of these disadvantages, but they demand pairing with external, wired systems and secondary mechanisms for control. We present a transient closed-loop system that combines a time-synchronized, wireless network of skin-integrated devices with an advanced bioresorbable pacemaker to control cardiac rhythms, track cardiopulmonary status, provide multihaptic feedback, and enable transient operation with minimal patient burden. The result provides a range of autonomous, rate-adaptive cardiac pacing capabilities, as demonstrated in rat, canine, and human heart studies. This work establishes an engineering framework for closed-loop temporary electrotherapy using wirelessly linked, body-integrated bioelectronic devices.
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    28. 28
      Choi, Y. S.; Yin, R. T.; Pfenniger, A.; Koo, J.; Avila, R.; Benjamin Lee, K.; Chen, S. W.; Lee, G.; Li, G.; Qiao, Y. Fully Implantable and Bioresorbable Cardiac Pacemakers without Leads or Batteries. Nat. Biotechnol. 2021, 39, 1228– 1238,  DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-00948-x
      28
      Fully implantable and bioresorbable cardiac pacemakers without leads or batteries
      Choi, Yeon Sik; Yin, Rose T.; Pfenniger, Anna; Koo, Jahyun; Avila, Raudel; Benjamin Lee, K.; Chen, Sheena W.; Lee, Geumbee; Li, Gang; Qiao, Yun; Murillo-Berlioz, Alejandro; Kiss, Alexi; Han, Shuling; Lee, Seung Min; Li, Chenhang; Xie, Zhaoqian; Chen, Yu-Yu; Burrell, Amy; Geist, Beth; Jeong, Hyoyoung; Kim, Joohee; Yoon, Hong-Joon; Banks, Anthony; Kang, Seung-Kyun; Zhang, Zheng Jenny; Haney, Chad R.; Sahakian, Alan Varteres; Johnson, David; Efimova, Tatiana; Huang, Yonggang; Trachiotis, Gregory D.; Knight, Bradley P.; Arora, Rishi K.; Efimov, Igor R.; Rogers, John A.
      Nature Biotechnology (2021), 39 (10), 1228-1238CODEN: NABIF9; ISSN:1087-0156. (Nature Portfolio)
      Abstr.: Temporary cardiac pacemakers used in periods of need during surgical recovery involve percutaneous leads and externalized hardware that carry risks of infection, constrain patient mobility and may damage the heart during lead removal. Here we report a leadless, battery-free, fully implantable cardiac pacemaker for postoperative control of cardiac rate and rhythm that undergoes complete dissoln. and clearance by natural biol. processes after a defined operating timeframe. We show that these devices provide effective pacing of hearts of various sizes in mouse, rat, rabbit, canine and human cardiac models, with tailored geometries and operation timescales, powered by wireless energy transfer. This approach overcomes key disadvantages of traditional temporary pacing devices and may serve as the basis for the next generation of postoperative temporary pacing technol.
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    29. 29
      Huang, Y.; Cui, Y.; Deng, H.; Wang, J.; Hong, R.; Hu, S.; Hou, H.; Dong, Y.; Wang, H.; Chen, J. Bioresorbable Thin-Film Silicon Diodes for the -Optoelectronic Excitation and Inhibition of Neural Activities. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2023, 7, 486– 498,  DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00931-0
      29
      Bioresorbable thin-film silicon diodes for the optoelectronic excitation and inhibition of neural activities
      Huang, Yunxiang; Cui, Yuting; Deng, Hanjie; Wang, Jingjing; Hong, Rongqi; Hu, Shuhan; Hou, Hanqing; Dong, Yuanrui; Wang, Huachun; Chen, Junyu; Li, Lizhu; Xie, Yang; Sun, Pengcheng; Fu, Xin; Yin, Lan; Xiong, Wei; Shi, Song-Hai; Luo, Minmin; Wang, Shirong; Li, Xiaojian; Sheng, Xing
      Nature Biomedical Engineering (2023), 7 (4), 486-498CODEN: NBEAB3; ISSN:2157-846X. (Nature Portfolio)
      Abstr.: Neural activities can be modulated by leveraging light-responsive nanomaterials as interfaces for exerting photothermal, photoelectrochem. or photocapacitive effects on neurons or neural tissues. Here we show that bioresorbable thin-film monocryst. silicon pn diodes can be used to optoelectronically excite or inhibit neural activities by establishing polarity-dependent pos. or neg. photovoltages at the semiconductor/soln. interface. Under laser illumination, the silicon-diode optoelectronic interfaces allowed for the deterministic depolarization or hyperpolarization of cultured neurons as well as the upregulated or downregulated intracellular calcium dynamics. The optoelectronic interfaces can also be mounted on nerve tissue to activate or silence neural activities in peripheral and central nervous tissues, as we show in mice with exposed sciatic nerves and somatosensory cortices. Bioresorbable silicon-based optoelectronic thin films that selectively excite or inhibit neural tissue may find advantageous biomedical applicability.
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    30. 30
      Ouyang, H.; Li, Z.; Gu, M.; Hu, Y.; Xu, L.; Jiang, D.; Cheng, S.; Zou, Y.; Deng, Y.; Shi, B. A Bioresorbable Dynamic Pressure Sensor for Cardiovascular Postoperative Care. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2102302,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102302
      30
      A Bioresorbable Dynamic Pressure Sensor for Cardiovascular Postoperative Care
      Ouyang, Han; Li, Zhe; Gu, Min; Hu, Yiran; Xu, Lingling; Jiang, Dongjie; Cheng, Sijing; Zou, Yang; Deng, Yu; Shi, Bojing; Hua, Wei; Fan, Yubo; Li, Zhou; Wang, Zhonglin
      Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2021), 33 (39), 2102302CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      Bioresorbable electronics that can be absorbed and become part of the organism after their service life are a new trend to avoid secondary invasive surgery. However, the material limitation is a significant challenge. There are fewer biodegradable materials with pressure-sensitive properties. Here, a pressure sensor based on the triboelec. effect between bioabsorbable materials is reported. This effect is available in almost all materials. The bioresorbable triboelec. sensor (BTS) can directly convert ambient pressure changes into elec. signals. This device successfully identifies abnormal vascular occlusion events in large animals (dogs). The service life of the BTS reaches 5 days with a high service efficiency (5.95%). The BTS offers excellent sensitivity (11 mV mmHg-1), linearity (R2 = 0.993), and good durability (450 000 cycles). The antibacterial bioresorbable materials (poly(lactic acid)-(chitosan 4%)) for the BTS can achieve 99% sterilization. Triboelec. devices are expected to be applied in postoperative care as bioresorbable electronics.
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    31. 31
      Lewis, J. W., Jr; Webb, C. R.; Pickard, S. D.; Lehman, J.; Jacobsen, G. The Increased Need for a Permanent Pacemaker after Reoperative Cardiac Surgery. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1998, 116, 74– 81,  DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5223(98)70245-4
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      The increased need for a permanent pacemaker after reoperative cardiac surgery
      Lewis J W Jr; Webb C R; Pickard S D; Lehman J; Jacobsen G
      The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery (1998), 116 (1), 74-81 ISSN:0022-5223.
      OBJECTIVE: The requirement for permanent pacemaker implantation after most initial cardiac surgical procedures generally is less than 3%. To identify the incidence and factors related to permanent pacemaker need after repeat cardiac surgery, we retrospectively studied 558 consecutive patients undergoing at least one repeat cardiac operation. METHOD: Univariable and multivariable analyses of comorbidity, preoperative catheterization values, and operative data were performed to identify factors related to pacemaker implantation. RESULTS: In this group, 54 patients (9.7%) required a permanent pacemaker. A multivariable model showed a relationship between a permanent pacemaker and tricuspid valve replacement/annuloplasty associated with aortic/mitral valve replacement, preoperative endocarditis, increasing number of reoperations, the degree of hypothermia during cardiopulmonary bypass, and advanced age. Additional univariable predictors of pacemaker need included multiple valve replacement, increased cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic crossclamp times, and aortic valve replacement. Over 90% of patients who have or have not received permanent pacemaker implantation were in New York Heart Association class I to II, with a mean follow-up time of 6 years. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were statistically similar for both groups at 5 and 10 years after the operation. CONCLUSION: Permanent pacemaker implantation was required in 9.7% of patients undergoing repeat cardiac surgery. This represented approximately a fourfold increase compared with similar primary operations reported in other series. Factors strongly related to this need included valve replacement, preoperative endocarditis, number of reoperations, advanced age, and degree of hypothermia during cardiopulmonary bypass. The need for a permanent pacemaker after reoperations did not result in significant long-term impairment of functional status or longevity compared with those who did not require a permanent pacemaker.
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    32. 32
      Chiao, J. C. Batteryless wireless gastric implants. In Proceedings of WAMICON 2014, June 6, 2014; IEEE, 2014; pp 1– 4.  DOI: 10.1109/WAMICON.2014.6857808
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    33. 33
      Boutry, C. M.; Beker, L.; Kaizawa, Y.; Vassos, C.; Tran, H.; Hinckley, A. C.; Pfattner, R.; Niu, S.; Li, J.; Claverie, J. Biodegradable and Flexible Arterial-Pulse Sensor for the Wireless Monitoring of Blood Flow. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2019, 3, 47– 57,  DOI: 10.1038/s41551-018-0336-5
      33
      Biodegradable and flexible arterial-pulse sensor for the wireless monitoring of blood flow
      Boutry, Clementine M.; Beker, Levent; Kaizawa, Yukitoshi; Vassos, Christopher; Tran, Helen; Hinckley, Allison C.; Pfattner, Raphael; Niu, Simiao; Li, Junheng; Claverie, Jean; Wang, Zhen; Chang, James; Fox, Paige M.; Bao, Zhenan
      Nature Biomedical Engineering (2019), 3 (1), 47-57CODEN: NBEAB3; ISSN:2157-846X. (Nature Research)
      The ability to monitor blood flow is crit. to patient recovery and patient outcomes after complex reconstructive surgeries. Clin. available wired implantable monitoring technol. requires careful fixation for accurate detection and needs to be removed after use. Here, we report the design of a pressure sensor, made entirely of biodegradable materials and based on fringe-field capacitor technol., for measuring arterial blood flow in both contact and non-contact modes. The sensor is operated wirelessly through inductive coupling, has minimal hysteresis, fast response times, excellent cycling stability, is highly robust, allows for easy mounting and eliminates the need for removal, thus reducing the risk of vessel trauma. We demonstrate the operation of the sensor with a custom-made artificial artery model and in vivo in rats. This technol. may be advantageous in real-time post-operative monitoring of blood flow after reconstructive surgery.
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    34. 34
      Frattolin, J.; Barua, R.; Aydin, H.; Rajagopalan, S.; Gottellini, L.; Leask, R.; Yue, S.; Frost, D.; Bertrand, O. F.; Mongrain, R. Development of a Novel Biodegradable Metallic Stent Based on Microgalvanic Effect. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2016, 44, 404– 418,  DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1458-5
      34
      Development of a Novel Biodegradable Metallic Stent Based on Microgalvanic Effect
      Frattolin Jennifer; Barua Rajib; Gottellini Luca; Frost David; Bertrand Olivier F; Mongrain Rosaire; Frattolin Jennifer; Mongrain Rosaire; Aydin Huseyin; Rajagopalan Sriraman; Yue Stephen; Gottellini Luca; Leask Richard; Bertrand Olivier F; Mongrain Rosaire
      Annals of biomedical engineering (2016), 44 (2), 404-18 ISSN:.
      The implementation of biodegradable stents has the potential to revolutionize obstructive coronary artery disease treatment. Limitations still currently exist, however, that prevent biodegradable stents from replacing permanent metallic stents in the global market. The ideal combination of stent properties, including sufficient mechanical strength, controlled degradation, and biocompatibility, has yet to be realized. A novel manufacturing process is proposed that utilizes cold gas-dynamic spraying to fabricate a metal structure with significantly reduced grain size. Iron and stainless steel 316L are combined to form a novel amalgamate with enhanced mechanical strength and a controllable degradation rate, due to the resulting microgalvanic reaction. Flat specimens composed of iron and 316L are fabricated in various compositions, and mechanical and degradation tests were conducted. Femto laser techniques are utilized to produce stents composed of 80% Fe and 20% stainless steel 316L. The in vitro degradation behaviour of the stent is investigated using static and dynamic corrosion tests. It is shown that the corrosion rate can be adjusted to desired values, by varying the weight percentage of iron and stainless steel 316L within the amalgamate.
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    35. 35
      Han, H.-S.; Loffredo, S.; Jun, I.; Edwards, J.; Kim, Y.-C.; Seok, H.-K.; Witte, F.; Mantovani, D.; Glyn-Jones, S. Current Status and Outlook on the Clinical Translation of Biodegradable Metals. Mater. Today 2019, 23, 57– 71,  DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2018.05.018
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      Current status and outlook on the clinical translation of biodegradable metals
      Han, Hyung-Seop; Loffredo, Sergio; Jun, Indong; Edwards, James; Kim, Yu-Chan; Seok, Hyun-Kwang; Witte, Frank; Mantovani, Diego; Glyn-Jones, Sion
      Materials Today (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2019), 23 (), 57-71CODEN: MTOUAN; ISSN:1369-7021. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      A review. During the last decade, translational research on biodegradable metallic materials has shown the feasibility of these novel materials for use in the fields of cardiol. and orthopedics. Implants prepd. with biodegradable metals are significantly stronger than their polymer counterparts, and there is now convincing evidence demonstrating that these materials fully biodegrade in vivo, thus reducing the need for secondary surgery. Clin. trials of such novel materials show significant potential, with the prospect of a paradigm shift in the way musculoskeletal and cardiovascular conditions are treated. This work provides an overview of the rapidly advancing technol. of biodegradable metals, as well as defining some challenges in the application of these new biodegradable materials in the medical field.
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    36. 36
      Mei, T.; Wang, C.; Liao, M.; Li, J.; Wang, L.; Tang, C.; Sun, X.; Wang, B.; Peng, H. A Biodegradable and Rechargeable Fiber Battery. J. Mater. Chem. A 2021, 9, 10104– 10109,  DOI: 10.1039/D1TA01507A
      36
      A biodegradable and rechargeable fiber battery
      Mei, Tenglong; Wang, Chuang; Liao, Meng; Li, Jiaxin; Wang, Liyuan; Tang, Chengqiang; Sun, Xuemei; Wang, Bingjie; Peng, Huisheng
      Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability (2021), 9 (16), 10104-10109CODEN: JMCAET; ISSN:2050-7496. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
      It is crit. to realize biodegradable and rechargeable batteries that are also flexible and safe for power supplies in vivo, yet they remain unavailable. Here, we discovered such a biocompatible battery by designing biodegradable fiber conductors incorporated with polydopamine/polypyrrole composite material as the anode and MnO2 as the cathode, biodegradable chitosan as the separator and body fluid as the electrolyte. It can be directly injected into the body mini-invasively and well integrate with biol. tissues without inducing immune responses. It delivered a specific capacity of 25.6 mA h g-1 with a retention of 69.1% after 200 charge/discharge cycles to power various biomedical devices. For instance, it was demonstrated to effectively power biosensors in the body. After completing the mission, it could be biodegraded, eliminating the need of surgery to remove it.
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    37. 37
      Middleton, J. C.; Tipton, A. J. Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers as Orthopedic Devices. Biomaterials 2000, 21, 2335– 2346,  DOI: 10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00101-0
      37
      Synthetic biodegradable polymers as orthopedic devices
      Middleton, J. C.; Tipton, A. J.
      Biomaterials (2000), 21 (23), 2335-2346CODEN: BIMADU; ISSN:0142-9612. (Elsevier Science Ltd.)
      A review with 37 refs. Polymer scientists, working closely with those in the device and medical fields, have made tremendous advances over the past 30 yr in the use of synthetic materials in the body. In this article, we will focus on properties of biodegradable polymers which make them ideally suited for orthopedic applications where a permanent implant is not desired. The materials with the greatest history of use are the poly(lactides) and poly(glycolides), and these will be covered in specific detail. The chem. of the polymers, including synthesis and degrdn., the tailoring of properties by proper synthetic controls such as copolymer compn., special requirements for processing and handling, and mechanisms of biodegrdn. will be covered. An overview of biocompatibility and approved devices of particular interest in orthopedics are also covered.
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    38. 38
      Reed, A.; Gilding, D. Biodegradable Polymers for Use in Surgery─Poly (Glycolic)/Poly (Iactic Acid) Homo and Copolymers: 2. In Vitro Degradation. Polymer 1981, 22, 494– 498,  DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(81)90168-3
      38
      Biodegradable polymers for use in surgery: poly(glycolic)/poly(lactic acid) homo- and copolymers. 2. In vitro degradation
      Reed, A. M.; Gilding, D. K.
      Polymer (1981), 22 (4), 494-8CODEN: POLMAG; ISSN:0032-3861.
      The degrdn. mechanisms of glycolic acid-l-lactic acid copolymer (I) [34346-01-5] and poly(l-lactic acid) [26100-51-6] films, and of poly(glycolic acid) (II) [26124-68-5] sutures, were studied in vitro using a test model (A. R. et al., 1981). The effects of time, temp., and pH on the rate and mechanism of degrdn. were detd. The degree of degrdn. was monitored by gel permeation chromatog., tensile strength, and wt.-loss measurements. The polymers degraded by hydrolysis and the mechanism was insensitive to pH. I had a wide range of degrdn. rates, governed by the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance and crystallinity of the copolymer. The effect of the Tg of II on its sensitivity to degrdn. is also demonstrated.
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    39. 39
      Rüegg, M.; Blum, R.; Boero, G.; Brugger, J. Biodegradable Frequency-Selective Magnesium Radio-Frequency Microresonators for Transient Biomedical Implants. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1903051,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201903051
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    40. 40
      Yu, K. J.; Kuzum, D.; Hwang, S.-W.; Kim, B. H.; Juul, H.; Kim, N. H.; Won, S. M.; Chiang, K.; Trumpis, M.; Richardson, A. G. Bioresorbable Silicon Electronics for Transient Spatiotemporal Mapping of Electrical Activity From the Cerebral Cortex. Nat. Mater. 2016, 15, 782– 791,  DOI: 10.1038/nmat4624
      40
      Bioresorbable silicon electronics for transient spatiotemporal mapping of electrical activity from the cerebral cortex
      Yu, Ki Jun; Kuzum, Duygu; Hwang, Suk-Won; Kim, Bong Hoon; Juul, Halvor; Kim, Nam Heon; Won, Sang Min; Chiang, Ken; Trumpis, Michael; Richardson, Andrew G.; Cheng, Huanyu; Fang, Hui; Thompson, Marissa; Bink, Hank; Talos, Delia; Seo, Kyung Jin; Lee, Hee Nam; Kang, Seung-Kyun; Kim, Jae-Hwan; Lee, Jung Yup; Huang, Younggang; Jensen, Frances E.; Dichter, Marc A.; Lucas, Timothy H.; Viventi, Jonathan; Litt, Brian; Rogers, John A.
      Nature Materials (2016), 15 (7), 782-791CODEN: NMAACR; ISSN:1476-1122. (Nature Publishing Group)
      Bioresorbable silicon electronics technol. offers unprecedented opportunities to deploy advanced implantable monitoring systems that eliminate risks, cost and discomfort assocd. with surgical extn. Applications include postoperative monitoring and transient physiol. recording after percutaneous or minimally invasive placement of vascular, cardiac, orthopaedic, neural or other devices. We present an embodiment of these materials in both passive and actively addressed arrays of bioresorbable silicon electrodes with multiplexing capabilities, which record in vivo electrophysiol. signals from the cortical surface and the subgaleal space. The devices detect normal physiol. and epileptiform activity, both in acute and chronic recordings. Comparative studies show sensor performance comparable to std. clin. systems and reduced tissue reactivity relative to conventional clin. electrocorticog. (ECoG) electrodes. This technol. offers general applicability in neural interfaces, with addnl. potential utility in treatment of disorders where transient monitoring and modulation of physiol. function, implant integrity and tissue recovery or regeneration are required.
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    41. 41
      Koo, J.; MacEwan, M. R.; Kang, S.-K.; Won, S. M.; Stephen, M.; Gamble, P.; Xie, Z.; Yan, Y.; Chen, Y.-Y.; Shin, J. Wireless Bioresorbable Electronic System Enables Sustained Nonpharmacological Neuroregenerative Therapy. Nat. Med. 2018, 24, 1830– 1836,  DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0196-2
      41
      Wireless bioresorbable electronic system enables sustained nonpharmacological neuroregenerative therapy
      Koo, Jahyun; MacEwan, Matthew R.; Kang, Seung-Kyun; Won, Sang Min; Stephen, Manu; Gamble, Paul; Xie, Zhaoqian; Yan, Ying; Chen, Yu-Yu; Shin, Jiho; Birenbaum, Nathan; Chung, Sangjin; Kim, Sung Bong; Khalifeh, Jawad; Harburg, Daniel V.; Bean, Kelsey; Paskett, Michael; Kim, Jeonghyun; Zohny, Zohny S.; Lee, Seung Min; Zhang, Ruoyao; Luo, Kaijing; Ji, Bowen; Banks, Anthony; Lee, Hyuck Mo; Huang, Younggang; Ray, Wilson Z.; Rogers, John A.
      Nature Medicine (New York, NY, United States) (2018), 24 (12), 1830-1836CODEN: NAMEFI; ISSN:1078-8956. (Nature Research)
      A review. Peripheral nerve injuries represent a significant problem in public health, constituting 2-5% of all trauma cases1. For severe nerve injuries, even advanced forms of clin. intervention often lead to incomplete and unsatisfactory motor and/or sensory function2. Numerous studies report the potential of pharmacol. approaches (for example, growth factors, immunosuppressants) to accelerate and enhancein rodent models3-10. Unfortunately, few have had a pos. impact in clin. practice. Direct intraoperative elec. stimulation of injured nerve tissue proximal to the site of repair has been demonstrated to enhance and accelerate functional recovery11,12, suggesting a novel nonpharmacol., bioelec. form of therapy that could complement existing surgical approaches. A significant limitation of this technique is that existing protocols are constrained to intraoperative use and limited therapeutic benefits13. Herein we introduce (i) a platform for wireless, programmable elec. peripheral nerve stimulation, built with a collection of circuit elements and substrates that are entirely bioresorbable and biocompatible, and (ii) the first reported demonstration of enhanced neuroregeneration and functional recovery in rodent models as a result of multiple episodes of elec. stimulation of injured nervous tissue.
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    42. 42
      Wallace, H. A.; Basehore, B. M.; Zito, P. M. Wound Healing Phases. In Statpearls; StatPearls Publishing LLC: Treasure Island, FL, 2023.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    43. 43
      Bordat, A.; Boissenot, T.; Nicolas, J.; Tsapis, N. Thermoresponsive Polymer Nanocarriers for Biomedical Applications. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2019, 138, 167– 192,  DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.10.005
      43
      Thermoresponsive polymer nanocarriers for biomedical applications
      Bordat, Alexandre; Boissenot, Tanguy; Nicolas, Julien; Tsapis, Nicolas
      Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (2019), 138 (), 167-192CODEN: ADDREP; ISSN:0169-409X. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Polymer nanocarriers allow drug encapsulation leading to fragile mol. protection from early degrdn./metabolization, increased soly. of poorly sol. drugs and improved plasmatic half-life. However, efficiently controlling the drug release from nanocarriers is still challenging. Thermoresponsive polymers exhibiting either a lower crit. soly. temp. (LCST) or an upper crit. soly. temp. (UCST) in aq. medium may be the key to build spatially and temporally controlled drug delivery systems. In this review, we provide an overview of LCST and UCST polymers used as building blocks for thermoresponsive nanocarriers for biomedical applications. Recent nanocarriers based on thermoresponsive polymer exhibiting unprecedented features useful for biomedical applications are also discussed. While LCST nanocarriers have been studied for over two decades, UCST nanocarriers have recently emerged and already show great potential for effective thermoresponsive drug release.
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    44. 44
      Koo, J.; Kim, S. B.; Choi, Y. S.; Xie, Z.; Bandodkar, A. J.; Khalifeh, J.; Yan, Y.; Kim, H.; Pezhouh, M. K.; Doty, K. Wirelessly Controlled, Bioresorbable Drug Delivery Device with Active Valves That Exploit Electrochemically Triggered Crevice Corrosion. Sci. Adv. 2020, 6, eabb1093  DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb1093
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    45. 45
      Kubota, T.; Kurashina, Y.; Zhao, J.; Ando, K.; Onoe, H. Ultrasound-Triggered on-Demand Drug Delivery Using Hydrogel Microbeads with Release Enhancer. Mater. Des. 2021, 203, 109580,  DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109580
      45
      Ultrasound-triggered on-demand drug delivery using hydrogel microbeads with release enhancer
      Kubota, Takeshi; Kurashina, Yuta; Zhao, JianYi; Ando, Keita; Onoe, Hiroaki
      Materials & Design (2021), 203 (), 109580CODEN: MADSD2; ISSN:0264-1275. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Ultrasound-triggered drug delivery has been widely researched for its potential to improve the therapeutic efficacy of drugs. This paper presents drug release using hydrogel microbeads with release enhancer for efficient ultrasound-triggered drug delivery. By using a centrifuge-based microfluidic device, drug-model-encapsulating calcium alginate hydrogel microbeads contg. tungsten particles with high acoustic impedance were fabricated. Because the tungsten particles work as release enhancer, the hydrogel microbeads become to have high sensitivity to ultrasound with localized variation in acoustic impedance so that the release rate of drug models improves. By applying ultrasound at 20 kHz to the hydrogel microbeads, the release of fluorescent silica nanoparticles that are a drug model for virus vectors, micelles, and proteins was tested. Importantly, the proposed hydrogel microbeads released the drug model even under a cavitation-suppressed environment. Furthermore, the addnl. coating on the hydrogel microbeads with poly-L-lysine enabled us to adjust the release rate of the drug model. The proposed ultrasound-triggered drug release system using release enhancer is expected to be an effective approach for expanding the varieties of applicable treatments using on-demand drug delivery systems.
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    46. 46
      Ouyang, Q.; Feng, X.; Kuang, S.; Panwar, N.; Song, P.; Yang, C.; Yang, G.; Hemu, X.; Zhang, G.; Yoon, H. S. Self-Powered, on-Demand Transdermal Drug Delivery System Driven by Triboelectric Nanogenerator. Nano Energy 2019, 62, 610– 619,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.05.056
      46
      Self-powered, on-demand transdermal drug delivery system driven by triboelectric nanogenerator
      Ouyang, Qingling; Feng, Xueling; Kuang, Shuangyang; Panwar, Nishtha; Song, Peiyi; Yang, Chengbin; Yang, Guang; Hemu, Xinya; Zhang, Gong; Yoon, Ho Sup; Tam, James P.; Liedberg, Bo; Zhu, Guang; Yong, Ken-Tye; Wang, Zhong Lin
      Nano Energy (2019), 62 (), 610-619CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      In this work, we present a self-powered and on-demand transdermal drug delivery system driven by triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG). A miniaturized TENG and a home-built power management circuit were designed to trigger the elec.-responsive drug carrier for controlled drug release, as well as to activate the iontophoresis treatment for enhanced drug delivery efficiency. In the system, the TENG can harvest electricity from bio-mech. energy, and the power management circuit is able to store, adjust, and stabilize the electricity for on-demand drug release actions. Our results demonstrate that the on-demand drug release can be simply realized by operating the TENG. Manually rotating the TENG (30-40 rpm) for 1.5 min can release a drug dosage of 3μg/cm2. Furthermore, the system has achieved tunable drug release rate for the transdermal drug delivery: the rate can be tuned from 0.05 to 0.25μg/cm2 per min by changing the duration of TENG charging or the resistance of the power management circuit. In addn., ex vivo expts. on porcine skin validate the performance of such TENG-based drug delivery system with ∼50% enhancement over conventional transdermal patches. The proposed system is intended to provide patients with an easy approach to achieve customized rate and dosage of drug release.
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    47. 47
      Saravanakumar, G.; Kim, J.; Kim, W. J. Reactive-Oxygen-Species-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems: Promises and Challenges. Adv. Sci. 2017, 4, 1600124,  DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600124
      47
      Reactive-Oxygen-Species-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems: Promises and Challenges
      Saravanakumar Gurusamy; Kim Jihoon; Kim Won Jong
      Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) (2017), 4 (1), 1600124 ISSN:2198-3844.
      Given the increasing evidence indicates that many pathological conditions are associated with elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, there have been growing research efforts focused on the development of ROS-responsive carrier systems because of their promising potential to realize more specific diagnosis and effective therapy. By judicious utilization of ROS-responsive functional moieties, a wide range of carrier systems has been designed for ROS-mediated drug delivery. In this review article, insights into design principle and recent advances on the development of ROS-responsive carrier systems for drug delivery applications are provided alongside discussion of their in vitro and in vivo evaluation. In particular, the discussions in this article will mainly focus on polymeric nanoparticles, hydrogels, inorganic nanoparticles, and activatable prodrugs that have been integrated with diverse ROS-responsive moieties for spatiotemporally controlled release of drugs for effective therapy.
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    48. 48
      Zhai, Z.; Du, X.; Long, Y.; Zheng, H. Biodegradable Polymeric Materials for Flexible and Degradable Electronics. Front. Electron. 2022, 3, 985681,  DOI: 10.3389/felec.2022.985681
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    49. 49
      Chen, S.; Huang, T.; Zuo, H.; Qian, S.; Guo, Y.; Sun, L.; Lei, D.; Wu, Q.; Zhu, B.; He, C. A Single Integrated 3d-Printing Process Customizes Elastic and Sustainable Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Wearable Electronics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1805108,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201805108
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    50. 50
      Hosseini, E. S.; Dervin, S.; Ganguly, P.; Dahiya, R. Biodegradable Materials for Sustainable Health Monitoring Devices. ACS Appl. Bio Mater. 2021, 4, 163– 194,  DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01139
      50
      Biodegradable Materials for Sustainable Health Monitoring Devices
      Hosseini, Ensieh S.; Dervin, Saoirse; Ganguly, Priyanka; Dahiya, Ravinder
      ACS Applied Bio Materials (2021), 4 (1), 163-194CODEN: AABMCB; ISSN:2576-6422. (American Chemical Society)
      A review. The recent advent of biodegradable materials has offered huge opportunity to transform healthcare technologies by enabling sensors that degrade naturally after use. The implantable electronic systems made from such materials eliminate the need for extn. or reoperation, minimize chronic inflammatory responses, and hence offer attractive propositions for future biomedical technol. The eco-friendly sensor systems developed from degradable materials could also help mitigate some of the major environmental issues by reducing the vol. of electronic or medical waste produced and, in turn, the carbon footprint. With this background, herein we present a comprehensive overview of the structural and functional biodegradable materials that have been used for various biodegradable or bioresorbable electronic devices. The discussion focuses on the dissoln. rates and degrdn. mechanisms of materials such as natural and synthetic polymers, org. or inorg. semiconductors, and hydrolyzable metals. The recent trend and examples of biodegradable or bioresorbable materials-based sensors for body monitoring, diagnostic, and medical therapeutic applications are also presented. Lastly, key technol. challenges are discussed for clin. application of biodegradable sensors, particularly for implantable devices with wireless data and power transfer. Promising perspectives for the advancement of future generation of biodegradable sensor systems are also presented.
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    51. 51
      Pan, R.; Xuan, W.; Chen, J.; Dong, S.; Jin, H.; Wang, X.; Li, H.; Luo, J. Fully Biodegradable Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Electrospun Polylactic Acid and Nanostructured Gelatin Films. Nano Energy 2018, 45, 193– 202,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.12.048
      51
      Fully biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerators based on electrospun polylactic acid and nanostructured gelatin films
      Pan, Ruizheng; Xuan, Weipeng; Chen, Jinkai; Dong, Shurong; Jin, Hao; Wang, Xiaozhi; Li, Honglang; Luo, Jikui
      Nano Energy (2018), 45 (), 193-202CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Here, we present a fully biodegradable triboelec. nanogenerator (BD-TENG) based on gelatin film and electrospun polylactic acid nanofiber membrane. By optimizing the material properties of the gelatin and PLA polymer films, an output voltage up to 500 V, a short circuit c.d. of 10.6 mA/m2 and a max. power d. over 5 W/m2 are achieved with a device dimension of 4 × 4 cm2. Performance of the BD-TENGs using different material combinations under various test conditions are investigated and analyzed. The BD-TENGs show excellent mech. stability and reliability upon cyclical contact for up to 15,000 times. Biodegrdn. expts. show that all the materials of the TENG could be degraded completely into water in about 40 days. The BD-TENGs provide a promising green micro-power source for environment monitoring, biomedical implants through harvesting energy from wind, heart motion et al., yet they can dissolve with no adverse effect to environment or human body.
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    52. 52
      Peng, X.; Dong, K.; Ye, C.; Jiang, Y.; Zhai, S.; Cheng, R.; Liu, D.; Gao, X.; Wang, J.; Wang, Z. L. A Breathable, Biodegradable, Antibacterial, and Self-Powered Electronic Skin Based on All-Nanofiber Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Sci. Adv. 2020, 6, eaba9624  DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba9624
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    53. 53
      Manousiouthakis, E.; Park, J.; Hardy, J. G.; Lee, J. Y.; Schmidt, C. E. Towards the Translation of Electroconductive Organic Materials for Regeneration of Neural Tissues. Acta Biomater. 2022, 139, 22– 42,  DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.065
      53
      Towards the translation of electroconductive organic materials for regeneration of neural tissues
      Manousiouthakis, Eleana; Park, Junggeon; Hardy, John G.; Lee, Jae Young; Schmidt, Christine E.
      Acta Biomaterialia (2022), 139 (), 22-42CODEN: ABCICB; ISSN:1742-7061. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      A review. Carbon-based conductive and electroactive materials (e.g., derivs. of graphene, fullerenes, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline) have been studied since the 1970s for use in a broad range of applications. These materials have elec. properties comparable to those of commonly used metals, while providing other benefits such as flexibility in processing and modification with biologics (e.g., cells, biomols.), to yield electroactive materials with biomimetic mech. and chem. properties. In this review, we focus on the uses of these electroconductive materials in the context of the central and peripheral nervous system, specifically recent studies in the peripheral nerve, spinal cord, brain, eye, and ear. We also highlight in vivo studies and clin. trials, as well as a snapshot of emerging classes of electroconductive materials (e.g., biodegradable materials). We believe such specialized elec. conductive biomaterials will clin. impact the field of tissue regeneration in the foreseeable future.
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    54. 54
      Yao, G.; Kang, L.; Li, C.; Chen, S.; Wang, Q.; Yang, J.; Long, Y.; Li, J.; Zhao, K.; Xu, W. A Self-Powered Implantable and Bioresorbable Electrostimulation Device for Biofeedback Bone Fracture Healing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2021, 118, e2100772118  DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100772118
      54
      A self-powered implantable and bioresorbable electrostimulation device for biofeedback bone fracture healing
      Yao, Guang; Kang, Lei; Li, Cuicui; Chen, Sihong; Wang, Qian; Yang, Junzhe; Long, Yin; Li, Jun; Zhao, Kangning; Xu, Weina; Cai, Weibo; Lin, Yuan; Wang, Xudong
      Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2021), 118 (28), e2100772118CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)
      Electrostimulation has been recognized as a promising nonpharmacol. treatment in orthopedics to promote bone fracture healing. However, clin. applications have been largely limited by the complexity of equipment operation and stimulation implementation. Here, we present a self-powered implantable and bioresorbable bone fracture electrostimulation device, which consists of a triboelec. nanogenerator for electricity generation and a pair of dressing electrodes for applying electrostimulations directly toward the fracture. The device can be attached to irregular tissue surfaces and provide biphasic elec. pulses in response to nearby body movements. We demonstrated the operation of this device on rats and achieved effective bone fracture healing in as short as 6 wk vs. the controls for more than 10 wk to reach the same healing result. The optimized elec. field could activate relevant growth factors to regulate bone microenvironment for promoting bone formation and bone remodeling to accelerate bone regeneration and maturation, with statistically significant 27% and 83% improvement over the control groups in mineral d. and flexural strength, resp. This work provided an effective implantable fracture therapy device that is self-responsive, battery free, and requires no surgical removal after fulfilling the biomedical intervention.
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    55. 55
      Lee, G.; Choi, Y. S.; Yoon, H.-J.; Rogers, J. A. Advances in Physicochemically Stimuli-Responsive Materials for on-Demand Transient Electronic Systems. Matter 2020, 3, 1031– 1052,  DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2020.08.021
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    56. 56
      Hernandez, H. L.; Kang, S. K.; Lee, O. P.; Hwang, S. W.; Kaitz, J. A.; Inci, B.; Park, C. W.; Chung, S.; Sottos, N. R.; Moore, J. S. Triggered Transience of Metastable Poly (Phthalaldehyde) for Transient Electronics. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 7637– 7642,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201403045
      56
      Triggered Transience of Metastable Poly(phthalaldehyde) for Transient Electronics
      Hernandez, Hector Lopez; Kang, Seung-Kyun; Lee, Olivia P.; Hwang, Suk-Won; Kaitz, Joshua A.; Inci, Bora; Park, Chan Woo; Chung, Sangjin; Sottos, Nancy R.; Moore, Jeffrey S.; Rogers, John A.; White, Scott R.
      Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2014), 26 (45), 7637-7642CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      The authors demonstrate photodegradable or phototriggerable transient electronics fabricated on a cyclic PPA (cPPA) substrate with a photoacid generator (PAG) additive. The electronics are destroyed by triggering the PAG/cPPA substrates with UV light. Transience rates were tuned by modifying the PAG concn. and the irradiance of the UV source. The authors demonstrate the encapsulation of a passive device with PAG/PPA. The degrdn. of the encapsulating film leads to the degrdn. of the electrode causing an altered performance of the device which can be used as a partial triggering technique where only part of a device is destroyed.
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    57. 57
      Kikkawa, Y.; Tanaka, S.; Norikane, Y. Photo-Triggered Enzymatic Degradation of Biodegradable Polymers. RSC Adv. 2017, 7, 55720– 55724,  DOI: 10.1039/C7RA10598C
      57
      Photo-triggered enzymatic degradation of biodegradable polymers
      Kikkawa, Yoshihiro; Tanaka, Satoko; Norikane, Yasuo
      RSC Advances (2017), 7 (88), 55720-55724CODEN: RSCACL; ISSN:2046-2069. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
      A material whose enzymic degrdn. is initiated by an external stimulus is of great importance from the viewpoint of practical biodegradable polymers. In this context, we developed a method that controls the initiation of enzymic degrdn. by light. 4,4'-didecyloxy-3-methylazobenzene (Azo), which melts upon exposure to UV radiation, was coated onto biodegradable poly(L-lactide) and the enzymic degrdn. of the polymer by proteinase K was successfully initiated and controlled by tuning the solid-liq. transition of the azo-based compd. This stimulus-triggered enzymic degrdn. is a significant contribution to the development of lifetime-controlled biodegradable materials.
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    58. 58
      Lee, D.-M.; Rubab, N.; Hyun, I.; Kang, W.; Kim, Y.-J.; Kang, M.; Choi, B. O.; Kim, S.-W. Ultrasound-Mediated Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Powering on-Demand Transient Electronics. Sci. Adv. 2022, 8, eabl8423  DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl8423
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    59. 59
      Li, Y.; Liu, X.; Li, B.; Zheng, Y.; Han, Y.; Chen, D.-f.; Yeung, K. W. K.; Cui, Z.; Liang, Y.; Li, Z. Near-Infrared Light Triggered Phototherapy and Immunotherapy for Elimination of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Biofilm Infection on Bone Implant. ACS Nano 2020, 14, 8157– 8170,  DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01486
      59
      Near-Infrared Light Triggered Phototherapy and Immunotherapy for Elimination of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Infection on Bone Implant
      Li, Yuan; Liu, Xiangmei; Li, Bo; Zheng, Yufeng; Han, Yong; Chen, Da-fu; Yeung, Kelvin Wai Kwok; Cui, Zhenduo; Liang, Yanqin; Li, Zhaoyang; Zhu, Shengli; Wang, Xianbao; Wu, Shuilin
      ACS Nano (2020), 14 (7), 8157-8170CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)
      Clin., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilm infection inevitably induces the failure of bone implants. Herein, a hydrophilic and viscous hydrogel of poly(vinyl alc.) modified with chitosan, polydopamine, and NO release donor was formed on a red phosphorus nanofilm deposited on a titanium implant (Ti-RP/PCP/RSNO). Under the irradn. of near-IR light (NIR), peroxynitrite (•ONOO-) was formed by the reaction between the released NO and superoxide (•O2-) produced by the RP nanofilm. Specifically, we revealed the antibacterial mechanism of the ONOO- against the MRSA biofilm. In addn., osteogenic differentiation was promoted and inflammatory polarization was regulated by the released NO without NIR irradn. through upregulating the expression of Opn and Ocn genes and TNF-α. The MRSA biofilm was synergistically eradicated by •ONOO-, hyperthermia, and •O2- under NIR irradn. as well as the immunoreaction of the M1 polarization. The in vivo results also confirmed the excellent osteogenesis and biofilm eradication by released NO from the RP/PCP/RSNO system under NIR irradn., indicating the noninvasive tissue reconstruction of MRSA-infected tissues through phototherapy and immunotherapy.
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    60. 60
      Liu, D.; Zhang, S.; Cheng, H.; Peng, R.; Luo, Z. Thermally Triggered Vanishing Bulk Polyoxymethylene for Transient Electronics. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 18107,  DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54565-5
      60
      Thermally Triggered Vanishing Bulk Polyoxymethylene for Transient Electronics
      Liu, Dongqing; Zhang, Songhe; Cheng, Haifeng; Peng, Renfu; Luo, Zhijian
      Scientific Reports (2019), 9 (1), 18107CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Research)
      Transient materials capable of disappearing rapidly and completely are crit. for transient electronics. End-capped polyoxymethylene (POM) has excellent mech. properties and thermal stability. However, research concerning the inherent thermal instability of POM without end-capping to obtain transient rather than stable materials, has never been reported. Here, POM without end-capping is proposed as a novel thermally triggered transient solid material that can vanish rapidly by undergoing conversion to a volatile gas, and a chem. vapor deposition method is developed to obtain a smooth POM substrate from the synthesized POM powder. Exptl. and theor. anal. was employed to reveal the mechanism whereby the POM substrate formed and vanished. A Cr/Au/SiO2/Cu memristor device, which was successfully deposited on the POM substrate by phys. vapor deposition, exhibits bipolar resistive switching, suggesting that the POM substrate is suitable for use in elec. devices. Thermal triggering causes the POM substrate to vanish as the memristor disintegrates, confirming excellent transient performance. The deposited bulk POM material can completely vanish by thermally triggered depolymn., and is suitable for phys. transient substrates and packaging materials, demonstrating great prospects for application in transient electronics for information security.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXitlWktbjK&md5=5d7fa1468632e547235e9786247e3341
    61. 61
      Park, C. W.; Kang, S.-K.; Hernandez, H. L.; Kaitz, J. A.; Wie, D. S.; Shin, J.; Lee, O. P.; Sottos, N. R.; Moore, J. S.; Rogers, J. A. Thermally Triggered Degradation of Transient Electronic Devices. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 3783– 3788,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201501180
      61
      Thermally Triggered Degradation of Transient Electronic Devices
      Park, Chan Woo; Kang, Seung-Kyun; Hernandez, Hector Lopez; Kaitz, Joshua A.; Wie, Dae Seung; Shin, Jiho; Lee, Olivia P.; Sottos, Nancy R.; Moore, Jeffrey S.; Rogers, John A.; White, Scott R.
      Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2015), 27 (25), 3783-3788CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      The authors report thermal-triggered transient electronics based on protective wax coatings that contain encapsulated acid microdroplets. Upon exposure to sufficient heat, the melting of the wax releases the encapsulated acid which then enables rapid device destruction via acidic degrdn. of electronic components. Inert and hard silicone waxes with rapid phase changes above their m.p. were selected for coating materials. Sequestration and encapsulation of methanesulfonic acid (MSA) were achieved by melt casting of an acid/wax emulsion. Melting of the wax releases the acid and device destruction follows rapidly. Along with the degrdn. of Mg traces by MSA, Si-based devices are also destroyed by acid-triggered depolymn. of the cPPA substrate. The heat-triggerable wax encapsulation system presented which sequesters and releases degrdn. agents on demand, provides a simple and versatile approach for thermally triggered device destruction. Transience response is fast and tunable, and a temp.-programmed multistage transition was demonstrated with waxes of different m.ps. This system can be combined with either non-degradable or degradable substrates, and selection of degrdn. or dissoln. agents with the appropriate substrate will further expand transition modes. The wireless triggerable self-destruction system shows great promise for remote triggered device destruction, and various heating modes based on near-IR, magnetic field, and microwave radiation may provide more varied triggering modalities.
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    62. 62
      Buchanan, F. J. Degradation Rate of Bioresorbable Materials: Prediction and Evaluation; Woodhead: Cambridge, UK, 2008.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    63. 63
      Jung, Y. H.; Chang, T.-H.; Zhang, H.; Yao, C.; Zheng, Q.; Yang, V. W.; Mi, H.; Kim, M.; Cho, S. J.; Park, D.-W. High-Performance Green Flexible Electronics Based on Biodegradable Cellulose Nanofibril Paper. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 7170,  DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8170
      63
      High-performance green flexible electronics based on biodegradable cellulose nanofibril paper
      Jung Yei Hwan; Chang Tzu-Hsuan; Zhang Huilong; Mi Hongyi; Kim Munho; Cho Sang June; Park Dong-Wook; Jiang Hao; Lee Juhwan; Ma Zhenqiang; Yao Chunhua; Zheng Qifeng; Yang Vina W; Cai Zhiyong; Qiu Yijie; Zhou Weidong; Gong Shaoqin
      Nature communications (2015), 6 (), 7170 ISSN:.
      Today's consumer electronics, such as cell phones, tablets and other portable electronic devices, are typically made of non-renewable, non-biodegradable, and sometimes potentially toxic (for example, gallium arsenide) materials. These consumer electronics are frequently upgraded or discarded, leading to serious environmental contamination. Thus, electronic systems consisting of renewable and biodegradable materials and minimal amount of potentially toxic materials are desirable. Here we report high-performance flexible microwave and digital electronics that consume the smallest amount of potentially toxic materials on biobased, biodegradable and flexible cellulose nanofibril papers. Furthermore, we demonstrate gallium arsenide microwave devices, the consumer wireless workhorse, in a transferrable thin-film form. Successful fabrication of key electrical components on the flexible cellulose nanofibril paper with comparable performance to their rigid counterparts and clear demonstration of fungal biodegradation of the cellulose-nanofibril-based electronics suggest that it is feasible to fabricate high-performance flexible electronics using ecofriendly materials.
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    64. 64
      Kim, H.; Choi, S.; Hong, Y.; Chung, J.; Choi, J.; Choi, W.-K.; Park, I. W.; Park, S. H.; Park, H.; Chung, W.-J. Biocompatible and Biodegradable Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel Film. Appl. Mater. Today 2021, 22, 100920,  DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100920
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    65. 65
      Li, H.; Zheng, Y.; Qin, L. Progress of Biodegradable Metals. Prog. Nat. Sci.: Mater. 2014, 24, 414– 422,  DOI: 10.1016/j.pnsc.2014.08.014
      65
      Progress of biodegradable metals
      Li, Huafang; Zheng, Yufeng; Qin, Ling
      Progress in Natural Science: Materials International (2014), 24 (5), 414-422CODEN: PNSMBB ISSN:. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Biodegradable metals (BMs) are metals and alloys expected to corrode gradually in vivo, with an appropriate host response elicited by released corrosion products, then dissolve completely upon fulfilling the mission to assist with tissue healing with no implant residues. In the present review article, three classes of BMs have been systematically reviewed, including Mg-based, Fe-based and Zn-based BMs. Among the three BM systems, Mg-based BMs, which now have several systems reported the successful of clin. trial results, are considered the vanguards and main force. Fe-based BMs, with pure iron and Fe-Mn based alloys as the most promising, are still on the animal test stage. Zn-based BMs, supposed to have the degrdn. rate between the fast Mg-based BMs and the slow Fe-based BMs, are a rising star with only several reports and need much further research. The future research and development direction for the BMs are proposed, based on the clin. requirements on controllable degrdn. rate, prolonged mech. stability and excellent biocompatibility, by optimization of alloy compn. design, regulation on microstructure and mech. properties, and following surface modification.
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    66. 66
      Nyamayaro, K.; Keyvani, P.; D’Acierno, F.; Poisson, J.; Hudson, Z. M.; Michal, C. A.; Madden, J. D.; Hatzikiriakos, S. G.; Mehrkhodavandi, P. Toward Biodegradable Electronics: Ionic Diodes Based on a Cellulose Nanocrystal-Agarose Hydrogel. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 52182– 52191,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15601
      66
      Toward biodegradable electronics: Ionic diodes based on cellulose nanocrystal-agarose hydrogel
      Nyamayaro, Kudzanai; Keyvani, Parya; D'Acierno, Francesco; Poisson, Jade; Hudson, Zachary M.; Michal, Carl A.; Madden, John D. W.; Hatzikiriakos, Savvas G.; Mehrkhodavandi, Parisa
      ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2020), 12 (46), 52182-52191CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
      Bioderived cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are used to create light, flexible, biocompatible, and biodegradable electronic devices. Herein, surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals was employed to fabricate cationic and anionic CNCs. Subsequently, we demonstrated rectification behavior from a fixed junction between two agarose hydrogels doped with cationic and anionic cellulose nanocrystals. The current rectification ratio reaches 70 reproducibly, which is significantly higher than that for analogous diodes generated with microfibrillated cellulose (∼15) and the first polyelectrolyte gel diode (∼40). The current-voltage characteristics of the CNC-hydrogel diode are influenced by concn., gel thickness, scanning frequency, and applied voltage. The high surface area of CNC resulted in high charge d. after surface modification, which in turn resulted in good rectification behavior from only small amts. of dopant material.
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    67. 67
      Sabir, M. I.; Xu, X.; Li, L. A Review on Biodegradable Polymeric Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications. J. Mater. Sci. 2009, 44, 5713– 5724,  DOI: 10.1007/s10853-009-3770-7
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      A review on biodegradable polymeric materials for bone tissue engineering applications
      Sabir, Muhammad Iqbal; Xu, Xiaoxue; Li, Li
      Journal of Materials Science (2009), 44 (21), 5713-5724CODEN: JMTSAS; ISSN:0022-2461. (Springer)
      A review. Biodegradable polymer scaffolds have played a significant role in wide range of tissue engineering application such as bone scaffolds since the last decade. The aim of this article is to provide the comprehensive overview of biocompatible and biodegradable polymer materials and composite materials with their advantages and drawbacks in the application of biomaterial scaffolds. Furthermore the properties and degrdn. criteria of the biomaterials are discussed in this review.
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    68. 68
      Kim, B. H.; Kim, J.-H.; Persano, L.; Hwang, S.-W.; Lee, S.; Lee, J.; Yu, Y.; Kang, Y.; Won, S. M.; Koo, J. Dry Transient Electronic Systems by Use of Materials That Sublime. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27, 1606008,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201606008
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    69. 69
      Gao, Y.; Babb, J. S.; Toth, H. K.; Moy, L.; Heller, S. L. Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Practice Patterns Following 2011 Fda Approval: A Survey of Breast Imaging Radiologists. Acad. Radiol. 2017, 24, 947– 953,  DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2016.12.011
      69
      Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Practice Patterns Following 2011 FDA Approval: A Survey of Breast Imaging Radiologists
      Gao Yiming; Babb James S; Toth Hildegard K; Moy Linda; Heller Samantha L
      Academic radiology (2017), 24 (8), 947-953 ISSN:.
      RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate uptake, patterns of use, and perception of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) among practicing breast radiologists. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional Review Board exemption was obtained for this Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant electronic survey, sent to 7023 breast radiologists identified via the Radiological Society of North America database. Respondents were asked of their geographic location and practice type. DBT users reported length of use, selection criteria, interpretive sequences, recall rate, and reading time. Radiologist satisfaction with DBT as a diagnostic tool was assessed (1-5 scale). RESULTS: There were 1156 (16.5%) responders, 65.8% from the United States and 34.2% from abroad. Of these, 749 (68.6%) use DBT; 22.6% in academia, 56.5% private, and 21% other. Participants are equally likely to report use of DBT if they worked in academics versus in private practice (78.2% [169 of 216] vs 71% [423 of 596]) (odds ratio, 1.10; 95% confidence interval: 0.87-1.40; P = 1.000). Of nonusers, 43% (147 of 343) plan to adopt DBT. No US regional differences in uptake were observed (P = 1.000). Although 59.3% (416 of 702) of DBT users include synthetic 2D (s2D) for interpretation, only 24.2% (170 of 702) use s2D alone. Majority (66%; 441 of 672) do not perform DBT-guided procedures. Radiologist (76.6%) (544 of 710) satisfaction with DBT as a diagnostic tool is high (score ≥ 4/5). CONCLUSIONS: DBT is being adopted worldwide across all practice types, yet variations in examination indication, patient selection, utilization of s2D images, and access to DBT-guided procedures persist, highlighting the need for consensus and standardization.
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    70. 70
      Zhong, S.; Ji, X.; Song, L.; Zhang, Y.; Zhao, R. Enabling Transient Electronics with Degradation on Demand Via Light-Responsive Encapsulation of a Hydrogel-Oxide Bilayer. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 36171– 36176,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14161
      70
      Enabling Transient Electronics with Degradation on Demand via Light-Responsive Encapsulation of a Hydrogel-Oxide Bilayer
      Zhong, Shuai; Ji, Xinglong; Song, Li; Zhang, Yishu; Zhao, Rong
      ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2018), 10 (42), 36171-36176CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
      Phys. transient electronics, which can disappear under certain conditions in aq. solns. or biofluids, has attracted increasing attention because of its potential applications as "green" electronics and biomedical devices. Till now, the excitation of the transient process is achieved by passive dissoln. of the encapsulation layer, which has a very limited control over the process. Here, we report a novel light-triggered encapsulation strategy via a bilayer of a light-responsive hydrogel and oxide to control the degrdn. on demand in aq. environment. The hydrogel serving as a barrier between the environment and oxide limited the water's movement and penetration, leading to improved stable operation time. More importantly, the light-responsive hydrogel underwent a gel-to-soln. transition upon applying UV light. The drastic change of the water movement enabled a transient process triggered on demand. Via this encapsulation scheme, we demonstrated fully sol. resistors and resistive random access memory devices with the UV light-triggered transient process. This work provides a new pathway to design transient devices with controllable degrdn. to meet various requirements of green electronics and biomedical devices.
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    71. 71
      Kwak, S. S.; Yoo, S.; Avila, R.; Chung, H. U.; Jeong, H.; Liu, C.; Vogl, J. L.; Kim, J.; Yoon, H.-J.; Park, Y. Skin-Integrated Devices with Soft, Holey Architectures for Wireless Physiological Monitoring, with Applications in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2103974,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103974
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      Skin-Integrated Devices with Soft, Holey Architectures for Wireless Physiological Monitoring, With Applications in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
      Kwak, Sung Soo; Yoo, Seonggwang; Avila, Raudel; Chung, Ha Uk; Jeong, Hyoyoung; Liu, Claire; Vogl, Jamie L.; Kim, Joohee; Yoon, Hong-Joon; Park, Yoonseok; Ryu, Hanjun; Lee, Geumbee; Kim, Jihye; Koo, Jahyun; Oh, Yong Suk; Kim, Sungbong; Xu, Shuai; Zhao, Zichen; Xie, Zhaoqian; Huang, Yonggang; Rogers, John A.
      Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2021), 33 (44), 2103974CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      Continuous monitoring of vital signs is an essential aspect of operations in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units (NICUs and PICUs), of particular importance to extremely premature and/or critically ill patients. Current approaches require multiple sensors taped to the skin and connected via hard-wired interfaces to external data acquisition electronics. The adhesives can cause iatrogenic injuries to fragile, underdeveloped skin, and the wires can complicate even the most routine tasks in patient care. Here, materials strategies and design concepts are introduced that significantly improve these platforms through the use of optimized materials, open (i.e., "holey") layouts and precurved designs. These schemes 1) reduce the stresses at the skin interface, 2) facilitate release of interfacial moisture from transepidermal water loss, 3) allow visual inspection of the skin for rashes or other forms of irritation, 4) enable triggered redn. of adhesion to reduce the probability for injuries that can result from device removal. A combination of systematic benchtop testing and computational modeling identifies the essential mechanisms and key considerations. Demonstrations on adult volunteers and on a neonate in an operating NICUs illustrate a broad range of capabilities in continuous, clin.-grade monitoring of conventional vital signs, and unconventional indicators of health status.
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    72. 72
      Kim, J.; Banks, A.; Xie, Z.; Heo, S. Y.; Gutruf, P.; Lee, J. W.; Xu, S.; Jang, K.-I.; Liu, F.; Brown, G. Miniaturized Flexible Electronic Systems with Wireless Power and near-Field Communication Capabilities. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25, 4761– 4767,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201501590
      72
      Miniaturized Flexible Electronic Systems with Wireless Power and Near-Field Communication Capabilities
      Kim, Jeonghyun; Banks, Anthony; Xie, Zhaoqian; Heo, Seung Yun; Gutruf, Philipp; Lee, Jung Woo; Xu, Sheng; Jang, Kyung-In; Liu, Fei; Brown, Gregory; Choi, Junghyun; Kim, Joo Hyun; Feng, Xue; Huang, Yonggang; Paik, Ungyu; Rogers, John A.
      Advanced Functional Materials (2015), 25 (30), 4761-4767CODEN: AFMDC6; ISSN:1616-301X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      A class of thin, lightwt., flexible, near-field communication (NFC) devices with ultraminiaturized format is introduced, and systematic investigations of the mechanics, radio frequency characteristics, and materials aspects assocd. with their optimized construction are presented. These systems allow advantages in mech. strength, placement versatility, and minimized interfacial stresses compared to other NFC technologies and wearable electronics. Detailed exptl. studies and theor. modeling of the mech. and electromagnetic properties of these systems establish understanding of the key design considerations. These concepts can apply to many other types of wireless communication systems including biosensors and electronic implants.
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    73. 73
      Lee, C. H.; Kang, S. K.; Salvatore, G. A.; Ma, Y.; Kim, B. H.; Jiang, Y.; Kim, J. S.; Yan, L.; Wie, D. S.; Banks, A. Wireless Microfluidic Systems for Programmed, Functional Transformation of Transient Electronic Devices. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25, 5100– 5106,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201502192
      73
      Wireless Microfluidic Systems for Programmed, Functional Transformation of Transient Electronic Devices
      Lee, Chi Hwan; Kang, Seung-Kyun; Salvatore, Giovanni A.; Ma, Yinji; Kim, Bong Hoon; Jiang, Yu; Kim, Jae Soon; Yan, Lingqing; Wie, Dae Seung; Banks, Anthony; Oh, Soong Ju; Feng, Xue; Huang, Yonggang; Troester, Gerhard; Rogers, John A.
      Advanced Functional Materials (2015), 25 (32), 5100-5106CODEN: AFMDC6; ISSN:1616-301X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      Electronic systems that enable programmable transformation of functional behaviors by remote control or by autonomous responses to user-defined circumstances create unusual engineering opportunities, where phys. changes in the hardware induce desired changes in operation. This paper presents materials and device architectures for technologies of this type, in which localized microfluidic chem. etching of targeted constituent components in the electronics occurs in a sequential, selective manner. Custom circuits that include reconfigurable radio-powered thermal actuators with analog amplifiers and square waveform generators illustrate the concepts.
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    74. 74
      Mandal, S.; Sarpeshkar, R. Power-Efficient Impedance-Modulation Wireless Data Links for Biomedical Implants. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 2008, 2, 301– 315,  DOI: 10.1109/TBCAS.2008.2005295
      74
      Power-efficient impedance-modulation wireless data links for biomedical implants
      Mandal S; Sarpeshkar R
      IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems (2008), 2 (4), 301-15 ISSN:1932-4545.
      We analyze the performance of wireless data telemetry links for implanted biomedical systems. An experimental realization of a bidirectional half-duplex link that uses near-field inductive coupling between the implanted system and an external transceiver is described. Our system minimizes power consumption in the implanted system by using impedance modulation to transmit high-bandwidth information in the uplink direction, i.e., from the implanted to the external system. We measured a data rate of 2.8 Mbps at a bit error rate (BER) of <10(-6) (we could not measure error rates below 10(-6) ) and a data rate of 4.0 Mbps at a BER of 10(-3). Experimental results also demonstrate data transfer rates up to 300 kbps in the opposite, i.e., downlink direction. We also perform a theoretical analysis of the bit error rate performance. An important effect regarding the asymmetry of rising and falling edges that is inherent to impedance modulation is predicted by theory and confirmed by experiment. The link dissipates 2.5 mW in the external system and only 100 muW in the implanted system, making it among the most power-efficient inductive data links reported. Our link is compatible with FCC regulations on radiated emissions.
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    75. 75
      Kurs, A.; Karalis, A.; Moffatt, R.; Joannopoulos, J. D.; Fisher, P.; Soljačić, M. Wireless Power Transfer Via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances. Science 2007, 317, 83– 86,  DOI: 10.1126/science.1143254
      75
      Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances
      Kurs, Andre; Karalis, Aristeidis; Moffatt, Robert; Joannopoulos, J. D.; Fisher, Peter; Soljacic, Marin
      Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2007), 317 (5834), 83-86CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
      Using self-resonant coils in a strongly coupled regime, the authors exptl. demonstrated efficient nonradiative power transfer over distances up to 8 times the radius of the coils. The authors were able to transfer 60 W with ~40% efficiency over distances >2 m. The authors present a quant. model describing the power transfer, which matches the exptl. results to within 5%. The authors discuss the practical applicability of this system and suggest directions for further study.
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    76. 76
      Ho, S. L.; Wang, J.; Fu, W. N.; Sun, M. A Comparative Study between Novel Witricity and Traditional Inductive Magnetic Coupling in Wireless Charging. IEEE Trans. Magn. 2011, 47, 1522– 1525,  DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2010.2091495
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    77. 77
      Merli, F.; Bolomey, L.; Zurcher, J. F.; Corradini, G.; Meurville, E.; Skrivervik, A. K. Design, Realization and Measurements of a Miniature Antenna for Implantable Wireless Communication Systems. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2011, 59, 3544– 3555,  DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2011.2163763
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    78. 78
      Park, S. I.; Brenner, D. S.; Shin, G.; Morgan, C. D.; Copits, B. A.; Chung, H. U.; Pullen, M. Y.; Noh, K. N.; Davidson, S.; Oh, S. J. Soft, Stretchable, Fully Implantable Miniaturized Optoelectronic Systems for Wireless Optogenetics. Nat. Biotechnol. 2015, 33, 1280– 1286,  DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3415
      78
      Soft, stretchable, fully implantable miniaturized optoelectronic systems for wireless optogenetics
      Park, Sung Il; Brenner, Daniel S.; Shin, Gunchul; Morgan, Clinton D.; Copits, Bryan A.; Chung, Ha Uk; Pullen, Melanie Y.; Noh, Kyung Nim; Davidson, Steve; Oh, Soong Ju; Yoon, Jangyeol; Jang, Kyung-In; Samineni, Vijay K.; Norman, Megan; Grajales-Reyes, Jose G.; Vogt, Sherri K.; Sundaram, Saranya S.; Wilson, Kellie M.; Ha, Jeong Sook; Xu, Renxiao; Pan, Taisong; Kim, Tae-il; Huang, Yonggang; Montana, Michael C.; Golden, Judith P.; Bruchas, Michael R.; Gereau, Robert W. IV; Rogers, John A.
      Nature Biotechnology (2015), 33 (12), 1280-1286CODEN: NABIF9; ISSN:1087-0156. (Nature Publishing Group)
      Optogenetics allows rapid, temporally specific control of neuronal activity by targeted expression and activation of light-sensitive proteins. Implementation typically requires remote light sources and fiber-optic delivery schemes that impose considerable phys. constraints on natural behaviors. In this report we bypass these limitations using technologies that combine thin, mech. soft neural interfaces with fully implantable, stretchable wireless radio power and control systems. The resulting devices achieve optogenetic modulation of the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. This is demonstrated with two form factors; stretchable film applique´s that interface directly with peripheral nerves, and flexible filaments that insert into the narrow confines of the spinal epidural space. These soft, thin devices are minimally invasive, and histol. tests suggest they can be used in chronic studies. We demonstrate the power of this technol. by modulating peripheral and spinal pain circuitry, providing evidence for the potential widespread use of these devices in research and future clin. applications of optogenetics outside the brain.
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    79. 79
      Bocan, K. N.; Mickle, M. H.; Sejdić, E. Multi-Disciplinary Challenges in Tissue Modeling for Wireless Electromagnetic Powering: A Review. IEEE Sens. J. 2017, 17, 6498– 6509,  DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2017.2748338
      79
      Multi-disciplinary challenges in tissue modeling for wireless electromagnetic powering: a review
      Bocan, Kara N.; Mickle, Marlin H.; Sejdic, Ervin
      IEEE Sensors Journal (2017), 17 (20), 6498-6509CODEN: ISJEAZ; ISSN:1558-1748. (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
      A review. Wireless electromagnetic powering of implantable medical devices is a diverse research area, with goals including replacing percutaneous wires, miniaturizing and extending the lifetime of implanted devices, enabling wireless communication, and biosensing, all while maximizing safety and efficiency of wireless power transfer. Many challenges in wireless transcutaneous powering are assocd. with tissue as an electromagnetic transmission medium. Tissue is lossy and variable, and safety is a concern due to absorption of electromagnetic energy in high-water-content tissue. The purpose of this overview is to summarize reported variability of tissue properties, particularly in the context of electromagnetic safety, with a focus on models of tissue that can represent variability in the design and evaluation of systems for wireless transcutaneous power transfer.
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    80. 80
      Agarwal, K.; Jegadeesan, R.; Guo, Y.-X.; Thakor, N. V. Wireless Power Transfer Strategies for Implantable Bioelectronics. IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2017, 10, 136– 161,  DOI: 10.1109/RBME.2017.2683520
      80
      Wireless Power Transfer Strategies for Implantable Bioelectronics
      Agarwal Kush; Jegadeesan Rangarajan; Guo Yong-Xin; Thakor Nitish V
      IEEE reviews in biomedical engineering (2017), 10 (), 136-161 ISSN:.
      Neural implants have emerged over the last decade as highly effective solutions for the treatment of dysfunctions and disorders of the nervous system. These implants establish a direct, often bidirectional, interface to the nervous system, both sensing neural signals and providing therapeutic treatments. As a result of the technological progress and successful clinical demonstrations, completely implantable solutions have become a reality and are now commercially available for the treatment of various functional disorders. Central to this development is the wireless power transfer (WPT) that has enabled implantable medical devices (IMDs) to function for extended durations in mobile subjects. In this review, we present the theory, link design, and challenges, along with their probable solutions for the traditional near-field resonant inductively coupled WPT, capacitively coupled short-ranged WPT, and more recently developed ultrasonic, mid-field, and far-field coupled WPT technologies for implantable applications. A comparison of various power transfer methods based on their power budgets and WPT range follows. Power requirements of specific implants like cochlear, retinal, cortical, and peripheral are also considered and currently available IMD solutions are discussed. Patient's safety concerns with respect to electrical, biological, physical, electromagnetic interference, and cyber security from an implanted neurotech device are also explored in this review. Finally, we discuss and anticipate future developments that will enhance the capabilities of current-day wirelessly powered implants and make them more efficient and integrable with other electronic components in IMDs.
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    81. 81
      Montgomery, K. L.; Yeh, A. J.; Ho, J. S.; Tsao, V.; Mohan Iyer, S.; Grosenick, L.; Ferenczi, E. A.; Tanabe, Y.; Deisseroth, K.; Delp, S. L. Wirelessly Powered, Fully Internal Optogenetics for Brain, Spinal and Peripheral Circuits in Mice. Nat. Methods 2015, 12, 969– 974,  DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3536
      81
      Wirelessly powered, fully internal optogenetics for brain, spinal and peripheral circuits in mice
      Montgomery, Kate L.; Yeh, Alexander J.; Ho, John S.; Tsao, Vivien; Mohan Iyer, Shrivats; Grosenick, Logan; Ferenczi, Emily A.; Tanabe, Yuji; Deisseroth, Karl; Delp, Scott L.; Poon, Ada S. Y.
      Nature Methods (2015), 12 (10), 969-974CODEN: NMAEA3; ISSN:1548-7091. (Nature Publishing Group)
      To enable sophisticated optogenetic manipulation of neural circuits throughout the nervous system with limited disruption of animal behavior, light-delivery systems beyond fiber optic tethering and large, head-mounted wireless receivers are desirable. We report the development of an easy-to-construct, implantable wireless optogenetic device. Our smallest version (20 mg, 10 mm3) is two orders of magnitude smaller than previously reported wireless optogenetic systems, allowing the entire device to be implanted s.c. With a radio-frequency (RF) power source and controller, this implant produces sufficient light power for optogenetic stimulation with minimal tissue heating (<1 °C). We show how three adaptations of the implant allow for untethered optogenetic control throughout the nervous system (brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerve endings) of behaving mice. This technol. opens the door for optogenetic expts. in which animals are able to behave naturally with optogenetic manipulation of both central and peripheral targets.
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    82. 82
      Ho, J. S.; Tanabe, Y.; Iyer, S. M.; Christensen, A. J.; Grosenick, L.; Deisseroth, K.; Delp, S. L.; Poon, A. S. Self-Tracking Energy Transfer for Neural Stimulation in Untethered Mice. Phys. Rev. Appl. 2015, 4, 024001,  DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.4.024001
      82
      Self-tracking energy transfer for neural stimulation in untethered mice
      Ho, John S.; Tanabe, Yuji; Iyer, Shrivats Mohan; Christensen, Amelia J.; Grosenick, Logan; Deisseroth, Karl; Delp, Scott L.; Poon, Ada S. Y.
      Physical Review Applied (2015), 4 (2), 024001/1-024001/6CODEN: PRAHB2; ISSN:2331-7019. (American Physical Society)
      Optical or elec. stimulation of neural circuits in mice during natural behavior is an important paradigm for studying brain function. Conventional systems for optogenetics and elec. microstimulation require tethers or large head-mounted devices that disrupt animal behavior. We report a method for wireless powering of small-scale implanted devices based on the strong localization of energy that occurs during resonant interaction between a radio-frequency cavity and intrinsic modes in mice. The system features self-tracking over a wide (16-cm diam.) operational area, and is used to demonstrate wireless activation of cortical neurons with miniaturized stimulators (10 mm3, 20 mg) fully implanted under the skin.
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    83. 83
      Park, S. I.; Shin, G.; McCall, J. G.; Al-Hasani, R.; Norris, A.; Xia, L.; Brenner, D. S.; Noh, K. N.; Bang, S. Y.; Bhatti, D. L. Stretchable Multichannel Antennas in Soft Wireless Optoelectronic Implants for Optogenetics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2016, 113, E8169– E8177,  DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611769113
      83
      Stretchable multichannel antennas in soft wireless optoelectronic implants for optogenetics
      Park, Sung Il; Shin, Gunchul; McCall, Jordan G.; Al-Hasani, Ream; Norris, Aaron; Xia, Li; Brenner, Daniel S.; Noh, Kyung Nim; Bang, Sang Yun; Bhatti, Dionnet L.; Jang, Kyung-In; Kang, Seung-Kyun; Mickle, Aaron D.; Dussor, Gregory; Price, Theodore J.; Gereau, Robert W. IV; Bruchas, Michael R.; Rogers, John A.
      Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2016), 113 (50), E8169-E8177CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)
      Optogenetic methods to modulate cells and signaling pathways via targeted expression and activation of light-sensitive proteins have greatly accelerated the process of mapping complex neural circuits and defining their roles in physiol. and pathol. contexts. Recently demonstrated technologies based on injectable, microscale inorg. light-emitting diodes (μ-ILEDs) with wireless control and power delivery strategies offer important functionality in such expts., by eliminating the external tethers assocd. with traditional fiber optic approaches. Existing wireless μ-ILED embodiments allow, however, illumination only at a single targeted region of the brain with a single optical wavelength and over spatial ranges of operation that are constrained by the radio frequency power transmission hardware. Here the authors report stretchable, multiresonance antennas and battery-free schemes for multichannel wireless operation of independently addressable, multicolor μ-ILEDs with fully implantable, miniaturized platforms. This advance, as demonstrated through in vitro and in vivo studies using thin, mech. soft systems that sep. control as many as three different μ-ILEDs, relies on specially designed stretchable antennas in which parallel capacitive coupling circuits yield several independent, well-sepd. operating frequencies, as verified through exptl. and modeling results. When used in combination with active motion-tracking antenna arrays, these devices enable multichannel optogenetic research on complex behavioral responses in groups of animals over large areas at low levels of radio frequency power (<1 W). Studies of the regions of the brain that are involved in sleep arousal (locus coeruleus) and preference/aversion (nucleus accumbens) demonstrate the unique capabilities of these technologies.
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    84. 84
      Xie, Z.; Avila, R.; Huang, Y.; Rogers, J. A. Flexible and Stretchable Antennas for Biointegrated Electronics. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1902767,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902767
      84
      Flexible and Stretchable Antennas for Biointegrated Electronics
      Xie, Zhaoqian; Avila, Raudel; Huang, Yonggang; Rogers, John A.
      Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2020), 32 (15), 1902767CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      A review. Combined advances in material science, mech. engineering, and elec. engineering form the foundations of thin, soft electronic/optoelectronic platforms that have unique capabilities in wireless monitoring and control of various biol. processes in cells, tissues, and organs. Miniaturized, stretchable antennas represent an essential link between such devices and external systems for control, power delivery, data processing, and/or communication. Applications typically involve a demanding set of considerations in performance, size, and stretchability. Some of the most effective strategies rely on unusual materials such as liq. metals, nanowires, and woven textiles or on optimally configured 2D/3D structures such as serpentines and helical coils of conventional materials. In the best cases, the performance metrics of small, stretchable, radio frequency (RF) antennas realized using these strategies compare favorably to those of traditional devices. Examples range from dipole, monopole, and patch antennas for far-field RF operation, to magnetic loop antennas for near-field communication (NFC), where the key parameters include operating frequency, Q factor, radiation pattern, and reflection coeff. S11 across a range of mech. deformations and cyclic loads. Despite significant progress over the last several years, many challenges and assocd. research opportunities remain in the development of high-efficiency antennas for biointegrated electronic/optoelectronic systems.
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    85. 85
      Park, S. I.; Shin, G.; Banks, A.; McCall, J. G.; Siuda, E. R.; Schmidt, M. J.; Chung, H. U.; Noh, K. N.; Mun, J. G.-H.; Rhodes, J. Ultraminiaturized Photovoltaic and Radio Frequency Powered Optoelectronic Systems for Wireless Optogenetics. J. Neural Eng. 2015, 12, 056002,  DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/12/5/056002
      85
      Ultraminiaturized photovoltaic and radio frequency powered optoelectronic systems for wireless optogenetics
      Park Sung Il; Shin Gunchul; Banks Anthony; Rogers John A; McCall Jordan G; Siuda Edward R; Schmidt Martin J; Bruchas Michael R; Chung Ha Uk; Noh Kyung Nim; Rogers John A; Mun Jonathan Guo-Han; Rhodes Justin
      Journal of neural engineering (2015), 12 (5), 056002-56002 ISSN:.
      OBJECTIVE: Wireless control and power harvesting systems that operate injectable, cellular-scale optoelectronic components provide important demonstrated capabilities in neuromodulatory techniques such as optogenetics. Here, we report a radio frequency (RF) control/harvesting device that offers dramatically reduced size, decreased weight and improved efficiency compared to previously reported technologies. Combined use of this platform with ultrathin, multijunction, high efficiency solar cells allows for hundred-fold reduction of transmitted RF power, which greatly enhances the wireless coverage. APPROACH: Fabrication involves separate construction of the harvester and the injectable μ-ILEDs. To test whether the presence of the implantable device alters behavior, we implanted one group of wild type mice and compared sociability behavior to unaltered controls. Social interaction experiments followed protocols defined by Silverman et al. with minor modifications. MAIN RESULTS: The results presented here demonstrate that miniaturized RF harvesters, and RF control strategies with photovoltaic harvesters can, when combined with injectable μ-ILEDs, offer versatile capabilities in optogenetics. Experimental and modeling studies establish a range of effective operating conditions for these two approaches. Optogenetics studies with social groups of mice demonstrate the utility of these systems. SIGNIFICANCE: The addition of miniaturized, high performance photovoltaic cells significantly expands the operating range and reduces the required RF power. The platform can offer capabilities to modulate signaling path in the brain region of freely-behaving animals. These suggest its potential for widespread use in neuroscience.
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    86. 86
      Nan, K.; Kang, S. D.; Li, K.; Yu, K. J.; Zhu, F.; Wang, J.; Dunn, A. C.; Zhou, C.; Xie, Z.; Agne, M. T. Compliant and Stretchable Thermoelectric Coils for Energy Harvesting in Miniature Flexible Devices. Sci. Adv. 2018, 4, eaau5849  DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau5849
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    87. 87
      Lu, L.; Yang, Z.; Meacham, K.; Cvetkovic, C.; Corbin, E. A.; Vázquez-Guardado, A.; Xue, M.; Yin, L.; Boroumand, J.; Pakeltis, G. Biodegradable Monocrystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Microcells as Power Supplies for Transient Biomedical Implants. Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8, 1703035,  DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201703035
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    88. 88
      Obaid, S.; Lu, L. Highly Efficient Microscale Gallium Arsenide Solar Cell Arrays as Optogenetic Power Options. IEEE Photonics J. 2019, 11, 1– 8,  DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2019.2896005
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    89. 89
      Ding, H.; Lu, L.; Shi, Z.; Wang, D.; Li, L.; Li, X.; Ren, Y.; Liu, C.; Cheng, D.; Kim, H. Microscale Optoelectronic Infrared-to-Visible Upconversion Devices and Their Use as Injectable Light Sources. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2018, 115, 6632– 6637,  DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802064115
      89
      Microscale optoelectronic infrared-to-visible upconversion devices and their use as injectable light sources
      Ding, He; Lu, Lihui; Shi, Zhao; Wang, Dan; Li, Lizhu; Li, Xichen; Ren, Yuqi; Liu, Changbo; Cheng, Dali; Kim, Hoyeon; Giebink, Noel C.; Wang, Xiaohui; Yin, Lan; Zhao, Lingyun; Luo, Minmin; Sheng, Xing
      Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2018), 115 (26), 6632-6637CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)
      Optical upconversion that converts IR light into visible light is of significant interest for broad applications in biomedicine, imaging, and displays. Conventional upconversion materials rely on nonlinear light-matter interactions, exhibit incidence-dependent efficiencies, and require high-power excitation. We report an IR-to-visible upconversion strategy based on fully integrated microscale optoelectronic devices. These thin-film, ultraminiaturized devices realize near-IR (∼810 nm) to visible [630 nm (red) or 590 nm (yellow)] upconversion that is linearly dependent on incoherent, low-power excitation, with a quantum yield of ∼1.5%. Addnl. features of this upconversion design include broadband absorption, wideemission spectral tunability, and fast dynamics. Encapsulated, freestanding devices are transferred onto heterogeneous substrates and show desirable biocompatibilities within biol. fluids and tissues. PDMS. These microscale devices are implanted in behaving animals, with in vitro and in vivo expts. demonstrating their utility for optogenetic neuromodulation. This approach provides a versatile route to achieve upconversion throughout the entire visible spectral range at lower power and higher efficiency than has previously been possible.
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    90. 90
      Lee, S.; Cortese, A. J.; Gandhi, A. P.; Agger, E. R.; McEuen, P. L.; Molnar, A. C. A 250 Μm× 57 Μm Microscale Opto-Electronically Transduced Electrodes (Motes) for Neural Recording. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 2018, 12, 1256– 1266,  DOI: 10.1109/TBCAS.2018.2876069
      90
      A 250 μm × 57 μm Microscale Opto-electronically Transduced Electrodes (MOTEs) for Neural Recording
      Lee Sunwoo; Cortese Alejandro Javier; Gandhi Aasta Parin; Agger Elizabeth Rose; McEuen Paul L; Molnar Alyosha Christopher
      IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems (2018), 12 (6), 1256-1266 ISSN:.
      Recording neural activity in live animals in vivo with minimal tissue damage is one of the major barriers to understanding the nervous system. This paper presents the technology for a tetherless opto-electronic neural interface based on 180 nm CMOS circuits, heterogeneously integrated with an AlGaAs diode that functions as both a photovoltaic and light emitting diode. These microscale opto-electrically transduced electrodes (MOTEs) are powered by and communicate through an optical interface, simultaneously enabling high temporal-resolution electrical measurements without a tether or a bulky RF coil. The MOTE presented here is 250 μm × 57 μm, consumes 1 μW of electrical power, and is capable of capturing and encoding neural signals before transmitting the encoded signals. The measured noise floor is as low as 15 μVRMS at a 15 kHz bandwidth.
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    91. 91
      Singh, R.; Bathaei, M. J.; Istif, E.; Beker, L. A Review of Bioresorbable Implantable Medical Devices: Materials, Fabrication, and Implementation. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2020, 9, 2000790,  DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000790
      91
      A Review of Bioresorbable Implantable Medical Devices: Materials, Fabrication, and Implementation
      Singh, Rahul; Bathaei, Mohammad Javad; Istif, Emin; Beker, Levent
      Advanced Healthcare Materials (2020), 9 (18), 2000790CODEN: AHMDBJ; ISSN:2192-2640. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      Implantable medical devices (IMDs) are designed to sense specific parameters or stimulate organs and have been actively used for treatment and diagnosis of various diseases. IMDs are used for long-term disease screening or treatments and cannot be considered for short-term applications since patients need to go through a surgery for retrieval of the IMD. Advances in bioresorbable materials has led to the development of transient IMDs that can be resorbed by bodily fluids and disappear after a certain period. These devices are designed to be implanted in the adjacent of the targeted tissue for predetd. times with the aim of measurement of pressure, strain, or temp., while the bioelectronic devices stimulate certain tissues. They enable opportunities for monitoring and treatment of acute diseases. To realize such transient and miniaturized devices, researchers utilize a variety of materials, novel fabrication methods, and device design strategies. This review discusses potential bioresorbable materials for each component in an IMD followed by programmable degrdn. and safety stds. Then, common fabrication methods for bioresorbable materials are introduced, along with challenges. The final section provides representative examples of bioresorbable IMDs for various applications with an emphasis on materials, device functionality, and fabrication methods.
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    92. 92
      Podgorski, K.; Ranganathan, G. Brain Heating Induced by near-Infrared Lasers During Multiphoton Microscopy. J. Neurophysiol. 2016, 116, 1012– 1023,  DOI: 10.1152/jn.00275.2016
      92
      Brain heating induced by near-infrared lasers during multiphoton microscopy
      Podgorski, Kaspar; Ranganathan, Gayathri
      Journal of Neurophysiology (2016), 116 (3), 1012-1023CODEN: JONEA4; ISSN:0022-3077. (American Physiological Society)
      Two-photon imaging and optogenetic stimulation rely on high illumination powers, particularly for state-of-the-art applications that target deeper structures, achieve faster measurements, or probe larger brain areas. However, little information is available on heating and resulting damage induced by high-power illumination in the brain. In the current study we used thermocouple probes and quantum dot nanothermometers to measure temp. changes induced by two-photon microscopy in the neocortex of awake and anesthetized mice. We characterized heating as a function of wavelength, exposure time, and distance from the center of illumination. Although total power is highest near the surface of the brain, heating was most severe hundreds of micrometers below the focal plane, due to heat dissipation through the cranial window. Continuous illumination of a 1-mm2 area produced a peak temp. increase of ∼1.8°C/100 mW. Continuous illumination with powers above 250 mW induced lasting damage, detected with immunohistochem. against Iba1, glial fibrillary acidic protein, heat shock proteins, and activated caspase-3. Higher powers were usable in expts. with limited duty ratios, suggesting an approach to mitigate damage in high-power microscopy expts.
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    93. 93
      Mialhe, P.; Mouhamed, S.; Haydar, A. The Solar Cell Output Power Dependence on the Angle of Incident Radiation. Renew. Energy 1991, 1, 519– 521,  DOI: 10.1016/0960-1481(91)90065-W
      93
      The solar cell output power dependence on the angle of incident radiation
      Mialhe, P.; Mouhamed, S.; Haydar, A.
      Renewable Energy (1991), 1 (3-4), 519-21CODEN: RNENE3; ISSN:0960-1481.
      The decrease in output power of Si solar cells with increasing angle of incidence was investigated theor. and exptl. Effective junction depth, reflection losses, and surface photon distribution are modeled taking into account the front surface recombination velocity. The increase of power losses by surface recombination is dependent on the angle of incidence.
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    94. 94
      Settaluri, K. T.; Lo, H.; Ram, R. J. Thin Thermoelectric Generator System for Body Energy Harvesting. J. Electron. Mater. 2012, 41, 984– 988,  DOI: 10.1007/s11664-011-1834-3
      94
      Thin Thermoelectric Generator System for Body Energy Harvesting
      Settaluri, Krishna T.; Lo, Hsinyi; Ram, Rajeev J.
      Journal of Electronic Materials (2012), 41 (6), 984-988CODEN: JECMA5; ISSN:0361-5235. (Springer)
      Wearable thermoelec. generators (TEGs) harvest thermal energy generated by the body to generate useful electricity. The performance of these systems is limited by (1) the small working temp. differential between the body and ambient, (2) the desire to use natural air convection cooling on the cold side of the generator, and (3) the requirement for thin, lightwt. systems that are comfortable for long-term use. Our work has focused on the design of the heat transfer system as part of the overall thermoelec. (TE) system. In particular, the small heat transfer coeff. for natural air convection results in a module thermal impedance that is smaller than that of the heat sink. In this heat-sink-limited regime, the thermal resistance of the generator should be optimized to match that of the heat sink to achieve the best performance. In addn., we have designed flat (1 mm thickness) copper heat spreaders to realize performance surpassing splayed pin heat sinks. Two-dimensional (2-D) heat spreading exploits the large surface area available in a wristband and allows patterned copper to efficiently cool the TE. A d.c. (DC)/DC converter is integrated on the wristband. The system generates up to 28.5 μW/cm2 before the converter and 8.6 μW/cm2 after the converter, with 30% efficiency. It generates output of 4.15 V with overall thickness under 5 mm.
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    95. 95
      Basaeri, H.; Christensen, D. B.; Roundy, S. A Review of Acoustic Power Transfer for Bio-Medical Implants. Smart Mater. Struct. 2016, 25, 123001,  DOI: 10.1088/0964-1726/25/12/123001
      95
      A review of acoustic power transfer for bio-medical implants
      Basaeri, Hamid; Christensen, David B.; Roundy, Shad
      Smart Materials and Structures (2016), 25 (12), 123001/1-123001/23CODEN: SMSTER; ISSN:1361-665X. (IOP Publishing Ltd.)
      Bio-implantable devices have been used to perform therapeutic functions such as drug delivery or diagnostic monitoring of physiol. parameters. Proper operation of these devices depends on the continuous reliable supply of power. A battery, which is the conventional method to supply energy, is problematic in many of these devices as it limits the lifetime of the implant or dominates the size. In order to power implantable devices, power transfer techniques have been implemented as an attractive alternative to batteries and have received significant research interest in recent years. Acoustic waves are increasingly being investigated as a method for delivering power through human skin and the human body. Acoustic power transfer (APT) has some advantages over other powering techniques such as inductive power transfer and mid range RF power transmission. These advantages include lower absorption in tissue, shorter wavelength enabling smaller transducers, and higher power intensity threshold for safe operation. This paper will cover the basic physics and modeling of APT and will review the current state of acoustic (or ultrasonic) power transfer for biomedical implants. As the sensing and computational elements for biomedical implants are becoming very small, we devote particular attention to the scaling of acoustic and alternative power transfer techniques. Finally, we present current issues and challenges related to the implementation of this technique for powering implantable devices.
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    96. 96
      Kim, A.; Ochoa, M.; Rahimi, R.; Ziaie, B. New and Emerging Energy Sources for Implantable Wireless Microdevices. IEEE access 2015, 3, 89– 98,  DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2406292
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    97. 97
      Dagdeviren, C.; Javid, F.; Joe, P.; von Erlach, T.; Bensel, T.; Wei, Z.; Saxton, S.; Cleveland, C.; Booth, L.; McDonnell, S. Flexible Piezoelectric Devices for Gastrointestinal Motility Sensing. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2017, 1, 807– 817,  DOI: 10.1038/s41551-017-0140-7
      97
      Flexible piezoelectric devices for gastrointestinal motility sensing
      Dagdeviren, Canan; Javid, Farhad; Joe, Pauline; von Erlach, Thomas; Bensel, Taylor; Wei, Zijun; Saxton, Sarah; Cleveland, Cody; Booth, Lucas; McDonnell, Shane; Collins, Joy; Hayward, Alison; Langer, Robert; Traverso, Giovanni
      Nature Biomedical Engineering (2017), 1 (10), 807-817CODEN: NBEAB3; ISSN:2157-846X. (Nature Research)
      Improvements in ingestible electronics with the capacity to sense physiol. and pathophysiol. states have transformed the std. of care for patients. Yet, despite advances in device development, significant risks assocd. with solid, non-flexible gastrointestinal transiting systems remain. Here, we report the design and use of an ingestible, flexible piezoelec. device that senses mech. deformation within the gastric cavity. We demonstrate the capabilities of the sensor in both in vitro and ex vivo simulated gastric models, quantify its key behaviors in the gastrointestinal tract using computational modeling and validate its functionality in awake and ambulating swine. Our proof-of-concept device may lead to the development of ingestible piezoelec. devices that might safely sense mech. variations and harvest mech. energy inside the gastrointestinal tract for the diagnosis and treatment of motility disorders, as well as for monitoring ingestion in bariatric applications.
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    98. 98
      Dagdeviren, C.; Yang, B. D.; Su, Y.; Tran, P. L.; Joe, P.; Anderson, E.; Xia, J.; Doraiswamy, V.; Dehdashti, B.; Feng, X. Conformal Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting and Storage from Motions of the Heart, Lung, and Diaphragm. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2014, 111, 1927– 1932,  DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1317233111
      98
      Conformal piezoelectric energy harvesting and storage from motions of the heart, lung, and diaphragm
      Dagdeviren, Canan; Yang, Byung Duk; Su, Yewang; Tran, Phat L.; Joe, Pauline; Anderson, Eric; Xia, Jing; Doraiswamy, Vijay; Dehdashti, Behrooz; Feng, Xue; Lu, Bingwei; Poston, Robert; Khalpey, Zain; Ghaffari, Roozbeh; Huang, Yonggang; Slepian, Marvin J.; Rogers, John A.
      Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2014), 111 (5), 1927-1932CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)
      The authors report advanced materials and devices that enable high-efficiency mech.-to-elec. energy conversion from the natural contractile and relaxation motions of the heart, lung, and diaphragm, demonstrated in several different animal models, each of which has organs with sizes that approach human scales. A co-integrated collection of such energy-harvesting elements with rectifiers and microbatteries provides an entire flexible system, capable of viable integration with the beating heart via medical sutures and operation with efficiencies of ∼2%. Addnl. expts., computational models, and results in multilayer configurations capture the key behaviors, illuminate essential design aspects, and offer sufficient power outputs for operation of pacemakers, with or without battery assist.
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    99. 99
      Wang, J.; He, T.; Lee, C. Development of Neural Interfaces and Energy Harvesters Towards Self-Powered Implantable Systems for Healthcare Monitoring and Rehabilitation Purposes. Nano Energy 2019, 65, 104039,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104039
      99
      Development of neural interfaces and energy harvesters towards self-powered implantable systems for healthcare monitoring and rehabilitation purposes
      Wang, Jiahui; He, Tianyiyi; Lee, Chengkuo
      Nano Energy (2019), 65 (), 104039CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Despite its great promise, neural interface has yet to substantially impact modern healthcare monitoring and therapeutic interventions. However, considering the recent development of self-power solns., data transmission technologies, and artificial intelligence, neural interface has the potential to transform future clin. applications. Together with the recent self-powered energy harvesting technologies, neural interfaces are evolving towards fully implantable systems. Here, we first review the progress and current status of neural interfaces, start from the well-established neuromodulation protocols and efforts to translational applications, then move on to milestones of neural interface development, and end with the review on considerations and requirements of active and inactive materials. With the knowledge of neural interface current status, we further review implantable systems which are built on top of the neural interfaces. Particularly, we review well-established powering solns. Furthermore, we summarize the recent demonstrations of direct tissue stimulation with self-powered energy harvesters in chronol. order. In the end, we discuss the future opportunities and challenges in the direction towards self-powered systems for healthcare monitoring and rehabilitation purposes.
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    100. 100
      Panda, P.; Sahoo, B. Pzt to Lead Free Piezo Ceramics: A Review. Ferroelectrics 2015, 474, 128– 143,  DOI: 10.1080/00150193.2015.997146
      100
      PZT to Lead Free Piezo Ceramics: A Review
      Panda, P. K.; Sahoo, B.
      Ferroelectrics (2015), 474 (1), 128-143CODEN: FEROA8; ISSN:0015-0193. (Taylor & Francis, Inc.)
      A review. The growth of piezo science is phenomenal since the discovery of piezoelectricity in 1880. Among various piezoelec. materials, lead zirconate titanate (PZT) is a very popular and exhaustively studied piezo system which allows synthesis of large no. of materials with wide range of properties due to formation of solid solns. over large range of Zr:Ti ratio. Also, this system accommodates wide range of dopants for modification of crystal structure. Due to this versatile nature, PZT has emerged as very popular among users and researchers worldwide. However, considering the toxicity of lead oxide, development of lead free piezo ceramics is encouraged in recent years. Some lead free piezo material systems such as BNT, BKT, KNN, BZT-BCT have been explored. However, development of lead free piezo devices and their performance in comparison with PZT devices are yet to be established. At this juncture, it was felt that an article reviewing the current status of development of piezo materials highlighting the change from PZT to various lead free systems would be of very much interest to the researchers. Therefore, efforts are made to bring out the recent developments on R&D of piezo materials in this review article.
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    101. 101
      Sezer, N.; Koç, M. A Comprehensive Review on the State-of-the-Art of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting. Nano Energy 2021, 80, 105567,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105567
      101
      A comprehensive review on the state-of-the-art of piezoelectric energy harvesting
      Sezer, Nurettin; Koc, Muammer
      Nano Energy (2021), 80 (), 105567CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      A review. The global energy crisis and environmental pollutions caused mainly by the increased consumption of nonrenewable energy sources prompted researchers to explore alternative energy technologies that can harvest energies available in the ambient environment. Mech. energy is the most ubiquitous ambient energy that can be captured and converted into useful elec. power. Piezoelec. transduction is the prominent mech. energy harvesting mechanism owing to its high electromech. coupling factor and piezoelec. coeff. compared to electrostatic, electromagnetic, and triboelec. transductions. Thus, piezoelec. energy harvesting has received the utmost interest by the scientific community. Advancements of micro and nanoscale materials and manufg. processes have enabled the fabrication of piezoelec. generators with favorable features such as enhanced electromech. coupling factor, piezoelec. coeff., flexibility, stretch-ability, and integrate-ability for diverse applications. Besides that, miniature devices with lesser power demand are realized in the market with technol. developments in the electronics industry. Thus, it is anticipated that in near future, many electronics will be powered by piezoelec. generators. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the state-of-the-art of piezoelec. energy harvesting. The piezoelec. energy conversion principles are delineated, and the working mechanisms and operational modes of piezoelec. generators are elucidated. Recent researches on the developments of inorg., org., composite, and bio-inspired natural piezoelec. materials are reviewed. The applications of piezoelec. energy harvesting at nano, micro, and mesoscale in diverse fields including transportation, structures, aerial applications, in water applications, smart systems, microfluidics, biomedicals, wearable and implantable electronics, and tissue regeneration are reviewed. The advancements, limitations, and potential improvements of the materials and applications of the piezoelec. energy harvesting technol. are discussed. Briefly, this review presents the broad spectrum of piezoelec. materials for clean power supply to wireless electronics in diverse fields.
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    102. 102
      Han, M.; Wang, H.; Yang, Y.; Liang, C.; Bai, W.; Yan, Z.; Li, H.; Xue, Y.; Wang, X.; Akar, B. Three-Dimensional Piezoelectric Polymer Microsystems for Vibrational Energy Harvesting, Robotic Interfaces and Biomedical Implants. Nat. Electron. 2019, 2, 26– 35,  DOI: 10.1038/s41928-018-0189-7
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    103. 103
      Panda, P. Environmental Friendly Lead-Free Piezoelectric Materials. J. Mater. Sci. 2009, 44, 5049– 5062,  DOI: 10.1007/s10853-009-3643-0
      103
      Review: environmental friendly lead-free piezoelectric materials
      Panda, P. K.
      Journal of Materials Science (2009), 44 (19), 5049-5062CODEN: JMTSAS; ISSN:0022-2461. (Springer)
      A review. Lead zirconate titanate (PZT)-based piezoelec. materials are well known for their excellent piezoelec. properties. However, considering the toxicity of lead and its compds., there is a general awareness for the development of environmental friendly lead-free materials as evidenced from the legislation passed by the European Union to this effect. Several classes of materials are now being considered as potentially attractive alternatives to PZTs for specific applications. In this paper, attempts have been made to review the recent developments on lead-free piezo materials emphasizing on their prepn., structure-property correlation, etc. In this context, perovskite systems such as bismuth sodium titanate, alkali niobates (ANbO3), etc. and non-perovskites such as bismuth layer-structured ferroelecs. are reviewed in detail. From the above study, it is concluded that some lead-free compns. show stable piezoelec. responses even though they do not match the overall performance of PZT. This has been the stimulant for growing research on this subject. This topic is of current interest to the researchers worldwide as evidenced from the large no. of research publications. This has motivated us to come out with a review article with a view that it would give further impetus to the researchers already working in this area and also draw the attention of others.
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    104. 104
      Niu, P.; Chapman, P.; Riemer, R.; Zhang, X. Evaluation of Motions and Actuation Methods for Biomechanical Energy Harvestin. In Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE 35th annual power electronics specialists conference (IEEE Cat. No. 04CH37551), June 20–25, 2004, Aachen, Germany; IEEE, 2004; p 2100– 2106.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    105. 105
      Donelan, J. M.; Li, Q.; Naing, V.; Hoffer, J. A.; Weber, D.; Kuo, A. D. Biomechanical Energy Harvesting: Generating Electricity During Walking with Minimal User Effort. Science 2008, 319, 807– 810,  DOI: 10.1126/science.1149860
      105
      Biomechanical Energy Harvesting: Generating Electricity During Walking with Minimal User Effort
      Donelan, J. M.; Li, Q.; Naing, V.; Hoffer, J. A.; Weber, D. J.; Kuo, A. D.
      Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2008), 319 (5864), 807-810CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
      We have developed a biomech. energy harvester that generates electricity during human walking with little extra effort. Unlike conventional human-powered generators that use pos. muscle work, our technol. assists muscles in performing neg. work, analogous to regenerative braking in hybrid cars, where energy normally dissipated during braking drives a generator instead. The energy harvester mounts at the knee and selectively engages power generation at the end of the swing phase, thus assisting deceleration of the joint. Test subjects walking with one device on each leg produced an av. of 5 W of electricity, which is about 10 times that of shoe-mounted devices. The cost of harvesting-the addnl. metabolic power required to produce 1 W of electricity-is less than one-eighth of that for conventional human power generation. Producing substantial electricity with little extra effort makes this method well-suited for charging powered prosthetic limbs and other portable medical devices.
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    106. 106
      Cung, K.; Han, B. J.; Nguyen, T. D.; Mao, S.; Yeh, Y.-W.; Xu, S.; Naik, R. R.; Poirier, G.; Yao, N.; Purohit, P. K. Biotemplated Synthesis of Pzt Nanowires. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 6197– 6202,  DOI: 10.1021/nl4035708
      106
      Biotemplated Synthesis of PZT Nanowires
      Cung, Kellye; Han, Booyeon J.; Nguyen, Thanh D.; Mao, Sheng; Yeh, Yao-Wen; Xu, Shiyou; Naik, Rajesh R.; Poirier, Gerald; Yao, Nan; Purohit, Prashant K.; McAlpine, Michael C.
      Nano Letters (2013), 13 (12), 6197-6202CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)
      Piezoelec. nanowires are an important class of smart materials for next-generation applications including energy harvesting, robotic actuation, and bioMEMS. Lead zirconate titanate (PZT), in particular, has attracted significant attention, owing to its superior electromech. conversion performance. Yet, the ability to synthesize cryst. PZT nanowires with well-controlled properties remains a challenge. Applications of common nanosynthesis methods to PZT are hampered by issues such as slow kinetics, lack of suitable catalysts, and harsh reaction conditions. Here we report a versatile biomimetic method, in which biotemplates are used to define PZT nanostructures, allowing for rational control over compn. and crystallinity. Specifically, stoichiometric PZT nanowires were synthesized using both polysaccharide (alginate) and bacteriophage templates. The wires possessed measured piezoelec. consts. of up to 132 pm/V after poling, among the highest reported for PZT nanomaterials. Further, integrated devices can generate up to 0.820 μW/cm2 of power. These results suggest that biotemplated piezoelec. nanowires are attractive candidates for stimuli-responsive nanosensors, adaptive nanoactuators, and nanoscale energy harvesters.
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    107. 107
      Sun, C.; Shi, J.; Bayerl, D. J.; Wang, X. PVDF Microbelts for Harvesting Energy from Respiration. Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 4508– 4512,  DOI: 10.1039/c1ee02241e
      107
      PVDF microbelts for harvesting energy from respiration
      Sun, Chengliang; Shi, Jian; Bayerl, Dylan J.; Wang, Xudong
      Energy & Environmental Science (2011), 4 (11), 4508-4512CODEN: EESNBY; ISSN:1754-5706. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
      In this paper, we report a technique that uses piezoelec. polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) microbelts to convert the energy from low-speed air flow to electricity via their resonant oscillation. The micrometer thick PVDF thin films were fabricated by a top-down reactive ion etching process, where the thickness was controlled by etching time and the piezoelec. phase was well preserved. The thickness, air flow speed and elec. output relationship was predicted theor. and characterized exptl. The PVDF microbelts were able to generate sufficient elec. energy from low speed air flow for the sustained operation of small electronic devices. Their capability for harvesting energy from simulated respiration was also demonstrated.
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    108. 108
      Lin, H.-I.; Wuu, D.-S.; Shen, K.-C.; Horng, R.-H. Fabrication of an Ultra-Flexible Zno Nanogenerator for Harvesting Energy from Respiration. ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 2013, 2, P400,  DOI: 10.1149/2.001311jss
      108
      Fabrication of an ultra-flexible ZnO nanogenerator for harvesting energy from respiration
      Lin, Hung-I.; Wuu, Dong-Sing; Shen, Kun-Ching; Horng, Ray-Hua
      ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology (2013), 2 (9), P400-P404CODEN: EJSSBG; ISSN:2162-8769. (Electrochemical Society)
      A novel ZnO nanogenerator (NG) with a flexible and highly lightwt. substrate has the potential to harvest energy from human respiration. Previous studies have proposed lift-off and fold-up fabrication methods. The ZnO nanowires (NWs) are transferred to a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer, which serves as the secondary flexible substrate. The thickness of the 2-fold ZnO NG is approx. 25 μm, whereas the thickness of the 16-fold NG is approx. 200 μm. The 16-fold ZnO NG generates approx. 0.6 V and 0.5 μA at the low air flow rate of 2.0 ms-1, and reaches approx. 1.3 V and 0.8 μA at the air flow rate of 5.0 ms-1.
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    109. 109
      Han, M.; Zhang, X.-S.; Meng, B.; Liu, W.; Tang, W.; Sun, X.; Wang, W.; Zhang, H. R-Shaped Hybrid Nanogenerator with Enhanced Piezoelectricity. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 8554– 8560,  DOI: 10.1021/nn404023v
      109
      r-Shaped Hybrid Nanogenerator with Enhanced Piezoelectricity
      Han, Mengdi; Zhang, Xiao-Sheng; Meng, Bo; Liu, Wen; Tang, Wei; Sun, Xuming; Wang, Wei; Zhang, Haixia
      ACS Nano (2013), 7 (10), 8554-8560CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)
      Piezoelec. and triboelec. nanogenerators (NGs) are proposed in the past few years to effectively harvest mech. energy from the environment. Here, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer is placed under the aluminum electrode of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), thus forming an r-shaped hybrid NG. Micro/nanostructures were fabricated on the PDMS surface and the aluminum electrodes of PVDF to enhance the output performance. Power densities of the piezoelec. part and the triboelec. part are 10.95 and 2.04 mW/cm3, resp. Also, influence of the triboelec. charges on the piezoelec. output voltage was studied. Both finite element method simulations and exptl. measurements are conducted to verify this phenomenon. The novel hybrid NG is also demonstrated as a power source for consumer electronics. Through one cycle of elec. generation, 10 light-emitting diodes are lighted up instantaneously, and a 4-bit liq. crystal display can display continuously for >15 s. Besides, the device is integrated into a keyboard to harvest energy in the typing process.
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    110. 110
      Kim, D.; Han, S. A.; Kim, J. H.; Lee, J. H.; Kim, S. W.; Lee, S. W. Biomolecular Piezoelectric Materials: From Amino Acids to Living Tissues. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1906989,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201906989
      110
      Biomolecular Piezoelectric Materials: From Amino Acids to Living Tissues
      Kim, Daeyeong; Han, Sang A.; Kim, Jung Ho; Lee, Ju-Hyuck; Kim, Sang-Woo; Lee, Seung-Wuk
      Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2020), 32 (14), 1906989CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      A review. Biomol. piezoelec. materials are considered a strong candidate material for biomedical applications due to their robust piezoelectricity, biocompatibility, and low dielec. property. The elec. field has been found to affect tissue development and regeneration, and the piezoelec. properties of biol. materials in the human body are known to provide elec. fields by pressure. Therefore, great attention has been paid to the understanding of piezoelectricity in biol. tissues and its building blocks. The aim herein is to describe the principle of piezoelectricity in biol. materials from the very basic building blocks (i.e., amino acids, peptides, proteins, etc.) to highly organized tissues (i.e., bones, skin, etc.). Research progress on the piezoelectricity within various biol. materials is summarized, including amino acids, peptides, proteins, and tissues. The mechanisms and origin of piezoelectricity within various biol. materials are also covered.
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    111. 111
      Lee, J.-H.; Lee, S.-W. Piezoelectric Biomaterials. In Bio-Inspired Nanomaterials: Nanomaterials Built from Biomolecules and Using Bio-Derived Principles; Lee, S.-W., Ed.; Soft Matter and Biomaterials on the Nanoscale: The Wspc Reference on Functional Nanomaterials─Part I, Vol. 3World Scientific, 2020.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    112. 112
      Skladal, P.; Riccardi, C. d. S.; Yamanaka, H.; da Costa, P. I. Piezoelectric Biosensors for Real-Time Monitoring of Hybridization and Detection of Hepatitis C Virus. J. Virol. Methods 2004, 117, 145– 151,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.01.005
      112
      Piezoelectric biosensors for real-time monitoring of hybridization and detection of hepatitis C virus
      Skladal, Petr; Riccardi, Carla dos Santos; Yamanaka, Hideko; Inacio da Costa, Paulo
      Journal of Virological Methods (2004), 117 (2), 145-151CODEN: JVMEDH; ISSN:0166-0934. (Elsevier Science B.V.)
      The piezoelec. quartz crystal resonators modified with oligonucleotide probes were used for detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in serum. The gold electrodes on either rough or smooth surface crystals were modified with a self-assembled monolayer of cystamine. After activation with glutaraldehyde, either avidin or streptavidin were immobilized and used for attachment of biotinylated DNA probes (four different sequences). Piezoelec. biosensors were used in a flow-through setup for direct monitoring of DNA resulting from the reverse transcriptase-linked polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of the original viral RNA. The samples of patients with hepatitis C were analyzed and the results were compared with the std. RT-PCR procedure (Amplicor test kit of Roche, microwell format with spectrophotometric evaluation). The piezoelec. hybridization assay was completed in 10 min and the same sensing surface was suitable for repeated use.
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    113. 113
      Lee, B. Y.; Zhang, J.; Zueger, C.; Chung, W.-J.; Yoo, S. Y.; Wang, E.; Meyer, J.; Ramesh, R.; Lee, S.-W. Virus-Based Piezoelectric Energy Generation. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012, 7, 351– 356,  DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2012.69
      113
      Virus-based piezoelectric energy generation
      Lee, Byung Yang; Zhang, Jinxing; Zueger, Chris; Chung, Woo-Jae; Yoo, So Young; Wang, Eddie; Meyer, Joel; Ramesh, Ramamoorthy; Lee, Seung-Wuk
      Nature Nanotechnology (2012), 7 (6), 351-356CODEN: NNAABX; ISSN:1748-3387. (Nature Publishing Group)
      Piezoelec. materials can convert mech. energy into elec. energy, and piezoelec. devices made of a variety of inorg. materials and org. polymers have been demonstrated. However, synthesizing such materials often requires toxic starting compds., harsh conditions and/or complex procedures. Previously, it was shown that hierarchically organized natural materials such as bones, collagen fibrils and peptide nanotubes can display piezoelec. properties. Here, we demonstrate that the piezoelec. and liq.-cryst. properties of M13 bacteriophage (phage) can be used to generate elec. energy. Using piezoresponse force microscopy, we characterize the structure-dependent piezoelec. properties of the phage at the mol. level. We then show that self-assembled thin films of phage can exhibit piezoelec. strengths of up to 7.8 pm V-1. We also demonstrate that it is possible to modulate the dipole strength of the phage, hence tuning the piezoelec. response, by genetically engineering the major coat proteins of the phage. Finally, we develop a phage-based piezoelec. generator that produces up to 6 nA of current and 400 mV of potential and use it to operate a liq.-crystal display. Because biotechnol. techniques enable large-scale prodn. of genetically modified phages, phage-based piezoelec. materials potentially offer a simple and environmentally friendly approach to piezoelec. energy generation.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XmvFCitLo%253D&md5=b1001529bbdf7c5d2b83b723b1705866
    114. 114
      Hou, T.-C.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, H.; Chen, J.; Chen, L.-J.; Lin Wang, Z. Triboelectric Nanogenerator Built inside Shoe Insole for Harvesting Walking Energy. Nano Energy 2013, 2, 856– 862,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2013.03.001
      114
      Triboelectric nanogenerator built inside shoe insole for harvesting walking energy
      Hou, Te-Chien; Yang, Ya; Zhang, Hulin; Chen, Jun; Chen, Lih-Juann; Wang, Zhong Lin
      Nano Energy (2013), 2 (5), 856-862CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      We report a simple fabrication, great performance and cost-effective triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG), which is based on the cycled contact-sepn. between a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film and a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film, for effectively harvesting footfall energy. The elastic sponge is first used as the spacer in the TENG, where the size and the thickness of the spacers have a significant effect on the output performance of the TENG. By using the optimized device, a TENG-based shoe insole is used to harvest human walking energy, where the max. output voltage and c.d. reached up to 220 V and 40 μA, resp. We also demonstrate that the fabricated shoe insole using a single layer of TENG can be directly used to light up 30 white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in serial connection. By taking the merits of this simple fabrication, outstanding performance, robust characteristic and low-cost technol., we believe that TENG can open up great opportunities not only for powering small electronics, but also can contribute to large-scale energy harvesting through engineering design.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXms1Kmsbs%253D&md5=094272774faf4482ceebcc1e798551d9
    115. 115
      Yang, Y.; Zhang, H.; Chen, J.; Jing, Q.; Zhou, Y. S.; Wen, X.; Wang, Z. L. Single-Electrode-Based Sliding Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Self-Powered Displacement Vector Sensor System. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 7342– 7351,  DOI: 10.1021/nn403021m
      115
      Single-Electrode-Based Sliding Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Self-Powered Displacement Vector Sensor System
      Yang, Ya; Zhang, Hulin; Chen, Jun; Jing, Qingshen; Zhou, Yu Sheng; Wen, Xiaonan; Wang, Zhong Lin
      ACS Nano (2013), 7 (8), 7342-7351CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)
      The authors report a single-electrode-based sliding-mode triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) that not only can harvest mech. energy but also is a self-powered displacement vector sensor system for touching pad technol. By using the relative sliding between an electrodeless polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) patch with surface-etched nanoparticles and an Al electrode that is grounded, the fabricated TENG can produce an open-circuit voltage up to 1100 V, a short-circuit c.d. of 6 mA/m2, and a max. power d. of 350 mW/m2 on a load of 100 MΩ, which can be used to instantaneously drive 100 green-light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The working mechanism of the TENG is based on the charge transfer between the Al electrode and the ground by modulating the relative sliding distance between the tribo-charged PTFE patch and the Al plate. Grating of linear rows on the Al electrode enables the detection of the sliding speed of the PTFE patch along one direction. Also, 16 Al electrode channels arranged along four directions were used to monitor the displacement (the direction and the location) of the PTFE patch at the center, where the output voltage signals in the 16 channels were recorded in real-time to form a mapping figure. The advantage of this design is that it only requires the bottom Al electrode to be grounded and the top PTFE patch needs no elec. contact, which is beneficial for energy harvesting in automobile rotation mode and touch pad applications.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhtFKrsrnM&md5=e0bfdb6137ae7cbb15a29c7398978d08
    116. 116
      Chi, Y.; Xia, K.; Zhu, Z.; Fu, J.; Zhang, H.; Du, C.; Xu, Z. Rice Paper-Based Biodegradable Triboelectric Nanogenerator. Microelectron. Eng. 2019, 216, 111059,  DOI: 10.1016/j.mee.2019.111059
      116
      Rice paper-based biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerator
      Chi, Yue; Xia, Kequan; Zhu, Zhiyuan; Fu, Jiangming; Zhang, Hongze; Du, Chaolin; Xu, Zhiwei
      Microelectronic Engineering (2019), 216 (), 111059CODEN: MIENEF; ISSN:0167-9317. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Recently, paper-based electronics are fast developing and have attracted significant attention. In this work, we proposed a novel rice paper-based biodegradable triboelec. nanogenerator (RP-TENG), which is based on single-electrode working mode. The biodegradable materials, such as rice paper and transparent conductive ink, were used as the triboelec. materials and conductive electrode, resp. After exptl. test, the approx. values of open-circuit voltage (VOC), short-circuit current (ISC), and output power d. reache 244 V, 6μA, and 37.64μW/cm2, resp. To further improve the elec. output of RP-TENG, we developed a rice paper powder TENG (RPP-TENG). In addn., the fabricated RP-TENG is highly stable and recyclable. The generated electronic output of RP-TENG can light up 45 com. LEDs.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhtlKqurjK&md5=dc05820d815fb6d8368f2506712bf3f7
    117. 117
      Imani, I. M.; Kim, B.; Xiao, X.; Rubab, N.; Park, B.-J.; Kim, Y.-J.; Zhao, P.; Kang, M.; Kim, S.-W. Ultrasound-Driven on-Demand Transient Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Subcutaneous Antibacterial Activity. Adv. Sci. 2023, 10, 2204801,  DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204801
      117
      Ultrasound-Driven On-Demand Transient Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Subcutaneous Antibacterial Activity
      Imani, Iman M.; Kim, Bosung; Xiao, Xiao; Rubab, Najaf; Park, Byung-Joon; Kim, Young-Jun; Zhao, Pin; Kang, Minki; Kim, Sang-Woo
      Advanced Science (Weinheim, Germany) (2023), 10 (3), 2204801CODEN: ASDCCF; ISSN:2198-3844. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      To prevent surgical site infection (SSI), which significantly increases the rate morbidity and mortality, eliminating microorganisms is prominent. Antimicrobial resistance is identified as a global health challenge. This work proposes a new strategy to eliminate microorganisms of deep tissue through elec. stimulation with an ultrasound (US)-driven implantable, biodegradable, and vibrant triboelec. nanogenerator (IBV-TENG). After a programmed lifetime, the IBV-TENG can be eliminated by provoking the on-demand device dissoln. by controlling US intensity with no surgical removal of the device from the body. A voltage of ≈4 V and current of ≈22μA generated from IBV-TENG under ultrasound in vitro, confirming inactivating ≈100% of Staphylococcus aureus and ≈99% of Escherichia coli. Furthermore, ex vivo results show that IBV-TENG implanted under porcine tissue successfully inactivates bacteria. This antibacterial technol. is expected to be a countermeasure strategy against SSIs, increasing life expectancy and healthcare quality by preventing microorganisms of deep tissue.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XjtVeitLvM&md5=92b9a26f4a25b5ff3b62ffcd046c6040
    118. 118
      Kang, M.; Khusrin, M. S. B. M.; Kim, Y.-J.; Kim, B.; Park, B. J.; Hyun, I.; Imani, I. M.; Choi, B.-O.; Kim, S.-W. Nature-Derived Highly Tribopositive ϰ-Carrageenan-Agar Composite-Based Fully Biodegradable Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Nano Energy 2022, 100, 107480,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107480
      118
      Nature-derived highly tribopositive κ-carrageenan-agar composite-based fully biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerators
      Kang, Minki; Bin Mohammed Khusrin, Muhammad Syafiq; Kim, Young-Jun; Kim, Bosung; Park, Byung Joon; Hyun, Inah; Imani, Iman Mohammadi; Choi, Byung-Ok; Kim, Sang-Woo
      Nano Energy (2022), 100 (), 107480CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Biodegradable triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) have been studied for powering biotransient electronics in past years. For stable powering, developing biodegradable materials which have high tribopos. properties as well as high biocompatibility is crucially required. Here, we investigate a nature-derived κ-carrageenan-agar (κC-Agar) composite as high-performing triboelec. friction material for biodegradable TENG. We found that the composite shows greatly enhanced electron-donating property. At an optimized κC concn. of 80 wt%, the surface potential at most 57.5% increases compared to bare materials. We validated that the enhancement was caused by increased charge trapping sites consisting of Ca2+ cations and sulfate ester groups in the composite. In addn., we found that the κC-Agar composite has high intrinsic biocompatibility as it shows high cell viability in MTT assay and subdermal implant causes little noticeable inflammation, contributed by the high hydrophilicity of the composite. We further demonstrate a fully biodegradable TENG using an optimized κC-Agar composite. Very thin (0.3 mm) and flexible our device generates high output root-mean-square (RMS) current of 0.45 mA·m-2 and output RMS power of 0.15 mW·m-2 at optimized impedance. Our work provides a basis for the development of high-performance biodegradable TENGs for self-powered transient electronics.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38Xhs1KnurfL&md5=e96b5b3bd8bed18b9db6d10731581e36
    119. 119
      Khandelwal, G.; Joseph Raj, N. P. M.; Alluri, N. R.; Kim, S.-J. Enhancing Hydrophobicity of Starch for Biodegradable Material-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2021, 9, 9011– 9017,  DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c01853
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    120. 120
      Khandelwal, G.; Min, G.; Karagiorgis, X.; Dahiya, R. Aligned Plla Electrospun Fibres Based Biodegradable Triboelectric Nanogenerator. Nano Energy 2023, 110, 108325,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108325
      120
      Aligned PLLA electrospun fibres based biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerator
      Khandelwal, Gaurav; Min, Guanbo; Karagiorgis, Xenofon; Dahiya, Ravinder
      Nano Energy (2023), 110 (), 108325CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Transient triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) fabricated with degradable materials is an emerging area which can tackle the global issue of electronic waste. Here, we report a fully biodegradable TENG comprising of aligned PLLA (aPLLA) fibers and chitosan as the active layers. The aPLLA and random PLLA (rPLLA) fibers are compared for the performance and the aPLLA fiber based TENG (aPL-TENG) is found to exhibit superior performance (output voltage and current of 45 V and 9μA, resp.) due to better 103 helix chain conformation. The performance of aPLLA fibers was also analyzed with different interface combinations. The aPL-TENG showed excellent mech. stability for 24000 cycles and produced an output power d. of 6.5 mW m-2. The soil burial test confirms the degrdn. of the materials used in the device fabrication. Finally, as a proof-of-concept, the output of aPL-TENG was fed to a capacitor to demonstrate it capability to continuously power the com. wrist and stop watch. Considering the facile fabrication and easily available sustainable materials used for the aPL-TENG, the presented approach can provide attractive green energy harvesting machine to power portable devices at a large scale - without having to worry about the end-of-life electronic waste management.
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    121. 121
      Khandelwal, G.; Minocha, T.; Yadav, S. K.; Chandrasekhar, A.; Raj, N. P. M. J.; Gupta, S. C.; Kim, S.-J. All Edible Materials Derived Biocompatible and Biodegradable Triboelectric Nanogenerator. Nano Energy 2019, 65, 104016,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104016
      121
      All edible materials derived biocompatible and biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerator
      Khandelwal, Gaurav; Minocha, Tarun; Yadav, Sanjeev Kumar; Chandrasekhar, Arunkumar; Maria Joseph Raj, Nirmal Prashanth; Gupta, Subash Chandra; Kim, Sang-Jae
      Nano Energy (2019), 65 (), 104016CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      The energy crisis and plastic pollution are of growing concern worldwide. Nanogenerators converting mech. energy to elec. energy would be of assistance. Triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) are inexpensive, simple to fabricate, and afford high output, as revealed by extensive research over the past decade. However, most TENGs use a polymer as either the substrate or the active layer, contributing to plastic pollution. Biodegradable/edible devices are required; they are harmless when discarded. We here derive a single-electrode lightwt. TENG (E-TENG) using only edible materials. Laver coated with an edible silver leaf serves as the active layer and a rice sheet as the substrate. We analyzed surface potential, morphol., and roughness; laver was triboelec. active. The results of the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, cell imaging, and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining suggest that the device minimally affected cell viability. The device was bioresorbable in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and gastric acid. Output performance was tested using paper, tissue paper, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP). The elec. performance was systematically studied; an FEP-laver E-TENG performed best (output of 23 V and current of 315 nA). The output was used to power a hygrometer, a wristwatch, green light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and UV LEDs.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhs1entL3F&md5=4b9516ba0769b71a438d9821da17e812
    122. 122
      Wang, R.; Gao, S.; Yang, Z.; Li, Y.; Chen, W.; Wu, B.; Wu, W. Engineered and Laser-Processed Chitosan Biopolymers for Sustainable and Biodegradable Triboelectric Power Generation. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1706267,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706267
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    123. 123
      Xiao, X.; Meng, X.; Kim, D.; Jeon, S.; Park, B. J.; Cho, D. S.; Lee, D. M.; Kim, S. W. Ultrasound-Driven Injectable and Fully Biodegradable Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Small Methods 2023, 7, 2201350,  DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201350
      123
      Ultrasound-Driven Injectable and Fully Biodegradable Triboelectric Nanogenerators
      Xiao, Xiao; Meng, Xiangchun; Kim, Dabin; Jeon, Sera; Park, Byung-Joon; Cho, Daniel Sanghyun; Lee, Dong-Min; Kim, Sang-Woo
      Small Methods (2023), 7 (6), 2201350CODEN: SMMECI; ISSN:2366-9608. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      Implantable medical devices (IMDs) provide practical approaches to monitor physiol. parameters, diagnose diseases, and aid treatment. However, device installation, maintenance, and long-term implantation increase the risk of infection with conventional IMDs. Therefore, medical devices with biocompatibility, controllability, and miniaturization are highly demandable. An ultrasound-driven, biodegradable, and injectable triboelec. nanogenerator (I-TENG) is demonstrated to reduce the risks of implant-related injuries and infections. The injection can be given by s.c. injection with a needle to minimize the implantation incision. The stable output of I-TENG is driven by ultrasound (20 kHz, 1 W cm-2), with a voltage of 356.8 mV and current of 1.02μA during in vivo studies and an elec. field of about 0.92 V mm-1 during ex vivo expts. The cell scratch and proliferation assays showed that the delivered elec. field effectively increased cell migration and proliferation, indicating a significant potential to accelerate healing with electricity.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3sXlvFSktr4%253D&md5=b8327b021e43c31ececd9e0d7d1dcc31
    124. 124
      Zheng, Q.; Zou, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, Z.; Shi, B.; Wang, X.; Jin, Y.; Ouyang, H.; Li, Z.; Wang, Z. L. Biodegradable Triboelectric Nanogenerator as a Life-Time Designed Implantable Power Source. Sci. Adv. 2016, 2, e1501478  DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501478
      124
      Biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerator as a life-time designed implantable power source
      Zheng, Qiang; Zou, Yang; Zhang, Yalan; Liu, Zhuo; Shi, Bojing; Wang, Xinxin; Jin, Yiming; Ouyang, Han; Li, Zhou; Wang, Zhong Lin
      Science Advances (2016), 2 (3), e1501478/1-e1501478/10CODEN: SACDAF; ISSN:2375-2548. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
      Transient electronics built with degradable org. and inorg. materials is an emerging area and has shown great potential for in vivo sensors and therapeutic devices. However, most of these devices require external power sources to function, which may limit their applications for in vivo cases. We report a biodegradable triboelec. nanogenerator (BD-TENG) for in vivo biomech. energy harvesting, which can be degraded and resorbed in an animal body after completing its work cycle without any adverse long-term effects. Tunable elec. output capabilities and degrdn. features were achieved by fabricated BD-TENG using different materials. When applying BD-TENG to power two complementary micrograting electrodes, a DC-pulsed elec. field was generated, and the nerve cell growth was successfully orientated, showing its feasibility for neuron-repairing process. Our work demonstrates the potential of BD-TENG as a power source for transient medical devices.
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    125. 125
      Meng, X.; Xiao, X.; Jeon, S.; Kim, D.; Park, B. J.; Kim, Y. J.; Rubab, N.; Kim, S.; Kim, S. W. An Ultrasound-Driven Bioadhesive Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Instant Wound Sealing and Electrically Accelerated Healing in Emergencies. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2209054,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209054
      125
      An Ultrasound-Driven Bioadhesive Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Instant Wound Sealing and Electrically Accelerated Healing in Emergencies
      Meng, Xiangchun; Xiao, Xiao; Jeon, Sera; Kim, Dabin; Park, Byung-Joon; Kim, Young-Jun; Rubab, Najaf; Kim, SeongMin; Kim, Sang-Woo
      Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2023), 35 (12), 2209054CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      A bioadhesive triboelec. nanogenerator (BA-TENG), as a first-aid rescue for instant and robust wound sealing and ultrasound-driven accelerated wound healing, is designed. This BA-TENG is fabricated with biocompatible materials, and integrates a flexible TENG as the top layer and bioadhesive as the bottom layer, resulting in effective electricity supply and strong sutureless sealing capability on wet tissues. When driven by ultrasound, the BA-TENG can produce a stable voltage of 1.50 V and current of 24.20μA underwater. The ex vivo porcine colon organ models show that the BA-TENG seals defects instantly (≈5 s) with high interfacial toughness (≈150 J m-2), while the rat bleeding liver incision model confirms that the BA-TENG performs rapid wound closure and hemostasis, reducing the blood loss by about 82%. When applied in living rats, the BA-TENG not only seals skin injuries immediately but also produces a strong elec. field (E-field) of about 0.86 kV m-1 stimulated by ultrasound to accelerate skin wound healing significantly. The in vitro studies confirm that these effects are attributed to the E-field-accelerated cell migration and proliferation. In addn., these TENG adhesives can be applied to not only wound treatment, nerve stimulation and regeneration, and charging batteries in implanted devices.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3sXjtVaku7o%253D&md5=3fc262d4c13d26103a9d0e007411715b
    126. 126
      Fan, F.-R.; Tian, Z.-Q.; Lin Wang, Z. Flexible Triboelectric Generator. Nano Energy 2012, 1, 328– 334,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.01.004
      126
      Flexible triboelectric generator
      Fan, Feng-Ru; Tian, Zhong-Qun; Lin Wang, Zhong
      Nano Energy (2012), 1 (2), 328-334CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Charges induced in triboelec. process are usually referred as a neg. effect either in scientific research or technol. applications, and they are wasted energy in many cases. Here, we demonstrate a simple, low cost and effective approach of using the charging process in friction to convert mech. energy into elec. power for driving small electronics. The triboelec. generator (TEG) is fabricated by stacking two polymer sheets made of materials having distinctly different triboelec. characteristics, with metal films deposited on the top and bottom of the assembled structure. Once subjected to mech. deformation, a friction between the two films, owing to the nano-scale surface roughness, generates equal amt. but opposite signs of charges at two sides. Thus, a triboelec. potential layer is formed at the interface region, which serves as a charge "pump" for driving the flow of electrons in the external load if there is a variation in the capacitance of the system. Such a flexible polymer TEG gives an output voltage of up to 3.3 V at a power d. of ∼10.4 mW/cm3. TEGs have the potential of harvesting energy from human activities, rotating tires, ocean waves, mech. vibration and more, with great applications in self-powered systems for personal electronics, environmental monitoring, medical science and even large-scale power.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXis1Sitrs%253D&md5=8de883f63f0492e46cb7dbe05d69c706
    127. 127
      Wang, D.; Wang, C.; Bi, Z.; Zhou, B.; Wang, L.; Li, Q.; Turng, L.-S. Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene/Poly (3-Hydroxybutyrate)(Eptfe/Phb) Triboelectric Nanogenerators and Their Potential Applications as Self-Powered and Sensing Vascular Grafts. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 455, 140494,  DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.140494
      127
      Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (ePTFE/PHB) triboelectric nanogenerators and their potential applications as self-powered and sensing vascular grafts
      Wang, Dongfang; Wang, Chen; Bi, Zhaojie; Zhou, Baokai; Wang, Lixia; Li, Qian; Turng, Lih-Sheng
      Chemical Engineering Journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2023), 455 (), 140494CODEN: CMEJAJ; ISSN:1385-8947. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Being able to detect or monitor the onset of thrombosis, recurrent stenosis, or other vascular disorders in newly transplanted vascular grafts will be very beneficial for patients who received the artificial blood vessel through bypass surgeries. The inherent advantages of triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) in self-powered signal monitoring presents a feasible soln. In this study, a double-layer TENG intended for self-powered and real-time sensing of vascular graft applications was constructed using two biocompatible materials commonly used in tissue engineering. In particular, an electrospun poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) membrane as a pos. tribomaterial was combined with an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membrane, a strong neg. tribomaterial, to construct an ePTFE/PHB TENG. While possessing power generation, charging capacities, and operation stability, the ePTFE/PHB TENG was capable of supporting the growth of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and monitoring changing hemodynamic conditions. Although many challenges remain and necessary future developments are needed, this study demonstrated the feasibility of a self-powered and sensing TENG vascular graft.
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    128. 128
      Zhang, Y.; Zhou, Z.; Fan, Z.; Zhang, S.; Zheng, F.; Liu, K.; Zhang, Y.; Shi, Z.; Chen, L.; Li, X. Self-Powered Multifunctional Transient Bioelectronics. Small 2018, 14, 1802050,  DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802050
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    129. 129
      Alazzawi, M.; Kadim Abid Alsahib, N.; Turkoglu Sasmazel, H. Core/Shell Glycine-Polyvinyl Alcohol/Polycaprolactone Nanofibrous Membrane Intended for Guided Bone Regeneration: Development and Characterization. Coatings 2021, 11, 1130,  DOI: 10.3390/coatings11091130
      129
      Core/Shell Glycine-Polyvinyl Alcohol/Polycaprolactone Nanofibrous Membrane Intended for Guided Bone Regeneration: Development and Characterization
      Alazzawi, Marwa; Kadim Abid Alsahib, Nabeel; Turkoglu Sasmazel, Hilal
      Coatings (2021), 11 (9), 1130CODEN: COATED; ISSN:2079-6412. (MDPI AG)
      Glycine (Gly), which is the simplest amino acid, induces the inflammation response and enhances bone mass d., and particularly its β polymorph has superior mech. and piezoelec. properties. Therefore, electrospinning of Gly with any polymer, including polyvinyl alc. (PVA), has a great potential in biomedical applications, such as guided bone regeneration (GBR) application. However, their application is limited due to a fast degrdn. rate and undesirable mech. and phys. properties. Therefore, encapsulation of Gly and PVA fiber within a poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) shell provides a slower degrdn. rate and improves the mech., chem., and phys. properties. A membrane intended for GBR application is a barrier membrane used to guide alveolar bone regeneration by preventing fast-proliferating cells from growing into the bone defect site. In the present work, a core/shell nanofibrous membrane, composed of PCL as shell and PVA:Gly as core, was developed utilizing the coaxial electrospinning technique and characterized morphol., mech., phys., chem., and thermally. Moreover, the characterization results of the core/shell membrane were compared to monolithic electrospun PCL, PVA, and PVA:Gly fibrous membranes. The results showed that the core-shell membrane appears to be a good candidate for GBR application with a nano-scale fiber of 412 ± 82 nm and microscale pore size of 6.803 ± 0.035 μm. Moreover, the wettability of 47.4 ± 2.2° contact angle (C.A) and mech. properties of 135 ± 3.05 MPa av. modulus of elasticity, 4.57 ± 0.04 MPa av. ultimate tensile stress (UTS), and 39.43± 0.58av. elongation at break are desirable and suitable for GBR application. Furthermore, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results exhibited the formation of β-Gly.
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    130. 130
      Yue, O.; Wang, X.; Hou, M.; Zheng, M.; Hao, D.; Bai, Z.; Zou, X.; Cui, B.; Liu, C.; Liu, X. Smart Nanoengineered Electronic-Scaffolds Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerators as Tissue Batteries for Integrated Cartilage Therapy. Nano Energy 2023, 107, 108158,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.108158
      130
      Smart nanoengineered electronic-scaffolds based on triboelectric nanogenerators as tissue batteries for integrated cartilage therapy
      Yue, Ouyang; Wang, Xuechuan; Hou, Mengdi; Zheng, Manhui; Hao, Dongyu; Bai, Zhongxue; Zou, Xiaoliang; Cui, Boqiang; Liu, Chunlin; Liu, Xinhua
      Nano Energy (2023), 107 (), 108158CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      At present, cartilage defect therapy requires a long-term repair period and does not permit real-time detection of the cartilage repair state named "black box". Inspired by the electroactive nature of living organisms, next-generation tissue trauma therapy with integrated bioelectronics promises to achieve the desired therapeutic effects. Here, a tissue battery for integrated cartilage therapy was nanoengineered through the on-demand integration of intelligent scaffolds with a porous three-dimensional structure and multi-convex triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG)-based sensor. The proposed cartilage tissue battery is repair-induced, self-powered, highly sensitive, implantable, intelligently degradable, and anti-interference. The sensor based on the contact sepn. TENG mechanism has a high sensitivity (52.5 V MPa-1) within the pressure range of joint movement (0-1.8 MPa), enabling the tissue battery to in-situ detect the real-time status of cartilage repair in the "black box". Addnl., in vitro and in vivo expts. demonstrated that the tissue battery converts mech. energy into electricity to stimulate chondrocyte proliferation in the scaffold, thereby shortening the cartilage repair period. The proposed tissue battery for tissue repair under elec. stimulation is beneficial for reducing pain and treatment costs for patients with cartilage defects and is a promising strategy for bioelectronic implants.
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    131. 131
      Zhang, Y.; Zhou, Z.; Sun, L.; Liu, Z.; Xia, X.; Tao, T. H. Genetically Engineered” Biofunctional Triboelectric Nanogenerators Using Recombinant Spider Silk. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1805722,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805722
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    132. 132
      Da Silva, D.; Kaduri, M.; Poley, M.; Adir, O.; Krinsky, N.; Shainsky-Roitman, J.; Schroeder, A. Biocompatibility, Biodegradation and Excretion of Polylactic Acid (PLA) in Medical Implants and Theranostic Systems. Chem. Eng. J. 2018, 340, 9– 14,  DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2018.01.010
      132
      Biocompatibility, biodegradation and excretion of polylactic acid (PLA) in medical implants and theranostic systems
      da Silva, Dana; Kaduri, Maya; Poley, Maria; Adir, Omer; Krinsky, Nitzan; Shainsky-Roitman, Janna; Schroeder, Avi
      Chemical Engineering Journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2018), 340 (), 9-14CODEN: CMEJAJ; ISSN:1385-8947. (Elsevier B.V.)
      A review. Polylactic acid (PLA) is the most commonly used biodegradable polymer in clin. applications today. Examples range from drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, temporary and long-term implantable devices; constantly expanding to new fields. This is owed greatly to the polymer's favorable biocompatibility and to its safe degrdn. products. Once coming in contact with biol. media, the polymer begins breaking down, usually by hydrolysis, into lactic acid (LA) or to carbon dioxide and water. These products are metabolized intracellularly or excreted in the urine and breath. Bacterial infection and foreign-body inflammation enhance the breakdown of PLA, through the secretion of enzymes that degrade the polymeric matrix. The biodegrdn. occurs both on the surface of the polymeric device and inside the polymer body, by diffusion of water between the polymer chains. The median half-life of the polymer is 30 wk; however, this can be lengthened or shortened to address the clin. needs. Degrdn. kinetics can be tuned by detg. the mol. compn. and the phys. architecture of the device. For example, using L- or D-chirality of the LA will greatly lengthen or shorten the degrdn. rates, resp. Despite the fact that this polymer is more than 150 years old, PLA remains a fertile platform for biomedical innovation and fundamental understanding of how artificial polymers can safely coexist with biol. systems.
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    133. 133
      Ma, Q.; Shi, K.; Su, T.; Wang, Z. Biodegradation of Polycaprolactone (PCL) with Different Molecular Weights by Candida Antarctica Lipase. J. Polym. Environ. 2020, 28, 2947– 2955,  DOI: 10.1007/s10924-020-01826-4
      133
      Biodegradation of Polycaprolactone (PCL) with Different Molecular Weights by Candida antarctica Lipase
      Ma, Qingfeng; Shi, Ke; Su, Tingting; Wang, Zhanyong
      Journal of Polymers and the Environment (2020), 28 (11), 2947-2955CODEN: JPENFW; ISSN:1572-8919. (Springer)
      Abstr.: Biodegrdn. characteristics of polycaprolactone (PCL) films with three different mol. wts. after being degraded by Candida antarctica lipase were investigated. The changes of the PCL films before and after degrdn. were characterized. The results showed that the degrdn. process of PCL films could be roughly divided into two phrases: a rapid degrdn. phase and a slow degrdn. phase. Mol. wts. of PCL films had no influence on the performance of lipase; however, increasing mol. wt. caused the nos. of pores on the degraded PCL films to increase, and the pores became deeper as the degrdn. time increased. The results also showed that the crystallinity of the films decreased with increasing degrdn. time, and both the cryst. and the amorphous regions of the films were simultaneously degraded. The thermal stability of the films also gradually decreased with the increase of degrdn. time. Despite the above changes, the degrdn. did not cause the chem. compn. and structure of PCL to change, and PCL remained the main component.
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    134. 134
      Wang, H.; Shi, Z. In Vitro Biodegradation Behavior of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloy. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B 2011, 98B, 203– 209,  DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31769
      134
      In vitro biodegradation behavior of magnesium and magnesium alloy
      Wang, Hao; Shi, Zhiming
      Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Part B: Applied Biomaterials (2011), 98B (2), 203-209CODEN: JBMRGL; ISSN:1552-4973. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
      Magnesium has the potential to be used as degradable metallic biomaterial. For magnesium and its alloys to be used as biodegradable implant materials, their degrdn. rates should be consistent with the rate of healing of the affected tissue, and the release of the degrdn. products should be within the body's acceptable absorption levels. Conventional magnesium degrades rapidly, which is undesirable. In this study, biodegrdn. behaviors of high purity magnesium and com. purity magnesium alloy AZ31 in both static and dynamic Hank's soln. are systematically investigated. The in vitro test results show that magnesium purifn. and selective alloying are effective approaches to reduce the degrdn. rate of magnesium. In the static condition, the corrosion products accumulate on the materials surface as a protective layer, which results in a lower degrdn. rate than the dynamic condition. Anodized coating can significantly further reduce the degrdn. rate of magnesium. This study strongly indicates that magnesium can be used as degradable implant material as long as the degrdn. is controlled at a low rate. Magnesium purifn., selective alloying, and anodized coating are three effective approaches to reduce the rate of degrdn. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2011.
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    135. 135
      Katti, D. S.; Lakshmi, S.; Langer, R.; Laurencin, C. Toxicity, Biodegradation and Elimination of Polyanhydrides. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2002, 54, 933– 961,  DOI: 10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00052-2
      135
      Toxicity, biodegradation and elimination of polyanhydrides
      Katti, D. S.; Lakshmi, S.; Langer, R.; Laurencin, C. T.
      Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (2002), 54 (7), 933-961CODEN: ADDREP; ISSN:0169-409X. (Elsevier Science B.V.)
      A review and discussion. Although originally developed for the textile industry, polyanhydrides have found extensive use in biomedical applications due to their biodegradability and excellent biocompatibility. Polyanhydrides are most commonly synthesized from diacid monomers by polycondensation. Efficient control over various physicochem. properties, such as biodegradability and biocompatibility, can be achieved for this class of polymers, due to the availability of a wide variety of diacid monomers as well as by copolymn. of these monomers. Biodegrdn. of these polymers takes place by the hydrolysis of the anhydride bonds and the polymer undergoes predominantly surface erosion, a desired property to attain near zero-order drug release profile. This review examines the mode of degrdn. and elimination of these polyanhydrides in vivo as well as the biocompatibility and toxicol. aspects of various polyanhydrides.
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    136. 136
      Reeder, J. T.; Xie, Z.; Yang, Q.; Seo, M. H.; Yan, Y.; Deng, Y.; Jinkins, K. R.; Krishnan, S. R.; Liu, C.; McKay, S. Soft, Bioresorbable Coolers for Reversible Conduction Block of Peripheral Nerves. Science 2022, 377, 109– 115,  DOI: 10.1126/science.abl8532
      136
      Soft, bioresorbable coolers for reversible conduction block of peripheral nerves
      Reeder, Jonathan T.; Xie, Zhaoqian; Yang, Quansan; Seo, Min-Ho; Yan, Ying; Deng, Yujun; Jinkins, Katherine R.; Krishnan, Siddharth R.; Liu, Claire; McKay, Shannon; Patnaude, Emily; Johnson, Alexandra; Zhao, Zichen; Kim, Moon Joo; Xu, Yameng; Huang, Ivy; Avila, Raudel; Felicelli, Christopher; Ray, Emily; Guo, Xu; Ray, Wilson Z.; Huang, Yonggang; MacEwan, Matthew R.; Rogers, John A.
      Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2022), 377 (6601), 109-115CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:1095-9203. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
      Implantable devices capable of targeted and reversible blocking of peripheral nerve activity may provide alternatives to opioids for treating pain. Local cooling represents an attractive means for on-demand elimination of pain signals, but traditional technologies are limited by rigid, bulky form factors; imprecise cooling; and requirements for extn. surgeries. Here, we introduce soft, bioresorbable, microfluidic devices that enable delivery of focused, minimally invasive cooling power at arbitrary depths in living tissues with real-time temp. feedback control. Construction with water-sol., biocompatible materials leads to dissoln. and bioresorption as a mechanism to eliminate unnecessary device load and risk to the patient without addnl. surgeries. Multiweek in vivo trials demonstrate the ability to rapidly and precisely cool peripheral nerves to provide local, on-demand analgesia in rat models for neuropathic pain.
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    137. 137
      Li, Z.; Feng, H.; Zheng, Q.; Li, H.; Zhao, C.; Ouyang, H.; Noreen, S.; Yu, M.; Su, F.; Liu, R. Photothermally Tunable Biodegradation of Implantable Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Tissue Repairing. Nano Energy 2018, 54, 390– 399,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.10.020
      137
      Photothermally tunable biodegradation of implantable triboelectric nanogenerators for tissue repairing
      Li, Zhe; Feng, Hongqing; Zheng, Qiang; Li, Hu; Zhao, Chaochao; Ouyang, Han; Noreen, Sehrish; Yu, Min; Su, Fan; Liu, Ruping; Li, Linlin; Wang, Zhong Lin; Li, Zhou
      Nano Energy (2018), 54 (), 390-399CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Implantable triboelec. nanogenerators (iTENGs) are promising to work as sustainable power source for implanted healthcare electronic devices. In this study, we fabricated a serial of biodegradable (BD) iTENGs and effectively tuned their degrdn. process in vivo by employing Au nanorods (AuNRs), which responded to the near-IR (NIR) light sensitively. The implanted BD-iTENG worked well for more than 28 days in vivo, without NIR treatment. When NIR treatment was applied, the output of AuNRs-BD-iTENG rapidly reduced to 0 within 24 h and the device was mostly degraded in 14 days. This showed that the in vivo degrdn. of our BD-iTENG could be triggered and come into effect very quickly with rational manipulation. The peak value of in vitro and in vivo output voltage generated by the AuNRs-BD-iTENG were 28 V and 2 V, resp. Moreover, the in vivo output voltage was applied on fibroblast cells and demonstrated a significant acceleration for cell migration across the scratch, which was very beneficial to wound healing process. In addn., we discovered that the alternating BD-iTENG output was as efficient as d.c. (DC) stimuli. The mechanisms were investigated. Our work has demonstrated the feasibility of building a photothermally tunable BD-iTENG as a transient power source for biomedical healthcare electronics.
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    138. 138
      Hinchet, R.; Yoon, H.-J.; Ryu, H.; Kim, M.-K.; Choi, E.-K.; Kim, D.-S.; Kim, S.-W. Transcutaneous Ultrasound Energy Harvesting Using Capacitive Triboelectric Technology. Science 2019, 365, 491– 494,  DOI: 10.1126/science.aan3997
      138
      Transcutaneous ultrasound energy harvesting using capacitive triboelectric technology
      Hinchet, Ronan; Yoon, Hong-Joon; Ryu, Hanjun; Kim, Moo-Kang; Choi, Eue-Keun; Kim, Dong-Sun; Kim, Sang-Woo
      Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2019), 365 (6452), 491-494CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
      A major challenge for implantable medical systems is the inclusion or reliable delivery of elec. power. We use ultrasound to deliver mech. energy through skin and liqs. and demonstrate a thin implantable vibrating triboelec. generator able to effectively harvest it. The ultrasound can induce micrometer-scale displacement of a polymer thin membrane to generate elec. energy through contact electrification. We recharge a lithium-ion battery at a rate of 166 microcoulombs per s in water. The voltage and current generated ex vivo by ultrasound energy transfer reached 2.4 V and 156 microamps under porcine tissue. These findings show that a capacitive triboelec. electret is the first technol. able to compete with piezoelectricity to harvest ultrasound in vivo and to power medical implants.
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    139. 139
      Ryu, H.; Park, H.-m.; Kim, M.-K.; Kim, B.; Myoung, H. S.; Kim, T. Y.; Yoon, H.-J.; Kwak, S. S.; Kim, J.; Hwang, T. H. Self-Rechargeable Cardiac Pacemaker System with Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 4374,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24417-w
      139
      Self-rechargeable cardiac pacemaker system with triboelectric nanogenerators
      Ryu, Hanjun; Park, Hyun-moon; Kim, Moo-Kang; Kim, Bosung; Myoung, Hyoun Seok; Kim, Tae Yun; Yoon, Hong-Joon; Kwak, Sung Soo; Kim, Jihye; Hwang, Tae Ho; Choi, Eue-Keun; Kim, Sang-Woo
      Nature Communications (2021), 12 (1), 4374CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)
      Self-powered implantable devices have the potential to extend device operation time inside the body and reduce the necessity for high-risk repeated surgery. Without the technol. innovation of in vivo energy harvesters driven by biomech. energy, energy harvesters are insufficient and inconvenient to power titanium-packaged implantable medical devices. Here, we report on a com. coin battery-sized high-performance inertia-driven triboelec. nanogenerator (I-TENG) based on body motion and gravity. We demonstrate that the enclosed five-stacked I-TENG converts mech. energy into electricity at 4.9μW/cm3 (root-mean-square output). In a preclin. test, we show that the device successfully harvests energy using real-time output voltage data monitored via Bluetooth and demonstrate the ability to charge a lithium-ion battery. Furthermore, we successfully integrate a cardiac pacemaker with the I-TENG, and confirm the ventricle pacing and sensing operation mode of the self-rechargeable cardiac pacemaker system. This proof-of-concept device may lead to the development of new self-rechargeable implantable medical devices.
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    140. 140
      Yoon, H.-J.; Kim, S.-W. Nanogenerators to Power Implantable Medical Systems. Joule 2020, 4, 1398– 1407,  DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2020.05.003
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    141. 141
      Mulpuru, S. K.; Madhavan, M.; McLeod, C. J.; Cha, Y. M.; Friedman, P. A. Cardiac Pacemakers: Function, Troubleshooting, and Management: Part 1 of a 2-Part Series. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2017, 69, 189– 210,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.10.061
      141
      Cardiac Pacemakers: Function, Troubleshooting, and Management: Part 1 of a 2-Part Series
      Mulpuru Siva K; Madhavan Malini; McLeod Christopher J; Cha Yong-Mei; Friedman Paul A
      Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2017), 69 (2), 189-210 ISSN:.
      Advances in cardiac surgery toward the mid-20th century created a need for an artificial means of stimulating the heart muscle. Initially developed as large external devices, technological advances resulted in miniaturization of electronic circuitry and eventually the development of totally implantable devices. These advances continue to date, with the recent introduction of leadless pacemakers. In this first part of a 2-part review, we describe indications, implant-related complications, basic function/programming, common pacemaker-related issues, and remote monitoring, which are relevant to the practicing cardiologist. We provide an overview of magnetic resonance imaging and perioperative management among patients with cardiac pacemakers.
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    142. 142
      Gorskii, O. V. Potential Power Supply Methods for Implanted Devices. Biomed. Eng. 2018, 52, 204– 209,  DOI: 10.1007/s10527-018-9814-z
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    143. 143
      Wenger, N.; Moraud, E. M.; Gandar, J.; Musienko, P.; Capogrosso, M.; Baud, L.; Le Goff, C. G.; Barraud, Q.; Pavlova, N.; Dominici, N. Spatiotemporal Neuromodulation Therapies Engaging Muscle Synergies Improve Motor Control after Spinal Cord Injury. Nat. Med. 2016, 22, 138– 145,  DOI: 10.1038/nm.4025
      143
      Spatiotemporal neuromodulation therapies engaging muscle synergies improve motor control after spinal cord injury
      Wenger, Nikolaus; Moraud, Eduardo Martin; Gandar, Jerome; Musienko, Pavel; Capogrosso, Marco; Baud, Laetitia; Le Goff, Camille G.; Barraud, Quentin; Pavlova, Natalia; Dominici, Nadia; Minev, Ivan R.; Asboth, Leonie; Hirsch, Arthur; Duis, Simone; Kreider, Julie; Mortera, Andrea; Haverbeck, Oliver; Kraus, Silvio; Schmitz, Felix; DiGiovanna, Jack; van den Brand, Rubia; Bloch, Jocelyne; Detemple, Peter; Lacour, Stephanie P.; Bezard, Erwan; Micera, Silvestro; Courtine, Gregoire
      Nature Medicine (New York, NY, United States) (2016), 22 (2), 138-145CODEN: NAMEFI; ISSN:1078-8956. (Nature Publishing Group)
      Elec. neuromodulation of lumbar segments improves motor control after spinal cord injury in animal models and humans. However, the physiol. principles underlying the effect of this intervention remain poorly understood, which has limited the therapeutic approach to continuous stimulation applied to restricted spinal cord locations. Here we developed stimulation protocols that reproduce the natural dynamics of motoneuron activation during locomotion. For this, we computed the spatiotemporal activation pattern of muscle synergies during locomotion in healthy rats. Computer simulations identified optimal electrode locations to target each synergy through the recruitment of proprioceptive feedback circuits. This framework steered the design of spatially selective spinal implants and real-time control software that modulate extensor and flexor synergies with precise temporal resoln. Spatiotemporal neuromodulation therapies improved gait quality, wt.-bearing capacity, endurance and skilled locomotion in several rodent models of spinal cord injury. These new concepts are directly translatable to strategies to improve motor control in humans.
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    144. 144
      Niu, S.; Wang, S.; Lin, L.; Liu, Y.; Zhou, Y. S.; Hu, Y.; Wang, Z. L. Theoretical Study of Contact-Mode Triboelectric Nanogenerators as an Effective Power Source. Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 3576– 3583,  DOI: 10.1039/c3ee42571a
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    145. 145
      Parandeh, S.; Kharaziha, M.; Karimzadeh, F. An Eco-Friendly Triboelectric Hybrid Nanogenerators Based on Graphene Oxide Incorporated Polycaprolactone Fibers and Cellulose Paper. Nano Energy 2019, 59, 412– 421,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.02.058
      145
      An eco-friendly triboelectric hybrid nanogenerators based on graphene oxide incorporated polycaprolactone fibers and cellulose paper
      Parandeh, S.; Kharaziha, M.; Karimzadeh, F.
      Nano Energy (2019), 59 (), 412-421CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      In this research, an eco-friendly triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) with high output performance based on poly(caprolactone) (PCL)/graphene oxide (GO) and cellulose paper was developed. PCL/GO fibrous layers consisting of various concns. of GO nanosheets (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 wt%) were fabricated using a cost-effective and simple electrospinning approach. Moreover, the role of GO concn. as well as the topog., thickness, and size of friction layers on the triboelec. performance was investigated. We realized that PCL/4 wt% GO-cellulose paper produced an open circuit voltage, c.d. and max. power d. up to 120 V, 2.5 mA/m2 and 72.5 mW/m2, resp. Results demonstrated that this open circuit voltage was 33% greater than that of flat PCL/4 wt% GO layer, confirming the role of the fibrous structure to promote charge d. accumulation. Moreover, a 98% increase in the open circuit voltage was calcd. for the TENG contg. PCL-4 wt% GO with the dimension of 4 × 4 cm2. The output of triboelec. nanogenerator, driven by human hand tapping, was enough to light up at least 21 blue-light-emitting diodes (LEDs) continuously. This higher performance was attributed to the formation of nanopores and strengthened neg. charges on PCL from the fibrous structure and oxygen functional groups of GO, resp. We believed that the suggested triboelec. nanogenerator with high performance, low-cost and easy fabrication process, as well as biocompatibility, has the potential to be applied for eco-friendly power sources to resolve the electronic waste issue and for self-powered biomedical devices.
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    146. 146
      Zou, H.; Zhang, Y.; Guo, L.; Wang, P.; He, X.; Dai, G.; Zheng, H.; Chen, C.; Wang, A. C.; Xu, C. Quantifying the Triboelectric Series. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 1427,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09461-x
      146
      Quantifying the triboelectric series
      Zou Haiyang; Zhang Ying; Guo Litong; Wang Peihong; He Xu; Dai Guozhang; Zheng Haiwu; Chen Chaoyu; Wang Aurelia Chi; Xu Cheng; Wang Zhong Lin; Zhang Ying; Guo Litong; Xu Cheng; Wang Zhong Lin
      Nature communications (2019), 10 (1), 1427 ISSN:.
      Triboelectrification is a well-known phenomenon that commonly occurs in nature and in our lives at any time and any place. Although each and every material exhibits triboelectrification, its quantification has not been standardized. A triboelectric series has been qualitatively ranked with regards to triboelectric polarization. Here, we introduce a universal standard method to quantify the triboelectric series for a wide range of polymers, establishing quantitative triboelectrification as a fundamental materials property. By measuring the tested materials with a liquid metal in an environment under well-defined conditions, the proposed method standardizes the experimental set up for uniformly quantifying the surface triboelectrification of general materials. The normalized triboelectric charge density is derived to reveal the intrinsic character of polymers for gaining or losing electrons. This quantitative triboelectric series may serve as a textbook standard for implementing the application of triboelectrification for energy harvesting and self-powered sensing.
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    147. 147
      Chen, H.; Song, Y.; Guo, H.; Miao, L.; Chen, X.; Su, Z.; Zhang, H. Hybrid Porous Micro Structured Finger Skin Inspired Self-Powered Electronic Skin System for Pressure Sensing and Sliding Detection. Nano Energy 2018, 51, 496– 503,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.07.001
      147
      Hybrid porous micro structured finger skin inspired self-powered electronic skin system for pressure sensing and sliding detection
      Chen, Haotian; Song, Yu; Guo, Hang; Miao, Liming; Chen, Xuexian; Su, Zongming; Zhang, Haixia
      Nano Energy (2018), 51 (), 496-503CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Fingertip is the most sensitive region in human body due to the unique fingerprint patterns and interlocked structure between epidermal-dermal, which amplify the tactile stimuli and enhance the sensitivity. Inspired by the complicated anatomical structure, we fabricated a finger skin inspired e-skin system composed of fingerprint inspired triboelec. generator (TENG), epidermal-dermal inspired hybrid porous microstructure (HPMS) pressure sensor and s.c. fat inspired fabric based porous supercapacitor (FPSC). The TENG is responsible for detecting sliding direction and speed with the help of the four spiral electrodes, which adopt the frequency rather than the amplitude to detect the signal to avoid interfere from the environment. The HPMS, on the one hand, integrates the advantages from both the microstructure and porous structure to enhance the sensitivity further. On the other hand, the sensitivity of HPMS sensor is tunable by designing the shape and porosity of the HPMS, which is proved by theory, simulation and expt. The FPSC, which can tolerate some degree of compression, works to supply energy for the pressure sensor. In this way, the sensor system can work independently without external battery. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, this sensor system has been used to detect complex action including pressure and sliding. During this process, the pressure and sliding direction and speed can be detected simultaneously without connecting to external energy source, showing its potential application area in soft robot and wearable devices.
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    148. 148
      Wang, Z. L. Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG)─Sparking an Energy and Sensor Revolution. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 2000137,  DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202000137
      148
      Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG)-Sparking an Energy and Sensor Revolution
      Wang, Zhong Lin
      Advanced Energy Materials (2020), 10 (17), 2000137CODEN: ADEMBC; ISSN:1614-6840. (Wiley-Blackwell)
      The study presents the fundamental scientific understanding of electron transfer in contact electrification in solid-solid and liq.-solid cases and a newly revised model for the formation of elec. double layer. The potential revolutionary impacts of triboelec. nanogenerators as energy sources and sensors are presented in the fields of health care, environmental science, wearable electronics, internet of things, human-machine interfacing, robotics, and artificial intelligence.
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    149. 149
      Xu, J.; Yin, J.; Fang, Y.; Xiao, X.; Zou, Y.; Wang, S.; Chen, J. Deep Learning Assisted Ternary Electrification Layered Triboelectric Membrane Sensor for Self-Powered Home Security. Nano Energy 2023, 113, 108524,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108524
      149
      Deep learning assisted ternary electrification layered triboelectric membrane sensor for self-powered home security
      Xu, Jing; Yin, Junyi; Fang, Yunsheng; Xiao, Xiao; Zou, Yongjiu; Wang, Shaolei; Chen, Jun
      Nano Energy (2023), 113 (), 108524CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      In the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), home security has become increasingly crit. Here, we have developed a ternary-electrification-layered triboelec. membrane sensor (TEL-TMS) as a cost-effective approach for self-powered home security. This triboelec. membrane sensor holds a collection of compelling features, including decent flexibility and transparency, enabling a tight attachment to the curved surfaces. By integrating it into household devices such as doors, windows, and safe cases, comprehensive monitoring coverage for the entire home can be achieved. The results showed that the TEL-TMS has a speed range detection of 5-165 mm/s, a response time of 0.32 s, an error rate of less than 1%, and exceptional stability (>10,000 cycles). With the further introduction of machine learning algorithms, the sensor can identify different motion states and activity patterns with a classification accuracy of up to 99.2%. Moreover, it is easily detachable and reusable, offering wide applicability. To facilitate practical applications, a custom mobile application (APP) based on built-in algorithms has been developed for one-click status monitoring and intelligent home environment recognition. The development of this TEL-TMS represents a solid step towards self-powered smart home security.
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    150. 150
      Zhang, S.; Bick, M.; Xiao, X.; Chen, G.; Nashalian, A.; Chen, J. Leveraging Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Bioengineering. Matter 2021, 4, 845– 887,  DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2021.01.006
      150
      Leveraging triboelectric nanogenerators for bioengineering
      Zhang, Songlin; Bick, Michael; Xiao, Xiao; Chen, Guorui; Nashalian, Ardo; Chen, Jun
      Matter (2021), 4 (3), 845-887CODEN: MATTCG; ISSN:2590-2385. (Elsevier Inc.)
      A review. Triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) are able to convert low-frequency biomech. motions into characteristically high-voltage and low-current elec. signals via a coupling of contact electrification and electrostatic induction. Resulting from a unique working principle, TENGs hold a collection of compelling features, including light wt., structural simplicity, cost-effectiveness, biocompatibility, and a wide range of soft materials choices. Elec. signals generated from human body motions via TENGs could be used as sustainable power sources, active biomonitors, and elec. stimulation therapeutics for bioengineering. Here we comprehensively reviewed the advancements in using TENGs for on-body energy, sensing, and therapeutic applications to build up a body area network (BAN) for personalized health care. We concluded our review with a discussion of the challenges and problems of leveraging triboelec. nanogenerators for bioengineering.
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    151. 151
      Zhao, X.; Askari, H.; Chen, J. Nanogenerators for Smart Cities in the Era of 5g and Internet of Things. Joule 2021, 5, 1391– 1431,  DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2021.03.013
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    152. 152
      Xu, Q.; Fang, Y.; Jing, Q.; Hu, N.; Lin, K.; Pan, Y.; Xu, L.; Gao, H.; Yuan, M.; Chu, L. A Portable Triboelectric Spirometer for Wireless Pulmonary Function Monitoring. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2021, 187, 113329,  DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113329
      152
      A portable triboelectric spirometer for wireless pulmonary function monitoring
      Xu, Qinghao; Fang, Yunsheng; Jing, Qingshen; Hu, Ning; Lin, Ke; Pan, Yifan; Xu, Lin; Gao, Haiqi; Yuan, Ming; Chu, Liang; Ma, Yanwen; Xie, Yannan; Chen, Jun; Wang, Lianhui
      Biosensors & Bioelectronics (2021), 187 (), 113329CODEN: BBIOE4; ISSN:0956-5663. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a severe acute respiratory syndrome infection has spread rapidly across the world since its emergence in 2019 and drastically altered our way of life. Patients who have recovered from COVID-19 may still face persisting respiratory damage from the virus, necessitating long-term supervision after discharge to closely assess pulmonary function during rehabilitation. Therefore, developing portable spirometers for pulmonary function tests is of great significance for convenient home-based monitoring during recovery. Here, we propose a wireless, portable pulmonary function monitor for rehabilitation care after COVID-19. It is composed of a breath-to-elec. (BTE) sensor, a signal processing circuit, and a Bluetooth communication unit. The BTE sensor, with a compact size and light wt. of 2.5 cm3 and 1.8 g resp., is capable of converting respiratory biomech. motions into considerable elec. signals. The output signal stability is greater than 93% under 35%-81% humidity, which allows for ideal expiration airflow sensing. Through a wireless communication circuit system, the signals can be received by a mobile terminal and processed into important physiol. parameters, such as forced expiratory vol. in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC). The FEV1/FVC ratio is then calcd. to further evaluate pulmonary function of testers. Through these measurement methods, the acquired pulmonary function parameters are shown to exhibit high accuracy (>97%) in comparison to a com. spirometer. The practical design of the self-powered flow spirometer presents a low-cost and convenient method for pulmonary function monitoring during rehabilitation from COVID-19.
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    153. 153
      Lin, Z.; Zhang, G.; Xiao, X.; Au, C.; Zhou, Y.; Sun, C.; Zhou, Z.; Yan, R.; Fan, E.; Si, S. A Personalized Acoustic Interface for Wearable Human-Machine Interaction. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2109430,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202109430
      153
      A Personalized Acoustic Interface for Wearable Human-Machine Interaction
      Lin, Zhiwei; Zhang, Gaoqiang; Xiao, Xiao; Au, Christian; Zhou, Yihao; Sun, Chenchen; Zhou, Zhihao; Yan, Rong; Fan, Endong; Si, Shaobo; Weng, Lei; Mathur, Shaurya; Yang, Jin; Chen, Jun
      Advanced Functional Materials (2022), 32 (9), 2109430CODEN: AFMDC6; ISSN:1616-301X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      Communication and interaction with machines are changing our ways of life. However, developing an acoustic interface that simultaneously features waterproofness, wearability, high fidelity, and high accuracy for human-machine interaction remains a grand challenge. Herein, a waterproof acoustic sensor (WAS) as a wearable translation interface to communicate with machines is reported. Owing to the sound-response ability of internal microparticles, the WAS holds a significantly broad frequency response range of 0.1-20 kHz, covering almost the entire human audible range. The WAS is stable against human perspiration, shows omnidirectional response, and displays an excellent frequency detection resoln. of 0.0001 kHz. With a collection of compelling features, the WAS can serve as a wearable acoustic human-machine interface and a high-fidelity auditory platform for music recording. Moreover, the WAS-based acoustic interface holds a remarkable 98% accuracy for speech recognition with the assistance of an artificial intelligence algorithm. Finally, the WAS-based acoustic interface demonstrates speaker verification and identification for implementation in highly secure biometric authentication systems and wireless control of an intelligent car using speech recognition. Such a WAS-based acoustic interface represents the advancement of high-fidelity translation platforms for human-machine interactions toward practical applications, including the Internet of Things, assistive technol., and intelligent recognition systems.
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    154. 154
      Fang, Y.; Zou, Y.; Xu, J.; Chen, G.; Zhou, Y.; Deng, W.; Zhao, X.; Roustaei, M.; Hsiai, T. K.; Chen, J. Ambulatory Cardiovascular Monitoring Via a Machine-Learning-Assisted Textile Triboelectric Sensor. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2104178,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104178
      154
      Ambulatory Cardiovascular Monitoring Via a Machine-Learning-Assisted Textile Triboelectric Sensor
      Fang, Yunsheng; Zou, Yongjiu; Xu, Jing; Chen, Guorui; Zhou, Yihao; Deng, Weili; Zhao, Xun; Roustaei, Mehrdad; Hsiai, Tzung K.; Chen, Jun
      Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2021), 33 (41), 2104178CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      Wearable bioelectronics for continuous and reliable pulse wave monitoring against body motion and perspiration remains a great challenge and highly desired. Here, a low-cost, lightwt., and mech. durable textile triboelec. sensor that can convert subtle skin deformation caused by arterial pulsatility into electricity for high-fidelity and continuous pulse waveform monitoring in an ambulatory and sweaty setting is developed. The sensor holds a signal-to-noise ratio of 23.3 dB, a response time of 40 ms, and a sensitivity of 0.21μA kPa-1. With the assistance of machine learning algorithms, the textile triboelec. sensor can continuously and precisely measure systolic and diastolic pressure, and the accuracy is validated via a com. blood pressure cuff at the hospital. Addnl., a customized cellphone application (APP) based on built-in algorithm is developed for one-click health data sharing and data-driven cardiovascular diagnosis. The textile triboelec. sensor enabled wireless biomonitoring system is expected to offer a practical paradigm for continuous and personalized cardiovascular system characterization in the era of the Internet of Things.
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    155. 155
      Fang, Y.; Xu, J.; Xiao, X.; Zou, Y.; Zhao, X.; Zhou, Y.; Chen, J. A Deep-Learning-Assisted on-Mask Sensor Network for Adaptive Respiratory Monitoring. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2200252,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200252
      155
      A Deep-Learning-Assisted On-Mask Sensor Network for Adaptive Respiratory Monitoring
      Fang, Yunsheng; Xu, Jing; Xiao, Xiao; Zou, Yongjiu; Zhao, Xun; Zhou, Yihao; Chen, Jun
      Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2022), 34 (24), 2200252CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      Wearable respiratory monitoring is a fast, non-invasive, and convenient approach to provide early recognition of human health abnormalities like restrictive and obstructive lung diseases. Here, a computational fluid dynamics assisted on-mask sensor network is reported, which can overcome different user facial contours and environmental interferences to collect highly accurate respiratory signals. Inspired by cribellate silk, Rayleigh-instability-induced spindle-knot fibers are knitted for the fabrication of permeable and moisture-proof textile triboelec. sensors that hold a decent signal-to-noise ratio of 51.2 dB, a response time of 0.28 s, and a sensitivity of 0.46 V kPa-1. With the assistance of deep learning, the on-mask sensor network can realize the respiration pattern recognition with a classification accuracy up to 100%, showing great improvement over a single respiratory sensor. Addnl., a customized user-friendly cellphone application is developed to connect the processed respiratory signals for real-time data-driven diagnosis and one-click health data sharing with the clinicians. The deep-learning-assisted on-mask sensor network opens a new avenue for personalized respiration management in the era of the Internet of Things.
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    156. 156
      Wang, Z. L.; Wang, A. C. On the Origin of Contact-Electrification. Mater. Today 2019, 30, 34– 51,  DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2019.05.016
      156
      On the origin of contact-electrification
      Wang, Zhong Lin; Wang, Aurelia Chi
      Materials Today (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2019), 30 (), 34-51CODEN: MTOUAN; ISSN:1369-7021. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      A review. Although contact electrification (triboelectrification) (CE) has been documented since 2600 years ago, its scientific understanding remains inconclusive, unclear, and un-unified. This paper reviews the updated progress for studying the fundamental mechanism of CE using Kelvin's probe force microscopy for solid-solid cases. Our conclusion is that electron transfer is the dominant mechanism for CE between solid-solid pairs. Electron transfer occurs only when the interat. distance between the two materials is shorter than the normal bonding length (typically ∼0.2 nm) in the region of repulsive forces. A strong electron cloud overlap (or wave function overlap) between the two atoms/mols. in the repulsive region leads to electron transition between the atoms/mols., owing to the reduced interat. potential barrier. The role played by contact/friction force is to induce strong overlap between the electron clouds (or wave function in physics, bonding in chem.). The electrostatic charges on the surfaces can be released from the surface by electron thermionic emission and/or photon excitation, so these electrostatic charges may not remain on the surface if sample temp. is higher than ∼300-400°C. The electron transfer model could be extended to liq.-solid, liq.-gas and even liq.-liq. cases. As for the liq.-solid case, mols. in the liq. would have electron cloud overlap with the atoms on the solid surface at the very first contact with a virginal solid surface, and electron transfer is required in order to create the first layer of electrostatic charges on the solid surface. This step only occurs for the very first contact of the liq. with the solid. Then, ion transfer is the second step and is the dominant process thereafter, which is a redistribution of the ions in soln. considering electrostatic interactions with the charged solid surface. This is proposed as a two-step formation process of the elec. double layer (EDL) at the liq.-solid interface. Charge transfer in the liq.-gas case is believed to be due to electron transfer once a gas mol. strikes the liq. surface to induce the overlapping electron cloud under pressure. In general, electron transfer due to the overlapping electron cloud under mech. force/pressure is proposed as the dominant mechanism for initiating CE between solids, liqs. and gases. This study provides not only the first systematic understanding about the physics of CE, but also demonstrates that the triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) is an effective method for studying the nature of CE between any materials.
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    157. 157
      Xu, C.; Zi, Y.; Wang, A. C.; Zou, H.; Dai, Y.; He, X.; Wang, P.; Wang, Y.-C.; Feng, P.; Li, D. On the Electron-Transfer Mechanism in the Contact-Electrification Effect. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1706790,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706790
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    158. 158
      Wang, Z. L. Triboelectric Nanogenerators as New Energy Technology for Self-Powered Systems and as Active Mechanical and Chemical Sensors. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 9533– 9557,  DOI: 10.1021/nn404614z
      158
      Triboelectric Nanogenerators as New Energy Technology for Self-Powered Systems and as Active Mechanical and Chemical Sensors
      Wang, Zhong Lin
      ACS Nano (2013), 7 (11), 9533-9557CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)
      A review. Tribo-electrification is an effect that is known to each and every one probably since ancient Greek time, but it is usually taken as a neg. effect and is avoided in many technologies. The authors have recently invented a triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) that is used to convert mech. energy into electricity by a conjunction of tribo-electrification and electrostatic induction. As for this power generation unit, in the inner circuit, a potential is created by the triboelec. effect due to the charge transfer between 2 thin org./inorg. films that exhibit opposite tribo-polarity; in the outer circuit, electrons are driven to flow between 2 electrodes attached on the back sides of the films to balance the potential. Since the most useful materials for TENG are org., it is also named org. nanogenerator, which is the 1st using org. materials for harvesting mech. energy. The authors review the fundamentals of the TENG in the 3 basic operation modes: vertical contact-sepn. mode, in-plane sliding mode, and single-electrode mode. Ever since the 1st report of the TENG in Jan. 2012, the output power d. of TENG was improved 5 orders of magnitude within 12 mo. The area power d. reaches 313 W/m2, vol. d. reaches 490 kW/m3, and a conversion efficiency of ∼60% was demonstrated. The TENG can be applied to harvest all kinds of mech. energy that is available but wasted in the daily life, such as human motion, walking, vibration, mech. triggering, rotating tire, wind, flowing H2O, and more. Alternatively, TENG can also be used as a self-powered sensor for actively detecting the static and dynamic processes arising from mech. agitation using the voltage and current output signals of the TENG, resp., with potential applications for touch pad and smart skin technologies. To enhance the performance of the TENG, besides the vast choices of materials in the triboelec. series, from polymer to metal and to fabric, the morphologies of their surfaces can be modified by phys. techniques with the creation of pyramid-, square-, or hemisphere-based micro- or nano-patterns, which are effective for enhancing the contact area and possibly the triboelectrification. The surfaces of the materials can be functionalized chem. using various mols., nanotubes, nanowires, or nanoparticles, to enhance the triboelec. effect. The contact materials can be composites, such as embedding nanoparticles in a polymer matrix, which may change not only the surface electrification but also the permittivity of the materials so that they can be effective for electrostatic induction. Therefore, there are numerous ways to enhance the performance of the TENG from the materials point of view. This gives an excellent opportunity for chemists and materials scientists to do extensive study both in the basic science and in practical applications. The authors anticipate that a better enhancement of the output power d. will be achieved in the next few years. The TENG is possible not only for self-powered portable electronics but also as a new energy technol. with potential to contribute to the world energy in the near future.
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    159. 159
      Niu, S.; Wang, S.; Liu, Y.; Zhou, Y. S.; Lin, L.; Hu, Y.; Pradel, K. C.; Wang, Z. L. A Theoretical Study of Grating Structured Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 2339– 2349,  DOI: 10.1039/C4EE00498A
      159
      A theoretical study of grating structured triboelectric nanogenerators
      Niu, Simiao; Wang, Sihong; Liu, Ying; Zhou, Yu Sheng; Lin, Long; Hu, Youfan; Pradel, Ken C.; Wang, Zhong Lin
      Energy & Environmental Science (2014), 7 (7), 2339-2349CODEN: EESNBY; ISSN:1754-5706. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
      Triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) technol. is an emerging new mech. energy harvesting technol. with numerous advantages. Amongst the multitude of TENG designs, the grating structure is not only the most promising for ultra-high output power but also the most complicated. In this manuscript, the first theor. model of the grating structured TENG is presented with in-depth interpretation and anal. of its working principle. Two different categories of grating structured TENGs - grating structured TENGs with equal plate-length and with unequal plate-length are discussed in detail to illustrate their difference in output characteristics. Then for each of these two categories, a study of the basic output profiles and an in-depth discussion on the influence of the electrode structure, no. of grating units, and thickness of the dielec. layers were made to obtain a strategy for optimization.
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    160. 160
      Fan, F. R.; Tang, W.; Wang, Z. L. Flexible Nanogenerators for Energy Harvesting and Self-Powered Electronics. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 4283– 4305,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201504299
      160
      Flexible Nanogenerators for Energy Harvesting and Self-Powered Electronics
      Fan, Feng Ru; Tang, Wei; Wang, Zhong Lin
      Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2016), 28 (22), 4283-4305CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      A review. Flexible nanogenerators that efficiently convert mech. energy into elec. energy have been extensively studied because of their great potential for driving low-power personal electronics and self-powered sensors. Integration of flexibility and stretchability to nanogenerator has important research significance that enables applications in flexible/stretchable electronics, org. optoelectronics, and wearable electronics. Progress in nanogenerators for mech. energy harvesting is reviewed, mainly including two key technologies: flexible piezoelec. nanogenerators (PENGs) and flexible triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs). By means of material classification, various approaches of PENGs based on ZnO nanowires, lead zirconate titanate (PZT), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), 2D materials, and composite materials are introduced. For flexible TENG, its structural designs and factors detg. its output performance are discussed, as well as its integration, fabrication and applications. The latest representative achievements regarding the hybrid nanogenerator are also summarized. Finally, some perspectives and challenges in this field are discussed.
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    161. 161
      Liu, Z.; Li, H.; Shi, B.; Fan, Y.; Wang, Z. L.; Li, Z. Wearable and Implantable Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1808820,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201808820
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    162. 162
      Wang, S.; Xie, Y.; Niu, S.; Lin, L.; Wang, Z. L. Freestanding Triboelectric-Layer-Based Nanogenerators for Harvesting Energy from a Moving Object or Human Motion in Contact and Non-Contact Modes. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 2818– 2824,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305303
      162
      Freestanding Triboelectric-Layer Based Nanogenerators for Harvesting Energy from a Moving Object or Human Motion in Contact and Non-Contact Modes
      Wang, Sihong; Xie, Yannan; Niu, Simiao; Lin, Long; Wang, Zhong Lin
      Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2014), 26 (18), 2818-2824CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      The authors this paper demonstrate a new mode of triboelec. nanogenerator, in which a freestanding triboelec.-layer slides between two stationary electrodes on the same plane. With two electrodes alternatively approached by the tribo-charges on the sliding layer, an a.c. is generated between the electrodes due to electrostatic induction at contact and noncontact modes. From both theor. anal. and exptl. demonstration, the FTENG is proven to be very effective in mech. energy conversion, which can generate an open-circuit voltage over 10 kV and drive the flow of equal amt. of charges as the total tribo-charges in each sliding motion. Also, a systematical study on the influence of electrode distance in device structure indicates that a smaller sepn. is more favorable. A FTENG with an electrode distance of merely 1 mm can provide a max. power d. of 6.7 W/m2 to a load. Compared to the existing sliding TENG, this FTENG has a good tolerance to the vertical sepn. between the sliding triboelec. surface and the electrode, so that it can operate in both contact and noncontact sliding mode. Because of these unique features, the FTENG can achieve versatile energy harvesting from unrestricted and freely moving mech.-energy sources at a greatly enhanced efficiency. This new operation mode can generate a series of new device structures and largely expand the applications of TENG both as effective energy sources and also as active sensors. This newly designed TENG allows energy harvesting from a walking person, a moving car or train.
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    163. 163
      Wang, S.; Lin, L.; Xie, Y.; Jing, Q.; Niu, S.; Wang, Z. L. Sliding-Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on in-Plane Charge-Separation Mechanism. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 2226– 2233,  DOI: 10.1021/nl400738p
      163
      Sliding-Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on In-Plane Charge-Separation Mechanism
      Wang, Sihong; Lin, Long; Xie, Yannan; Jing, Qingshen; Niu, Simiao; Wang, Zhong Lin
      Nano Letters (2013), 13 (5), 2226-2233CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)
      Aiming at harvesting ambient mech. energy for self-powered systems, triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) were recently developed as a highly efficient, cost-effective and robust approach to generate electricity from mech. movements and vibrations from the coupling between triboelectrification and electrostatic induction. However, all of the previously demonstrated TENGs are based on vertical sepn. of triboelec.-charged planes, which requires sophisticated device structures to ensure enough resilience for the charge sepn., otherwise there is no output current. The authors demonstrated a newly designed TENG based on an in-plane charge sepn. process using the relative sliding between two contacting surfaces. Using Polyamide 6,6 (Nylon) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films with surface etched nanowires, the two polymers at the opposite ends of the triboelec. series, the newly invented TENG produces an open-circuit voltage up to ∼1300 V and a short-circuit c.d. of 4.1 mA/m2 with a peak power d. of 5.3 W/m2, which can be used as a direct power source for instantaneously driving hundreds of serially connected light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The working principle and the relations between elec. outputs and the sliding motion are fully elaborated and systematically studied, providing a new mode of TENGs with diverse applications. Compared to the existing vertical-touching based TENGs, this planar-sliding TENG has a high efficiency, easy fabrication, and suitability for many types of mech. triggering. Also, with the relation between the elec. output and the sliding motion being calibrated, the sliding-based TENG could potentially be used as a self-powered displacement/speed/acceleration sensor.
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    164. 164
      Yao, G.; Kang, L.; Li, J.; Long, Y.; Wei, H.; Ferreira, C. A.; Jeffery, J. J.; Lin, Y.; Cai, W.; Wang, X. Effective Weight Control Via an Implanted Self-Powered Vagus Nerve Stimulation Device. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 5349,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07764-z
      164
      Effective weight control via an implanted self-powered vagus nerve stimulation device
      Yao, Guang; Kang, Lei; Li, Jun; Long, Yin; Wei, Hao; Ferreira, Carolina A.; Jeffery, Justin J.; Lin, Yuan; Cai, Weibo; Wang, Xudong
      Nature Communications (2018), 9 (1), 5349CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)
      In vivo vagus nerve stimulation holds great promise in regulating food intake for obesity treatment. Here we present an implanted vagus nerve stimulation system that is battery-free and spontaneously responsive to stomach movement. The vagus nerve stimulation system comprises a flexible and biocompatible nanogenerator that is attached on the surface of stomach. It generates biphasic elec. pulses in responsive to the peristalsis of stomach. The elec. signals generated by this device can stimulate the vagal afferent fibers to reduce food intake and achieve wt. control. This strategy is successfully demonstrated on rat models. Within 100 days, the av. body wt. is controlled at 350 g, 38% less than the control groups. This work correlates nerve stimulation with targeted organ functionality through a smart, self-responsive system, and demonstrated highly effective wt. control. This work also provides a concept in therapeutic technol. using artificial nerve signal generated from coordinated body activities.
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    165. 165
      Guo, H.; Pu, X.; Chen, J.; Meng, Y.; Yeh, M.-H.; Liu, G.; Tang, Q.; Chen, B.; Liu, D.; Qi, S. A Highly Sensitive, Self-Powered Triboelectric Auditory Sensor for Social Robotics and Hearing Aids. Sci. Robot. 2018, 3, eaat2516  DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.aat2516
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    166. 166
      Kim, H. S.; Hur, S.; Lee, D.-G.; Shin, J.; Qiao, H.; Mun, S.; Lee, H.; Moon, W.; Kim, Y.; Baik, J. M. Ferroelectrically Augmented Contact Electrification Enables Efficient Acoustic Energy Transfer through Liquid and Solid Media. Energy Environ. Sci. 2022, 15, 1243– 1255,  DOI: 10.1039/D1EE02623B
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    167. 167
      Chen, C.; Wen, Z.; Shi, J.; Jian, X.; Li, P.; Yeow, J. T. W.; Sun, X. Micro Triboelectric Ultrasonic Device for Acoustic Energy Transfer and Signal Communication. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 4143,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17842-w
      167
      Micro triboelectric ultrasonic device for acoustic energy transfer and signal communication
      Chen, Chen; Wen, Zhen; Shi, Jihong; Jian, Xiaohua; Li, Peiyang; Yeow, John T. W.; Sun, Xuhui
      Nature Communications (2020), 11 (1), 4143CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)
      As a promising energy converter, the requirement for miniaturization and high-accuracy of triboelec. nanogenerators always remains urgent. In this work, a micro triboelec. ultrasonic device was developed by integrating a triboelec. nanogenerator and micro-electro-mech. systems technol. To date, it sets a world record for the smallest triboelec. device, with a 50μm-sized diaphragm, and enables the working frequency to be brought to megahertz. This dramatically improves the miniaturization and chip integration of the triboelec. nanogenerator. With 63 kPa@1 MHz ultrasound input, the micro triboelec. ultrasonic device can generate the voltage signal of 16.8 mV and 12.7 mV through oil and sound-attenuation medium, resp. It also achieved the signal-to-ratio of 20.54 dB and exhibited the practical potential for signal communication by modulating the incident ultrasound. Finally, detailed optimization approaches have also been proposed to further improve the output power of the micro triboelec. ultrasonic device.
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    168. 168
      Zhou, Z.; Chen, K.; Li, X.; Zhang, S.; Wu, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Meng, K.; Sun, C.; He, Q.; Fan, W. Sign-to-Speech Translation Using Machine-Learning-Assisted Stretchable Sensor Arrays. Nat. Electron. 2020, 3, 571– 578,  DOI: 10.1038/s41928-020-0428-6
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    169. 169
      Nair, L. S.; Laurencin, C. T. Biodegradable Polymers as Biomaterials. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2007, 32, 762– 798,  DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.05.017
      169
      Biodegradable polymers as biomaterials
      Nair, Lakshmi S.; Laurencin, Cato T.
      Progress in Polymer Science (2007), 32 (8-9), 762-798CODEN: PRPSB8; ISSN:0079-6700. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      A review. During the past 2 decades significant advances were made in the development of biodegradable polymeric materials for biomedical applications. Degradable polymeric biomaterials are preferred candidates for developing therapeutic devices such as temporary prostheses, 3-dimensional porous structures as scaffolds for tissue engineering and as controlled/sustained release drug delivery vehicles. Each of these applications demands materials with specific phys., chem., biol., biomech. and degrdn. properties to provide efficient therapy. Consequently, a wide range of natural or synthetic polymers capable of undergoing degrdn. by hydrolytic or enzymic route are being investigated for biomedical applications. This review summarizes the main advances published over the last 15 years, outlining the synthesis, biodegradability and biomedical applications of biodegradable synthetic and natural polymers.
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    170. 170
      Peng, X.; Dong, K.; Wu, Z.; Wang, J.; Wang, Z. L. A Review on Emerging Biodegradable Polymers for Environmentally Benign Transient Electronic Skins. J. Mater. Sci. 2021, 56, 16765– 16789,  DOI: 10.1007/s10853-021-06323-0
      170
      A review on emerging biodegradable polymers for environmentally benign transient electronic skins
      Peng, Xiao; Dong, Kai; Wu, Zhiyi; Wang, Jie; Wang, Zhong Lin
      Journal of Materials Science (2021), 56 (30), 16765-16789CODEN: JMTSAS; ISSN:0022-2461. (Springer)
      A review. Biodegradable or transient electronics is an emerging technol. whose key characteristic is an ability to dissolve, resorb, phys. disappear or disintegrate in physiol. environments after fulfilling their functions over prescribed time frames. Biodegradable electronics as temporary implants can be safely absorbed by the body, and as green electronics can effectively alleviate landfill and environmental issues caused by electronic wastes, which are expected to ultimately eliminate assocd. costs and risks resulting from recycling operations. In this review, the state of the art of the biodegradable polymers, their fabrication techniques, and potential applications in environment friendly electronic skins (e-skins) are comprehensively summarized and systematically discussed. In addn., the future outlook for the development of biodegradable e-skins is also discussed at the end. It is expected that this review will potentially provide vital tools and beneficial strategies for the design of biodegradable e-skins with the functions of diagnosis, therapy and green sensing that are beneficial for human healthcare and environmental protection.
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    171. 171
      Chen, S.; Wu, Z.; Chu, C.; Ni, Y.; Neisiany, R. E.; You, Z. Biodegradable Elastomers and Gels for Elastic Electronics. Adv. Sci. 2022, 9, 2105146,  DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105146
      171
      Biodegradable Elastomers and Gels for Elastic Electronics
      Chen, Shuo; Wu, Zekai; Chu, Chengzhen; Ni, Yufeng; Neisiany, Rasoul Esmaeely; You, Zhengwei
      Advanced Science (Weinheim, Germany) (2022), 9 (13), 2105146CODEN: ASDCCF; ISSN:2198-3844. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      A review. Biodegradable electronics are considered as an important bio-friendly soln. for electronic waste (e-waste) management, sustainable development, and emerging implantable devices. Elastic electronics with higher imitative mech. characteristics of human tissues, have become crucial for human-related applications. The convergence of biodegradability and elasticity has emerged a new paradigm of next-generation electronics esp. for wearable and implantable electronics. The corresponding biodegradable elastic materials are recognized as a key to drive this field toward the practical applications. The review first clarifies the relevant concepts including biodegradable and elastic electronics along with their general design principles. Subsequently, the crucial mechanisms of the degrdn. in polymeric materials are discussed in depth. The diverse types of biodegradable elastomers and gels for electronics are then summarized. Their mol. design, modification, processing, and device fabrication esp. the structure-properties relationship as well as recent advanced are reviewed in detail. Finally, the current challenges and the future directions are proposed. The crit. insights of biodegradability and elastic characteristics in the elastomers and gel allows them to be tailored and designed more effectively for electronic applications.
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    172. 172
      Tanjung, F. A.; Arifin, Y.; Husseinsyah, S. Enzymatic Degradation of Coconut Shell Powder-Reinforced Polylactic Acid Biocomposites. J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater. 2020, 33, 800– 816,  DOI: 10.1177/0892705718811895
      172
      Enzymatic degradation of coconut shell powder-reinforced polylactic acid biocomposites
      Tanjung, Faisal Amri; Arifin, Yalun; Husseinsyah, Salmah
      Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials (2020), 33 (6), 800-816CODEN: JTMAEQ; ISSN:0892-7057. (Sage Publications Ltd.)
      This work examd. the effects of filler content and chem. treatment on the biodegrdn. of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/coconut shell (CS) biocomposites in a diastase enzyme-contg. buffer medium. CS was treated with two distinct chem. treatments: maleic acid and silanation with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APE). The CS was incorporated into PLA composites and their biodegrdn. patterns were studied. Both of the treated PLA/CS biocomposites exhibited lower biodegrdn. rates than the untreated biocomposites due to their enhanced interfacial adhesion, which reduced the area exposed to enzyme hydrolysis. Scanning electron micrographs taken after 30 days of biodegrdn. displayed surface roughening on both of the treated biocomposites, with fewer voids compared to the untreated biocomposites. The differential scanning calorimetry indicated that the glass transition temp. and melting temp. values of the treated biocomposites increased but that crystallinity declined. The crystn. temp. peak apparently disappeared due to the polymer chain alignment and rearrangement of the shorter PLA chains caused by the degrdn. Fourier transform IR anal. revealed the structural changes in the biocomposites after biodegrdn., indicating the presence of sol. lactic acid as was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy anal.
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    173. 173
      Brannigan, R. P.; Dove, A. P. Synthesis, Properties and Biomedical Applications of Hydrolytically Degradable Materials Based on Aliphatic Polyesters and Polycarbonates. Biomater. Sci. 2017, 5, 9– 21,  DOI: 10.1039/C6BM00584E
      173
      Synthesis, properties and biomedical applications of hydrolytically degradable materials based on aliphatic polyesters and polycarbonates
      Brannigan, Ruairi P.; Dove, Andrew P.
      Biomaterials Science (2017), 5 (1), 9-21CODEN: BSICCH; ISSN:2047-4849. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
      Polyester-based polymers represent excellent candidates in synthetic biodegradable and bioabsorbable materials for medical applications owing to their tailorable properties. The use of synthetic polyesters as biomaterials offers a unique control of morphol., mech. properties and degrdn. profile through monomer selection, polymer compn. (i.e. copolymer vs. homopolymer, stereocomplexation etc.) and mol. wt. Within this review, the synthetic routes, degrdn. modes and application of aliph. polyester- and polycarbonate-based biomaterials are discussed.
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    174. 174
      von Burkersroda, F.; Schedl, L.; Göpferich, A. Why Degradable Polymers Undergo Surface Erosion or Bulk Erosion. Biomaterials 2002, 23, 4221– 4231,  DOI: 10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00170-9
      174
      Why degradable polymers undergo surface erosion or bulk erosion
      von Burkersroda, Friederike; Schedl, Luise; Gopferich, Achim
      Biomaterials (2002), 23 (21), 4221-4231CODEN: BIMADU; ISSN:0142-9612. (Elsevier Science Ltd.)
      A theor. model was developed that allows to predict the erosion mechanism of water insol. biodegradable polymer matrixes. The model shows that all degradable polymers can undergo surface erosion or bulk erosion. Which way a polymer matrix erodes after all depends on the diffusivity of water inside the matrix, the degrdn. rate of the polymer's functional groups and the matrix dimensions. From these parameters the model allows to calc. for an individual polymer matrix a dimensionless 'erosion no.' ε. The value of ε indicates the mode of erosion. Based on ε, a crit. device dimension Lcritical can be calcd. If a matrix is larger than Lcritical it will undergo surface erosion, if not it will be bulk eroding. Lcritical values for polymers were estd. based on literature data. Polyanhydrides were found to be surface eroding down to a size of approx. Lcritical=10-4 m while poly(α-hydroxy esters) matrixes need to be larger than Lcritical=10-1 m to lose their bulk erosion properties. To support our theor. findings it was shown exptl. that poly(α-hydroxy ester) matrixes, which are considered classical bulk eroding materials, can also undergo surface erosion.
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    175. 175
      Woodard, L. N.; Grunlan, M. A. Hydrolytic Degradation and Erosion of Polyester Biomaterials. ACS Macro Lett. 2018, 7, 976– 982,  DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00424
      175
      Hydrolytic Degradation and Erosion of Polyester Biomaterials
      Woodard, Lindsay N.; Grunlan, Melissa A.
      ACS Macro Letters (2018), 7 (8), 976-982CODEN: AMLCCD; ISSN:2161-1653. (American Chemical Society)
      Strategies to refine the degrdn. behavior of polyester biomaterials, particularly to overcome the limitations of slow hydrolytic degrdn., would broaden their utility. Herein, we examine the complexities of polyester degrdn. behavior, its assessment, and strategies for refinement. The factors governing polyester degrdn. are strikingly complex. In addn. to the half-life of the hydrolytically labile bond, a series of interdependent material properties must be considered. Thus, methods used to characterize such material properties, both before and during degrdn., must be carefully selected. Assessment of degrdn. behavior is further complicated by the variability of reported test protocols and the need for accelerated rather than real-time in vitro testing conditions. Ultimately, through better control of degrdn. behavior and correlation of in vitro, simulated degrdn. to that obsd. in vivo, the development of superior devices prepd. with polyester biomaterials may be achieved.
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    176. 176
      Ulbricht, J.; Jordan, R.; Luxenhofer, R. On the Biodegradability of Polyethylene Glycol, Polypeptoids and Poly(2-Oxazoline)S. Biomaterials 2014, 35, 4848– 4861,  DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.029
      176
      On the biodegradability of polyethylene glycol, polypeptoids and poly(2-oxazoline)s
      Ulbricht, Juliane; Jordan, Rainer; Luxenhofer, Robert
      Biomaterials (2014), 35 (17), 4848-4861CODEN: BIMADU; ISSN:0142-9612. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Despite being the gold std. of hydrophilic biomaterials and well known sensitivity of polyethylene glycol (PEG) against oxidative degrdn., very little information on the decompn. of PEG under biol. oxidative stress can be found in the literature. Poly(2-oxazoline)s (POx) and polypeptoids (POI), two pseudo-polypeptides, have attracted some attention for the use as biomaterials and alternative to PEG with an altered stability against oxidative degrdn. All three polymer families are supposedly non-biodegradable, which could be seen as one of their main disadvantages. Here, we present evidence that PEG, POx and POI are degradable by oxidative degrdn. under biol. relevant conditions. Transition metal catalyzed generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to a pronounced time and concn. dependent degrdn. of all polymers investigated. While we do not envision oxidative degrdn. to be of relevance in the short-term usage of these polymers, mid- and long-term biodegradability in vivo appears feasible. Moreover, influence in ROS mediated signalling cascades may be one mechanism how synthetic polymers influence complex cellular processes.
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    177. 177
      Pitt, G.; Gratzl, M.; Kimmel, G.; Surles, J.; Sohindler, A. Aliphatic Polyesters Ii. The Degradation of Poly (DL-Lactide), Poly (Ε-Caprolactone), and Their Copolymers in Vivo. Biomaterials 1981, 2, 215– 220,  DOI: 10.1016/0142-9612(81)90060-0
      177
      Aliphatic polyesters. II. The degradation of poly (DL-lactide), poly (ε-caprolactone), and their copolymers in vivo
      Pitt, C. G.; Gratzl, M. M.; Kimmel, G. L.; Surles, J.; Schindler, A.
      Biomaterials (1981), 2 (4), 215-20CODEN: BIMADU; ISSN:0142-9612.
      The mechanisms of biodegrdn. of poly(DL-lactide) [26680-10-4], poly(ε-caprolactone) [24980-41-4], and copolymers of ε-caprolactone with DL-dilactide, δ-valerolactone, and DL-ε-decalactone in rabbit were qual. similar. However, the rate of the first stage of the degrdn. process, nonenzymic random hydrolytic chain scission, varied by an order of magnitude and was dependent on morphol. as well as chem. effects. Wt. loss was generally not obsd. until the mol. wt. had decreased to 15,000 or less. Poly(DL-lactide) differed from the other polyesters studied, the rate of chain scission increasing after the commencement of wt. loss. The rate of wt. loss was greater and the period prior to wt. loss was shorter when the comonomer content of copolymers of ε-caprolactone was sufficient to reduce the m.p. of ε-caproate sequences to body temp.
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    178. 178
      Geraili, A.; Mequanint, K. Systematic Studies on Surface Erosion of Photocrosslinked Polyanhydride Tablets and Data Correlation with Release Kinetic Models. Polymers 2020, 12, 1105,  DOI: 10.3390/polym12051105
      178
      Systematic studies on surface erosion of photocrosslinked polyanhydride tablets and data correlation with release kinetic models
      Geraili, Armin; Mequanint, Kibret
      Polymers (Basel, Switzerland) (2020), 12 (5), 1105CODEN: POLYCK; ISSN:2073-4360. (MDPI AG)
      Investigating the impact of different parameters on their erosion behavior is essential before use in drug delivery systems. Although their synthesis is well-established, parameters that may substantially affect the erosion of thiol-ene polyanhydrides including temp. and pH of the media, the geometry of the polymers, and the media shaking rate, have not yet been studied. This study explores the effects of different environmental and geometric parameters on mass loss (erosion) profiles of polyanhydrides synthesized by thiol-ene photopolymn. A comparative study on several release kinetic models fitting is also described for a better understanding of the polymer erosion behavior. The results demonstrated that although the temp. was the only parameter that affected the induction period substantially, the mass-loss rate was influenced by the polymer compn., tablet geometry, temp., pH, and mass transfer (shaking) rate. With regard to geometrical parameters, polymers with the same surface area to vol. ratios showed similar mass loss trends despite their various vols. and surface areas. The mass loss of polyanhydride tablets with more complicated geometries than a simple slab was shown to be non-linear, and the kinetic model study indicated the dominant surface erosion mechanism. The results of this study allow for designing and manufg. efficient delivery systems with a high-predictable drug release required in precision medicine using surface-erodible polyanhydrides.
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    179. 179
      Odelius, K.; Höglund, A.; Kumar, S.; Hakkarainen, M.; Ghosh, A. K.; Bhatnagar, N.; Albertsson, A.-C. Porosity and Pore Size Regulate the Degradation Product Profile of Polylactide. Biomacromolecules 2011, 12, 1250– 1258,  DOI: 10.1021/bm1015464
      179
      Porosity and Pore Size Regulate the Degradation Product Profile of Polylactide
      Odelius, Karin; Hoglund, Anders; Kumar, Sanjeev; Hakkarainen, Minna; Ghosh, Anup K.; Bhatnagar, Naresh; Albertsson, Ann-Christine
      Biomacromolecules (2011), 12 (4), 1250-1258CODEN: BOMAF6; ISSN:1525-7797. (American Chemical Society)
      Porosity and pore size regulated the degrdn. rate and the release of low molar mass degrdn. products from porous polylactide (PLA) scaffolds. PLA scaffolds with porosities above 90% and different pore size ranges were subjected to hydrolytic degrdn. and compared to their solid analog. The solid film degraded fastest and the degrdn. rate of the porous structures decreased with decreasing pore size. Degrdn. products were detected earlier from the solid films compared to the porous structures as a result of the addnl. migration path within the porous structures. An intermediate degrdn. rate profile was obsd. when the pore size range was broadened. The morphol. of the scaffolds changed during hydrolysis where the larger pore size scaffolds showed sharp pore edges and cavities on the scaffold surface. In the scaffolds with smaller pores, the pore size decreased during degrdn. and a solid surface was formed on the top of the scaffold. Porosity and pore size, thus, influenced the degrdn. and the release of degrdn. products that should be taken into consideration when designing porous scaffolds for tissue engineering.
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    180. 180
      van Andel, E.; Lange, S. C.; Pujari, S. P.; Tijhaar, E. J.; Smulders, M. M.; Savelkoul, H. F.; Zuilhof, H. Systematic Comparison of Zwitterionic and Non-Zwitterionic Antifouling Polymer Brushes on a Bead-Based Platform. Langmuir 2019, 35, 1181– 1191,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01832
      180
      Systematic Comparison of Zwitterionic and Non-Zwitterionic Antifouling Polymer Brushes on a Bead-Based Platform
      van Andel, Esther; Lange, Stefanie C.; Pujari, Sidharam P.; Tijhaar, Edwin J.; Smulders, Maarten M. J.; Savelkoul, Huub F. J.; Zuilhof, Han
      Langmuir (2019), 35 (5), 1181-1191CODEN: LANGD5; ISSN:0743-7463. (American Chemical Society)
      Nonspecific adsorption of biomols. to solid surfaces, a process called biofouling, is a major concern in many biomedical applications. Great effort has been made in the development of antifouling polymer coatings that are capable of repelling the nonspecific adsorption of proteins, cells, and micro-organisms. In this respect, we herein contribute to understanding the factors that det. which polymer brush results in the best antifouling coating. To this end, we compared five different monomers: two sulfobetaines, a carboxybetaine, a phosphocholine, and a hydroxyl acrylamide. The antifouling coatings were analyzed using our previously described bead-based method with flow cytometry as the read-out system. This method allows for the quick and automated anal. of thousands of beads per s, enabling fast anal. and good statistics. We report the first direct comparison made between a sulfobetaine with opposite charges sepd. by two and three methylene groups and a carboxybetaine bearing two sepg. methylene groups. It was concluded that both the distance between opposite charges and the nature of the anionic groups have a distinct effect on the antifouling performance. Phosphocholines and simple hydroxyl acrylamides are not often compared with the betaines. However, here we found that they perform equally well or even better, yielding the following overall antifouling ranking: HPMAA ≥ PCMA-2 ≈ CBMAA-2 > SBMAA-2 > SBMAA-3 » nonmodified beads (HPMAA being the best).
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    181. 181
      Oak, M.; Mandke, R.; Lakkadwala, S.; Lipp, L.; Singh, J. Effect of Molar Mass and Water Solubility of Incorporated Molecules on the Degradation Profile of the Triblock Copolymer Delivery System. Polymers 2015, 7, 1510– 1521,  DOI: 10.3390/polym7081467
      181
      Effect of molar mass and water solubility of incorporated molecules on the degradation profile of the triblock copolymer delivery system
      Oak, Mayura; Mandke, Rhishikesh; Lakkadwala, Sushant; Lipp, Lindsey; Singh, Jagdish
      Polymers (Basel, Switzerland) (2015), 7 (8), 1510-1521CODEN: POLYCK; ISSN:2073-4360. (MDPI AG)
      The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of size and type of incorporated model mols. on the polymer degrdn. and release profile from thermosensitive triblock copolymer based controlled delivery systems. In vitro release of the incorporated mols. demonstrated slow release for risperidone (mol. wt. (Mw) = 410.48 Da; partition coeff. (Ko/w) = 3.49), while bovine serum albumin (BSA) (Mw = ∼66,400 Da; Ko/w = 0.007) and insulin (Mw = 5808 Da; Ko/w = 0.02) showed initial burst release followed by controlled release. The proton NMR, Gel Permeation Chromatog., and Cryo-SEM studies suggest that the size and partition coeff. of incorporated mols. influence the pore size, polymer degrdn., and their release. In spite of using a similar polymer delivery system the polymer degrdn. rate and drug release notably differ for these model mols. Therefore, size and oil-water partition coeff. are important factors for designing the controlled release formulation of therapeutics from triblock copolymer based delivery systems.
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    182. 182
      Jung, J. H.; Ree, M.; Kim, H. Acid-and Base-Catalyzed Hydrolyses of Aliphatic Polycarbonates and Polyesters. Catal. Today 2006, 115, 283– 287,  DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2006.02.060
      182
      Acid and base-catalyzed hydrolyses of aliphatic polycarbonates and polyesters
      Jung, Jae Hwan; Ree, Moonhor; Kim, Heesoo
      Catalysis Today (2006), 115 (1-4), 283-287CODEN: CATTEA; ISSN:0920-5861. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) was synthesized by the zinc glutarate catalyzed copolymn. of carbon dioxide and propylene oxide (PO). Hydrolytic degradability of the PPC polymer was examd. in THF solns. contg. 10 wt.% acidic or basic aq. solns. of varying pH using viscometry and GPC anal. Further, the hydrolysis behaviors of all PPC solns. were compared with those of poly(.vepsiln.-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PLA). All polymers studied show higher degradability in strong basic conditions than in strong acidic conditions, but very low degradability in moderate acidic, basic and neutral conditions. Moreover, PPC is degraded less in strong acidic conditions than the polyesters, while in strong basic conditions, the polycarbonate is more easily degraded. The difference in degradabilities of these polymers in acidic conditions is assocd. with the different nucleophilicities of their carbonyl oxygen atoms, while in basic conditions the differences are assocd. with the different electrophilicities of the corresponding carbonyl carbon atoms. With regard to the hydrolysis results and the structural and chem. nature of the polymer backbones, degrdn. mechanisms are proposed for the acid- and base-catalyzed hydrolyzes of PPC, PCL and PLA.
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    183. 183
      Hao, X.; Silva, E. A.; Månsson-Broberg, A.; Grinnemo, K. H.; Siddiqui, A. J.; Dellgren, G.; Wärdell, E.; Brodin, L. A.; Mooney, D. J.; Sylvén, C. Angiogenic Effects of Sequential Release of VEGF-A165 and PDGF-BB with Alginate Hydrogels after Myocardial Infarction. Cardiovasc. Res. 2007, 75, 178– 185,  DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2007.03.028
      183
      Angiogenic effects of sequential release of VEGF-A165 and PDGF-BB with alginate hydrogels after myocardial infarction
      Hao, Xiaojin; Silva, Eduardo A.; Mansson-Broberg, Agneta; Grinnemo, Karl-Henrik; Siddiqui, Anwar J.; Dellgren, Goeran; Waerdell, Eva; Brodin, Lars Aake; Mooney, David J.; Sylven, Christer
      Cardiovascular Research (2007), 75 (1), 178-185CODEN: CVREAU; ISSN:0008-6363. (Elsevier B.V.)
      This study investigates whether local sequential delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor-A165 (VEGF-A165) followed by platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) with alginate hydrogels could induce an angiogenic effect and functional improvement greater than single factors after myocardial infarction. Alginate hydrogels were prepd. by combining high and low mol. wt. alginate. Growth factor release rates were monitored over time in vitro with 125I-labeled VEGF-A165 and PDGF-BB included in the gels. One week after myocardial infarction was induced in Fisher rats, gels with VEGF-A165, PDGF-BB, or both were given intra-myocardially along the border of the myocardial infarction. Vessel d. was analyzed in hearts and cardiac function was detd. by Tissue Doppler Echocardiog. In addn., the angiogenic effect of sequenced delivery was studied in vitro in aortic rings from C57B1/6 mice. Alginate gels were capable of delivering VEGF-A165 and PDGF-BB in a sustainable manner, and PDGF-BB was released more slowly than VEGF-A165. Sequential growth factor administration led to a higher d. of α-actin pos. vessels than single factors, whereas no further increment was found in capillary d. Sequential protein delivery increased the systolic velocity-time integral and displayed a superior effect than single factors. In the aortic ring model, sequential delivery led to a higher angiogenic effect than single factor administration. The alginate hydrogel is an effective and promising injectable delivery system in a myocardial infarction model. Sequential growth factor delivery of VEGF-A165 and PDGF-BB induces mature vessels and improves cardiac function more than each factor singly. This may indicate clin. utility.
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    184. 184
      Yaşayan, G. Chitosan Films and Chitosan/Pectin Polyelectrolyte Complexes Encapsulating Silver Sulfadiazine for Wound Healing. Istanbul J. Pharm. 2020, 50, 238– 244,  DOI: 10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2020.0021
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    185. 185
      Correia, D. M.; Padrão, J.; Rodrigues, L. R.; Dourado, F.; Lanceros-Méndez, S.; Sencadas, V. Thermal and Hydrolytic Degradation of Electrospun Fish Gelatin Membranes. Polym. Test. 2013, 32, 995– 1000,  DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2013.05.004
      185
      Thermal and hydrolytic degradation of electrospun fish gelatin membranes
      Correia, D. M.; Padrao, J.; Rodrigues, L. R.; Dourado, F.; Lanceros-Mendez, S.; Sencadas, V.
      Polymer Testing (2013), 32 (5), 995-1000CODEN: POTEDZ; ISSN:0142-9418. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      The thermal and hydrolytic degrdn. of electrospun gelatin membranes crosslinked with glutaraldehyde in vapor phase has been studied. In vitro degrdn. of gelatin membranes was evaluated in phosphate buffer saline soln. at 37 °C. After 15 days under these conditions, a wt. loss of 68% was obsd., attributed to solvation and depolymn. of the main polymeric chains. Thermal degrdn. kinetics of the gelatin raw material and as-spun electrospun membranes showed that the electrospinning processing conditions do not influence polymer degrdn. However, for crosslinked samples a decrease in the activation energy was obsd., assocd. with the effect of glutaraldehyde crosslinking reaction in the inter- and intra-mol. hydrogen bonds of the protein. It is also shown that the electrospinning process does not affect the formation of the helical structure of gelatin chains.
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    186. 186
      Liu, S.; Wu, G.; Chen, X.; Zhang, X.; Yu, J.; Liu, M.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, P. Degradation Behavior in Vitro of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)/Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) Composite Suture. Polymers 2019, 11, 1015,  DOI: 10.3390/polym11061015
      186
      Degradation behavior in vitro of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composite suture
      Liu, Shuqiang; Wu, Gaihong; Chen, Xiaogang; Zhang, Xiaofang; Yu, Juanjuan; Liu, Mingfang; Zhang, Yao; Wang, Peng
      Polymers (Basel, Switzerland) (2019), 11 (6), 1015CODEN: POLYCK; ISSN:2073-4360. (MDPI AG)
      Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) suture can be absorbed by the human body, and so have wide applications in modern surgery operations. The degrdn. period of PLA suture is expected to meet with the healing time of different types of wounds. In order to control the degrdn. period of the PLA suture, the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were composited with PLA suture, and the degrdn. expt. in vitro was performed on sutures. The structure and properties of sutures during degrdn., such as surface morphol., breaking strength, elongation, mass and chem. structure, were tracked and analyzed. The results indicated that the degrdn. brought about surface defects and resulted in 13.5 wk for the strength valid time of the original PLA suture. By contrast, the strength valid time of the CNTs/PLA suture was increased to 26.6 wk. While the toughness of both the pure PLA and CNTs/PLA sutures decreased rapidly and almost disappeared after 3 to 4 wk of degrdn. The mass loss demonstrated that the time required for complete degrdn. of the two sutures was obviously different, the pure PLA suture 49 wk, while CNTs/PLA sutures 63 to 73 wk. The research proved that CNTs delayed PLA degrdn. and prolonged its strength valid time in degrdn.
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    187. 187
      Miao, Y.; Cui, H.; Dong, Z.; Ouyang, Y.; Li, Y.; Huang, Q.; Wang, Z. Structural Evolution of Polyglycolide and Poly(Glycolide-Co-Lactide) Fibers During in Vitro Degradation with Different Heat-Setting Temperatures. ACS Omega 2021, 6, 29254– 29266,  DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04974
      187
      Structural Evolution of Polyglycolide and Poly(glycolide-co-lactide) Fibers during In Vitro Degradation with Different Heat-Setting Temperatures
      Miao, Yushuang; Cui, Huashuai; Dong, Zhimin; Ouyang, Yi; Li, Yiguo; Huang, Qing; Wang, Zongbao
      ACS Omega (2021), 6 (43), 29254-29266CODEN: ACSODF; ISSN:2470-1343. (American Chemical Society)
      The structural evolution of polyglycolide (PGA) and poly(glycolide-co-lactide) (P(GA-co-LA)) with 8% LA content fibers with different heat-setting temps. was investigated during in vitro degrdn. using WAXD, SAXS, and mech. property tests. It was found that the PGA fiber was more susceptible to the degrdn. process than the P(GA-co-LA) fiber and a higher heat-setting temp. reduced the degrdn. rate of the two samples. The wt. and mech. properties of the samples showed a gradual decrease during degrdn. We proposed that the degrdn. of PGA and P(GA-co-LA) fibers proceeded in four stages. A continuous increase in crystallinity during the early stage of degrdn. and a gradual decline during the later period indicated that preferential hydrolytic degrdn. occurred in the amorphous regions, followed by a further degrdn. in the cryst. regions. The cleavage-induced crystn. occurred during the later stage of degrdn., contributing to an appreciable decrease in the long period and lamellar thickness of both PGA and P(GA-co-LA) samples. The introduction of LA units into the PGA skeleton reduced the difference in the degrdn. rate between the cryst. and amorphous regions, and they were simultaneously degraded in the early stage of degrdn., leading to a degrdn. mechanism different from that of the PGA fiber.
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    188. 188
      Darestani, M. T.; Entezami, A. A.; Mobedi, H.; Abtahi, M. Degradition of Poly (D, L-Lactide-Co-Glycolide) 50:50 Implant in Aqueous Medium. Iran. Polym. J. 2005, 14, 753– 763
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    189. 189
      Taddei, P.; Di Foggia, M.; Causa, F.; Ambrosio, L.; Fagnano, C. In Vitro Bioactivity of Poly (ϵ-Caprolactone)-Apatite (PCL-AP) Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: The Influence of the PCL/AP Ratio. Int. J. Artif. Organs 2006, 29, 719– 725,  DOI: 10.1177/039139880602900712
      189
      In vitro bioactivity of poly(ε-caprolactone)-apatite (PCL-AP) scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: the influence of the PCL/AP ratio
      Taddei, P.; Di Foggia, M.; Causa, F.; Ambrosio, L.; Fagnano, C.
      International Journal of Artificial Organs (2006), 29 (7), 719-725CODEN: IJAODS; ISSN:0391-3988. (Wichtig Editore)
      Porous poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) is used as long-term bioresorbable scaffold for bone tissue engineering. The bone regeneration process can be enhanced by addn. of carbonated apatites (AP). This study was aimed at evaluating the influence of the PCL/AP ratio on the in vitro degrdn. and bioactivity of PCL-AP composites. To this purpose, PCL-AP samples were synthesized with the following PCL/AP wt./wt. ratios: 50/50, 60/40 and 75/25. Vibrational IR and Raman spectroscopies coupled to thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to investigate the in vitro degrdn. mechanism in different media: 0.01 M NaOH soln. (pH = 12), saline phosphate buffer at pH 7.5 (SPB), esterase in SPB and simulated body fluid (SBF) at pH 7.5. The latter medium was used to evaluate the bioactivity of the composites. A control PCL sample was analyzed before the addn. of the AP component. As regards the untreated samples, the method of synthesis utilized for prepg. the composite was found to enhance the crystallinity degree. The AP component revealed to be constituted of a B-type carbonated hydroxyapatite with a 3% carbonate content. After 28 days of treatment, the samples showed different degrdn. patterns and extents depending on the degrdn. medium, the starting PCL crystallinity and composite compn. Wt. measurements, Raman and TG analyses revealed deposition of an apatitic phase on all the composites immersed in SBF. Therefore, all the samples displayed a good bioactivity; the sample which showed the most pronounced apatitic deposition was 50/50, i.e. that contg. the highest amt. of AP.
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    190. 190
      Bonartsev, A.; Boskhomodgiev, A.; Iordanskii, A.; Bonartseva, G.; Rebrov, A.; Makhina, T.; Myshkina, V.; Yakovlev, S.; Filatova, E.; Ivanov, E. Hydrolytic Degradation of Poly (3-Hydroxybutyrate), Polylactide and Their Derivatives: Kinetics, Crystallinity, and Surface Morphology. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 2012, 556, 288– 300,  DOI: 10.1080/15421406.2012.635982
      190
      Hydrolytic degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), polylactide and their derivatives: kinetics, crystallinity, and surface Morphology
      Bonartsev, A. P.; Boskhomodgiev, A. P.; Iordanskii, A. L.; Bonartseva, G. A.; Rebrov, A. V.; Makhina, T. K.; Myshkina, V. L.; Yakovlev, S. A.; Filatova, E. A.; Ivanov, E. A.; Bagrov, D. V.; Zaikov, G. E.
      Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals (2012), 556 (1), 288-300CODEN: MCLCD8; ISSN:1542-1406. (Taylor & Francis, Inc.)
      Hydrolytic degrdns. of biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), polylactide (PLA) and their derivs. were explored by kinetic and structure methods at 37 and 70°C in phosphate buffer. It was revealed the kinetic profiles for copolymer PHBV (20% of 3-hydroxyvalerate) and the blend PHB-PLA (1:1 wt. ratio). The intensity of biopolymer hydrolysis depending on temp. is characterized by total wt. loss and the viscosity-averaged mol. wt. decrement (ΔMW) as well as by WAXS and AMF techniques. Characterization of PHB and PHBV includes both ΔMW and crystallinity evolution (x-ray diffraction) as well as the AFM anal. of PHB film surfaces before and after aggressive medium exposition. The degrdn. is enhanced in the series PHBV < PHB < PHB-PLA blend < PLA. The impact of MW on the biopolymer hydrolysis is shown.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XjtFyhtbw%253D&md5=cb9d7404898982c29517cd6aa5019f85
    191. 191
      Cogan, S. F.; Edell, D. J.; Guzelian, A. A.; Ping Liu, Y.; Edell, R. Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposited Silicon Carbide as an Implantable Dielectric Coating. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A 2003, 67A, 856– 867,  DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.10152
      191
      Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposited silicon carbide as an implantable dielectric coating
      Cogan, Stuart F.; Edell, David J.; Guzelian, Andrew A.; Liu, Ying Ping; Edell, Robyn
      Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Part A (2003), 67A (3), 856-867CODEN: JBMRCH ISSN:. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
      Amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC) films, deposited by plasma-enhanced chem. vapor deposition (PECVD), have been evaluated as insulating coatings for implantable microelectrodes. The a-SiC was deposited on platinum or iridium wire for measurement of elec. leakage through the coating in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4). Low leakage currents of <10-11 A were obsd. over a ±5-V bias. The electronic resistivity of a-SiC was 3×1013 Ω-cm. Dissoln. rates of a-SiC in PBS at 37 and 90° were detd. from changes in IR absorption band intensities and compared with those of silicon nitride formed by low-pressure chem. vapor deposition (LPCVD). Dissoln. rates of LPCVD silicon nitride were 2 nm/h and 0.4 nm/day at 90 and 37°, resp., while a-SiC had a dissoln. rate of 0.1 nm/h at 90° and no measurable dissoln. at 37°. Biocompatibility was assessed by implanting a-SiC-coated quartz disks in the s.c. space of the New Zealand White rabbit. Histol. evaluation showed no chronic inflammatory response and capsule thickness was comparable to silicone or uncoated quartz controls. Amorphous SiC-coated microelectrodes were implanted in the parietal cortex for periods up to 150 days and the cortical response evaluated by histol. evaluation of neuronal viability at the implant site. The a-SiC was more stable in physiol. saline than LPCVD Si3N4 and well tolerated in the cortex.
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    192. 192
      Kang, S.-K.; Park, G.; Kim, K.; Hwang, S.-W.; Cheng, H.; Shin, J.; Chung, S.; Kim, M.; Yin, L.; Lee, J. C. Dissolution Chemistry and Biocompatibility of Silicon-and Germanium-Based Semiconductors for Transient Electronics. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 9297– 9305,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b02526
      192
      Dissolution Chemistry and Biocompatibility of Silicon- and Germanium-Based Semiconductors for Transient Electronics
      Kang, Seung-Kyun; Park, Gayoung; Kim, Kyungmin; Hwang, Suk-Won; Cheng, Huanyu; Shin, Jiho; Chung, Sangjin; Kim, Minjin; Yin, Lan; Lee, Jeong Chul; Lee, Kyung-Mi; Rogers, John A.
      ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2015), 7 (17), 9297-9305CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
      Semiconducting materials are central to the development of high-performance electronics that are capable of dissolving completely when immersed in aq. solns., groundwater, or biofluids, for applications in temporary biomedical implants, environmentally degradable sensors, and other systems. The results reported here include comprehensive studies of the dissoln. by hydrolysis of polycryst. silicon, amorphous silicon, silicon-germanium, and germanium in aq. solns. of various pH values and temps. In vitro cellular toxicity evaluations demonstrate the biocompatibility of the materials and end products of dissoln., thereby supporting their potential for use in biodegradable electronics. A fully dissolvable thin-film solar cell illustrates the ability to integrate these semiconductors into functional systems.
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    193. 193
      Darestani, M.; Entezami, A.; Mobedi, H.; Abtahi, M. Degradation of Poly(D,L-Lactide-Co-Glycolide) 50:50 Implant in Aqueous Medium. Iran. Polym. J. 2005, 14, 753– 763
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    194. 194
      Wang, S.; Xie, Y.; Niu, S.; Lin, L.; Liu, C.; Zhou, Y. S.; Wang, Z. L. Maximum Surface Charge Density for Triboelectric Nanogenerators Achieved by Ionized-Air Injection: Methodology and Theoretical Understanding. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 6720– 6728,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201402491
      194
      Maximum Surface Charge Density for Triboelectric Nanogenerators Achieved by Ionized-Air Injection: Methodology and Theoretical Understanding
      Wang, Sihong; Xie, Yannan; Niu, Simiao; Lin, Long; Liu, Chang; Zhou, Yu Sheng; Wang, Zhong Lin
      Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2014), 26 (39), 6720-6728CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      A review. Contact electrification, also named as triboelectrification is reviewed. Triboelec. nanogenerators achieved by ionized-air injection are discussed in particular.
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    195. 195
      Pang, Y.; Xi, F.; Luo, J.; Liu, G.; Guo, T.; Zhang, C. An Alginate Film-Based Degradable Triboelectric Nanogenerator. RSC Adv. 2018, 8, 6719– 6726,  DOI: 10.1039/C7RA13294H
      195
      An alginate film-based degradable triboelectric nanogenerator
      Pang, Yaokun; Xi, Fengben; Luo, Jianjun; Liu, Guoxu; Guo, Tong; Zhang, Chi
      RSC Advances (2018), 8 (12), 6719-6726CODEN: RSCACL; ISSN:2046-2069. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
      Alginate, as a natural linear polysaccharide derived from brown sea algae, has the advantage of low toxicity, good biocompatibility, and biodegradability, which has aroused wide interests in recent years. In this study, a degradable triboelec. generator based on an alginate film is presented. The calcium alginate film, which is prepd. by a simple freeze-drying method and a crosslinking reaction, has a form of porous structures that are beneficial for triboelec. power generation. The fabricated TENG has a stable output performance with a max. voltage, current, and power of 33 V, 150 nA, and 9.5 μW, resp. The performances of the TENG were investigated at different thicknesses of the calcium alginate film and various concns. of the sodium alginate soln., as well as the degradability of the film with different thicknesses and temps. In addn., the TENG was designed for harvesting water wave energy in a low-frequency range from 1 to 4 Hz. This study is promising to provide new insights to develop degradable and eco-friendly TENG based on ocean plants and expand the application range in blue energy.
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    196. 196
      Valentini, L.; Rescignano, N.; Puglia, D.; Cardinali, M.; Kenny, J. Preparation of Alginate/Graphene Oxide Hybrid Films and Their Integration in Triboelectric Generators. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2015, 2015, 1192– 1197,  DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402610
      196
      Preparation of Alginate/Graphene Oxide Hybrid Films and Their Integration in Triboelectric Generators
      Valentini, Luca; Rescignano, Nicoletta; Puglia, Debora; Cardinali, Marta; Kenny, Jose
      European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry (2015), 2015 (7), 1192-1197CODEN: EJICFO; ISSN:1434-1948. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      Sodium alginate/graphene oxide (Al/GO) nanocomposite films were prepd. by solvent casting. The structure, morphol., and elec. properties of Al/GO films were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, and thermal anal. The use of such an Al/GO film for a device that uses friction as the charging process to convert mech. energy into elec. power is reported. The triboelec. generator (TEG) was fabricated by stacking a drop-cast Al/GO film between indium-tin oxide (ITO)-coated poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and a PET sheet. Also, the use of such a TEG as a pressure sensor is also illustrated.
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    197. 197
      Chen, S.; Jiang, J.; Xu, F.; Gong, S. Crepe Cellulose Paper and Nitrocellulose Membrane-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Energy Harvesting and Self-Powered Human-Machine Interaction. Nano Energy 2019, 61, 69– 77,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.04.043
      197
      Crepe cellulose paper and nitrocellulose membrane-based triboelectric nanogenerators for energy harvesting and self-powered human-machine interaction
      Chen, Sheng; Jiang, Jingxian; Xu, Feng; Gong, Shaoqin
      Nano Energy (2019), 61 (), 69-77CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Cellulose-derived materials have gained a lot of attention for applications in advanced electronics because they are abundant, low cost, lightwt., and sustainable. Herein, we report a paper-based triboelec. nanogenerator (P-TENG) using com. available materials derived from cellulose by a facile and cost-effective approach. Print paper is used as the substrate, while crepe cellulose paper (CCP) paired with a nitrocellulose membrane (NCM) are used as the friction layers of the P-TENG. CCP and NCM have significantly different tribopolarities and microstructures (i.e., corrugated and porous structures for CPP and NCM, resp.), thereby yielding P-TENGs with outstanding triboelec. performance. For instance, we have demonstrated P-TENGs with an output voltage and current of 196.8 V and 31.5μA, resp., a high power d. of 16.1 W/m2, and a robust durability of more than 10,000 cycles. The P-TENGs, as a sustainable power source, can power various electronic devices. Moreover, their great potential applications in self-powered sensing and human-machine interfaces have been demonstrated. Human motion, like a finger touch, can be detected by the P-TENG. A keyboard based on an array of P-TENGs is able to achieve self-powered, real-time communication between a Paper Piano and a computer. This study not only combines the advantages of CCP and NCM to produce high-performance P-TENGs, but also demonstrates the feasibility of using com. available products to prep. green and sustainable electronics.
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    198. 198
      Reddy, J. P.; Rhim, J.-W. Characterization of Bionanocomposite Films Prepared with Agar and Paper-Mulberry Pulp Nanocellulose. Carbohydr. Polym. 2014, 110, 480– 488,  DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.056
      198
      Characterization of bionanocomposite films prepared with agar and paper-mulberry pulp nanocellulose
      Reddy, Jeevan Prasad; Rhim, Jong-Whan
      Carbohydrate Polymers (2014), 110 (), 480-488CODEN: CAPOD8; ISSN:0144-8617. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Crystd. nanocellulose (CNC) was sepd. from paper-mulberry (Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold) bast pulp by sulfuric acid hydrolysis method and they were blended with agar to prep. bionanocomposite films. The effect of CNC content (1, 3, 5 and 10 wt% based on agar) on the mech., water vapor permeability (WVP), and thermal properties of the nanocomposites were studied. Changes of the cellulose fibers in structure, morphol., crystallinity, and thermal properties of the films were evaluated using FT-IR, TEM, SEM, XRD, and TGA anal. methods. The CNC was composed of fibrous and spherical or elliptic granules of nano-cellulose with sizes of 50-60 nm. Properties of agar film such as mech. and water vapor barrier properties were improved significantly (p < 0.05) by blending with the CNC. The tensile modulus and tensile strength of agar film increased by 40% and 25%, resp., in the composite film with 5 wt% of CNC, and the WVP of agar film decreased by 25% after formation of nanocomposite with 3 wt% of CNC. The CNC obtained from the paper-mulberry bast pulp can be used as a reinforcing agent for the prepn. of bio-nanocomposites, and they have a high potential for the development of completely biodegradable food packaging materials.
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    199. 199
      Shi, K.; Zou, H.; Sun, B.; Jiang, P.; He, J.; Huang, X. Dielectric Modulated Cellulose Paper/Pdms-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Wireless Transmission and Electropolymerization Applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 1904536,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201904536
      199
      Dielectric Modulated Cellulose Paper/PDMS-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Wireless Transmission and Electropolymerization Applications
      Shi, Kunming; Zou, Haiyang; Sun, Bin; Jiang, Pingkai; He, Jinliang; Huang, Xingyi
      Advanced Functional Materials (2020), 30 (4), 1904536CODEN: AFMDC6; ISSN:1616-301X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      Achieving high output performance is the key in the development of triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) for future versatile applications. In this study, a novel TENG assembled with porous cellulose paper and polydimethylsiloxane is demonstrated. Through dielec. modulation of the friction materials by the nanoparticles (i.e., BaTiO3, Ag), the triboelec. outputs increase significantly with the permittivity increase, which is attributed to the enhancement of the charge trapping capability and the surface charge d. of the friction materials. The dielec. modulated TENG demonstrates a high output voltage of 88 V and a current of 8.3μA, corresponding to an output power of 141μW. Acting as a sensor unit, the TENG can successfully operate in a wireless transmission system, which can remotely monitor the machine operation and deliver the messages assocd. with finger movements. Moreover, the TENG can also perform as an efficient power source in an electropolymn. system for electropolymg. polyaniline on a carbon nanotube electrode, holding a great potential to synthesize a high capacitance electrode for supercapacitors. This work provides a simple and efficient way to construct high performance TENGs and promotes their practical applications in the fields of wireless transmission and electropolymn. systems.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXitVyhu77K&md5=15f8541535b7c06aad315a7ae9f354a8
    200. 200
      Sriphan, S.; Charoonsuk, T.; Maluangnont, T.; Pakawanit, P.; Rojviriya, C.; Vittayakorn, N. Multifunctional Nanomaterials Modification of Cellulose Paper for Efficient Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2020, 5, 2000001,  DOI: 10.1002/admt.202000001
      200
      Multifunctional Nanomaterials Modification of Cellulose Paper for Efficient Triboelectric Nanogenerators
      Sriphan, Saichon; Charoonsuk, Thitirat; Maluangnont, Tosapol; Pakawanit, Phakkhananan; Rojviriya, Catleya; Vittayakorn, Naratip
      Advanced Materials Technologies (Weinheim, Germany) (2020), 5 (5), 2000001CODEN: AMTDCM; ISSN:2365-709X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      There is a need to develop inexpensive, lightwt., and flexible high-performance triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) from renewable resources. Here, a multifunctional cellulose filter paper (CFP)-based TENG consisting of dielec. Ti0.8O2 nanosheets (Ti0.8O2 NSs) and conducting Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) is prepd. by a simple dip coating method. The incorporation of dielec. Ti0.8O2 NSs onto the CFP significantly improves charge generation, while the inclusion of Ag NPs provides an elec. conductive path for charge transportation. The presence of these fillers can be deduced from XRD, SEM, EDS, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy. Their distribution is visualized in 3D by synchrotron radiation X-ray tomog. The present CFP-based TENG provides an output voltage and c.d. of ≈42 V and ≈1 μA cm-2, resp. with the power d. of ≈25 μW cm-2. It is capable of lighting up 40 light-emitting diode bulbs and charging a 0.22 μF capacitor to 8 V in only 5 s. The developed TENG is also capable of detecting simple human motions, i.e., finger tapping, finger rubbing, and foot trampling. This work offers a facile design of low cost yet efficient paper-based TENG by dual modification with multifunctional nanomaterials, and also demonstrates its use as a feasible power source that not only drives small electronics, but also scavenges energy from human actions.
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    201. 201
      Yao, C.; Hernandez, A.; Yu, Y.; Cai, Z.; Wang, X. Triboelectric Nanogenerators and Power-Boards from Cellulose Nanofibrils and Recycled Materials. Nano Energy 2016, 30, 103– 108,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.09.036
      201
      Triboelectric nanogenerators and power-boards from cellulose nanofibrils and recycled materials
      Yao, Chunhua; Hernandez, Alberto; Yu, Yanhao; Cai, Zhiyong; Wang, Xudong
      Nano Energy (2016), 30 (), 103-108CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      This paper reports the implementation of renewable, biodegradable, and abundant cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) in triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) development. Flexible and transparent CNF thin films are triboelec. pos. material with nanoscale surface roughness. They are paired with FEP (fluorinated ethylene propylene) to assemble TENG devices, which exhibit comparable performance to the reported TENG devices built on synthetic polymers. CNF-based TENG is further integrated within a fiberboard made from recycled cardboard fibers using a chem.-free cold pressing method. The fiberboard produces up to ∼30 V and ∼90 μA elec. outputs when subjected to a normal human step. This development shows great promises in creating large-scale and environmentally sustainable triboelec. board for flooring, packaging and supporting infrastructures from CNF and other natural wood-extd. materials.
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    202. 202
      Yao, C.; Yin, X.; Yu, Y.; Cai, Z.; Wang, X. Chemically Functionalized Natural Cellulose Materials for Effective Triboelectric Nanogenerator Development. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27, 1700794,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201700794
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    203. 203
      Fukada, K.; Tajima, T.; Seyama, M. Thermally Degradable Inductors with Water-Resistant Metal Leaf/Oleogel Wires and Gelatin/Chitosan Hydrogel Films. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 44697– 44703,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12380
      203
      Thermally Degradable Inductors with Water-Resistant Metal Leaf/Oleogel Wires and Gelatin/Chitosan Hydrogel Films
      Fukada, Kenta; Tajima, Takuro; Seyama, Michiko
      ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2022), 14 (39), 44697-44703CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
      Ingestible electronics monitor biometric information from outside the body. Making them with harmless or digestible materials will contribute to further reducing the burden on the patient's oral intake. Here, considering that the inductive part plays an important role in communications, we demonstrate a degradable inductor fabricated with harmless substances. Such a transient component must meet conflicting requirements for both operation and disassembly. Therefore, we integrated a substrate made of gelatin, a thermally degradable material, and a precision coil pattern made of edible gold or silver leaf. However, gelatin itself lost its initial shape easily due to quick sol-gel changes in physiol. conditions. Thus, we managed the gelatin's thermal responsiveness by using a tangle of gelatin/chitosan gel networks and genipin, an org. crosslinking agent, and gained insights into the criteria for developing transient devices with thermo-degradability. In addn., to compensate for the lack of water resistance and low cond. of thin metal foils, we propose a laminated structure with oleogel (beeswax/olive oil). LCR resonance circuits, by connecting a com. capacitor to the coil, worked wirelessly in the megahertz band and gradually degraded in a warm-water environment. The presented org. electronics will contribute to the future development of transient wireless communications for implantable and ingestible medical devices or environmental sensors with natural and harmless ingredients.
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    204. 204
      Li, L.; Hsieh, Y.-L. Chitosan Bicomponent Nanofibers and Nanoporous Fibers. Carbohydr. Res. 2006, 341, 374– 381,  DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.11.028
      204
      Chitosan bicomponent nanofibers and nanoporous fibers
      Li, Lei; Hsieh, You-Lo
      Carbohydrate Research (2006), 341 (3), 374-381CODEN: CRBRAT; ISSN:0008-6215. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Nanofibers with av. diams. between 20 and 100 nm have been prepd. by electrospinning of 82.5% deacetylated chitosan (Mv = 1600 kDa) mixed with poly(vinyl alc.) (PVA, Mw = 124-186 kDa) in 2% (vol./vol.) aq. acetic acid. The formation of bicomponent fibers was feasible with 3% concn. of soln. contg. up to an equal mass of chitosan. Finer fibers, fewer beaded structures and more efficient fiber formation were obsd. with increasing PVA contents. Nanoporous fibers could be generated by removing the PVA component in the 17/83 chitosan/PVA bicomponent fibers with 1 M NaOH (12 h). Fiber formation efficiency and compn. uniformity improved significantly when the mol. wt. of chitosan was halved by alk. hydrolysis (50 wt % aq. NaOH, 95 °C, 48 h). The improved uniform distribution of chitosan and PVA in the bicomponent fibers was attributed to better mixing mostly due to the reduced mol. wt. and to the increased deacetylation of the chitosan.
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    205. 205
      Rinaudo, M. Chitin and Chitosan: Properties and Applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2006, 31, 603– 632,  DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2006.06.001
      205
      Chitin and chitosan: properties and applications
      Rinaudo, Marguerite
      Progress in Polymer Science (2006), 31 (7), 603-632CODEN: PRPSB8; ISSN:0079-6700. (Elsevier B.V.)
      This review with extensive list of refs. emphasizes recent papers on the high value-added applications of chitin and chitosan in medicine and cosmetics. Chitin is the second most important natural polymer in the world with main exploited sources being two marine crustaceans, shrimp and crabs. The objective was to appraise the state of the art concerning this polysaccharide: its morphol. in the native solid state, methods of identification and characterization and chem. modifications, as well as the difficulties in utilizing and processing it for selected applications. We note the important work of P. Austin, S. Tokura and S. Hirano, who have contributed to the applications development of chitin, esp. in fiber form. Then, we discuss chitosan, the most important deriv. of chitin, outlining the best techniques to characterize it and the main problems encountered in its utilization. Chitosan, which is sol. in acidic aq. media, is used in many applications (food, cosmetics, biomedical and pharmaceutical applications). We briefly describe the chem. modifications of chitosan-an area in which a variety of syntheses have been proposed tentatively, but are not yet developed for industrial scale.
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    206. 206
      He, L.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, B.; Gao, Y.; Yuan, W.; Li, X.; Zhou, L.; Zhao, Z.; Wang, Z. L.; Wang, J. A High-Output Silk-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Durability and Humidity Resistance. Nano Energy 2023, 108, 108244,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108244
      206
      A high-output silk-based triboelectric nanogenerator with durability and humidity resistance
      He, Lixia; Zhang, Chuguo; Zhang, Baofeng; Gao, Yikui; Yuan, Wei; Li, Xinyuan; Zhou, Linglin; Zhao, Zhihao; Wang, Zhong Lin; Wang, Jie
      Nano Energy (2023), 108 (), 108244CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Triboelec. nanogenerator, as an energy harvesting device, is regarded as a promising technol. to power distributed electronics of the Internet of Things (IoTs) by forming self-powered systems. However, humidity resistance and durability are the two issues should be addressed before its practical application. Here, a mulberry-silk based triboelec. nanogenerator (MS-TENG) with low-wear, humidity-resistant and high-output characteristics is proposed to harvest energy efficiently and economically. Benefitting from the fluffy structure and good triboelec. performance of mulberry silk, it achieves a high charge d. under a low friction force and its energy harvesting efficiency improves by 10 times compared with previous works. Moreover, taking advantage of low friction force and hygroscopicity of mulberry silk, the output performance of MS-TENG is basically stable after 1,500,000 cycles or even under the relative humidity up to 90%. This work provides an efficient strategy for the long-term practical application of TENG in energy harvesting and powering IoTs.
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    207. 207
      Hu, X.; Shmelev, K.; Sun, L.; Gil, E.-S.; Park, S.-H.; Cebe, P.; Kaplan, D. L. Regulation of Silk Material Structure by Temperature-Controlled Water Vapor Annealing. Biomacromolecules 2011, 12, 1686– 1696,  DOI: 10.1021/bm200062a
      207
      Regulation of silk material structure by temperature-controlled water vapor annealing
      Hu, Xiao; Shmelev, Karen; Sun, Lin; Gil, Eun-Seok; Park, Sang-Hyug; Cebe, Peggy; Kaplan, David L.
      Biomacromolecules (2011), 12 (5), 1686-1696CODEN: BOMAF6; ISSN:1525-7797. (American Chemical Society)
      We present a simple and effective method to obtain refined control of the mol. structure of silk biomaterials through phys. temp.-controlled water vapor annealing (TCWVA). The silk materials can be prepd. with control of crystallinity, from a low content using conditions at 4 °C (α helix dominated silk I structure), to highest content of ∼60% crystallinity at 100 °C (β-sheet dominated silk II structure). This new phys. approach covers the range of structures previously reported to govern crystn. during the fabrication of silk materials, yet offers a simpler, green chem., approach with tight control of reproducibility. The transition kinetics, thermal, mech., and biodegrdn. properties of the silk films prepd. at different temps. were investigated and compared by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), uniaxial tensile studies, and enzymic degrdn. studies. The results revealed that this new phys. processing method accurately controls structure, in turn providing control of mech. properties, thermal stability, enzyme degrdn. rate, and human mesenchymal stem cell interactions. The mechanistic basis for the control is through the temp.-controlled regulation of water vapor to control crystn. Control of silk structure via TCWVA represents a significant improvement in the fabrication of silk-based biomaterials, where control of structure-property relationships is key to regulating material properties. This new approach to control crystn. also provides an entirely new green approach, avoiding common methods that use org. solvents (methanol, ethanol) or org. acids. The method described here for silk proteins would also be universal for many other structural proteins (and likely other biopolymers), where water controls chain interactions related to material properties.
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    208. 208
      Jiang, W.; Li, H.; Liu, Z.; Li, Z.; Tian, J.; Shi, B.; Zou, Y.; Ouyang, H.; Zhao, C.; Zhao, L. Fully Bioabsorbable Natural-Materials-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1801895,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801895
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    209. 209
      Kim, H. J.; Kim, J. H.; Jun, K. W.; Kim, J. H.; Seung, W. C.; Kwon, O. H.; Park, J. Y.; Kim, S. W.; Oh, I. K. Silk Nanofiber-Networked Bio-Triboelectric Generator: Silk Bio-TEG. Adv. Energy Mater. 2016, 6, 1502329,  DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201502329
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    210. 210
      Jo, M.; Min, K.; Roy, B.; Kim, S.; Lee, S.; Park, J.-Y.; Kim, S. Protein-Based Electronic Skin Akin to Biological Tissues. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 5637– 5645,  DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01435
      210
      Protein-Based Electronic Skin Akin to Biological Tissues
      Jo, Minsik; Min, Kyungtaek; Roy, Biswajit; Kim, Sookyoung; Lee, Sangmin; Park, Ji-Yong; Kim, Sunghwan
      ACS Nano (2018), 12 (6), 5637-5645CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)
      Human skin provides an interface that transduces external stimuli into elec. signals for communication with the brain. There has been considerable effort to produce soft, flexible, and stretchable electronic skin (E-skin) devices. However, common polymers cannot imitate human skin perfectly due to their poor biocompatibility, biofunctionality, and permeability to many chems. and biomols. Herein, the authors report on highly flexible, stretchable, conformal, mol.-permeable, and skin-adhering E-skins that combine a metallic nanowire (NW) network and silk protein hydrogel. The silk protein hydrogels offer high stretchability and stability under hydration through the addn. of Ca2+ ions and glycerol. The NW electrodes exhibit stable operation when subjected to large deformations and hydration. Meanwhile, the hydrogel window provides water and biomols. to the electrodes (communication between the environment and the electrode). These favorable characteristics allow the E-skin to be capable of sensing strain, electrochem., and electrophysiol. signals.
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    211. 211
      Chang, T.-H.; Peng, Y.-W.; Chen, C.-H.; Chang, T.-W.; Wu, J.-M.; Hwang, J.-C.; Gan, J.-Y.; Lin, Z.-H. Protein-Based Contact Electrification and Its Uses for Mechanical Energy Harvesting and Humidity Detecting. Nano Energy 2016, 21, 238– 246,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.01.017
      211
      Protein-based contact electrification and its uses for mechanical energy harvesting and humidity detecting
      Chang, Ting-Hao; Peng, Yin-Wei; Chen, Chuan-Hua; Chang, Ting-Wei; Wu, Jyh-Ming; Hwang, Jenn-Chang; Gan, Jon-Yiew; Lin, Zong-Hong
      Nano Energy (2016), 21 (), 238-246CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      In recent years, the use of triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) has become an effective technique to harvest mech. energy based on contact electrification and the electrostatic effect. However, the elec. output of TENGs decreases in environments with high relative humidity (RH), which restricts their application. The reason for this phenomenon is that charge transfer in most TENGs occurs through an electron pathway. By using gelatin/glycerol and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as triboelec. layers to construct a biocompatible TENG, we found that the elec. output of the TENG can be maintained or is even enhanced at higher RH. The hydration of amino groups in gelatin resulted in addnl. charges (mobile ions) on the triboelec. layers during the contact electrification process, consequently increasing the elec. output of the TENG. The elec. output generated from the TENG increased 2-fold when the RH was increased from 20% to 60%. By using genipin to react with the amino groups in gelatin, the formation of mobile ions was blocked and the measured charge d. on the triboelec. layers decreased as the RH gradually increased. We also demonstrated that the change of elec. output generated from the TENG could be applied as a tool to detect RH, exhibiting the superior stability and durability of the TENG. This study also leads to a fundamental understanding of the mechanism of contact electrification when using protein as the triboelec. layer.
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    212. 212
      Sun, Q.; Qian, B.; Uto, K.; Chen, J.; Liu, X.; Minari, T. Functional Biomaterials Towards Flexible Electronics and Sensors. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2018, 119, 237– 251,  DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.08.018
      212
      Functional biomaterials towards flexible electronics and sensors
      Sun, Qingqing; Qian, Binbin; Uto, Koichiro; Chen, Jinzhou; Liu, Xuying; Minari, Takeo
      Biosensors & Bioelectronics (2018), 119 (), 237-251CODEN: BBIOE4; ISSN:0956-5663. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Biomaterials have gained increasing attention in the fabrication of a variety of flexible electronics due to their tunable soly., robust mech. property, multi-active binding sites, and excellent biocompatible and biodegradable characterization as well. Here, we review the recent progress of bio-based materials in flexible sensors, mainly describe nature biomaterials (silk fibroin, cellulose and chitin) and chem.-synthesized biomaterials as well as their applications in health monitors, biosensor, human-machine interactions (HMIs) and more, and highlight the current opportunities and challenges that lay ahead in mounting nos. of academia and industry. Furthermore, we expect this review could contribute to unveiling the potentials of developing outstanding and eco-friendly sensors with biomaterials by utilization of printing techniques.
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    213. 213
      Reddy, M. S. B.; Ponnamma, D.; Choudhary, R.; Sadasivuni, K. K. A Comparative Review of Natural and Synthetic Biopolymer Composite Scaffolds. Polymers 2021, 13, 1105,  DOI: 10.3390/polym13071105
      213
      A comparative review of natural and synthetic biopolymer composite scaffolds
      Reddy, M. Sai Bhargava; Ponnamma, Deepalekshmi; Choudhary, Rajan; Sadasivuni, Kishor Kumar
      Polymers (Basel, Switzerland) (2021), 13 (7), 1105CODEN: POLYCK; ISSN:2073-4360. (MDPI AG)
      A review. Tissue engineering (TE) and regenerative medicine integrate information and technol. from various fields to restore/replace tissues and damaged organs for medical treatments. To achieve this, scaffolds act as delivery vectors or as cellular systems for drugs and cells; thereby, cellular material is able to colonize host cells sufficiently to meet up the requirements of regeneration and repair. This process is multi-stage and requires the development of various components to create the desired neo-tissue or organ. In several current TE strategies, biomaterials are essential components. While several polymers are established for their use as biomaterials, careful consideration of the cellular environment and interactions needed is required in selecting a polymer for a given application. Depending on this, scaffold materials can be of natural or synthetic origin, degradable or nondegradable. In this review, an overview of various natural and synthetic polymers and their possible composite scaffolds with their physicochem. properties including biocompatibility, biodegradability, morphol., mech. strength, pore size, and porosity are discussed. The scaffolds fabrication techniques and a few com. available biopolymers are also tabulated.
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    214. 214
      Hedberg, Y. S. Role of Proteins in the Degradation of Relatively Inert Alloys in the Human Body. NPJ. Mater. Degrad. 2018, 2, 26,  DOI: 10.1038/s41529-018-0049-y
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    215. 215
      Jiang, J.; Zhang, S.; Qian, Z.; Qin, N.; Song, W.; Sun, L.; Zhou, Z.; Shi, Z.; Chen, L.; Li, X. Protein Bricks: 2D and 3D Bio-Nanostructures with Shape and Function on Demand. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1705919,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705919
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    216. 216
      Diouf-Lewis, A.; Commereuc, S.; Verney, V. Toward Greener Polyolefins: Antioxidant Effect of Phytic Acid from Cereal Waste. Eur. Polym. J. 2017, 96, 190– 199,  DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.09.014
      216
      Toward greener polyolefins: Antioxidant effect of phytic acid from cereal waste
      Diouf-Lewis, Audrey; Commereuc, Sophie; Verney, Vincent
      European Polymer Journal (2017), 96 (), 190-199CODEN: EUPJAG; ISSN:0014-3057. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Phytic acid is a major byproduct of the cereal industry. The present work reports the use for the first time of phytic acid as a natural antioxidant in polyolefins. Our purpose is to respond to the key concern of replacing petroleum-based polymer stabilizers with bio-based stabilizers, paying attention to the use of biomass. Advances in bio-based thermo-stabilizers are intensifying, such as proposing original compds. from plants; however, the development of photo-stabilizers has not evolved since the 1970s. In this study, the antioxidant efficiency of phytic acid is measured against thermo- and photo-oxidn. conditions in polyolefins. Its activity is compared to natural α-tocopherol, and to synthetic Irganox 1010. Variations in the mol. structure of polypropylene PP-phytic acid films, artificially exposed to oxidn. at 80 °C, are monitored by rheol. The efficiency of phytic acid as a photo-stabilizer is assessed using accelerated artificial light conditions. The results are promising, phytic acid showing spectacular natural antioxidant potential.
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    217. 217
      Kumar, M.; Sundaram, S.; Gnansounou, E.; Larroche, C.; Thakur, I. S. Carbon Dioxide Capture, Storage and Production of Biofuel and Biomaterials by Bacteria: A Review. Bioresour. Technol. 2018, 247, 1059– 1068,  DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.050
      217
      Carbon dioxide capture, storage and production of biofuel and biomaterials by bacteria: A review
      Kumar, Manish; Sundaram, Smita; Gnansounou, Edgard; Larroche, Christian; Thakur, Indu Shekhar
      Bioresource Technology (2018), 247 (), 1059-1068CODEN: BIRTEB; ISSN:0960-8524. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      A review. Due to industrialization and urbanization, as humans continue to rely on fossil fuels, carbon dioxide (CO2) will inevitably be generated and result in an increase of Global Warming Gases (GWGs). However, their prospect is misted up because of the environmental and economic intimidation posed by probable climate shift, generally called it as the "green house effect". Among all GWGs, the major contributor in greenhouse effect is CO2. Mitigation strategies that include capture and storage of CO2 by biol. means may reduce the impact of CO2 emissions on environment. The biol. CO2 sequestration has significant advantage, since increasing atm. CO2 level supports productivity and overall storage capacity of the natural system. This paper reviews CO2 sequestration mechanism in bacteria and their pathways for prodn. of value added products such as, biodiesel, bioplastics, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), biosurfactants and other related biomaterials.
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    218. 218
      Li, W.; Liu, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Li, C. a.; He, Z.; Choy, W. C.; Low, P. J.; Sonar, P.; Kyaw, A. K. K. Biodegradable Materials and Green Processing for Green Electronics. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 2001591,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001591
      218
      Biodegradable Materials and Green Processing for Green Electronics
      Li, Wenhui; Liu, Qian; Zhang, Yuniu; Li, Chang'an; He, Zhenfei; Choy, Wallace C. H.; Low, Paul J.; Sonar, Prashant; Kyaw, Aung Ko Ko
      Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2020), 32 (33), 2001591CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      A review. There is little question that the ''electronic revolution'' of the 20th century has impacted almost every aspect of human life. However, the emergence of solid-state electronics as a ubiquitous feature of an advanced modern society is posing new challenges such as the management of electronic waste (e-waste) that will remain through the 21st century. In addn. to developing strategies to manage such e-waste, further challenges can be identified concerning the conservation and recycling of scarce elements, reducing the use of toxic materials and solvents in electronics processing, and lowering energy usage during fabrication methods. In response to these issues, the construction of electronic devices from renewable or biodegradable materials that decomp. to harmless byproducts is becoming a topic of great interest. Such ''green'' electronic devices need to be fabricated on industrial scale through low-energy and low-cost methods that involve low/non-toxic functional materials or solvents. This review highlights recent advances in the development of biodegradable materials and processing strategies for electronics with an emphasis on areas where green electronic devices show the greatest promise, including solar cells, org. field-effect transistors, light-emitting diodes, and other electronic devices.
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    219. 219
      Steinbüchel, A. Perspectives for Biotechnological Production and Utilization of Biopolymers: Metabolic Engineering of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Biosynthesis Pathways as a Successful Example. Macromol. Biosci. 2001, 1, 1– 24,  DOI: 10.1002/1616-5195(200101)1:1<1::AID-MABI1>3.0.CO;2-B
      219
      Perspectives for biotechnological production and utilization of biopolymers: Metabolic engineering of polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis pathways as a successful example
      Steinbuchel, Alexander
      Macromolecular Bioscience (2001), 1 (1), 1-24CODEN: MBAIBU; ISSN:1616-5187. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH)
      A review with 185 refs.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD3MXhtlehurk%253D&md5=cc400b579234f74ad6548fa20832c527
    220. 220
      Rehm, B. H. Bacterial Polymers: Biosynthesis, Modifications and Applications. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2010, 8, 578– 592,  DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2354
      220
      Bacterial polymers: biosynthesis, modifications and applications
      Rehm, Bernd H. A.
      Nature Reviews Microbiology (2010), 8 (8), 578-592CODEN: NRMACK; ISSN:1740-1526. (Nature Publishing Group)
      A review. Bacteria can synthesize a wide range of biopolymers that serve diverse biol. functions and have material properties suitable for numerous industrial and medical applications. A better understanding of the fundamental processes involved in polymer biosynthesis and the regulation of these processes has created the foundation for metabolic- and protein-engineering approaches to improve economic-prodn. efficiency and to produce tailor-made polymers with highly applicable material properties. Here, I summarize the key aspects of bacterial biopolymer prodn. and highlight how a better understanding of polymer biosynthesis and material properties can lead to increased use of bacterial biopolymers as valuable renewable products.
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    221. 221
      Choi, S. Y.; Cho, I. J.; Lee, Y.; Kim, Y. J.; Kim, K. J.; Lee, S. Y. Microbial Polyhydroxyalkanoates and Nonnatural Polyesters. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1907138,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907138
      221
      Microbial Polyhydroxyalkanoates and Nonnatural Polyesters
      Choi, So Young; Cho, In Jin; Lee, Youngjoon; Kim, Yeo-Jin; Kim, Kyung-Jin; Lee, Sang Yup
      Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2020), 32 (35), 1907138CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      A review. Microorganisms produce diverse polymers for various purposes such as storing genetic information, energy, and reducing power, and serving as structural materials and scaffolds. Among these polymers, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are microbial polyesters synthesized and accumulated intracellularly as a storage material of carbon, energy, and reducing power under unfavorable growth conditions in the presence of excess carbon source. PHAs have attracted considerable attention for their wide range of applications in industrial and medical fields. Since the first discovery of PHA accumulating bacteria about 100 years ago, remarkable advances have been made in the understanding of PHA biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of microorganisms toward developing efficient PHA producers. Recently, nonnatural polyesters have also been synthesized by metabolically engineered microorganisms, which opened a new avenue toward sustainable prodn. of more diverse plastics. Herein, the current state of PHAs and nonnatural polyesters is reviewed, covering mechanisms of microbial polyester biosynthesis, metabolic pathways, and enzymes involved in biosynthesis of short-chain-length PHAs, medium-chain-length PHAs, and nonnatural polyesters, esp. 2-hydroxyacid-contg. polyesters, metabolic engineering strategies to produce novel polymers and enhance prodn. capabilities and fermn., and downstream processing strategies for cost-effective prodn. of these microbial polyesters. In addn., the applications of PHAs and prospects are discussed.
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    222. 222
      Hazer, B.; Steinbüchel, A. Increased Diversification of Polyhydroxyalkanoates by Modification Reactions for Industrial and Medical Applications. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2007, 74, 1– 12,  DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0732-8
      222
      Increased diversification of polyhydroxyalkanoates by modification reactions for industrial and medical applications
      Hazer, Baki; Steinbuechel, Alexander
      Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (2007), 74 (1), 1-12CODEN: AMBIDG; ISSN:0175-7598. (Springer)
      A review. A wide range of diverse polyhydroxyalkanoates, PHAs, is currently available due to the low substrate specificity of PHA synthases and subsequent modifications by chem. reactions. These polymers are promising materials for a no. of different applications due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. This review summarizes the large variability of PHAs regarding chem. structure and material properties that can be currently produced. In the first part, in vivo and in vitro biosynthesis processes for prodn. of a large variety of different PHAs will be summarized with regard to obtaining satd. and unsatd. copolyesters and side chain functionalized polyesters, including brominated, hydroxylated, methyl-branched polyesters, and Ph derivs. of polyesters. In the second part, established chem. modifications of PHAs will be summarized as that by means of grafting reactions and graft/block copolymns., as well as by chlorination, crosslinking, epoxidn., hydroxylation, and carboxylation, reactions yield further functionalized PHAs.
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    223. 223
      Chen, G.-Q. A Microbial Polyhydroxyalkanoates (Pha) Based Bio-and Materials Industry. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38, 2434– 2446,  DOI: 10.1039/b812677c
      223
      A microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) based bio- and materials industry
      Chen, Guo-Qiang
      Chemical Society Reviews (2009), 38 (8), 2434-2446CODEN: CSRVBR; ISSN:0306-0012. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
      A review. Biopolyesters polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) produced by many bacteria have been investigated by microbiologists, mol. biologists, biochemists, chem. engineers, chemists, polymer experts and medical researchers. PHA applications as bioplastics, fine chems., implant biomaterials, medicines, and biofuels have been developed and are covered in this crit. review. Companies have been established or involved in PHA related R&D as well as large scale prodn. Recently, bacterial PHA synthesis has been found to be useful for improving robustness of industrial microorganisms and regulating bacterial metab., leading to yield improvement on some fermn. products. In addn., amphiphilic proteins related to PHA synthesis including PhaP, PhaZ or PhaC have been found to be useful for achieving protein purifn. and even specific drug targeting. It has become clear that PHA and its related technologies are forming an industrial value chain ranging from fermn., materials, energy to medical fields.
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    224. 224
      Handbook of Ecomaterials; Martínez, L. M. T., Kharissova, O. V., Kharisov, B. I., Eds.; Springer, 2019.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    225. 225
      Ryu, H.; Lee, J. H.; Kim, T. Y.; Khan, U.; Lee, J. H.; Kwak, S. S.; Yoon, H. J.; Kim, S. W. High-Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Solid Polymer Electrolytes with Asymmetric Pairing of Ions. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7, 1700289,  DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201700289
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    226. 226
      Shi, L.; Dong, S.; Xu, H.; Huang, S.; Ye, Q.; Liu, S.; Wu, T.; Chen, J.; Zhang, S.; Li, S. Enhanced Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Solid Polymer Electrolytes with Different Concentrations of Cations. Nano Energy 2019, 64, 103960,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.103960
      226
      Enhanced performance triboelectric nanogenerators based on solid polymer electrolytes with different concentrations of cations
      Shi, Lin; Dong, Shurong; Xu, Hongsheng; Huang, Shuyi; Ye, Qikai; Liu, Shuting; Wu, Ting; Chen, Jinkai; Zhang, Shaomin; Li, Shijian; Wang, Xiaozhi; Jin, Hao; Kim, Jong Min; Luo, Jikui
      Nano Energy (2019), 64 (), 103960CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs), as a promising energy harvesting technol., have attracted considerable attention and various approaches have been developed to improve their output performance. An innovative strategy was proposed recently by using solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) with asym. pairing ions as the friction layer, showing excellent potential to achieve high-performance TENGs. However, it is far from clear what are the effects of SPE on TENG performance as only one electrolyte, CaCl2, was used for the investigation. Herein, PTFE/PVA-MClx TENGs based on SPEs with different types of electrolytes, including LiCl, ZnCl2, CaCl2, FeCl3, and AlCl3, were fabricated and their performances were investigated. All the devices demonstrated superior output performance than that of the control PTFE/PVA TENG. Specifically, the PTFE/PVA-LiCl TENG exhibited remarkably enhanced triboelec. performance with an output voltage of ∼1345 V, a short-circuit c.d. of ∼260 mA m-2 and a max. power d. of ∼83 W m-2, four times higher than that of the control PTFE/PVA TENG. Detailed investigations revealed that in combination with improved triboelec. property, the enhanced interaction of SPEs with opposite triboelec. layers further significantly boost the triboelec. outputs. This work presents a new method to increase the interaction between triboelec. layers to effectively improve the outputs of TENGs, and to facilitate the development of high performance TENGs.
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    227. 227
      Schauer, A.; Redlich, C.; Scheibler, J.; Poehle, G.; Barthel, P.; Maennel, A.; Adams, V.; Weissgaerber, T.; Linke, A.; Quadbeck, P. Biocompatibility and Degradation Behavior of Molybdenum in an in Vivo Rat Model. Materials 2021, 14, 7776,  DOI: 10.3390/ma14247776
      227
      Biocompatibility and Degradation Behavior of Molybdenum in an In Vivo Rat Model
      Schauer, Antje; Redlich, Christian; Scheibler, Jakob; Poehle, Georg; Barthel, Peggy; Maennel, Anita; Adams, Volker; Weissgaerber, Thomas; Linke, Axel; Quadbeck, Peter
      Materials (2021), 14 (24), 7776CODEN: MATEG9; ISSN:1996-1944. (MDPI AG)
      The biocompatibility and degrdn. behavior of pure molybdenum (Mo) as a bioresorbable metallic material (BMM) for implant applications were investigated. In vitro degrdn. of a com. available Mo wire (o250 μm) was examd. after immersion in modified Kokubo's SBF for 28 days at 37 °C and pH 7.4. For assessment of in vivo degrdn., the Mo wire was implanted into the abdominal aorta of female Wistar rats for 3, 6 and 12 mo. Microstructure and corrosion behavior were analyzed by means of SEM/EDX anal. After explantation, Mo levels in serum, urine, aortic vessel wall and organs were investigated via ICP-OES anal. Furthermore, histol. analyses of the liver, kidneys, spleen, brain and lungs were performed, as well as blood count and differentiation by FACS anal. Levels of the C-reactive protein were measured in blood plasma of all the animals. In vitro and in vivo degrdn. behavior was very similar, with formation of uniform, non-passivating and dissolving product layers without occurrence of a localized corrosion attack. The in vitro degrdn. rate was 101.6 μg/(cm2·d) which corresponds to 33.6 μm/y after 28 days. The in vivo degrdn. rates of 12, 33 and 36 μg/(cm2·d) were obsd. after 3, 6 and 12 mo for the samples properly implanted in the aortic vessel wall. This corresponds with a degrdn. rate of 13.5 μm/y for the 12-mo cohort. However, the magnitude of degrdn. strongly depended on the implant site, with the wires incorporated into the vessel wall showing the most severe degrdn. Degrdn. of the implanted Mo wire neither induced an increase in serum or urine Mo levels nor were elevated Mo levels found in the liver and kidneys compared with the resp. controls. Only in the direct vicinity of the implant in the aortic vessel wall, a significant amt. of Mo was found, which, however, was far below the amts. to be expected from degrading wires. No abnormalities were detected for all timepoints in histol. and blood analyses compared to the control group. The C-reactive protein levels were similar between all the groups, indicating no inflammation processes. These findings suggest that dissolved Mo from a degrading implant is physiol. transported and excreted. Furthermore, radiog. and μCT analyses revealed excellent radiopacity of Mo in tissues. These findings and the unique combination with its extraordinary mech. properties make Mo an interesting alternative for established BMMs.
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    228. 228
      Gaona, L. A.; Ribelles, J. G.; Perilla, J. E.; Lebourg, M. Hydrolytic Degradation of Plla/Pcl Microporous Membranes Prepared by Freeze Extraction. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2012, 97, 1621– 1632,  DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.06.031
      228
      Hydrolytic degradation of PLLA/PCL microporous membranes prepared by freeze extraction
      Gaona, Luis A.; Gomez Ribelles, J. L.; Perilla, Jairo E.; Lebourg, M.
      Polymer Degradation and Stability (2012), 97 (9), 1621-1632CODEN: PDSTDW; ISSN:0141-3910. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Poly(L-lactic acid)-Poly(ε-caprolactone) blends (PLLA/PCL) porous membranes were prepd. by freeze extn. (a modification of freeze drying) with ratios 100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 40/60, 20/80, 0/100 in wt. Degrdn. of the membranes in phosphate buffer soln. (PBS) up to 65 wk was studied using wt. loss measurements, high performance liq. chromatog. (HPLC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), mech. indentation, gel permeation chromatog. (GPC), and SEM. Degrdn. rate as obsd. by wt. loss and redn. of mol. wt. and mech. properties depended on the compn. of the blends. In most blends the degrdn. was more prominent in the PLLA phase and was accompanied by consequent recrystn. that formed a cryst. phase with increased resistance to hydrolysis. Occurrence of such cryst. phases and degrdn. of intercryst. domain led to formation of nearly monodisperse mol. wt. populations. Membranes with only 20% PCL presented favorable behavior compared to pure PLLA membranes as reflected in a lower degrdn. rate and a limited loss of the mech. properties. At the same time, degrdn. rate of 80/20 membranes was enhanced with respect to pure PCL, and membranes were stiffer than PCL membranes at all degrdn. times. This compn. could thus be useful for use in tissue engineering for bone or cartilage applications.
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    229. 229
      Dutta, S.; Hung, W.-C.; Huang, B.-H.; Lin, C.-C. Recent Developments in Metal-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactides and Glycolides: Preparation of Polylactides, Polyglycolide, and Poly (Lactide-Co-Glycolide). Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers 2011, 245, 219– 283,  DOI: 10.1007/12_2011_156
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    230. 230
      Wan, L.; Lu, L.; Zhu, T.; Liu, Z.; Du, R.; Luo, Q.; Xu, Q.; Zhang, Q.; Jia, X. Bulk Erosion Degradation Mechanism for Poly (1, 8-Octanediol-Co-Citrate) Elastomer: An in Vivo and in Vitro Investigation. Biomacromolecules 2022, 23, 4268– 4281,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00737
      230
      Bulk Erosion Degradation Mechanism for Poly(1,8-octanediol-co-citrate) Elastomer: An In Vivo and In Vitro Investigation
      Wan, Lu; Lu, Liangliang; Zhu, Tangsong; Liu, Zhichang; Du, Ruichun; Luo, Qiong; Xu, Qiang; Zhang, Qiuhong; Jia, Xudong
      Biomacromolecules (2022), 23 (10), 4268-4281CODEN: BOMAF6; ISSN:1525-7797. (American Chemical Society)
      As a biodegradable elastomer, poly(1,8-octanediol-co-citrate) (POC) has been widely applied in tissue engineering and implantable electronics. However, the unclear degrdn. mechanism has posed a great challenge for the better application and development of POC. To reveal the degrdn. mechanism, here, we present a systematic investigation into in vivo and in vitro degrdn. behaviors of POC. Initially, crit. factors, including chem. structures, hydrophilic and water-absorbency characteristics, and degrdn. reaction of POC, are investigated. Then, various degrdn.-induced changes during in vitro degrdn. of POC-x (POC with different crosslinking densities) are monitored and discussed. The results show that (1) crosslinking densities exponentially drop with degrdn. time. (2) Mass loss and PBS-absorption ratio grow nonlinearly. (3) The morphol. on the cross-section changes from flat to rough at a microscopic level. (4) The cubic samples keep swelling until they collapse into fragments from a macro view. (5) The mech. properties experience a sharp drop at the beginning of degrdn. Finally, the in vivo degrdn. behaviors of POC-x are investigated, and the results are similar to those in vitro. The comprehensive assessment suggests that the in vitro and in vivo degrdn. of POC occurs primarily through bulk erosion. Inflammation responses triggered by the degrdn. of POC-x are comparable to poly(lactic acid), or even less obvious. In addn., the mech. evaluation of POC in the simulated application environment is first proposed and conducted in this work for a more appropriate application. The degrdn. mechanism of POC revealed will greatly promote the further development and application of POC-based materials in the biomedical field.
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    231. 231
      Zhu, J. Bioactive Modification of Poly (Ethylene Glycol) Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering. Biomaterials 2010, 31, 4639– 4656,  DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.02.044
      231
      Bioactive modification of poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels for tissue engineering
      Zhu, Junmin
      Biomaterials (2010), 31 (17), 4639-4656CODEN: BIMADU; ISSN:0142-9612. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      In this review, the authors explore different approaches for introducing bioactivity into poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels. Hydrogels are excellent scaffolding materials for repairing and regenerating a variety of tissues because they can provide a highly swollen 3-dimensional (3D) environment similar to soft tissues. Synthetic hydrogels like PEG-based hydrogels have advantages over natural hydrogels, such as the ability for photopolymn., adjustable mech. properties, and easy control of scaffold architecture and chem. compns. However, PEG hydrogels alone cannot provide an ideal environment to support cell adhesion and tissue formation due to their bio-inert nature. The natural extracellular matrix (ECM) was an attractive model for the design and fabrication of bioactive scaffolds for tissue engineering. ECM-mimetic modification of PEG hydrogels has emerged as an important strategy to modulate specific cellular responses. To tether ECM-derived bioactive mols. (BMs) to PEG hydrogels, various strategies were developed for the incorporation of key ECM biofunctions, such as specific cell adhesion, proteolytic degrdn., and signal mol.-binding. A no. of cell types were immobilized on bioactive PEG hydrogels to provide fundamental knowledge of cell/scaffold interactions. This review addresses the recent progress in material designs and fabrication approaches leading to the development of bioactive hydrogels as tissue engineering scaffolds.
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    232. 232
      Geckil, H.; Xu, F.; Zhang, X.; Moon, S.; Demirci, U. Engineering Hydrogels as Extracellular Matrix Mimics. Nanomedicine 2010, 5, 469– 484,  DOI: 10.2217/nnm.10.12
      232
      Engineering hydrogels as extracellular matrix mimics
      Geckil, Hikmet; Xu, Feng; Zhang, Xiaohui; Moon, SangJun; Demirci, Utkan
      Nanomedicine (London, United Kingdom) (2010), 5 (3), 469-484CODEN: NLUKAC; ISSN:1743-5889. (Future Medicine Ltd.)
      A review. Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex cellular environment consisting of proteins, proteoglycans, and other sol. mols. ECM provides structural support to mammalian cells and a regulatory milieu with a variety of important cell functions, including assembling cells into various tissues and organs, regulating growth and cell-cell communication. Developing a tailored in vitro cell culture environment that mimics the intricate and organized nanoscale meshwork of native ECM is desirable. Recent studies have shown the potential of hydrogels to mimic native ECM. Such an engineered native-like ECM is more likely to provide cells with rational cues for diagnostic and therapeutic studies. The research for novel biomaterials has led to an extension of the scope and techniques used to fabricate biomimetic hydrogel scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. In this article, we detail the progress of the current state-of-the-art engineering methods to create cell-encapsulating hydrogel tissue constructs as well as their applications in in vitro models in biomedicine.
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    233. 233
      Zhang, M.; Zhao, M.; Jian, M.; Wang, C.; Yu, A.; Yin, Z.; Liang, X.; Wang, H.; Xia, K.; Liang, X. Printable Smart Pattern for Multifunctional Energy-Management E-Textile. Matter 2019, 1, 168– 179,  DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2019.02.003
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    234. 234
      González-Hernández, A.; Morales-Cepeda, A. B.; Caicedo, J. C.; Amaya, C.; Olive-Méndez, S. F. Structure, Functional Groups Analysis and Tribo-Mechanical Behavior of Carbide and Nitride Coatings Deposited on AISI 1060 Substrates by RF-Magnetron Sputtering. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2022, 18, 5432– 5443,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.04.075
      234
      Structure, functional groups analysis and tribo-mechanical behavior of carbide and nitride coatings deposited on AISI 1060 substrates by RF-magnetron sputtering
      Gonzalez-Hernandez, A.; Morales-Cepeda, Ana Beatriz; Caicedo, J. C.; Amaya, C.; Olive-Mendez, Sion F.
      Journal of Materials Research and Technology (2022), 18 (), 5432-5443CODEN: JMRTAL; ISSN:2238-7854. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Carbide- and nitride-based coatings offer excellent mech. and tribol. properties due to the combination of covalent and metallic chem. bonds. Ti-W-N and Ti-W-C single layers, and (Ti-W-N/Ti-W-C)n, with n = 1 and 40, multilayers were deposited by RF-. Magnetron sputtering on AISI 1060 and silicon substrates. The coatings were characterized using FTIR and Raman spectroscopies. The hardness and friction coeff. on the n = 40 multilayered system exhibited enhanced wear results compared to those of the single layers and bilayers. In all the heterostructures, the wear mechanism anal. presented coating debris, adhesive, and abrasive groove type on the track. All pinballs presented powder particles due to abrasive debris caused by the test between the mech. pair.
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    235. 235
      Lee, K. Y.; Mooney, D. J. Alginate: Properties and Biomedical Applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2012, 37, 106– 126,  DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.06.003
      235
      Alginate: Properties and biomedical applications
      Lee, Kuen Yong; Mooney, David J.
      Progress in Polymer Science (2012), 37 (1), 106-126CODEN: PRPSB8; ISSN:0079-6700. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      A review. Alginate is a biomaterial that has found numerous applications in biomedical science and engineering due to its favorable properties, including biocompatibility and ease of gelation. Alginate hydrogels were particularly attractive in wound healing, drug delivery, and tissue engineering applications to date, as these gels retain structural similarity to the extracellular matrixes in tissues and can be manipulated to play several crit. roles. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of general properties of alginate and its hydrogels, their biomedical applications, and suggest new perspectives for future studies with these polymers.
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    236. 236
      Li, Y.; Zhang, H.; Fan, M.; Zheng, P.; Zhuang, J.; Chen, L. A Robust Salt-Tolerant Superoleophobic Alginate/Graphene Oxide Aerogel for Efficient Oil/Water Separation in Marine Environments. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 46379,  DOI: 10.1038/srep46379
      236
      A robust salt-tolerant superoleophobic alginate/graphene oxide aerogel for efficient oil/water separation in marine environments
      Li, Yuqi; Zhang, Hui; Fan, Mizi; Zheng, Peitao; Zhuang, Jiandong; Chen, Lihui
      Scientific Reports (2017), 7 (), 46379CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Publishing Group)
      Marine pollution caused by frequent oil spill accidents has brought about tremendous damages to marine ecol. environment. Therefore, the facile large-scale prepn. of three-dimensional (3D) porous functional materials with special wettability is in urgent demand. In this study, we report a low-cost and salt-tolerant superoleophobic aerogel for efficient oil/seawater sepn. The aerogel is prepd. through incorporating graphene oxide (GO) into alginate (ALG) matrix by using a facile combined freeze-drying and ionic crosslinking method. The 3D structure interconnected by ALG and GO ensures the high mech. strength and good flexibility of the developed aerogel. The rough microstructure combined with the hydrophilicity of the aerogel ensures its excellent underwater superoleophobic and antifouling properties. High-content polysaccharides contained in the aerogel guarantees its excellent salt-tolerant property. More impressively, the developed aerogel can retain its underwater superoleophobicity even after 30 days of immersion in seawater, indicating its good stability in marine environments. Furthermore, the aerogel could sep. various oil/water mixts. with high sepn. efficiency (>99%) and good reusability (at least 40 cycles). The facile fabrication process combined with the excellent sepn. performance makes it promising for practical applications in marine environments.
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    237. 237
      Yang, J.-S.; Xie, Y.-J.; He, W. Research Progress on Chemical Modification of Alginate: A Review. Carbohydr. Polym. 2011, 84, 33– 39,  DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.11.048
      237
      Research progress on chemical modification of alginate: A review
      Yang, Ji-Sheng; Xie, Ying-Jian; He, Wen
      Carbohydrate Polymers (2011), 84 (1), 33-39CODEN: CAPOD8; ISSN:0144-8617. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      A review. This review summarizes results of the recent research on chem. modifications of sodium alginate and alginic acid. Alginate has an abundance of free hydroxyl and carboxyl groups distributed along the polymer chain backbone, and it, therefore, unlike neutral polysaccharides has two types of functional groups that can be modified to alter the characteristics in comparison to the parent compds. The characteristics and applications of some alginate derivs. are also summarized.
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    238. 238
      Pawar, S. N.; Edgar, K. J. Alginate Derivatization: A Review of Chemistry, Properties and Applications. Biomaterials 2012, 33, 3279– 3305,  DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.01.007
      238
      Alginate derivatization: A review of chemistry, properties and applications
      Pawar, Siddhesh N.; Edgar, Kevin J.
      Biomaterials (2012), 33 (11), 3279-3305CODEN: BIMADU; ISSN:0142-9612. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      A review. Alginates have become an extremely important family of polysaccharides because of their utility in prepg. hydrogels at mild pH and temp. conditions, suitable for sensitive biomols. like proteins and nucleic acids, and even for living cells such as islets of Langerhans. In addn., the complex monosaccharide sequences of alginates, and our growing ability to create controlled sequences by the action of isolated epimerases upon the alginate precursor poly(mannuronic acid), create remarkable opportunities for understanding the relationship of properties to sequence in natural alginates (control of monosaccharide sequence being perhaps the greatest synthetic challenge in polysaccharide chem.). There is however a trend in recent years to create "value-added" alginates, by performing derivatization reactions on the polysaccharide backbone. For example, chem. derivatization may enable alginates to achieve enhanced hydroxyapatite (HAP) nucleation and growth, heparin-like anticoagulation properties, improved cell-surface interactions, degradability, or tuning of the hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance for optimum drug release. The creation of synthetic derivs. therefore has the potential to empower the next generation of applications for alginates. Herein we review progress towards controlled synthesis of alginate derivs., and the properties and applications of these derivs.
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    239. 239
      Tan, W.-H.; Takeuchi, S. Monodisperse Alginate Hydrogel Microbeads for Cell Encapsulation. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 2696– 2701,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.200700433
      239
      Monodisperse alginate hydrogel microbeads for cell encapsulation
      Tan, Wei-Heong; Takeuchi, Shoji
      Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2007), 19 (18), 2696-2701CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      A method that combines internal gelation with T-junction droplet formation in microfluidic devices for the prodn. of monodisperse alginate hydrogel microbeads is described. The authors' approach gives high uniformity, and allows better control over both size and shape of the microbeads compared to conventional external gelation methods performed in microfluidic devices (see figure). Also, the authors demonstrate that the authors' approach is mild enough to encapsulate mammalian cells (Jurkat) without loss of their viability.
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    240. 240
      Meng, H.; Zhang, X.; Sun, S.; Tan, T.; Cao, H. Preparation of Γ-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane Cross-Linked Poly(Aspartic Acid) Superabsorbent Hydrogels without Organic Solvent. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2016, 27, 133– 143,  DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2015.1112497
      240
      Preparation of γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane cross-linked poly(aspartic acid) superabsorbent hydrogels without organic solvent
      Meng, Hongyu; Zhang, Xin; Sun, Shenyu; Tan, Tianwei; Cao, Hui
      Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition (2016), 27 (2), 133-143CODEN: JBSEEA; ISSN:0920-5063. (Taylor & Francis Ltd.)
      Poly(aspartic acid) (PASP) hydrogel is a type of biodegradable and biocompatible polymer with high water absorbing ability. Traditionally, the prodn. of PASP hydrogel is expensive, complex, environmentally unfriendly, and consumes a large amt. of org. solvents, e.g. DMF or dimethylsulfoxide. This study introduces a one-step synthesis of PASP resin, in which the org. phase was replaced by distd. water and γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane was used as the cross-linker. Absorbent ability and characteristics were detd. by swelling ratio, FTIR, 13C SSNMR, and SEM. In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation and animal skin irritation tests showed the hydrogel has body-friendly properties. Prepg. PASP hydrogel in aq. soln. is promising and finds its use in many applications.
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    241. 241
      Yang, F.; Zhao, J.; Koshut, W. J.; Watt, J.; Riboh, J. C.; Gall, K.; Wiley, B. J. A Synthetic Hydrogel Composite with the Mechanical Behavior and Durability of Cartilage. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2003451,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202003451
      241
      A Synthetic Hydrogel Composite with the Mechanical Behavior and Durability of Cartilage
      Yang, Feichen; Zhao, Jiacheng; Koshut, William J.; Watt, John; Riboh, Jonathan C.; Gall, Ken; Wiley, Benjamin J.
      Advanced Functional Materials (2020), 30 (36), 2003451CODEN: AFMDC6; ISSN:1616-301X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      This article reports the first hydrogel with the strength and modulus of cartilage in both tension and compression, and the first to exhibit cartilage-equiv. tensile fatigue strength at 100 000 cycles. These properties are achieved by infiltrating a bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofiber network with a poly(vinyl alc.) (PVA)-poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid sodium salt) (PAMPS) double network hydrogel. The BC provides tensile strength in a manner analogous to collagen in cartilage, while the PAMPS provides a fixed neg. charge and osmotic restoring force similar to the role of aggrecan in cartilage. The hydrogel has the same aggregate modulus and permeability as cartilage, resulting in the same time-dependent deformation under confined compression. The hydrogel is not cytotoxic, has a coeff. of friction 45% lower than cartilage, and is 4.4 times more wear-resistant than a PVA hydrogel. The properties of this hydrogel make it an excellent candidate material for replacement of damaged cartilage.
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    242. 242
      Huang, T.; Lu, M.; Yu, H.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, H.; Zhu, M. Enhanced Power Output of a Triboelectric Nanogenerator Composed of Electrospun Nanofiber Mats Doped with Graphene Oxide. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 13942,  DOI: 10.1038/srep13942
      242
      Enhanced Power Output of a Triboelectric Nanogenerator Composed of Electrospun Nanofiber Mats Doped with Graphene Oxide
      Huang, Tao; Lu, Mingxia; Yu, Hao; Zhang, Qinghong; Wang, Hongzhi; Zhu, Meifang
      Scientific Reports (2015), 5 (), 13942CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Publishing Group)
      We developed a book-shaped triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) that consists of electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) nanofibers to effectively harvest mech. energy. The dispersed graphene oxide in the PVDF nanofibers acts as charge trapping sites, which increased the interface for charge storage as well as the output performance of the TENG. The book-shaped TENG was used as a direct power source to drive small electronics such as LED bulbs. This study proved that it is possible to improve the performance of TENGs using composite materials.
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    243. 243
      Pu, X.; Zha, J.-W.; Zhao, C.-L.; Gong, S.-B.; Gao, J.-F.; Li, R. K. Flexible PVDF/Nylon-11 Electrospun Fibrous Membranes with Aligned ZnO Nanowires as Potential Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 398, 125526,  DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.125526
      243
      Flexible PVDF/nylon-11 electrospun fibrous membranes with aligned ZnO nanowires as potential triboelectric nanogenerators
      Pu, Xue; Zha, Jun-Wei; Zhao, Chun-Lin; Gong, Shao-Bo; Gao, Jie-Feng; Li, Robert K. Y.
      Chemical Engineering Journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2020), 398 (), 125526CODEN: CMEJAJ; ISSN:1385-8947. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) is a novel energy harvester technol. which attracted a great deal of attention in the area of self-powering electronic devices due to its high output power d. In this investigation, zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO NWs) were incorporated into the electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and nylon 11 nanofibers to construct new TENGs based on PVDF-ZnO NWs/nylon-ZnO NWs. This study showed that ZnO NWs were aligned along the fiber axis during electrospinning. The cooperative and mutual alignment of polymer chains with ZnO NWs were also achieved in the fibers because of electrospinning, which promoted formation of the highly polar cryst. β-phase of PVDF and δ'-phase of nylon. The max. power d. of ZnO NWs incorporated PVDF/nylon 11 triboelec. nanogenerator reached as high as 3.0 W/m2 under an external load of 10-20 MΩ. The fabricated TENG with improved output performance can be directly used to lightening of more than 100 LEDs. Incorporation of ZnO NWs also improved both thermal stability and mech. properties, such as tensile strength and elastic modulus of PVDF and nylon 11 fibrous membranes. This work disclosed a potent and sustainable power source for portable electronic devices.
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    244. 244
      Zhang, X.; Baughman, C. B.; Kaplan, D. L. In Vitro Evaluation of Electrospun Silk Fibroin Scaffolds for Vascular Cell Growth. Biomaterials 2008, 29, 2217– 2227,  DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.01.022
      244
      In vitro evaluation of electrospun silk fibroin scaffolds for vascular cell growth
      Zhang, Xiaohui; Baughman, Cassandra B.; Kaplan, David L.
      Biomaterials (2008), 29 (14), 2217-2227CODEN: BIMADU; ISSN:0142-9612. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Human aortic endothelial (HAEC) and human coronary artery smooth muscle cell (HCASMC) responses on electrospun silk fibroin scaffolds were studied to evaluate potential for vascular tissue engineering. Cell proliferation studies supported the utility of this biomaterial matrix by both HAECs and HCASMCs. Alignment and elongation of HCASMCs on random non-woven nanofibrous silk scaffolds was obsd. within 5 days after seeding based on SEM and confocal microscopy. Short cord-like structures formed from HAECs on the scaffolds by day 4, and a complex interconnecting network of capillary tubes with identifiable lumens was demonstrated by day 7. The preservation of cell phenotype on the silk fibroin scaffolds was confirmed by the presence of cell-specific markers, including CD146, VE-cadherin, PECAM-1 and vWF for HAECs, and SM-MHC2 and SM-actin for HCASMCs at both protein and transcription levels using immunocytochem. and real-time RT-PCR, resp. Formation of ECM was also demonstrated for the HCASMCs, based on the quantification of collagen type I expression at protein and transcription levels. The results indicate a favorable interaction between vascular cells and electrospun silk fibroin scaffolds. When these results are factored into the useful mech. properties and slow degradability of this protein biomaterial matrix, potential utility in tissue-engineered blood vessels can be envisioned.
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    245. 245
      Chao, S.; Ouyang, H.; Jiang, D.; Fan, Y.; Li, Z. Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Degradable Materials. EcoMat 2021, 3, e12072  DOI: 10.1002/eom2.12072
      245
      Triboelectric nanogenerator based on degradable materials
      Chao, Shengyu; Ouyang, Han; Jiang, Dongjie; Fan, Yubo; Li, Zhou
      EcoMat (2021), 3 (1), e12072CODEN: ECOMCW; ISSN:2567-3173. (John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)
      A review. Green and eco-friendly energy technol. are crucial to reduce environmental pollution caused by fossil fuels. Triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG), as an emergency green energy technol., which can get the energy from the surrounding environment and organism. The development of TENG based on degradable materials strongly promote the next-generation green energy technologies that will effectively avoid pollution and hazards caused by metal and hardly degradable plastic materials. In this review, we summarize the TENG based on degradable materials and its applications. The typical degradable materials for TENG are animal-based degradable material, plant-based degradable material, and artificial degradable material. We provide perspectives on the challenges and potential solns. assocd. with the next-generation degradable TENG. Beyond the material issue, we highlight the full biodegradable devices that show the healthcare function in vivo.
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    246. 246
      Sarkar, P. K.; Kamilya, T.; Acharya, S. Introduction of Triboelectric Positive Bioplastic for Powering Portable Electronics and Self-Powered Gait Sensor. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2019, 2, 5507– 5514,  DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.9b00677
      246
      Introduction of triboelectric positive bioplastic for powering portable electronics and self-powered gait sensor
      Sarkar, Piyush Kanti; Kamilya, Tapas; Acharya, Somobrata
      ACS Applied Energy Materials (2019), 2 (8), 5507-5514CODEN: AAEMCQ; ISSN:2574-0962. (American Chemical Society)
      Triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) are in the center of alternative energy scavenger technologies because of numerous possible applications in remote energy harvesting and self-powered sensing. Although there exists a large no. of triboelec. neg. polymers, the choice of triboelec. pos. polymers is indeed limited. Here we report for the first time the use of thermoplastic starch (TPS) as a triboelec. pos. material for designing TENGs. Our bioplastic-based highly durable TENG (b-TENG) can generate open-circuit peak-to-peak output voltage of ∼560 V with output c.d. of ∼120 mA m-2 and instantaneous output power d. of 17 W m-2. We demonstrate b-TENG as a portable power source by powering more than 100 com. blue LEDs, LED strips, and seven segment LCD screens. Addnl., the b-TENG can be used as a self-powered pedometer for step counter, a speedometer for human walking and running, and a human gait anal. sensor to assess phys. activity breeding its futuristic biomedical applications for healthcare purposes. The introduction of eco-friendly bioplastic TPS as a triboelec. pos. component has great potential for biomedical applications because of the abundance, biodegradability, low cost, and ease in fabrication process.
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    247. 247
      Roy, S.; Ko, H.-U; Maji, P. K.; Van Hai, L.; Kim, J. Large Amplification of Triboelectric Property by Allicin to Develop High Performance Cellulosic Triboelectric Nanogenerator. Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 385, 123723,  DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.123723
      247
      Large amplification of triboelectric property by allicin to develop high performance cellulosic triboelectric nanogenerator
      Roy, Sunanda; Ko, Hyun-U.; Maji, Pradip K.; Le, Van Hai; Kim, Jaehwan
      Chemical Engineering Journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2020), 385 (), 123723CODEN: CMEJAJ; ISSN:1385-8947. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Recently, cellulose has grabbed a tremendous attention in the fabrication of triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) because of their biodegradability and renewability. However, the weak surface polarity and inadequate surface functional groups severely limit its advancement towards high performance TENGs. This study unveils for the first time the majestic power of allicin extd. from garlic juice, in amplifying the triboelec. property of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), aiming to develop a renewable high-performance cellulosic triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs). Allicin was grafted onto CNF using a 'thiol-ene' click chem. It has been obsd. that after allicin modification, the CNF film became mech. and thermally robust. The peak output voltage and current reached to 7.9 V and 5.13μA, when modified film was used in a TENG, which was ∼6.5 times greater than the pristine cellulose based TENG (1.23 V, 0.80μA). Because of higher surface polarity, electron donating capacity and surface roughness of the modified film, the c.d. and power d. increased from 0.2 to 1.28μA/cm2 and 0.25 to 10.13μW/cm2 i.e 6 and 41 times greater resp., than the pristine cellulose TENG. Such large elec. enhancements surpassed many recent reports on cellulose TENG. Furthermore, the allicin grafted TENG showed outstanding stability against humidity, long term cyclic load and environmental aging. These findings clearly demonstrated that tailoring the triboelec. performance by garlic juice could be a major breakthrough in the hunt for durable, high performance self-powered biodegradable TENGs.
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    248. 248
      Luo, J.; Wang, Z.; Xu, L.; Wang, A. C.; Han, K.; Jiang, T.; Lai, Q.; Bai, Y.; Tang, W.; Fan, F. R. Flexible and Durable Wood-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Self-Powered Sensing in Athletic Big Data Analytics. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 5147,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13166-6
      248
      Flexible and durable wood-based triboelectric nanogenerators for self-powered sensing in athletic big data analytics
      Luo Jianjun; Wang Ziming; Xu Liang; Han Kai; Jiang Tao; Lai Qingsong; Bai Yu; Tang Wei; Wang Zhong Lin; Luo Jianjun; Wang Ziming; Xu Liang; Han Kai; Jiang Tao; Lai Qingsong; Bai Yu; Tang Wei; Wang Zhong Lin; Wang Aurelia Chi; Wang Zhong Lin; Fan Feng Ru
      Nature communications (2019), 10 (1), 5147 ISSN:.
      In the new era of internet of things, big data collection and analysis based on widely distributed intelligent sensing technology is particularly important. Here, we report a flexible and durable wood-based triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered sensing in athletic big data analytics. Based on a simple and effective strategy, natural wood can be converted into a high-performance triboelectric material with excellent mechanical properties, such as 7.5-fold enhancement in strength, superior flexibility, wear resistance and processability. The electrical output performance is also enhanced by more than 70% compared with natural wood. A self-powered falling point distribution statistical system and an edge ball judgement system are further developed to provide training guidance and real-time competition assistance for both athletes and referees. This work can not only expand the application area of the self-powered system to smart sport monitoring and assisting, but also promote the development of big data analytics in intelligent sports industry.
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    249. 249
      Feng, Y.; Zhang, L.; Zheng, Y.; Wang, D.; Zhou, F.; Liu, W. Leaves Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG) and TENG Tree for Wind Energy Harvesting. Nano Energy 2019, 55, 260– 268,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.10.075
      249
      Leaves based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and TENG tree for wind energy harvesting
      Feng, Yange; Zhang, Liqiang; Zheng, Youbin; Wang, Daoai; Zhou, Feng; Liu, Weimin
      Nano Energy (2019), 55 (), 260-268CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Triboelec. nanogenerators based on biodegradable plant leaf and leaf powder is fabricated through a simple and cost effective method. The short-circuit current (Isc) and output voltage (Vo) of fresh leaf can reach 15 μA and 430 V. Dry leaf is grinded into powder to make solve problem of frangibility when contact and make full use of the leaf. Poly-L-Lysine is used to modify leaf powder and enhance the output performance of leaf powder based TENG. After surface modification, the Isc and Vo can reach high as 60 μA and 1000 V, resp., which can easily power a com. elec. watch and 868 LEDs. To extend the drive mode, wind driven TENG (WTENG) based on PLL modified leaf powder is designed for harvesting wind energy and the max. Isc can reach 150 μA under 7 m/s wind speed. The WTENG is designed to power an "EXIT" LED light for exit passageway in windy weather. Furthermore, TENG tree is designed basing on the live leaves and artificial leaves, which have promising potential use in the remote regions, such as in the mountains or islands, for early warning and indicator light.
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    250. 250
      Feng, Y.; Zheng, Y.; Rahman, Z. U.; Wang, D.; Zhou, F.; Liu, W. Paper-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators and Their Application in Self-Powered Anticorrosion and Antifouling. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 18022– 18030,  DOI: 10.1039/C6TA07288G
      250
      Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their application in self-powered anticorrosion and antifouling
      Feng, Yange; Zheng, Youbin; Rahman, Zia Ur; Wang, Daoai; Zhou, Feng; Liu, Weimin
      Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability (2016), 4 (46), 18022-18030CODEN: JMCAET; ISSN:2050-7496. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
      As a smart and new energy harvesting device, triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) are able to convert almost all mech. energies into electricity. However, the complex prepn. process requires coating with a conductive layer, which limits their practical applications. Herein, a new type of triboelec. nanogenerator is fabricated using gum wrappers coated with aluminum foil as the conduction layer. To further enhance the output of the paper-based TENG, polydopamine mols. are introduced to improve the surface polarity of the friction layer by a simple self-polymn. reaction at room temp. After chem. modification, the short-circuit current and output voltage are enhanced by more than 3.5 times with max. values of 30 μA and 1000 V, resp. The charge d. increases from 21 μC m-2 to 76 μC m-2, which can light up 496 com. LEDs. Based on the above TENGs, a self-powered cathodic protection anticorrosion system is designed to protect A3 steel from corrosion in 3.5% NaCl soln. Furthermore, the TENG powered cathodic protection system also has good antifouling properties, which can prevent algae from attaching onto metallic substrates. This work demonstrates a recyclable, cost-effective paper-based TENG, which has great potential for practical use in marine anticorrosion and antifouling.
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    251. 251
      Zheng, Z.; Yu, D.; Wang, B.; Guo, Y. Ultrahigh Sensitive, Eco-Friendly, Transparent Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Monitoring Human Motion and Vehicle Movement. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 446, 137393,  DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.137393
      251
      Ultrahigh sensitive, eco-friendly, transparent triboelectric nanogenerator for monitoring human motion and vehicle movement
      Zheng, Zhipeng; Yu, Di; Wang, Binquan; Guo, Yiping
      Chemical Engineering Journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2022), 446 (Part_4), 137393CODEN: CMEJAJ; ISSN:1385-8947. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Natural biomaterials based triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) is crucial for sustainable self-powered devices that achieves high outputs, biocompatibility, and reduces the environment impact. Meanwhile, transparent TENG can integrate with com. optoelectronic devices to simultaneously realize the self-powering sensing and visual transmission of information. Herein, we prepd. an eco-friendly, flexible, transparent chitosan@starch composite film by drop casting process, which reveals high transmittance exceed 88% in the visible light range. A transparent TENG was designed by pairing the chitosan@starch composite film with the fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) film, and transparent PET/ITO electrodes. The optimized chitosan@starch-FEP based TENG (CS-F/TENG) exhibits the open-circuit voltage of ∼1080 V, short-circuit current of ∼16.9 mA m-2 and the max. power d. of ∼5.07 W m-2. Ultrahigh sensitivity of 46.03 V kPa-1 in the pressure range of 1.25-6.25 kPa is achieved by the CS-F/TENG as a self-powered force sensor, and its potential applications in monitoring human motion and vehicles' speed are also demonstrated. Our work provides novel insights in the utilization of sustainable chitosan@starch composite film for transparent wearable TENG with decent output performance, and also facilitates the potential applications of this device in monitoring human motion and vehicle movement.
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    252. 252
      Chau, N. M.; Le, T. H.; Huynh, D. P.; Truong, T. H.; Nguyen Dinh, M. T.; La, T. T. H.; Bui, V. T. Surface Patterning of GO-S/PLA Nanocomposite with the Assistance of an Ionic Surfactant for High-Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerator. Int. J. Energy Res. 2021, 45, 20047– 20056,  DOI: 10.1002/er.7082
      252
      Surface patterning of graphene oxide-surfactant/poly(lactic acid) nanocomposite with assistance of ionic surfactant for high-performance triboelectric nanogenerator
      Chau, Ngoc Mai; Le, Thu Ha; Huynh, Dai Phu; Truong, Thi Hien; Nguyen Dinh, Minh Tuan; La, Thi Thai Ha; Bui, Van-Tien
      International Journal of Energy Research (2021), 45 (14), 20047-20056CODEN: IJERDN; ISSN:0363-907X. (John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
      Summary : Porous graphene oxide-surfactant/poly(lactic acid) (GO-S/PLA) nanocomposite film with highly ordered hexagonal pore arrangement was fabricated via a combination of ionic interaction-supported GO dispersion and the improved phase sepn. method. First, a flat nanocomposite film is prepd. by coating a well-dispersed GO-S/PLA soln. on a solid substrate. Subsequently, the film is exposed to a mixt. of chloroform and methanol as a suitable volatile solvent/nonsolvent pair for both PLA and surfactant-grafted GO sheets. A monolayer of honeycomb patterns is spontaneously formed on the nanocomposite surface after complete evapn. of liqs. under normal air conditions. Methanol plays a crucial role in effectively inducing and controlling the ordered honeycomb structures. The pore array features, which include pore diam. and pore d., are tuned by adjusting methanol content. Moreover, the patterned GO-S/PLA nanocomposite demonstrates as an efficient electrification component for high-performance triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) owing to a large surface area and abundant electron-donating groups of GO sheets. A new TENG is composed of the honeycomb GO-S/PLA (hc-GO-S/PLA) and its replica of microdome-patterned polydimethylsiloxane (md-PDMS), as a pair of tribo-components with antagonistic friction surfaces. As a result, it can generate an output power of 0.54 mW cm-2 which is 8.6 times higher than that of TENG with a flat surface and without GO additives. We believe that hc-GO-S/PLA nanocomposite has potential applications in biotechnol., optics, and catalyst fields.
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    253. 253
      Luo, N.; Feng, Y.; Wang, D.; Zheng, Y.; Ye, Q.; Zhou, F.; Liu, W. New Self-Healing Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Simultaneous Repair Friction Layer and Conductive Layer. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 30390– 30398,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07037
      253
      New Self-Healing Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Simultaneous Repair Friction Layer and Conductive Layer
      Luo, Ning; Feng, Yange; Wang, Daoai; Zheng, Youbin; Ye, Qian; Zhou, Feng; Liu, Weimin
      ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2020), 12 (27), 30390-30398CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
      A new self-healing triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) was fabricated by combining a temp. responsive polymer material of polycaprolactone (PCL) with flexible silver nanowires (Ag NWs), which could cope with the damages of TENGs in the long-term use of energy harvesting. Two different structured TENGs were designed to investigate their properties of self-recovery of the friction surfaces and conducting layers. When the top surface of the friction electrode is damaged, the healable PCL polymer will intenerate by heating and flow to the wound to realize the self-healing purpose. If the conductive layer at the bottom of the TENG electrode is also damaged, PCL will also drive the Ag NW network at the bottom of the electrode to move for healing during the heating process. This type of self-healing TENGs with a sandwich structure can exhibit a stable and high output performance with an output voltage of 800 V and a short-circuit current of 30μA after several cutting-healing cycles, which can easily light up 372 com. light-emitting diodes. This work proposes a simple and effective method to design a self-healing TENG, which has a widespread application prospect to prolong the life of TENGs for restoring the loss of output caused by rapid and repeated cutting.
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    254. 254
      Mi, Y.; Lu, Y.; Shi, Y.; Zhao, Z.; Wang, X.; Meng, J.; Cao, X.; Wang, N. Biodegradable Polymers in Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Polymers 2023, 15, 222,  DOI: 10.3390/polym15010222
      254
      Biodegradable Polymers in Triboelectric Nanogenerators
      Mi, Yajun; Lu, Yin; Shi, Yalin; Zhao, Zequan; Wang, Xueqing; Meng, Jiajing; Cao, Xia; Wang, Ning
      Polymers (Basel, Switzerland) (2023), 15 (1), 222CODEN: POLYCK; ISSN:2073-4360. (MDPI AG)
      A review. Triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) have attracted much attention because they not only efficiently harvest energy from the surrounding environment and living organisms but also serve as multifunctional sensors toward the detection of various chem. and phys. stimuli. In particular, biodegradable TENG (BD-TENG) represents an emerging type of self-powered device that can be degraded, either in physiol. environments as an implantable power source without the necessity of second surgery for device retrieval, or in the ambient environment to minimize assocd. environmental pollution. Such TENGs or TNEG-based self-powered devices can find important applications in many scenarios, such as tissue regeneration, drug release, pacemakers, etc. In this review, the recent progress of TENGs developed on the basis of biodegradable polymers is comprehensively summarized. Material strategies and fabrication schemes of biodegradable and self-powered devices are thoroughly introduced according to the classification of plant-degradable polymer, animal-degradable polymer, and synthetic degradable polymer. Finally, current problems, challenges, and potential opportunities for the future development of BD-TENGs are discussed. We hope this work may provide new insights for modulating the design of BD-TNEGs that can be beneficial for both environmental protection and healthcare.
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    255. 255
      Slabov, V.; Kopyl, S.; Soares dos Santos, M. P.; Kholkin, A. L. Natural and Eco-Friendly Materials for Triboelectric Energy Harvesting. Nano-Micro Lett. 2020, 12, 42,  DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-0373-y
      255
      Natural and eco-friendly materials for triboelectric energy harvesting
      Slabov, Vladislav; Kopyl, Svitlana; dos Santos, Marco P. Soares; Kholkin, Andrei L.
      Nano-Micro Letters (2020), 12 (), 42CODEN: NLAEBV; ISSN:2150-5551. (Nano-Micro Letters)
      A review. Triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) are promising elec. energy harvesting devices as they can produce renewable clean energy using mech. excitations from the environment. Several designs of triboelec. energy harvesters relying on biocompatible and eco-friendly natural materials have been introduced in recent years. Their ability to provide customizable self-powering for a wide range of applications, including biomedical devices, pressure and chem. sensors, and battery charging appliances, has been demonstrated. This review summarizes major advances already achieved in the field of triboelec. energy harvesting using biocompatible and eco-friendly natural materials. A rigorous, comparative, and crit. anal. of prepn. and testing methods is also presented. Elec. power up to 14 mW was already achieved for the dry leaf/polyvinylidene fluoride-based TENG devices. These findings highlight the potential of eco-friendly self-powering systems and demonstrate the unique properties of the plants to generate elec. energy for multiple applications.
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    256. 256
      Lin, S.; Xu, L.; Chi Wang, A.; Wang, Z. L. Quantifying Electron-Transfer in Liquid-Solid Contact Electrification and the Formation of Electric Double-Layer. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 399,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14278-9
      256
      Quantifying electron-transfer in liquid-solid contact electrification and the formation of electric double-layer
      Lin, Shiquan; Xu, Liang; Wang, Aurelia Chi; Wang, Zhong Lin
      Nature Communications (2020), 11 (1), 399CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)
      Abstr.: Contact electrification (CE) has been known for more than 2600 years but the nature of charge carriers and their transfer mechanisms still remain poorly understood, esp. for the cases of liq.-solid CE. Here, we study the CE between liqs. and solids and investigate the decay of CE charges on the solid surfaces after liq.-solid CE at different thermal conditions. The contribution of electron transfer is distinguished from that of ion transfer on the charged surfaces by using the theory of electron thermionic emission. Our study shows that there are both electron transfer and ion transfer in the liq.-solid CE. We reveal that solutes in the soln., pH value of the soln. and the hydrophilicity of the solid affect the ratio of electron transfers to ion transfers. Further, we propose a two-step model of electron or/and ion transfer and demonstrate the formation of elec. double-layer in liq.-solid CE.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXksFahs7k%253D&md5=ae527c4d66a459efb55af56bcba67e54
    257. 257
      Zou, H.; Guo, L.; Xue, H.; Zhang, Y.; Shen, X.; Liu, X.; Wang, P.; He, X.; Dai, G.; Jiang, P. Quantifying and Understanding the Triboelectric Series of Inorganic Non-Metallic Materials. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 2093,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15926-1
      257
      Quantifying and understanding the triboelectric series of inorganic non-metallic materials
      Zou, Haiyang; Guo, Litong; Xue, Hao; Zhang, Ying; Shen, Xiaofang; Liu, Xiaoting; Wang, Peihong; He, Xu; Dai, Guozhang; Jiang, Peng; Zheng, Haiwu; Zhang, Binbin; Xu, Cheng; Wang, Zhong Lin
      Nature Communications (2020), 11 (1), 2093CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)
      Contact-electrification is a universal effect for all existing materials, but it still lacks a quant. materials database to systematically understand its scientific mechanisms. Using an established measurement method, this study quantifies the triboelec. charge densities of nearly 30 inorg. nonmetallic materials. From the matrix of their triboelec. charge densities and band structures, it is found that the triboelec. output is strongly related to the work functions of the materials. Our study verifies that contact-electrification is an electronic quantum transition effect under ambient conditions. The basic driving force for contact-electrification is that electrons seek to fill the lowest available states once two materials are forced to reach atomically close distance so that electron transitions are possible through strongly overlapping electron wave functions. We hope that the quantified series could serve as a textbook std. and a fundamental database for scientific research, practical manufg., and engineering.
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    258. 258
      Seung, W.; Yoon, H. J.; Kim, T. Y.; Ryu, H.; Kim, J.; Lee, J. H.; Lee, J. H.; Kim, S.; Park, Y. K.; Park, Y. J. Boosting Power-Generating Performance of Triboelectric Nanogenerators Via Artificial Control of Ferroelectric Polarization and Dielectric Properties. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7, 1600988,  DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201600988
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    259. 259
      Wang, Z.; Liu, W.; He, W.; Guo, H.; Long, L.; Xi, Y.; Wang, X.; Liu, A.; Hu, C. Ultrahigh Electricity Generation from Low-Frequency Mechanical Energy by Efficient Energy Management. Joule 2021, 5, 441– 455,  DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2020.12.023
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    260. 260
      Xu, L.; Wu, H.; Yao, G.; Chen, L.; Yang, X.; Chen, B.; Huang, X.; Zhong, W.; Chen, X.; Yin, Z. Giant Voltage Enhancement Via Triboelectric Charge Supplement Channel for Self-Powered Electroadhesion. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 10262– 10271,  DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05359
      260
      Giant Voltage Enhancement via Triboelectric Charge Supplement Channel for Self-Powered Electroadhesion
      Xu, Liang; Wu, Hao; Yao, Guo; Chen, Libo; Yang, Xiaodan; Chen, Baodong; Huang, Xin; Zhong, Wei; Chen, Xiangyu; Yin, Zhouping; Wang, Zhong Lin
      ACS Nano (2018), 12 (10), 10262-10271CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)
      Electroadhesion generates an adhesion force using an externally applied power source, which has versatile applications in robotics and material handling. A self-powered electroadhesion system using enhanced triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) to supply power for electroadhesion is presented. By introducing a triboelec. charge supplement channel, the open circuit voltage of the TENG can be significantly boosted by over 10 times, from ∼230 V to >3300 V for a single TENG unit, providing sufficiently high voltage for an electroadhesive patch to generate enough adhesion for practical use. The charge supplement channel takes effect through a replenishing mechanism for dissipated charges, maintaining an optimal charge distribution throughout TENG electrodes, which enables the highest open circuit voltage under given surface charge d. and device configuration. The fabricated self-powered electroadhesion system shows the ability to manipulate objects of various materials via easy and straightforward operations, demonstrating a great potential for applications in material handling and robotics. Also, the voltage enhancement mechanism by the charge supplement channel could be extended to TENGs of other modes, which can provide reliable power sources for various applications that require a high voltage.
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    261. 261
      Kim, J.; Cho, H.; Han, M.; Jung, Y.; Kwak, S. S.; Yoon, H. J.; Park, B.; Kim, H.; Kim, H.; Park, J. Ultrahigh Power Output from Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Serrated Electrode Via Spark Discharge. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 2002312,  DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202002312
      261
      Ultrahigh Power Output from Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Serrated Electrode via Spark Discharge
      Kim, Jihye; Cho, Hanchul; Han, Maeum; Jung, Young; Kwak, Sung Soo; Yoon, Hong-Joon; Park, Byunggeon; Kim, Hyeok; Kim, Hyoungjae; Park, Jinhyoung; Kim, Sang-Woo
      Advanced Energy Materials (2020), 10 (44), 2002312CODEN: ADEMBC; ISSN:1614-6840. (Wiley-Blackwell)
      An ultrahigh power output from a triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) with a serrated electrode in a low-frequency contact-sepn. mode which is able to directly drive high voltage-operating devices without the need for an external power supply is demonstrated. When a serrated electrode-based TENG (SE-TENG) is driven, the microstructurally serrated electrode creates a spark discharge in the gap between the serrated electrode and a wire, resulting in tremendously boosted triboelec. power output. Based on the spark discharge phenomenon, a boost adaptor is designed to secondarily boost the triboelec. power output performance, and consequently an ultrahigh triboelec. output voltage of 5 kV and c.d. of 2 A m-2 are achieved. The boost adaptor concept can be applied to any typical TENG for achieving higher power-generating performance. Finally, two high voltage applications, a Crookes tube and plasma generation, are demonstrated using the SE-TENG and boost adaptor without any external power supply equipment. The ultrahigh power-generating SE-TENG based on the spark discharge phenomenon occurring in the unique electrode structure has considerable potential to operate high voltage applications directly in harsh environments where electricity cannot be supplied.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhvF2rsrjN&md5=ca689277f7f8b8a79a1a73818db177e2
    262. 262
      Kang, C. W.; Lee, D. M.; Park, J.; Bang, S.; Kim, S. W.; Son, S. U. Core-Shell ZnO@ Microporous Organic Polymer Nanospheres as Enhanced Piezo-Triboelectric Energy Harvesting Materials. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202209659  DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209659
      262
      Core-Shell ZnO@Microporous Organic Polymer Nanospheres as Enhanced Piezo-Triboelectric Energy Harvesting Materials
      Kang, Chang Wan; Lee, Dong-Min; Park, Jina; Bang, Sohee; Kim, Sang-Woo; Son, Seung Uk
      Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2022), 61 (46), e202209659CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      Core-shell nanospheres were prepd. by the homogeneous coating of piezoelec. ZnO nanorod aggregates with triboelec. microporous org. polymer (MOP). The small energy harvesting performance of ZnO@MOP was significantly enhanced, compared with those of ZnO and MOP, due to the piezoelectrification-induced polarization of inner ZnO and the enhanced generation of tribopos. charges of MOP. Piezo-triboelec. nanogenerators (PTENGs) fabricated with ZnO@MOP showed peak-to-peak voltages of up to 534 V and a max. power d. of 1.19 mW cm-2. In addn., the PTENGs showed excellent durability for 30 000 cycles, demonstrating as efficient power sources for charging electrolytic capacitors and for operating 200 green light emitting diode bulbs.
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    263. 263
      Lee, K.; Mhin, S.; Han, H.; Kwon, O.; Kim, W.-B.; Song, T.; Kang, S.; Kim, K. M. A High-Performance PDMS-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator Fabricated Using Surface-Modified Carbon Nanotubes Via Pulsed Laser Ablation. J. Mater. Chem. A 2022, 10, 1299– 1308,  DOI: 10.1039/D1TA08414C
      263
      A high-performance PDMS-based triboelectric nanogenerator fabricated using surface-modified carbon nanotubes via pulsed laser ablation
      Lee, Kangpyo; Mhin, Sungwook; Han, HyukSu; Kwon, Ohyung; Kim, Woo-Byoung; Song, Taeseup; Kang, Sukhyun; Kim, Kang Min
      Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability (2022), 10 (3), 1299-1308CODEN: JMCAET; ISSN:2050-7496. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
      Poly-(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) has been used as a neg. friction layer in triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) owing to its high electronegativity and flexibility. With the advantage of PDMS, the design of various materials to further enhance the energy output of a PDMS-based TENG system have been suggested for practical applications. Herein, we report a high-efficiency PDMS-based TENG wherein surface-modified carbon nanotubes (SMCs), fabricated by one-step pulsed laser ablation, were used as a PDMS additive. SMCs possess oxygen-rich functional groups on the surface that enhance their permittivity and dispersibility in PDMS. Consequently, improvements in the triboelec. performance and capacitance of an SMC-PDMS-based TENG device (SMC-PDMS) were obsd., owing to the synergistic effects of the enhanced permittivity and dispersibility of SMCs. Compared to a pristine PDMS-based TENG, SMC-PDMS contg. 0.05 wt% SMCs showed an output voltage of 382.12 V and a current of 29.44μA, which correspond to 170% and 243% enhancements, resp. In addn., a facile radio frequency plasma treatment was performed to further improve the performance of SMC-PDMS, resulting in an output voltage of 414.63 V, a current of 40.03μA, and a power d. of 7.69 W m-2.
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    264. 264
      Pandey, P.; Thapa, K.; Ojha, G. P.; Seo, M.-K.; Shin, K. H.; Kim, S.-W.; Sohn, J. I. Metal-Organic Frameworks-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator Powered Visible Light Communication System for Wireless Human-Machine Interactions. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 452, 139209,  DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.139209
      264
      Metal-organic frameworks-based triboelectric nanogenerator powered visible light communication system for wireless human-machine interactions
      Pandey, Puran; Thapa, Keshav; Ojha, Gunendra Prasad; Seo, Min-Kyu; Shin, Ki Hoon; Kim, Sang-Woo; Sohn, Jung Inn
      Chemical Engineering Journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2023), 452 (Part_2), 139209CODEN: CMEJAJ; ISSN:1385-8947. (Elsevier B.V.)
      We propose a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) nanocrystal decorated electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber as an efficient triboelec. pos. material for the high-performance triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) and demonstrate a self-powered visible light communication (VLC) system for wireless human-machine interactions. The PAN@ZIF-8 nanofibers provide a higher effective contact surface area that can contribute to the improvement of the total amt. of generated charges. This can enable the energy harvesting performance of the PAN@ZIF-8 based TENG (PZ-TENG) to be increased more than 3 times compared to their individual PAN nanofibers and ZIF-8 crystal based TENG devices. Furthermore, we develop a PZ-TENG driven self-powered VLC system and utilize it for the wireless control of home appliances and text messaging systems. 3-bit binary codes are designed with two different mech. activities (clicking '0' and flapping '1') for secure and wireless control of the home appliances (Fan, Humidifier, Bell, and Lamp) and to send a text message "HI DGU" on a mobile phone. The designed self-powered VLC system with advanced coding concepts can further enable remote personal identification, security defense, and smart home authentication and monitoring applications.
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    265. 265
      Xu, F.; Dong, S.; Liu, G.; Pan, C.; Guo, Z. H.; Guo, W.; Li, L.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, C.; Pu, X. Scalable Fabrication of Stretchable and Washable Textile Triboelectric Nanogenerators as Constant Power Sources for Wearable Electronics. Nano Energy 2021, 88, 106247,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106247
      265
      Scalable fabrication of stretchable and washable textile triboelectric nanogenerators as constant power sources for wearable electronics
      Xu, Fan; Dong, Shanshan; Liu, Guoxu; Pan, Chongxiang; Guo, Zi Hao; Guo, Wenbin; Li, Longwei; Liu, Yanping; Zhang, Chi; Pu, Xiong; Wang, Zhong Lin
      Nano Energy (2021), 88 (), 106247CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      The textile-based triboelec. nanogenerator (tTENG) is one of the most promising energy harvesting devices for realizing self-powered smart textiles and wearable electronics. Herein, we report a scalable machine-knitting fabrication of stretchable, washable and breathable tTENGs for harvesting human motion energies. A plating stitch technique is employed to fabricate tTENGs using various common yarn materials and working in different modes (coplanar sliding mode and contact-sepn. mode). The tTENG can output voltage up to 232 V and power d. up to 66.13 mW/m2. Furthermore, it can constantly power different wearable electronics by integrating with a small-size power management module, which converts the irregular AC output to a stable DC output and improves the energy utilization of tTENG. The stretchability, washability and air permeability of the tTENG are also demonstrated. These findings provide a practically viable textile-based power source that holds great promise in future self-powered wearable electronics and smart textiles.
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    266. 266
      Jiang, Q.; Chen, B.; Zhang, K.; Yang, Y. Ag Nanoparticle-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator to Scavenge Wind Energy for a Self-Charging Power Unit. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 43716– 43723,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b14618
      266
      Ag Nanoparticle-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator To Scavenge Wind Energy for a Self-Charging Power Unit
      Jiang, Qiang; Chen, Bo; Zhang, Kewei; Yang, Ya
      ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2017), 9 (50), 43716-43723CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
      Li-ion batteries are a green energy storage technol. with advantages of high energy d., long lifetime, and sustainability, but they cannot generate elec. energy by themselves. As a novel energy-harvesting technol., triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) are a promising power source for supplying electronic devices, however it is difficult to directly use their high output voltage and low output current. Here, we designed a Ag nanoparticle-based TENG for scavenging wind energy. After including a transformer and a power management circuit into the system, const. output voltages such as 3.6 V and a pulsed current of about 100 mA can be obtained, which can be used to directly light up a light-emitting diode. Furthermore, the produced elec. energy can be effectively stored in a WO3/LiMn2O4 electrode based Li-ion battery. Our present work provides a new approach to effectively scavenge wind energy and store the obtained elec. energy, which is significant for exploring self-charging power units.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhvVOktbfF&md5=af6adafe9eaa52737e3c2550542fb348
    267. 267
      Ouyang, H.; Tian, J.; Sun, G.; Zou, Y.; Liu, Z.; Li, H.; Zhao, L.; Shi, B.; Fan, Y.; Fan, Y. Self-Powered Pulse Sensor for Antidiastole of Cardiovascular Disease. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1703456,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703456
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    268. 268
      Rahimi, E.; Offoiach, R.; Deng, S.; Chen, X.; Pané, S.; Fedrizzi, L.; Lekka, M. Corrosion Mechanisms of Magnetic Microrobotic Platforms in Protein Media. Appl. Mater. Today 2021, 24, 101135,  DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2021.101135
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    269. 269
      Virtanen, S.; Milošev, I.; Gomez-Barrena, E.; Trebše, R.; Salo, J.; Konttinen, Y. T. Special Modes of Corrosion under Physiological and Simulated Physiological Conditions. Acta Biomater. 2008, 4, 468– 476,  DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2007.12.003
      269
      Special modes of corrosion under physiological and simulated physiological conditions
      Virtanen, S.; Milosev, I.; Gomez-Barrena, E.; Trebse, R.; Salo, J.; Konttinen, Y. T.
      Acta Biomaterialia (2008), 4 (3), 468-476CODEN: ABCICB; ISSN:1742-7061. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      A review. The aim of this article is to review those aspects of corrosion behavior that are most relevant to the clin. application of implant alloys. The special modes of corrosion encountered by implant alloys are presented. The resistance of the different materials against the most typical corrosion modes (pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion and fretting corrosion) is compared, together with observations of metal ion release from different biomaterials. A short section is dedicated to possible galvanic effects in cases when different types of materials are combined in a biomedical device. The different topics covered are introduced from the viewpoint of materials science, and then placed into the context of medicine and clin. experience.
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    270. 270
      Rahimi, E.; Sanchis-Gual, R.; Chen, X.; Imani, A.; Gonzalez-Garcia, Y.; Asselin, E.; Mol, A.; Fedrizzi, L.; Pané, S.; Lekka, M. Challenges and Strategies for Optimizing Corrosion and Biodegradation Stability of Biomedical Micro-and Nanoswimmers: A Review. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 2210345,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202210345
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    271. 271
      Qian, X.; Zhang, J.; Gu, Z.; Chen, Y. Nanocatalysts-Augmented Fenton Chemical Reaction for Nanocatalytic Tumor Therapy. Biomaterials 2019, 211, 1– 13,  DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.04.023
      271
      Nanocatalysts-augmented Fenton chemical reaction for nanocatalytic tumor therapy
      Qian, Xiaoqin; Zhang, Jun; Gu, Zi; Chen, Yu
      Biomaterials (2019), 211 (), 1-13CODEN: BIMADU; ISSN:0142-9612. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      A review. It is the challenging goal in cancer biomedicine to search novel cancer-therapeutic modality with concurrent high therapeutic efficiency on combating cancer and low side effects to normal cells/tissues. The recently developed nanocatalytic cancer therapy based on catalytic Fenton reaction represents one of the promising paradigms for potential clin. translation, which has got fast progress very recently. This progress report discusses the rational design and fabrication of Fenton reaction-based nanocatalysts for triggering the in-situ Fenton chem. reaction within tumor microenvironment to generate highly toxic hydroxyl radicals (•OH), which is highly efficient for killing the cancer cells and suppressing the tumor growth. Several strategies for optimizing the nanocatalytic cancer-therapeutic efficiency of Fenton reaction have been highlighted, including screening high-performance Fenton nanocatalysts, increasing peroxide-hydrogen amts. as the reactants, changing the Fenton-reaction conditions (e.g., temp., acidity and photo-triggering), and Fenton reaction-based synergistic cancer therapy such as some sequential nanocatalytic reactions with improved therapeutic outcome. The facing challenges and future developments of Fenton reaction-based nanocatalytic cancer therapy are also discussed for further promoting the clin. translation of this emerging cancer-therapeutic modality to benefit the cancer patients.
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    272. 272
      Meng, X.; Zhang, X.; Liu, M.; Cai, B.; He, N.; Wang, Z. Fenton Reaction-Based Nanomedicine in Cancer Chemodynamic and Synergistic Therapy. Appl. Mater. Today 2020, 21, 100864,  DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100864
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    273. 273
      Volatron, J.; Kolosnjaj-Tabi, J.; Javed, Y.; Vuong, Q. L.; Gossuin, Y.; Neveu, S.; Luciani, N.; Hémadi, M.; Carn, F.; Alloyeau, D. Physiological Remediation of Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles by Ferritin. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 40075,  DOI: 10.1038/srep40075
      273
      Physiological Remediation of Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles by Ferritin
      Volatron, Jeanne; Kolosnjaj-Tabi, Jelena; Javed, Yasir; Vuong, Quoc Lam; Gossuin, Yves; Neveu, Sophie; Luciani, Nathalie; Hemadi, Miryana; Carn, Florent; Alloyeau, Damien; Gazeau, Florence
      Scientific Reports (2017), 7 (), 40075CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Publishing Group)
      Metallic nanoparticles have been increasingly suggested as prospective therapeutic nanoplatforms, yet their long-term fate and cellular processing in the body is poorly understood. Here we examd. the role of an endogenous iron storage protein - namely the ferritin - in the remediation of biodegradable cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticles. Structural and elemental anal. of ferritins close to exogenous nanoparticles within spleens and livers of mice injected in vivo with cobalt ferrite nanoparticles, suggests the intracellular transfer of degrdn.-derived cobalt and iron, entrapped within endogenous protein cages. In addn., the capacity of ferritin cages to accommodate and store the degrdn. products of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles was investigated in vitro in the acidic environment mimicking the physiol. conditions that are present within the lysosomes. The magnetic, colloidal and structural follow-up of nanoparticles and proteins in the lysosome-like medium confirmed the efficient remediation of nanoparticle-released cobalt and iron ions by ferritins in soln. Metal transfer into ferritins could represent a quintessential process in which biomols. and homeostasis regulate the local degrdn. of nanoparticles and recycle their byproducts.
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    274. 274
      Balfourier, A.; Luciani, N.; Wang, G.; Lelong, G.; Ersen, O.; Khelfa, A.; Alloyeau, D.; Gazeau, F.; Carn, F. Unexpected Intracellular Biodegradation and Recrystallization of Gold Nanoparticles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2020, 117, 103– 113,  DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911734116
      274
      Unexpected intracellular biodegradation and recrystallization of gold nanoparticles
      Balfourier, Alice; Luciani, Nathalie; Wang, Guillaume; Lelong, Gerald; Ersen, Ovidiu; Khelfa, Abdelali; Alloyeau, Damien; Gazeau, Florence; Carn, Florent
      Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2020), 117 (1), 103-113CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)
      Gold nanoparticles are used in an expanding spectrum of biomedical applications. However, little is known about their long-term fate in the organism as it is generally admitted that the inertness of gold nanoparticles prevents their biodegrdn. In this work, the biotransformations of gold nanoparticles captured by primary fibroblasts were monitored during up to 6 mo. The combination of electron microscopy imaging and transcriptomics study reveals an unexpected 2-step process of biotransformation. First, there is the degrdn. of gold nanoparticles, with faster disappearance of the smallest size. This degrdn. is mediated by NADPH oxidase that produces highly oxidizing reactive oxygen species in the lysosome combined with a cell-protective expression of the nuclear factor, erythroid 2. Second, a gold recrystn. process generates biomineralized nanostructures consisting of 2.5-nm cryst. particles self-assembled into nanoleaves. Metallothioneins are strongly suspected to participate in buildings blocks biomineralization that self-assembles in a process that could be affected by a chelating agent. These degrdn. products are similar to aurosomes structures revealed 50 y ago in vivo after gold salt therapy. Overall, we bring to light steps in the lifecycle of gold nanoparticles in which cellular pathways are partially shared with ionic gold, revealing a common gold metab.
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    275. 275
      Liu, Z.; Zhang, J.; Yu, P.; Zhang, J.; Makharia, R.; More, K.; Stach, E. Transmission Electron Microscopy Observation of Corrosion Behaviors of Platinized Carbon Blacks under Thermal and Electrochemical Conditions. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2010, 157, B906,  DOI: 10.1149/1.3391737
      275
      Transmission Electron Microscopy Observation of Corrosion Behaviors of Platinized Carbon Blacks under Thermal and Electrochemical Conditions
      Liu, Z. Y.; Zhang, J. L.; Yu, P. T.; Zhang, J. X.; Makharia, R.; More, K. L.; Stach, E. A.
      Journal of the Electrochemical Society (2010), 157 (6), B906-B913CODEN: JESOAN; ISSN:0013-4651. (Electrochemical Society)
      C blacks such as Vulcan XC-72 are widely used to support Pt or Pt alloy catalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Despite their widespread use, C blacks are susceptible to corrosion during fuel cell operations. The corrosion behaviors of platinized Vulcan XC-72 nanoparticles under thermal and electrochem. conditions were monitored by TEM. The thermal corrosion expt. was carried out in a gas-cell TEM, which allows for a direct observation of the thermal oxidn. behavior of the nanoparticles. The electrochem. corrosion expt. was performed outside of the TEM by loading the nanoparticles on a TEM grid and then electrochem. corroding them step by step followed by taking TEM images from exactly the same nanoparticles after each step. This work revealed 4 types of structural changes: (i) total removal of structurally weak aggregates, (ii) breakdown of aggregates via neck-breaking, (iii) center-hollowed primary particles caused by an inside-out corrosion starting from the center to outer region, and (iv) gradual decrease in the size of primary particles caused by a uniform removal of material from the surface. These structural changes took place in sequence or simultaneously depending on the competition of C corrosion dynamical processes. The results obtained from this work provide insight on C corrosion and its effects on fuel cells' long-term performance and durability.
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    276. 276
      Goldstein, J. I.; Newbury, D. E.; Michael, J. R.; Ritchie, N. W.; Scott, J. H. J.; Joy, D. C. Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis; Springer, 2018.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    277. 277
      Maric, T.; Nasir, M. Z. M.; Budanovic, M.; Alduhaish, O.; Webster, R. D.; Pumera, M. Corrosion of Light Powered Pt/TiO2 Microrobots. Appl. Mater. Today 2020, 20, 100659,  DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100659
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    278. 278
      Jeong, H. H.; Alarcón-Correa, M.; Mark, A. G.; Son, K.; Lee, T. C.; Fischer, P. Corrosion-Protected Hybrid Nanoparticles. Adv. Sci. 2017, 4, 1700234,  DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700234
      278
      Corrosion-Protected Hybrid Nanoparticles
      Jeong Hyeon-Ho; Alarcon-Correa Mariana; Mark Andrew G; Son Kwanghyo; Lee Tung-Chun; Fischer Peer; Jeong Hyeon-Ho; Alarcon-Correa Mariana; Fischer Peer; Lee Tung-Chun
      Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) (2017), 4 (12), 1700234 ISSN:2198-3844.
      Nanoparticles composed of functional materials hold great promise for applications due to their unique electronic, optical, magnetic, and catalytic properties. However, a number of functional materials are not only difficult to fabricate at the nanoscale, but are also chemically unstable in solution. Hence, protecting nanoparticles from corrosion is a major challenge for those applications that require stability in aqueous solutions and biological fluids. Here, this study presents a generic scheme to grow hybrid 3D nanoparticles that are completely encapsulated by a nm thick protective shell. The method consists of vacuum-based growth and protection, and combines oblique physical vapor deposition with atomic layer deposition. It provides wide flexibility in the shape and composition of the nanoparticles, and the environments against which particles are protected. The work demonstrates the approach with multifunctional nanoparticles possessing ferromagnetic, plasmonic, and chiral properties. The present scheme allows nanocolloids, which immediately corrode without protection, to remain functional, at least for a week, in acidic solutions.
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    279. 279
      Zhao, G.; Khezri, B.; Sanchez, S.; Schmidt, O. G.; Webster, R. D.; Pumera, M. Corrosion of Self-Propelled Catalytic Microengines. Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 9125– 9127,  DOI: 10.1039/c3cc44998j
      279
      Corrosion of self-propelled catalytic microengines
      Zhao, Guanjia; Khezri, Bahareh; Sanchez, Samuel; Schmidt, Oliver G.; Webster, Richard D.; Pumera, Martin
      Chemical Communications (Cambridge, United Kingdom) (2013), 49 (80), 9125-9127CODEN: CHCOFS; ISSN:1359-7345. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
      Here we show that rolled-up and electroplated catalytic microjet engines undergo dramatic corrosion in fuel soln.
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    280. 280
      Olesik, J. W. Elemental Analysis Using Icp-Oes and Icp/Ms. Anal. Chem. 1991, 63, 12A– 21A,  DOI: 10.1021/ac00001a711
      280
      Elemental analysis using ICP-OES and ICP/MS
      Olesik, John W.
      Analytical Chemistry (1991), 63 (1), 12A-21ACODEN: ANCHAM; ISSN:0003-2700.
      A review with 34 refs. The fundamental properties of the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) that lead to its anal. virtues are discussed. Some of the remaining limitations of ICP-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and ICP/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS), including spectral interferences and nonspectral matrix effects are also discussed. Approaches to deal effectively with these problems are considered.
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    281. 281
      Kelly, R. G.; Scully, J. R.; Shoesmith, D.; Buchheit, R. G. Electrochemical Techniques in Corrosion Science and Engineering; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    282. 282
      Ahmad Agha, N.; Willumeit-Römer, R.; Laipple, D.; Luthringer, B.; Feyerabend, F. The Degradation Interface of Magnesium Based Alloys in Direct Contact with Human Primary Osteoblast Cells. PLoS One 2016, 11, e0157874  DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157874
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    283. 283
      Gonzalez, J.; Hou, R. Q.; Nidadavolu, E. P.; Willumeit-Römer, R.; Feyerabend, F. Magnesium Degradation under Physiological Conditions-Best Practice. Bioact. Mater. 2018, 3, 174– 185,  DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.01.003
      283
      Magnesium degradation under physiological conditions - Best practice
      Gonzalez Jorge; Hou Rui Qing; Nidadavolu Eshwara P S; Willumeit-Romer Regine; Feyerabend Frank
      Bioactive materials (2018), 3 (2), 174-185 ISSN:.
      This review focusses on the application of physiological conditions for the mechanistic understanding of magnesium degradation. Despite the undisputed relevance of simplified laboratory setups for alloy screening purposes, realistic and predictive in vitro setups are needed. Due to the complexity of these systems, the review gives an overview about technical measures, defines some caveats and can be used as a guideline for the establishment of harmonized laboratory approaches.
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    284. 284
      Liu, L.; Gebresellasie, K.; Collins, B.; Zhang, H.; Xu, Z.; Sankar, J.; Lee, Y.-C.; Yun, Y. Degradation Rates of Pure Zinc, Magnesium, and Magnesium Alloys Measured by Volume Loss, Mass Loss, and Hydrogen Evolution. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 1459,  DOI: 10.3390/app8091459
      284
      Degradation rates of pure zinc, magnesium, and magnesium alloys measured by volume loss, mass loss, and hydrogen evolution
      Liu, Lumei; Gebresellasie, Kassu; Collins, Boyce; Zhang, Honglin; Xu, Zhigang; Sankar, Jagannathan; Lee, Young-Choon; Yun, Yeoheung
      Applied Sciences (2018), 8 (9), 1459/1-1459/10CODEN: ASPCC7; ISSN:2076-3417. (MDPI AG)
      Degrdn. rate is an important property to evaluate bioabsorbable metallic material; however, values vary depending on the method of measurement. In this study, three different methods of measuring corrosion rate are compared. The degradable samples to analyze corrosion rates include pure magnesium (Mg), lab produced Mg-Zn-Ca alloy (47-7-2), Mg-Zn-Zr-RE (rare earth) alloys (60-13, 60-14), Mg-Zn-Ca-RE alloy (59B), and pure zinc (Zn). A eudiometer was used to measure hydrogen evolution from the reaction of degradable alloys in Hank's Balanced Salt Soln. (HBSS). Corrosion rates based on vol. loss of tested alloys in 30 days were calcd. using Micro-computed tomog. (micro-CT). Final mass change due to corrosion and corrosion removal was measured with a scale. We obsd. that the corrosion rates indicated by hydrogen evolution were high initially, and slowed down sharply in the following measurements. The corrosion rates of tested alloys calcd. by vol. loss and mass loss from high to low are: 60-13 ≈ 60-14 ≈ 47-7-2 > 59B > Mg > Zn (p < 0.05). The results provide instruction to exptl. methodol. to measure corrosion rates of degradable alloys.
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    285. 285
      Redlich, C.; Quadbeck, P.; Thieme, M.; Kieback, B. Molybdenum-a Biodegradable Implant Material for Structural Applications?. Acta Biomater. 2020, 104, 241– 251,  DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.12.031
      285
      Molybdenum - A biodegradable implant material for structural applications?
      Redlich, Christian; Quadbeck, Peter; Thieme, Michael; Kieback, Bernd
      Acta Biomaterialia (2020), 104 (), 241-251CODEN: ABCICB; ISSN:1742-7061. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Molybdenum as a potentially new biodegradable material was investigated. Degrdn. behavior of com. high purity molybdenum was obsd. in simulated physiol. salt solns. (Kokubo's SBF with/without TRIS-HCl, Cu2+ addn. and 0.9% NaCl soln.). Potentiodynamic polarization, immersion mass loss and ion concn. measurements paired with REM/EDX anal. reveal gradual dissoln. of molybdenum in the proper order of magnitude for stent application, assocd. with formation of thin, non-passivating corrosion products. The underlying corrosion mechanism is discussed as well as a comparison to literature data. However, formation of calcium phosphates (CaP) in SBF significantly decreases corrosion rates. In-situ polarization was found to be a potential way for overcoming this problem and simultaneously enhancing corrosion above the benchmark for a degradable stent material. Biodegradable metals have the potential to overcome severe complications common to orthopedic and cardio-vascular implants. However, the need for a material with moderate and predictable degrdn., high strength and toughness as well as MRI suitability must be satisfied. Molybdenum as potential new biodegradable material may just fulfill these requirements. An overall pos. picture of molybdenum as an interesting alternative to recently discussed metallic biodegradable materials can be concluded from the herein presented results and from literature data, showing directions for future research on the topic.
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    286. 286
      Walker, J.; Shadanbaz, S.; Kirkland, N. T.; Stace, E.; Woodfield, T.; Staiger, M. P.; Dias, G. J. Magnesium Alloys: Predicting in Vivo Corrosion with in Vitro Immersion Testing. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B 2012, 100B, 1134– 1141,  DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32680
      286
      Magnesium alloys: Predicting in vivo corrosion with in vitro immersion testing
      Walker, Jemimah; Shadanbaz, Shaylin; Kirkland, Nicholas T.; Stace, Edward; Woodfield, Tim; Staiger, Mark P.; Dias, George J.
      Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Part B: Applied Biomaterials (2012), 100B (4), 1134-1141CODEN: JBMRGL; ISSN:1552-4973. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
      Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys have been proposed as degradable replacements to commonly used orthopedic biomaterials such as titanium alloys and stainless steel. However, the corrosion of Mg in a physiol. environment remains a difficult characteristic to accurately assess with in vitro methods. The aim of this study was to identify a simple in vitro immersion test that could provide corrosion rates similar to those obsd. in vivo. Pure Mg and five alloys (AZ31, Mg-0.8Ca, Mg-1Zn, Mg-1Mn, Mg-1.34Ca-3Zn) were immersed in either Earle's balanced salt soln. (EBSS), min. essential medium (MEM), or MEM-contg. 40 g/L bovine serum albumin (MEMp) for 7, 14, or 21 days before removal and assessment of corrosion by wt. loss. This in vitro data was compared to in vivo corrosion rates of the same materials implanted in a s.c. environment in Lewis rats for equiv. time points. The results suggested that, for the alloys investigated, the EBSS buffered with sodium bicarbonate provides a rate of degrdn. comparable to those obsd. in vivo. In contrast, the addn. of components such as (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid) (HEPES), vitamins, amino acids, and albumin significantly increased corrosion rates. Based on these findings, it is proposed that with this in vitro protocol, immersion of Mg alloys in EBSS can be used as a predictor of in vivo corrosion. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2012.
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    287. 287
      Mert, F.; Blawert, C.; Kainer, K. U.; Hort, N. Influence of Cerium Additions on the Corrosion Behaviour of High Pressure Die Cast AM50 Alloy. Corros. Sci. 2012, 65, 145– 151,  DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2012.08.011
      287
      Influence of cerium additions on the corrosion behaviour of high pressure die cast AM50 alloy
      Mert, Faruk; Blawert, Carsten; Kainer, Karl Ulrich; Hort, Norbert
      Corrosion Science (2012), 65 (), 145-151CODEN: CRRSAA; ISSN:0010-938X. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      The influence of Ce addns. to AM50 magnesium alloy prepd. by high pressure die casting on the microstructure and corrosion behavior was investigated. The corrosion behavior was evaluated by hydrogen evolution, salt spray, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochem. impedance expts. Ce addn. promotes the formation of Al11Ce3 phase and reduces the amt. of β-phase (Mg17Al12). The corrosion resistance is improved with increasing Ce content which can be attributed to the formation of Al11Ce3 phase, redn. of β-phase (reduced galvanic effects) and higher purity of AME50X alloys (melt cleaning effects).
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    288. 288
      Kang, S. K.; Hwang, S. W.; Yu, S.; Seo, J. H.; Corbin, E. A.; Shin, J.; Wie, D. S.; Bashir, R.; Ma, Z.; Rogers, J. A. Biodegradable Thin Metal Foils and Spin-on Glass Materials for Transient Electronics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25, 1789– 1797,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201403469
      288
      Biodegradable Thin Metal Foils and Spin-On Glass Materials for Transient Electronics
      Kang, Seung-Kyun; Hwang, Suk-Won; Yu, Sooyoun; Seo, Jung-Hun; Corbin, Elise A.; Shin, Jiho; Wie, Dae Seung; Bashir, Rashid; Ma, Zhenqiang; Rogers, John A.
      Advanced Functional Materials (2015), 25 (12), 1789-1797CODEN: AFMDC6; ISSN:1616-301X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      Biodegradable substrates and encapsulating materials play crit. roles in the development of an emerging class of semiconductor technol., generally referred as transient electronics, whose key characteristic is an ability to dissolve completely, in a controlled manner, upon immersion in ground water or biofluids. The results presented here introduce the use of thin foils of Mo, Fe, W, or Zn as biodegradable substrates and silicate spin-on-glass (SOG) materials as insulating and encapsulating layers, with demonstrations of transient active (diode and transistor) and passive (capacitor and inductor) electronic components. Complete measurements of elec. characteristics demonstrate that the device performance can reach levels comparable to those possible with conventional, nontransient materials. Dissoln. kinetics of the foils and cytotoxicity tests of the SOG yield information relevant to use in transient electronics for temporary biomedical implants, resorbable environmental monitors, and reduced waste consumer electronics.
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    289. 289
      Göpferich, A. Mechanisms of Polymer Degradation and Erosion. Biomaterials 1996, 17, 103– 114,  DOI: 10.1016/0142-9612(96)85755-3
      289
      Mechanisms of polymer degradation and erosion
      Gopferich A
      Biomaterials (1996), 17 (2), 103-14 ISSN:0142-9612.
      The most important features of the degradation and erosion of degradable polymers in vitro are discussed. Parameters of chemical degradation, which is the scission of the polymer backbone, are described such as the type of polymer bond, pH and copolymer composition. Examples are given how these parameters can be used to control degradation rates. Degradation leads finally to polymer erosion, the loss of material from the polymer bulk. The resulting changes in morphology, pH, oligomer and monomer properties as well as crystallinity are illustrated with selected examples. Finally, a brief survey on approaches to polymer degradation and erosion is given.
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    290. 290
      Boimvaser, S.; Mariano, R. N.; Turino, L. N.; Vega, J. R. In Vitro Bulk/Surface Erosion Pattern of Plga Implant in Physiological Conditions: A Study Based on Auxiliary Microsphere Systems. Polym. Bull. 2016, 73, 209– 227,  DOI: 10.1007/s00289-015-1481-6
      290
      In vitro bulk/surface erosion pattern of PLGA implant in physiological conditions: a study based on auxiliary microsphere systems
      Boimvaser, Sonia; Mariano, Rodolfo N.; Turino, Ludmila N.; Vega, Jorge R.
      Polymer Bulletin (Heidelberg, Germany) (2016), 73 (1), 209-227CODEN: POBUDR; ISSN:0170-0839. (Springer)
      This work investigates the degrdn. of PLGA implants in an aq. medium maintained at physiol. pH ≈ 7.4. Two limiting systems are also investigated, which involve the degrdn. of PLGA microspheres in two different media characterized by: (i) a non-regulated pH, for emulating the autocatalyzed degrdn. in the implant core; and (ii) a regulated physiol. pH, for emulating the uncatalyzed degrdn. at the implant surface. The degrdn. expts. were carried out along 40-50 days, and samples withdrawn during this period were characterized by gravimetry, electronic microscopy, and size exclusion chromatog. Exptl. results suggest that PLGA implants are degraded according to a time-variant spatial pattern, which depends on the pH of the surrounding medium. Initially, the implants suffered a typically bulk erosion process, governed by the acidification of the implant core; and after breakage of the implant wall, the regulated physiol. pH induces a surface erosion process. The two auxiliary microsphere-based expts. were useful to elucidate the degrdn. phenomena occurring in the PLGA implants. The evolution of the mass loss and the wt.-av. mol. wt. along the degrdn. can be successfully predicted by simple math. models based on first-order kinetics.
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    291. 291
      Hermawan, H.; Purnama, A.; Dube, D.; Couet, J.; Mantovani, D. Fe-Mn Alloys for Metallic Biodegradable Stents: Degradation and Cell Viability Studies. Acta Biomater. 2010, 6, 1852– 1860,  DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.11.025
      291
      Fe-Mn alloys for metallic biodegradable stents: degradation and cell viability studies
      Hermawan, Hendra; Purnama, Agung; Dube, Dominique; Couet, Jacques; Mantovani, Diego
      Acta Biomaterialia (2010), 6 (5), 1852-1860CODEN: ABCICB; ISSN:1742-7061. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Biodegradable stents have shown their potential to be a valid alternative for the treatment of coronary artery occlusion. This new class of stents requires materials having excellent mech. properties and controllable degrdn. behavior without inducing toxicol. problems. The properties of the currently considered gold std. material for stents, stainless steel 316L, were approached by new Fe-Mn alloys. The degrdn. characteristics of these Fe-Mn alloys were investigated including in vitro cell viability. A specific test bench was used to investigate the degrdn. in flow conditions simulating those of coronary artery. A water-sol. tetrazolium test method was used to study the effect of the alloy's degrdn. product to the viability of fibroblast cells. These tests have revealed the corrosion mechanism of the alloys. The degrdn. products consist of metal hydroxides and calcium/phosphorus layers. The alloys have shown low inhibition to fibroblast cells' metabolic activities. It is concluded that they demonstrate their potential to be developed as degradable metallic biomaterials.
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    292. 292
      van Dijkhuizen-Radersma, R.; Moroni, L.; van Apeldoorn, A.; Zhang, Z.; Grijpma, D. Degradable polymers for tissue engineering. In Tissue Engineering; van Blitterswijk, C., Thomsen, P., Lindahl, A., Hubbell, J., Williams, D. F., Cancedda, R., de Bruijn, J. D.; Sohier, J., Eds.; Elsevier, 2008.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    293. 293
      Ferri, J. M.; Fenollar, O.; Jorda-Vilaplana, A.; García-Sanoguera, D.; Balart, R. Effect of Miscibility on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Poly (Lactic Acid)/Polycaprolactone Blends. Polym. Int. 2016, 65, 453– 463,  DOI: 10.1002/pi.5079
      293
      Effect of miscibility on mechanical and thermal properties of poly(lactic acid)/ polycaprolactone blends
      Ferri, Jose M.; Fenollar, Octavio; Jorda-Vilaplana, Amparo; Garcia-Sanoguera, David; Balart, Rafael
      Polymer International (2016), 65 (4), 453-463CODEN: PLYIEI; ISSN:0959-8103. (John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
      Binary blends based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) were prepd. by melt mixing in a twin-screw co-rotating extruder in order to increase the low intrinsic elongation at break of PLA for packaging applications. Although PLA and PCL show low miscibility, the presence of PCL leads to a marked improvement in the ductile properties of PLA. Various mech. properties were evaluated in terms of PCL content up to 30 wt% PCL. In addn. to tensile and flexural properties, Poisson's ratio was obtained using biaxial extensometry to evaluate transversal deformations when axial loads are applied. Very slight changes in the melt temp. and glass transition temp. of PLA are obsd. thus indicating the low miscibility of the PLA-PCL system. Field emission SEM reveals some interactions between the two components of the blend since the morphol. is characterized by non-spherical polycaprolactone drops dispersed into the PLA matrix. In addn. to the improvement of mech. ductile properties, PCL provides higher degrdn. rates of blends under conditions of composting for contents below 22.5% PCL. © 2016 Society of Chem. Industry.
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    294. 294
      Saini, P.; Arora, M.; Kumar, M. R. Poly (Lactic Acid) Blends in Biomedical Applications. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2016, 107, 47– 59,  DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.014
      294
      Poly(lactic acid) blends in biomedical applications
      Saini, P.; Arora, M.; Kumar, M. N. V. Ravi
      Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (2016), 107 (), 47-59CODEN: ADDREP; ISSN:0169-409X. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has become a "material of choice" in biomedical applications for its ability to fulfill complex needs that typically include properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, mech. strength, and processability. Despite the advantages of pure PLA in a wider spectrum of applications, it is limited by its hydrophobicity, low impact toughness, and slow degrdn. rate. Blending PLA with other polymers offers a convenient option to enhance its properties or generate novel properties for target applications without the need to develop new materials. PLA blends with different natural and synthetic polymers have been developed by solvent and melt blending techniques and further processed based on end-use applications. A variety of PLA blends has been explored for biomedical applications such as drug delivery, implants, sutures, and tissue engineering. This review discusses the opportunities for PLA blends in the biomedical arena, including the overview of blending and postblend processing techniques and the applications of PLA blends currently in use and under development.
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    295. 295
      Li, S.; Anjard, S.; Rashkov, I.; Vert, M. Hydrolytic Degradation of PLA/PEO/PLA Triblock Copolymers Prepared in the Presence of Zn Metal or CaH2. Polymer 1998, 39, 5421– 5430,  DOI: 10.1016/S0032-3861(97)10272-5
      295
      Hydrolytic degradation of PLA/PEO/PLA triblock copolymers prepared in the presence of Zn metal or CaH2
      Li, Suming; Anjard, Sylvie; Rashkov, Iliya; Vert, Michel
      Polymer (1998), 39 (22), 5421-5430CODEN: POLMAG; ISSN:0032-3861. (Elsevier Science Ltd.)
      Various PLA/PEO/PLA triblock copolymers were prepd. by ring-opening polymn. of L-lactide in the presence of polyethylene glycol, using CaH2 or zinc metal as co-initiator. The degrdn. behavior of these copolymers was investigated in a pH = 7.4 phosphate buffer at 37°C. Various techniques such as weighing, size-exclusion chromatog., differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffractometry, and IR and 1H NMR spectrometries were used to monitor the changes in water absorption, wt. loss, molar mass distribution, thermal properties, degree of crystallinity, and compn. The results showed that introduction of PEO sequences considerably increased the hydrophilicity of the copolymers as compared with PLA homopolymers. However, the degradability of PLA blocks was not enhanced because of the phase sepn. between PLA and PEO blocks. Bimodal molar mass distributions were detected at the later stages of degrdn., which were assigned to the formation of cryst. degrdn. byproducts within the bulk material.
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    296. 296
      Gopferich, A.; Langer, R. Modeling of Polymer Erosion. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 4105– 4112,  DOI: 10.1021/ma00068a006
      296
      Modeling of polymer erosion
      Gopferich, Achim; Langer, Robert
      Macromolecules (1993), 26 (16), 4105-12CODEN: MAMOBX; ISSN:0024-9297.
      An erodible polymer matrix was represented as the sum of small individual polymer matrix parts. The factors that det. erosion were combined, and the erosion of each matrix piece was regarded as a random event. Once such a matrix piece came into contact with water, an individual life expectation was assigned to it using Monte Carlo techniques. The proposed model could describe complicated phenomena such as changes in polymer matrix microstructure, movement of erosion fronts, creation of pores, and wt. loss during erosion, yet it was simple and easy to use. For quant. evaluations the model was fit to exptl. data for wt. loss and erosion front movement in 1,3-bis(4-carboxyphenyl)propane-sebacic acid copolymer polyanhydrides. The so obtained model consts. were useful for the prediction of independent parameters like the porosity of polymer matrixes during erosion.
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    297. 297
      Körber, M. PLGA Erosion: Solubility-or Diffusion-Controlled?. Pharm. Res. 2010, 27, 2414– 2420,  DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0232-5
      297
      PLGA erosion: solubility- or diffusion-controlled?
      Korber Martin
      Pharmaceutical research (2010), 27 (11), 2414-20 ISSN:.
      PURPOSE: To calculate the degradation time-dependent formation of water-soluble PLGA oligomers and to evaluate the relation between calculated oligomer formation and actual erosion of a PLGA-based delivery system. A proper model of the erosion process would be expected to facilitate forecasting of drug release profiles from PLGA matrices due to the close relationship of erosional mass loss and drug release described in the literature. METHODS: The molecular weight distribution (MWD), degradation and erosion behaviour of PLGA were characterized by gel permeation chromatography. RESULTS: PLGA was characterized by a lognormal distribution of mass fractions of individual molecular weights. Implementation of the pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics into the MWD function facilitated calculating the formation of water-soluble oligomers during degradation. The calculated soluble oligomer formation agreed excellently with measured erosional mass loss of a PLGA matrix in aqueous buffer, which suggested that the bulk erosion process was solely controlled by the kinetic of the formation of soluble oligomers and thus solubility-controlled and not diffusion-limited as conventionally assumed. CONCLUSION: The accurately calculated formation of soluble PLGA oligomers was in excellent agreement with the actual erosional mass loss of a PLGA matrix, suggesting that bulk erosion of PLGA represents a degradation-controlled dissolution process.
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    298. 298
      Corre, Y.-M.; Bruzaud, S.; Audic, J.-L.; Grohens, Y. Morphology and Functional Properties of Commercial Polyhydroxyalkanoates: A Comprehensive and Comparative Study. Polym. Test. 2012, 31, 226– 235,  DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2011.11.002
      298
      Morphology and functional properties of commercial polyhydroxyalkanoates: A comprehensive and comparative study
      Corre, Yves-Marie; Bruzaud, Stephane; Audic, Jean-Luc; Grohens, Yves
      Polymer Testing (2012), 31 (2), 226-235CODEN: POTEDZ; ISSN:0142-9418. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      PHA is a bacterial biopolyester with growing industrial interest but still limited com. availability. This study was dedicated to the characterization of some industrially mature PHAs, com. available on an industrial scale. Such investigation was first devoted to the physico-chem. anal. of four grades of PHA provided by three different suppliers in order to det. their resp. molar masses. Then, the study of their crystn. behavior revealed a fast process with a relatively high level of crystallinity. Tensile tests brought information about the ageing effect on the mech. properties of this fragile material. Finally, the investigations of the oxygen and water vapor barrier properties made in parallel with polypropylene (PP), polyamide 6 (PA6), polystyrene (PS) and polylactide (PLA) provided a good insight on the potential use of PHA for application in food packaging.
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    299. 299
      Peelman, N.; Ragaert, P.; De Meulenaer, B.; Adons, D.; Peeters, R.; Cardon, L.; Van Impe, F.; Devlieghere, F. Application of Bioplastics for Food Packaging. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2013, 32, 128– 141,  DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2013.06.003
      299
      Application of bioplastics for food packaging
      Peelman, Nanou; Ragaert, Peter; De Meulenaer, Bruno; Adons, Dimitri; Peeters, Roos; Cardon, Ludwig; Van Impe, Filip; Devlieghere, Frank
      Trends in Food Science & Technology (2013), 32 (2), 128-141CODEN: TFTEEH; ISSN:0924-2244. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      This review provides state of the art information on the performance of bioplastics materials, focusing on food packaging. It gives an overview of the main materials used for producing biobased films, their limitations, solns. thereof, possible applications and a state of the art on bioplastics already used as a food packaging material.Furthermore an inventory on bioplastics was made in the context of a research project. Important characteristics regarding packaging material are summarized in an extended table, which shows a big variety (e.g. permeability, tensile properties), suggesting a wide range of food products can be packed in biobased polymer films.
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    300. 300
      van Bochove, B.; Grijpma, D. W. Photo-Crosslinked Synthetic Biodegradable Polymer Networks for Biomedical Applications. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2019, 30, 77– 106,  DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2018.1553105
      300
      Photo-crosslinked synthetic biodegradable polymer networks for biomedical applications
      van Bochove, Bas; Grijpma, Dirk W.
      Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition (2019), 30 (2), 77-106CODEN: JBSEEA; ISSN:0920-5063. (Taylor & Francis Ltd.)
      A review. Photo-crosslinked synthetic biodegradable polymer networks are highly interesting materials for utilization in biomedical applications such as drug delivery, cell encapsulation and tissue engineering scaffolds. Varying the architecture, chem., degree of functionalization and mol. wt. of the macromer precursor mols. results in networks with a wide range of phys.- and mech. properties, crosslinking densities, degrdn. characteristics and thus in potential applications. Photo-crosslinked networks can easily be prepd. and have the possibility to entrap a wide range of (biol. active) substances and cells. Addnl., spatial and temporal control over the crosslinking process when using additive manufg. processes, allows for the prepn. of network structures with complex shapes. Photo-crosslinked networks have been used to prep. drug delivery devices, as these networks allow for drug delivery in a controlled way over a prolonged period of time. Furthermore, additive manufg. techniques such as extrusion-based additive manufg. and stereolithog. have been used to prep. photo-crosslinked tissue engineering scaffolds. This allows for the prepn. of designed porous structures with precise control over the pore size and pore architecture and optimal mech. properties. In particular for stereolithog., a wide variety of resins based on biodegradable photo-crosslinkable macromers has been developed.
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    301. 301
      Bat, E.; Zhang, Z.; Feijen, J.; Grijpma, D. W.; Poot, A. A. Biodegradable Elastomers for Biomedical Applications and Regenerative Medicine. Regen. Med. 2014, 9, 385– 398,  DOI: 10.2217/rme.14.4
      301
      Biodegradable elastomers for biomedical applications and regenerative medicine
      Bat, Erhan; Zhang, Zheng; Feijen, Jan; Grijpma, Dirk W.; Poot, Andre A.
      Regenerative Medicine (2014), 9 (3), 385-398CODEN: RMEECZ; ISSN:1746-0751. (Future Medicine Ltd.)
      A review. Synthetic biodegradable polymers are of great value for the prepn. of implants that are required to reside only temporarily in the body. The use of biodegradable polymers obviates the need for a second surgery to remove the implant, which is the case when a nondegradable implant is used. After implantation in the body, biomedical devices may be subjected to degrdn. and erosion. Understanding the mechanisms of these processes is essential for the development of biomedical devices or implants with a specific function, for example, scaffolds for tissue-engineering applications. For the engineering and regeneration of soft tissues (e.g., blood vessels, cardiac muscle and peripheral nerves), biodegradable polymers are needed that are flexible and elastic. The scaffolds prepd. from these polymers should have tuneable degrdn. properties and should perform well under long-term cyclic deformation conditions. The required polymers, which are either phys. or chem. crosslinked biodegradable elastomers, are reviewed in this article.
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    302. 302
      Peppas, N. A.; Langer, R. New Challenges in Biomaterials. Science 1994, 263, 1715– 1720,  DOI: 10.1126/science.8134835
      302
      New challenges in biomaterials
      Peppas, Nicholas A.; Langer, Robert
      Science (Washington, DC, United States) (1994), 263 (5154), 1715-20CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075.
      A review with 68 refs. Current methods of synthesis and characterization of materials designed for contact with blood, as replacements for soft and hard tissues, as adhesives, and as dental materials are described. Approaches for controlling the interface between tissue and biomaterials and ways in which the engineered materials may contribute to medicine are also considered.
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    303. 303
      Lyu, S.; Untereker, D. Degradability of Polymers for Implantable Biomedical Devices. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2009, 10, 4033– 4065,  DOI: 10.3390/ijms10094033
      303
      Degradability of polymers for implantable biomedical devices
      Lyu, Su Ping; Untereker, Darrel
      International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2009), 10 (9), 4033-4065CODEN: IJMCFK; ISSN:1422-0067. (Molecular Diversity Preservation International)
      A review. Many key components of implantable medical devices are made from polymeric materials. The functions of these materials include structural support, elec. insulation, protection of other materials from the environment of the body, and biocompatibility, as well as other things such as delivery of a therapeutic drug. In such roles, the stability and integrity of the polymer, over what can be a very long period of time, is very important. For most of these functions, stability over time is desired, but in other cases, the opposite-the degrdn. and disappearance of the polymer over time is required. In either case, it is important to understand both the chem. that can lead to the degrdn. of polymers as well as the kinetics that controls these reactions. Hydrolysis and oxidn. are the two classes of reactions that lead to the breaking down of polymers. Both are discussed in detail in the context of the environmental factors that impact the utility of various polymers for medical device applications. Understanding the chem. and kinetics allows prediction of stability as well as explanations for observations such as porosity and the unexpected behavior of polymeric composite materials in some situations. In the last part, phys. degrdn. such interfacial delamination in composites is discussed.
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    304. 304
      Pickett, J. E.; Coyle, D. J. Hydrolysis Kinetics of Condensation Polymers under Humidity Aging Conditions. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2013, 98, 1311– 1320,  DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.04.001
      304
      Hydrolysis kinetics of condensation polymers under humidity aging conditions
      Pickett, James E.; Coyle, Dennis J.
      Polymer Degradation and Stability (2013), 98 (7), 1311-1320CODEN: PDSTDW; ISSN:0141-3910. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      The hydrolytic stability of polycarbonate (PC), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), and resorcinol polyarylate (RPA) films was studied at 65-95 °C and 23-95% relative humidity (RH) by measuring the time to embrittlement as measured by a bending test on films. The data show that the hydrolysis of these polymers is second order in RH with overall kinetics 1/tfail = A exp(-Ea/RT) [RH]2 where tfail is the embrittlement time in days, R is the gas const., T is the temp. in kelvins, and RH is the fractional relative humidity. The activation energy, Ea, in kJ/mol and ln(A), resp., for the polymers were PC: 92, 24.9; PET: 129, 39.3; RPA: 102, 30.0.
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    305. 305
      Pranamuda, H.; Tsuchii, A.; Tokiwa, Y. Poly (L-Lactide)-Degrading Enzyme Produced by Amycolatopsis Sp. Macromol. Biosci. 2001, 1, 25– 29,  DOI: 10.1002/1616-5195(200101)1:1<25::AID-MABI25>3.0.CO;2-3
      305
      Poly(L-lactide)-degrading enzyme produced by Amycolatopsis sp
      Pranamuda, Hardaning; Tsuchii, Akio; Tokiwa, Yutaka
      Macromolecular Bioscience (2001), 1 (1), 25-29CODEN: MBAIBU; ISSN:1616-5187. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH)
      Poly (L-lactide)-degrading enzyme was produced in a liq. culture of Amycolatopsis sp.(strain 41). In comparison with polyester substrates, silk powder from silkworm cocoons was the most effective in inducing enzyme prodn. within 5 d. Application to DEAE and Superdex 75 columns resulted in a major protein with mol. wt. estd. to be 42 kDa from size exclusion chromatog. or 40 kDa from SDS-PAGE anal. Optimum pH and temp. are 6.0 and 37-45°C, resp. Besides PLLA, the enzyme degrades casein, silk powder and Suc-(Ala)3-pNA at an even lower level than Proteinase-K, but not Suc-(Gly)3-pNA, poly(ε-caprolactone) nor poly(β-hydroxybutyrate).
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    306. 306
      Lim, H.-A.; Raku, T.; Tokiwa, Y. Hydrolysis of Polyesters by Serine Proteases. Biotechnol. Lett. 2005, 27, 459– 464,  DOI: 10.1007/s10529-005-2217-8
      306
      Hydrolysis of polyesters by serine proteases
      Lim, Hyun-A.; Raku, Takao; Tokiwa, Yutaka
      Biotechnology Letters (2005), 27 (7), 459-464CODEN: BILED3; ISSN:0141-5492. (Springer)
      The substrate specificity of α-chymotrypsin and other serine proteases, trypsin, elastase, proteinase K and subtilisin, towards hydrolysis of various polyesters was examd. using poly(L-lactide) (PLA), poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), poly(ethylene succinate) (PES), poly(ethylene adipate) (PEA), poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBS/A), poly[oligo(tetramethylene succinate)-co-(tetramethylane carbonate)] (PBS/C), and poly(.vepsiln.-caprolactone) (PCL). α-Chymotrypsin could degrade PLA and PEA with a lower activity on PBS/A. Proteinase K and subtilisin degraded almost all substrates other than PHB. Trypsin and elastase had similar substrate specificities to α-chymotrypsin.
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    307. 307
      Corma, A.; Iborra, S.; Velty, A. Chemical Routes for the Transformation of Biomass into Chemicals. Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 2411– 2502,  DOI: 10.1021/cr050989d
      307
      Chemical Routes for the Transformation of Biomass into Chemicals
      Corma, Avelino; Iborra, Sara; Velty, Alexandra
      Chemical Reviews (Washington, DC, United States) (2007), 107 (6), 2411-2502CODEN: CHREAY; ISSN:0009-2665. (American Chemical Society)
      A review. Methods for conversion of disaccharides, fats, terpenes, and other substances from vegetable biomass in industrial org. chems. are reviewed.
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    308. 308
      Sak-Bosnar, M.; Sakač, N. Direct Potentiometric Determination of Diastase Activity in Honey. Food Chem. 2012, 135, 827– 831,  DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.05.006
      308
      Direct potentiometric determination of diastase activity in honey
      Sak-Bosnar, Milan; Sakac, Nikola
      Food Chemistry (2012), 135 (2), 827-831CODEN: FOCHDJ; ISSN:0308-8146. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      A novel method for the detn. of diastase activity is reported. The method is based on a direct potentiometric measurement of triiodide ion that is released when a starch-triiodide complex is hydrolyzed by honey diastase. The increase of free triiodide ion concn. in a sample is found to be directly proportional to the diastase activity of the sample. A response mechanism of the platinum redox electrode is proposed, allowing a calcn. of the diastase activity factor (F). The sensor and analyte parameters, including F, were obtained by least squares fitting of potentiometric data using the optimization function of the Solver add-in of Microsoft Excel. The values of F obtained by the new direct potentiometric method were compared with those obtained using the std. Phadebas method (DN values), and the two values were found to agree within exptl. error. Finally, the diastase activity of nine varieties of honey was detd. using the novel method developed here.
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    309. 309
      Xu, X.-J.; Sy, J. C.; Prasad Shastri, V. Towards Developing Surface Eroding Poly (Α-Hydroxy Acids). Biomaterials 2006, 27, 3021– 3030,  DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.12.006
      309
      Towards developing surface eroding poly(α-hydroxy acids)
      Xu, Xiao-Jun; Sy, Jay C.; Prasad Shastri, V.
      Biomaterials (2006), 27 (15), 3021-3030CODEN: BIMADU; ISSN:0142-9612. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      We have prepd. a library of biodegradable polyesters derived from poly(α-hydroxy acids) (PHAs) that appear to primarily exhibit surface erosion behavior. This was achieved by increasing the hydrophobicity of the polymers in two distinct steps, namely: macromer formation and a coupling step. In the first step, macromerdiols (MDs) with varying lipophilicities were prepd. by polymn. of -lactide or mixt. of -lactide and glycolide (3/1 by mole) to various lengths (n = 10, 20, 30, and 40) using alkanediols of increasing C-chain length (C6, C8, and C12) as initiators in the presence of Tin(II) catalyst. In the second step, the macromer diols were linked together with diacid dichlorides of varying C-chain lengths (C6, C8, C10, and C12) to yield polyesters ranging in mol. wt. (Mw) from 20 to 130 KDa and polydispersity of 1.5-6. These polyesters exhibited different thermal behavior from pure PHAs that can be tuned by changing the initiator core, the lactide/glycolide chain length, and diacid dichloride type. In addn., all these polymers showed soly. in THF unlike poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). In contrast to PLLA and PLGA, the degrdn. behavior of these novel polyesters exhibited linear profiles consistent with a surface erosion behavior. Release studies using Congo red as a model drug from microspheres prepd. from these polyesters showed linear release profiles with correlation consts. of least-square fits approaching a value of unity. Degradable polyesters with tunable thermal and degrdn. behavior may find applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering, where control over these parameters is crit. to ensure predictable outcomes.
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    310. 310
      Saha, S. K.; Tsuji, H. Effects of Molecular Weight and Small Amounts of D-Lactide Units on Hydrolytic Degradation of Poly(L-Lactic Acid)s. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2006, 91, 1665– 1673,  DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.12.009
      310
      Effects of molecular weight and small amounts of D-lactide units on hydrolytic degradation of poly(L-lactic acid)s
      Saha, Swapan Kumar; Tsuji, Hideto
      Polymer Degradation and Stability (2006), 91 (8), 1665-1673CODEN: PDSTDW; ISSN:0141-3910. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Films of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) with different no.-av. mol. wts. (M n) and D-lactide unit contents (XD ) were made amorphous and the effects of mol. wt. and small amts. of -lactide units on the hydrolytic degrdn. behavior in phosphate-buffered soln. at 37 °C of PLLA were studied. The degraded films were studied using gravimetry, gel permeation chromatog., polarimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, x-ray diffractometry, and tensile testing. To exclude the effects of crystallinity on the hydrolytic degrdn., the films were made amorphous by melt-quenching. The incorporation of small amts. of D-lactide units drastically enhanced the hydrolytic degrdn. of PLLA. In the period of 0-32 wk, the hydrolytic degrdn. rate const. (k) of PLLA films increased with increasing X , while the k values did not depend on M n. This means that the effects of X on the hydrolytic degrdn. rate of the films are higher than those of M n. In contrast, in the period of 32-60 wk neither X nor M n was a crucial parameter to det. k values, probably because in addn. to these parameters the differences in the amt. of catalytic oligomers accumulated in films and crystallinity affect the hydrolytic degrdn. behavior of the films. The initially amorphous PLLA films remained amorphous even after the hydrolytic degrdn. for 60 wk.
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    311. 311
      Makadia, H. K.; Siegel, S. J. Poly Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier. Polymers 2011, 3, 1377– 1397,  DOI: 10.3390/polym3031377
      311
      Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) as biodegradable controlled drug delivery carrier
      Makadia, Hirenkumar K.; Siegel, Steven J.
      Polymers (Basel, Switzerland) (2011), 3 (3), 1377-1397CODEN: POLYCK; ISSN:2073-4360. (MDPI AG)
      A review. In past two decades poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) has been among the most attractive polymeric candidates used to fabricate devices for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. PLGA is biocompatible and biodegradable, exhibits a wide range of erosion times, has tunable mech. properties and most importantly, is a FDA approved polymer. In particular, PLGA has been extensively studied for the development of devices for controlled delivery of small mol. drugs, proteins and other macromols. in com. use and in research. This manuscript describes the various fabrication techniques for these devices and the factors affecting their degrdn. and drug release.
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    312. 312
      Tsuji, H.; Mizuno, A.; Ikada, Y. Properties and Morphology of Poly (L-Lactide). Iii. Effects of Initial Crystallinity on Long-Term in Vitro Hydrolysis of High Molecular Weight Poly (L-Lactide) Film in Phosphate-Buffered Solution. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2000, 77, 1452– 1464,  DOI: 10.1002/1097-4628(20000815)77:7<1452::AID-APP7>3.0.CO;2-S
      312
      Properties and morphology of poly(L-lactide). Part 3. Effects of initial crystallinity on long-term in vitro hydrolysis of high molecular weight poly(L-lactide) film in phosphate-buffered solution
      Tsuji, Hideto; Mizuno, Akira; Ikada, Yoshito
      Journal of Applied Polymer Science (2000), 77 (7), 1452-1464CODEN: JAPNAB; ISSN:0021-8995. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
      The effects of crystallinity (xc) on the hydrolysis of high mol. wt. poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) films in a phosphate-buffered soln. at 37° was investigated by gel permeation chromatog., tensile testing, differential scanning calorimetry, SEM, and polarizing optical microscopy. The change in mol. wt. distribution and surface morphol. of the PLLA films after hydrolysis revealed that the hydrolysis of PLLA film in a phosphate-buffered soln. proceeded homogeneously along the film cross section, mainly via the bulk-erosion mechanism. The induction period until the start of the decrease in mass remaining and the tensile strength became longer with a decrease in the initial xc of the PLLA films. The rate of mol. wt. redn. was higher as the initial xc of the PLLA films increased when hydrolysis was carried out up to 24 mo. Melting and glass transition temps. of the PLLA films increased in the first 12 mo of hydrolysis, while they decreased in another 24 mo, irresp. of the initial xc. The xc value of the PLLA films increased monotonously by hydrolysis. The lamella disorientation in PLLA spherulites after hydrolysis implied that the hydrolysis of PLLA chains occurred predominantly in the amorphous region between the cryst. regions in the spherulites. The area of a specific mol. wt. in GPC spectra at 36 mo increased with increase in the initial xc of the PLLA film, suggesting that the specific peak should be due to the component of one fold in the cryst. region. The reason for enhanced hydrolysis of PLLA films having higher initial crystallinities was discussed in terms of tie chains and terminal groups of PLLA.
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    313. 313
      Zhou, S.-Y.; Yang, B.; Li, Y.; Gao, X.-R.; Ji, X.; Zhong, G.-J.; Li, Z.-M. Realization of Ultra-High Barrier to Water Vapor by 3D-Interconnection of Super-Hydrophobic Graphene Layers in Polylactide Films. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 14377– 14386,  DOI: 10.1039/C7TA03901H
      313
      Realization of ultra-high barrier to water vapor by 3D-interconnection of superhydrophobic graphene layers in polylactide films
      Zhou, Sheng-Yang; Yang, Biao; Li, Yue; Gao, Xin-Rui; Ji, Xu; Zhong, Gan-Ji; Li, Zhong-Ming
      Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability (2017), 5 (27), 14377-14386CODEN: JMCAET; ISSN:2050-7496. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
      Inferior water barrier performance has always been a major deficiency of polylactide (PLA) that is in practice difficult to overcome owing to the existence of plentiful hydrophilic ester bonds in the main chain. Here, we propose an architecture of super-hydrophobic 3D-networks in PLA, where interconnected graphene oxide grafted octadecylamine (GOgODA) nanosheets are able to effectively suppress dissoln. and diffusion of water mols. into the PLA matrix. Prior to the employment of the special technol. "decoration of building block for vapor barrier - post-molding assembly", uniform-sized PLA microspheres and super-hydrophobic GOgODA were simultaneously prepd. Perfect GOgODA networks were successfully realized within transparent nanocomposite PLA films and obvio-14 g cm cm-2 s-1 Pa-1. This prominent amelioration was derived from the ordered dispersion of well-extended GOgODA nanosheets, which conc. selectively at the interface of PLA regions and are arranged exactly perpendicular to the permeating pathway of water mols. This methodol. provides a facile and effective way to advance the functions and properties of PLA.
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    314. 314
      Sailema-Palate, G. P.; Vidaurre, A.; Campillo-Fernández, A. J.; Castilla-Cortázar, I. A Comparative Study on Poly (Ε-Caprolactone) Film Degradation at Extreme Ph Values. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2016, 130, 118– 125,  DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.06.005
      314
      A comparative study on Poly(ε-caprolactone) film degradation at extreme pH values
      Sailema-Palate, G. Patricia; Vidaurre, A.; Campillo, A. F.; Castilla-Cortazar, I.
      Polymer Degradation and Stability (2016), 130 (), 118-125CODEN: PDSTDW; ISSN:0141-3910. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      The present paper studies the effect of pH on hydrolytic degrdn. of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL). Degrdn. of the films was performed at 37 °C in 2.5 M NaOH soln. (pH 13) and 2.5 M HCl soln. (pH 1). Wt. loss, degree of swelling, mol. wt., and calorimetric and mech. properties were obtained as a function of degrdn. time. Morphol. changes in the samples were carefully studied through electron microscopy. At the start of the process the degrdn. rate of PCL films at pH 13 was faster than at pH 1. In the latter case, there was an induction period of around 300 h with no changes in wt. loss or swelling rate, but there were drastic changes in mol. wt. and crystallinity. The changes in some properties throughout the degrdn. period, such as crystallinity, mol. wt. and Young's modulus were lower in degrdns. at higher pH, highlighting differences in the degrdn. mechanism of alk. and acid hydrolysis. Along with visual inspection of the degraded samples, this suggests a surface degrdn. at pH 13, whereas bulk degrdn. may occur at pH 1.
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    315. 315
      Chen, Z. Surface Hydration and Antifouling Activity of Zwitterionic Polymers. Langmuir 2022, 38, 4483– 4489,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00512
      315
      Surface Hydration and Antifouling Activity of Zwitterionic Polymers
      Chen, Zhan
      Langmuir (2022), 38 (15), 4483-4489CODEN: LANGD5; ISSN:0743-7463. (American Chemical Society)
      A review. It is believed that the strong surface hydration of zwitterionic polymers leads to excellent antifouling properties. This Perspective presents the recent developments in studies on such surface hydration in situ using sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy. SFG research provides direct mol. level evidence that zwitterionic polymers have strong surface hydration, which prevents protein adsorption and marine animal attachment. The salt effect and protein interaction on surface hydration of zwitterionic polymers have also been examd. using SFG. Possible future research directions on surface hydration of new zwitterionic polymers including zwitterionic hydrogels, copolymers, and mixed charged polymers are discussed. It is also important to combine exptl. SFG studies with computer simulations to further elucidate the surface hydration to understand antifouling mechanisms.
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    316. 316
      Lau, S. K.; Yong, W. F. Recent Progress of Zwitterionic Materials as Antifouling Membranes for Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration, and Reverse Osmosis. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2021, 3, 4390– 4412,  DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c00779
      316
      Recent Progress of Zwitterionic Materials as Antifouling Membranes for Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration, and Reverse Osmosis
      Lau, Siew Kei; Yong, Wai Fen
      ACS Applied Polymer Materials (2021), 3 (9), 4390-4412CODEN: AAPMCD; ISSN:2637-6105. (American Chemical Society)
      A review. Numerous materials have been employed in the surface modification of membranes, including different polymers and nanomaterials over the years. The pernicious challenges of membrane sepn. include the trade-off between water permeability and solute rejection as well as fouling when it is tested under liq. conditions. Zwitterionic polymers have attracted wide interest due to their unique properties of contg. both cationic and anionic groups while maintaining electroneutrality and high hydrophilicity. These zwitterionic polymers have been utilized as coating materials or grafted layers not only on the surfaces of porous membranes but also as thin film composite membranes. To illustrate, the membranes modified with this class of materials are capable of resisting foulants through two distinct mechanisms, which are the hydration layer formation and steric repulsion effect, showcasing their unique chem. properties. To bridge the gaps of the recent development of zwitterionic membranes and their relationships with foulants for targeted sepn. such as ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO), this crit. review will first fundamentally classify the fouling into four categories according to their characteristics and fouling mechanisms, namely, inorg. foulants, nonmigratory foulants, spreadable foulants, and proliferative foulants. The antifouling strategies which are active antifouling and passive antifouling (e.g., fouling resistance and fouling release) will be summarized. Apart from that, the chem., morphol., and modification approaches of zwitterionic membranes including surface coating, surface grafting, and phys. blending on targeted applications as well as the sepn. performance of the state-of-the-art membranes will be presented in detail. Lastly, the summary, outlook of major challenges and opportunities of the zwitterionic materials will be highlighted. It is anticipated that this review can generate a pathway to facilitate the next generation of zwitterionic-based membranes with superior sepn. performance for specific sepn.
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    317. 317
      Li, M.; Jiang, M.; Gao, Y.; Zheng, Y.; Liu, Z.; Zhou, C.; Huang, T.; Gu, X.; Li, A.; Fang, J. Current Status and Outlook of Biodegradable Metals in Neuroscience and Their Potential Applications as Cerebral Vascular Stent Materials. Bioact. Mater. 2022, 11, 140– 153,  DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.09.025
      317
      Current status and outlook of biodegradable metals in neuroscience and their potential applications as cerebral vascular stent materials
      Li, Ming; Jiang, Miaowen; Gao, Yuan; Zheng, Yufeng; Liu, Zhi; Zhou, Chen; Huang, Tao; Gu, Xuenan; Li, Ang; Fang, Jiancheng; Ji, Xunming
      Bioactive Materials (2022), 11 (), 140-153CODEN: BMIAD4; ISSN:2452-199X. (Elsevier B.V.)
      A review. Over the past two decades, biodegradable metals (BMs) have emerged as promising materials to fabricate temporary biomedical devices, with the purpose of avoiding potential side effects of permanent implants. In this review, we first surveyed the current status of BMs in neuroscience, and briefly summarized the representative stents for treating vascular stenosis. Then, inspired by the convincing clin. evidence on the in vivo safety of Mg alloys as cardiovascular stents, we analyzed the possibility of producing biodegradable cerebrovascular Mg alloy stents for treating ischemic stroke. For these novel applications, some key factors should also be considered in designing BM brain stents, including the anat. features of the cerebral vasculature, hemodynamic influences, neuro-cytocompatibility and selection of alloying elements. This work may provide insights into the future design and fabrication of BM neurol. devices, esp. for brain stents.
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    318. 318
      Kraus, T.; Moszner, F.; Fischerauer, S.; Fiedler, M.; Martinelli, E.; Eichler, J.; Witte, F.; Willbold, E.; Schinhammer, M.; Meischel, M. Biodegradable Fe-Based Alloys for Use in Osteosynthesis: Outcome of an in Vivo Study after 52 Weeks. Acta Biomater. 2014, 10, 3346– 3353,  DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.04.007
      318
      Biodegradable Fe-based alloys for use in osteosynthesis: Outcome of an in vivo study after 52 weeks
      Kraus, Tanja; Moszner, Frank; Fischerauer, Stefan; Fiedler, Michael; Martinelli, Elisabeth; Eichler, Johannes; Witte, Frank; Willbold, Elmar; Schinhammer, Michael; Meischel, Martin; Uggowitzer, Peter J.; Loffler, Jorg F.; Weinberg, Annelie
      Acta Biomaterialia (2014), 10 (7), 3346-3353CODEN: ABCICB; ISSN:1742-7061. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      This study investigates the degrdn. performance of three Fe-based materials in a growing rat skeleton over a period of 1 yr. Pins of pure Fe and two Fe-based alloys (Fe-10Mn-1Pd and Fe-21Mn-0.7C-1Pd, in wt.%) were implanted transcortically into the femur of 38 Sprague-Dawley rats and inspected after 4, 12, 24 and 52 wk. The assessment was performed by ex vivo microfocus computed tomog., wt.-loss detn., surface anal. of the explanted pins and histol. examn. The materials investigated showed signs of degrdn.; however, the degrdn. proceeded rather slowly and no significant differences between the materials were detected. We discuss these unexpected findings on the basis of fundamental considerations regarding iron corrosion. Dense layers of degrdn. products were formed on the implants' surfaces, and act as barriers against oxygen transport. For the degrdn. of iron, however, the presence of oxygen is an indispensable prerequisite. Its availability is generally a crit. factor in bony tissue and rather limited there, i.e. in the vicinity of our implants. Because of the relatively slow degrdn. of both pure Fe and the Fe-based alloys, their suitability for bulk temporary implants such as those in osteosynthesis applications appears questionable.
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    319. 319
      Ryu, H.; Seo, M. H.; Rogers, J. A. Bioresorbable Metals for Biomedical Applications: From Mechanical Components to Electronic Devices. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2021, 10, 2002236,  DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202002236
      319
      Bioresorbable Metals for Biomedical Applications: From Mechanical Components to electronic devices
      Ryu, Hanjun; Seo, Min-Ho; Rogers, John A.
      Advanced Healthcare Materials (2021), 10 (17), 2002236CODEN: AHMDBJ; ISSN:2192-2640. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      A review. Bioresorbable metals and metal alloys are of growing interest for myriad uses in temporary biomedical implants. Examples range from structural elements as stents, screws, and scaffolds to electronic components as sensors, elec. stimulators, and programmable fluidics. The assocd. phys. forms span mech. machined bulk parts to lithog. patterned conductive traces, across a diversity of metals and alloys based on magnesium, zinc, iron, tungsten, and others. The result is a rich set of opportunities in healthcare materials science and engineering. This article summarizes recent advances in this area, starting with an historical perspective followed by a discussion of materials options, considerations in biocompatibility, and device applications. Highlights are in system level bioresorbable electronic platforms that support functions as diagnostics and therapeutics in the context of specific, temporary clin. needs. A concluding section highlights challenges and emerging research directions.
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    320. 320
      Zberg, B.; Uggowitzer, P. J.; Löffler, J. F. Mgznca Glasses without Clinically Observable Hydrogen Evolution for Biodegradable Implants. Nat. Mater. 2009, 8, 887– 891,  DOI: 10.1038/nmat2542
      320
      MgZnCa glasses without clinically observable hydrogen evolution for biodegradable implants
      Zberg, Bruno; Uggowitzer, Peter J.; Loeffler, Joerg F.
      Nature Materials (2009), 8 (11), 887-891CODEN: NMAACR; ISSN:1476-1122. (Nature Publishing Group)
      Corrosion is normally an undesirable phenomenon in engineering applications. In the field of biomedical applications, however, implants that biocorrode' are of considerable interest. Deploying them not only abrogates the need for implant-removal surgery, but also circumvents the long-term neg. effects of permanent implants. In this context magnesium is an attractive biodegradable material, but its corrosion is accompanied by hydrogen evolution, which is problematic in many biomedical applications. Whereas the degrdn. and thus the hydrogen evolution of cryst. Mg alloys can be altered only within a very limited range, Mg-based glasses offer extended soly. for alloying elements plus a homogeneous single-phase structure, both of which may alter corrosion behavior significantly. Here we report on a distinct redn. in hydrogen evolution in Zn-rich MgZnCa glasses. Above a particular Zn-alloying threshold (≈28 at.%), a Zn- and oxygen-rich passivating layer forms on the alloy surface, which we explain by a model based on the calcd. Pourbaix diagram of Zn in simulated body fluid. We document animal studies that confirm the great redn. in hydrogen evolution and reveal the same good tissue compatibility as seen for cryst. Mg implants. Thus, the glassy Mg60+xZn35-xCa5 (0≤x≤7) alloys show great potential for deployment in a new generation of biodegradable implants.
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    321. 321
      Marco, I.; Myrissa, A.; Martinelli, E.; Feyerabend, F.; Willumeit-Römer, R.; Weinberg, A.; Van der Biest, O. In Vivo and in Vitro Degradation Comparison of Pure Mg, Mg-10Gd and Mg-2Ag: A Short Term Study. Eur. Cells Mater. 2017, 33, 90– 104,  DOI: 10.22203/eCM.v033a07
      321
      In vivo and in vitro degradation comparison of pure Mg, Mg-10Gd and Mg-2Ag: a short term study
      Marco, I.; Myrissa, A.; Martinelli, E.; Feyerabend, F.; Willumeit-Romer, R.; Weinberg, A. M.; Van der Biest, O.; Weinberg, A. M.; Biest, O. Van der
      European Cells and Materials (2017), 33 (), 90-104CODEN: ECMUBB; ISSN:1473-2262. (AO Research Institute Davos)
      The purpose of this study was to compare short term in vitro and in vivo biodegrdn. studies with low purity Mg (> 99.94 %), Mg-10Gd and Mg-2Ag designed for biodegradable implant applications. Three in vitro testing conditions were applied, using (i) phosphate buffered saline (PBS), (ii) Hank's balanced salt soln. (HBSS) and (iii) Dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM) in 5 % CO2 under sterile conditions. Gas evolution and mass loss (ML) were assessed, as well as the degrdn. layer, by elemental mapping and SEM (SEM). In vivo, implantations were performed on male Sprague-Dawley rats evaluating both, gas cavity vol. and implant vol. redn. by micro-computed tomog. (μCT), 7 d after implantation. Samples were produced by casting, soln. heat treatment and extrusion in disk and pin shape for the in vitro and in vivo expts., resp. Results showed that when the processing of the Mg sample varied, differences were found not only in the alloy impurity content and the grain size, but also in the corrosion behavior. An increase of Fe and Ni or a large grain size seemed to play a major role in the degrdn. process, while the influence of alloying elements, such as Gd and Ag, played a secondary role. Results also indicated that cell culture conditions induced degrdn. rates and degrdn. layer elemental compn. comparable to in vivo conditions. These in vitro and in vivo degrdn. layers consisted of Mg hydroxide, Mg-Ca carbonate and Ca phosphate.
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    322. 322
      Witte, F.; Hort, N.; Vogt, C.; Cohen, S.; Kainer, K. U.; Willumeit, R.; Feyerabend, F. Degradable Biomaterials Based on Magnesium Corrosion. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 2008, 12, 63– 72,  DOI: 10.1016/j.cossms.2009.04.001
      322
      Degradable biomaterials based on magnesium corrosion
      Witte, Frank; Hort, Norbert; Vogt, Carla; Cohen, Smadar; Kainer, Karl Ulrich; Willumeit, Regine; Feyerabend, Frank
      Current Opinion in Solid State & Materials Science (2009), 12 (5-6), 63-72CODEN: COSSFX; ISSN:1359-0286. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      A review. Biodegradable metals are breaking the current paradigm in biomaterial science to develop only corrosion resistant metals. In particular, metals which consist of trace elements existing in the human body are promising candidates for temporary implant materials. These implants would be temporarily needed to provide mech. support during the healing process of the injured or pathol. tissue. Magnesium and its alloys have been investigated recently by many authors as a suitable biodegradable biomaterial. In this investigative review we would like to summarize the latest achievements and comment on the selection and use, test methods and the approaches to develop and produce magnesium alloys that are intended to perform clin. with an appropriate host response.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXmsVShu7o%253D&md5=7bff82de12bec56e40071ead06b46624
    323. 323
      Agha, N. A.; Feyerabend, F.; Mihailova, B.; Heidrich, S.; Bismayer, U.; Willumeit-Römer, R. Magnesium Degradation Influenced by Buffering Salts in Concentrations Typical of in Vitro and in Vivo Models. Mater. Sci. Eng., C 2016, 58, 817– 825,  DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.09.067
      323
      Magnesium degradation influenced by buffering salts in concentrations typical of in vitro and in vivo models
      Agha, Nezha Ahmad; Feyerabend, Frank; Mihailova, Boriana; Heidrich, Stefanie; Bismayer, Ulrich; Willumeit-Romer, Regine
      Materials Science & Engineering, C: Materials for Biological Applications (2016), 58 (), 817-825CODEN: MSCEEE; ISSN:0928-4931. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Magnesium and its alloys have considerable potential for orthopedic applications. During the degrdn. process the interface between material and tissue is continuously changing. Moreover, too fast or uncontrolled degrdn. is detrimental for the outcome in vivo. Therefore in vitro setups utilizing physiol. conditions are promising for the material/degrdn. anal. prior to animal expts. The aim of this study is to elucidate the influence of inorg. salts contributing to the blood buffering capacity on degrdn. Extruded pure magnesium samples were immersed under cell culture conditions for 3 and 10 days. Hank's balanced salt soln. without calcium and magnesium (HBSS) plus 10% of fetal bovine serum (FBS) was used as the basic immersion medium. Addnl., different inorg. salts were added with respect to concn. in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM, in vitro model) and human plasma (in vivo model) to form 12 different immersion media. Influences on the surrounding environment were obsd. by measuring pH and osmolality. The degrdn. interface was analyzed by electron-induced X-ray emission (EIXE) spectroscopy, including chem.-element mappings and electron microprobe anal., as well as Fourier transform IR reflection micro-spectroscopy (FTIR).
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    324. 324
      Xu, L.; Zhang, E.; Yin, D.; Zeng, S.; Yang, K. In Vitro Corrosion Behaviour of Mg Alloys in a Phosphate Buffered Solution for Bone Implant Application. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2008, 19, 1017– 1025,  DOI: 10.1007/s10856-007-3219-y
      324
      In vitro corrosion behaviour of Mg alloys in a phosphate buffered solution for bone implant application
      Xu, Liping; Zhang, Erlin; Yin, Dongsong; Zeng, Songyan; Yang, Ke
      Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine (2008), 19 (3), 1017-1025CODEN: JSMMEL; ISSN:0957-4530. (Springer)
      The corrosion behavior of Mg-Mn and Mg-Mn-Zn magnesium alloy in a phosphate buffered simulated body fluid (SBF) has been investigated by electrochem. testing and wt. loss expt. for bone implant application. Long passivation stage and noble breakdown potential in the polarization curves indicated that a passive layer could be rapidly formed on the surface of magnesium alloy in the phosphate buffered SBF, which in turn can protect magnesium from fast corrosion. Surfaces of the immersed magnesium alloy were characterized by SEM, EDS, SAXS and XPS. Results have shown that Mg-Mn and Mg-Mn-Zn alloy were covered completely by an amorphous Mg-contg. phosphate reaction layer after 24 h immersion. The corrosion behavior of magnesium alloys can be described by the dissolving of magnesium through the reaction between magnesium and soln. and the pptg. of Mg-contg. phosphate on the magnesium surface. Wt. loss rate and wt. gain rate results have indicated that magnesium alloys were corroded seriously at the first 48 h while Mg-contg. phosphate pptd. fast on the surface of magnesium alloy. After 48-96 h immersion, the corrosion reaction and the pptn. reaction reach a stable stage, displaying that the phosphate layer on magnesium surface, esp. Zn-contg. phosphate layer could provide effective protection for magnesium alloy.
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    325. 325
      Bowen, P. K.; Drelich, J.; Goldman, J. Zinc Exhibits Ideal Physiological Corrosion Behavior for Bioabsorbable Stents. Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 2577– 2582,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201300226
      325
      Zinc Exhibits Ideal Physiological Corrosion Behavior for Bioabsorbable Stents
      Bowen, Patrick K.; Drelich, Jaroslaw; Goldman, Jeremy
      Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2013), 25 (18), 2577-2582CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      Zinc has been examd. for the first time as a bioabsorbable cardiac stent material. Early indications are that the crit. aspects of biocorrosion - the rate of penetration and the immediate effects of generated products - satisfy the requirements for stent application. Pure zinc remains intact for four months or more in a small animal model, after which time corrosion accelerates thus ensuring timely degrdn. of the implant. Corrosion products on zinc after 4.5 and 6 mo in vivo are largely compact and comprise zinc oxide interspersed in zinc carbonate.
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    326. 326
      Gorejová, R.; Haverová, L.; Oriňaková, R.; Oriňak, A.; Oriňak, M. Recent Advancements in Fe-Based Biodegradable Materials for Bone Repair. J. Mater. Sci. 2019, 54, 1913– 1947,  DOI: 10.1007/s10853-018-3011-z
      326
      Recent advancements in Fe-based biodegradable materials for bone repair
      Gorejova, R.; Haverova, L.; Orinakova, R.; Orinak, A.; Orinak, M.
      Journal of Materials Science (2019), 54 (3), 1913-1947CODEN: JMTSAS; ISSN:0022-2461. (Springer)
      Degradable metallic biomaterials represent a new concept of bioactive biomaterials used for implants with temporary function. They should support the tissue healing process for a certain period and should progressively degrade thereafter. Degradable metallic materials could potentially replace the corrosion-resistant metals currently used for orthopaedic, cardiovascular, and paediatric implants. The interest in the study of degradable metallic biomaterials has dramatically increased in the last decade. This article reviews the current achievements in the design of biodegradable iron-based materials for orthopaedic load-bearing applications. It introduces a broad overview of the different alloying elements, coating materials, and processing methods used to improve the corrosion behavior, mech. properties, and biocompatibility of iron implant materials for temporary hard tissue scaffolds. An emphasis is set on Mn and Zn as the most promising alloying elements for Fe as well as on innovative calcium phosphate-based ceramic and polymeric coatings. In addn., the novel iron-ceramic composite biomaterials for orthopaedic implants are mentioned. Finally, recent challenges and future development direction for iron-based materials are proposed.
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    327. 327
      Zheng, Y. F.; Gu, X. N.; Witte, F. Biodegradable Metals. Mater. Sci. Eng., R. 2014, 77, 1– 34,  DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2014.01.001
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    328. 328
      Sim, K.; Wang, X.; Li, Y.; Linghu, C.; Gao, Y.; Song, J.; Yu, C. Destructive Electronics from Electrochemical-Mechanically Triggered Chemical Dissolution. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2017, 27, 065010,  DOI: 10.1088/1361-6439/aa682f
      328
      Destructive electronics from electrochemical-mechanically triggered chemical dissolution
      Sim, Kyoseung; Wang, Xu; Li, Yuhang; Linghu, Changhong; Gao, Yang; Song, Jizhou; Yu, Cunjiang
      Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering (2017), 27 (6), 065010/1-065010/8CODEN: JMMIEZ; ISSN:1361-6439. (IOP Publishing Ltd.)
      The considerable need to enhance data and hardware security suggest one possible future for electronics where it is possible to destroy them and even make them disappear phys. This paper reports a type of destructive electronics which features fast transience from chem. dissoln. on-demand triggered in an electrochem.-mech. manner. The detailed materials, mechanics, and device construction of the destructive electronics are presented. Expt. and anal. of the triggered releasing and transience study of electronic materials, resistors and metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors illustrate the key aspects of the destructive electronics. The reported destructive electronics is useful in a wide range of areas from security and defense, to medical applications.
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    329. 329
      Wang, Z.-Q.; Liu, Z.-Q.; Zhao, C.-H.; Zhang, K.; Kang, Z.-J.; Qu, T.-R.; Zeng, F.-S.; Guo, P.-Y.; Tong, Z.-C.; Wang, C.-L. An Ultrasound-Induced Self-Clearance Hydrogel for Male Reversible Contraception. ACS Nano 2022, 16, 5515– 5528,  DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09959
      329
      An Ultrasound-Induced Self-Clearance Hydrogel for Male Reversible Contraception
      Wang, Zi-Qi; Liu, Zhong-Qing; Zhao, Chang-Hao; Zhang, Kuo; Kang, Zhi-Jian; Qu, Tian-Rui; Zeng, Fan-Shu; Guo, Peng-Yu; Tong, Zhi-Chao; Wang, Chang-Lin; Wang, Ke-Liang; Wang, Hong-Lei; Xu, Yin-Sheng; Wang, Wan-Hui; Chu, Mao-lin; Wang, Lu; Qiao, Zeng-Ying; Wang, Hao; Xu, Wanhai
      ACS Nano (2022), 16 (4), 5515-5528CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)
      Nearly half of pregnancies worldwide are unintended mainly due to failure of contraception, resulting in neg. effects on women's health. Male contraception techniques, primarily condoms and vasectomy, play a crucial role in birth control, but cannot be both highly effective and reversible at the same time. Herein, an ultrasound (US)-induced self-clearance hydrogel capable of real-time monitoring is utilized for in situ injection into the vas deferens, enabling effective contraception and noninvasive recanalization whenever needed. The hydrogel is composed of (i) sodium alginate (SA) conjugated with reactive oxygen species (ROS)-cleavable thioketal (SA-tK), (ii) titanium dioxide (TiO2), which can generate a specific level of ROS after US treatment, and (iii) calcium chloride (CaCl2), which triggers the formation of the hydrogel. For contraception, the above mixt. agents are one-time injected into the vas deferens, which can transform from liq. to hydrogel within 160 s, thereby significantly phys. blocking the vas deferens and inhibiting movability of sperm. When fertility is needed, a noninvasive remedial ultrasound can make TiO2 generate ROS, which cleaves SA-tK to destroy the network of the hydrogel. Owing to the recanalization, the refertility rate is restored to 100%. Meanwhile, diagnostic ultrasound (D-US, 22 MHz) can monitor the occlusion and recanalization process in real-time. In summary, the proposed hydrogel contraception can be a reliable, safe, and reversible male contraceptive strategy that addresses an unmet need for men to control their fertility.
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    330. 330
      Pu, Y.; Yin, H.; Dong, C.; Xiang, H.; Wu, W.; Zhou, B.; Du, D.; Chen, Y.; Xu, H. Sono-Controllable and ROS-Sensitive CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing for Augmented/Synergistic Ultrasound Tumor Nanotherapy. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2104641,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104641
      330
      Sono-Controllable and ROS-Sensitive CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing for Augmented/Synergistic Ultrasound Tumor Nanotherapy
      Pu, Yinying; Yin, Haohao; Dong, Caihong; Xiang, Huijing; Wu, Wencheng; Zhou, Bangguo; Du, Dou; Chen, Yu; Xu, Huixiong
      Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2021), 33 (45), 2104641CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      The potential of the cluster regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-assocd. protein 9 (Cas9)-based therapeutic genome editing is severely hampered by the difficulties in precise regulation of the in vivo activity of the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Herein, sono-controllable and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive sonosensitizer-integrated metal-org. frameworks (MOFs), denoted as P/M@CasMTH1, are developed for augmented sonodynamic therapy (SDT) efficacy using the genome-editing technol. P/M@CasMTH1 nanoparticles comprise singlet oxygen (1O2)-generating MOF structures anchored with CRISPR-Cas9 systems via 1O2-cleavable linkers, which serve not only as a delivery vector of CRISPR-Cas9 targeting MTH1, but also as a sonoregulator to spatiotemporally activate the genome editing. P/M@CasMTH1 escapes from the lysosomes, harvests the ultrasound (US) energy and converts it into abundant 1O2 to induce SDT. The generated ROS subsequently trigger cleavage of ROS-responsive thioether bonds, thus inducing controllable release of the CRISPR-Cas9 system and initiation of genome editing. The genomic disruption of MTH1 conspicuously augments the therapeutic efficacy of SDT by destroying the self-defense system in tumor cells, thereby causing cellular apoptosis and tumor suppression. This therapeutic strategy for synergistic MTH1 disruption and abundant 1O2 generation provides a paradigm for augmenting SDT efficacy based on the emerging nanomedicine-enabled genome-editing technol.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXitFagsLbO&md5=5d930094818d77a14930d0fc838862b4
    331. 331
      Harvey, C. J.; Pilcher, J. M.; Eckersley, R. J.; Blomley, M. J.; Cosgrove, D. O. Advances in Ultrasound. Clin. Radiol. 2002, 57, 157– 177,  DOI: 10.1053/crad.2001.0918
      331
      Advances in ultrasound
      Harvey Christopher J; Pilcher James M; Eckersley Robert J; Blomley Martin J K; Cosgrove David O
      Clinical radiology (2002), 57 (3), 157-77 ISSN:0009-9260.
      Ultrasound (US) has undergone dramatic changes since its inception three decades ago; the original cumbersome B-mode gantry system has evolved into a high resolution real-time imaging system. This review describes both recent advances in ultrasound and contrast media and likely future developments. Technological advances in electronics and computing have revolutionized ultrasound practice with ever expanding applications. Developments in transducer materials and array designs have resulted in greater bandwidths with improvements in spatial and contrast resolution. Developments in digital signal processing have produced innovations in beam forming, image display and archiving. Technological advances have resulted in novel imaging modes which exploit the non-linear behaviour of tissue and microbubble contrast agents. Microbubble contrast agents have dramatically extended the clinical and research applications of ultrasound. Not only can Doppler studies be enhanced but also novel non-linear modes allow vessels down to the level of the microcirculation to be imaged. Functional and quantitative studies allow interrogation of a wide spectrum of tissue beds. The advent of tissue-specific agents promises to improve the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound in the detection and characterization of focal liver lesions to rival that of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ultrasound has recently moved into therapeutic applications with high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and microbubble assisted delivery of drugs and genes showing great promise.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BD383hs1ygtw%253D%253D&md5=5d37127adbf4f75615b8a4d779f9e3ff
    332. 332
      Sudarshan, V. K.; Mookiah, M. R. K.; Acharya, U. R.; Chandran, V.; Molinari, F.; Fujita, H.; Ng, K. H. Application of Wavelet Techniques for Cancer Diagnosis Using Ultrasound Images: A Review. Comput. Biol. Med. 2016, 69, 97– 111,  DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2015.12.006
      332
      Application of wavelet techniques for cancer diagnosis using ultrasound images: A Review
      Sudarshan Vidya K; Mookiah Muthu Rama Krishnan; Acharya U Rajendra; Chandran Vinod; Molinari Filippo; Fujita Hamido; Ng Kwan Hoong
      Computers in biology and medicine (2016), 69 (), 97-111 ISSN:.
      Ultrasound is an important and low cost imaging modality used to study the internal organs of human body and blood flow through blood vessels. It uses high frequency sound waves to acquire images of internal organs. It is used to screen normal, benign and malignant tissues of various organs. Healthy and malignant tissues generate different echoes for ultrasound. Hence, it provides useful information about the potential tumor tissues that can be analyzed for diagnostic purposes before therapeutic procedures. Ultrasound images are affected with speckle noise due to an air gap between the transducer probe and the body. The challenge is to design and develop robust image preprocessing, segmentation and feature extraction algorithms to locate the tumor region and to extract subtle information from isolated tumor region for diagnosis. This information can be revealed using a scale space technique such as the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). It decomposes an image into images at different scales using low pass and high pass filters. These filters help to identify the detail or sudden changes in intensity in the image. These changes are reflected in the wavelet coefficients. Various texture, statistical and image based features can be extracted from these coefficients. The extracted features are subjected to statistical analysis to identify the significant features to discriminate normal and malignant ultrasound images using supervised classifiers. This paper presents a review of wavelet techniques used for preprocessing, segmentation and feature extraction of breast, thyroid, ovarian and prostate cancer using ultrasound images.
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    333. 333
      Nguyen, M. T.; Seriani, N.; Gebauer, R. Defective Α-Fe2o3 (0001): An Ab Initio Study. ChemPhysChem 2014, 15, 2930– 2935,  DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402153
      333
      Defective α-Fe2O3(0001): An ab Initio Study
      Nguyen, Manh-Thuong; Seriani, Nicola; Gebauer, Ralph
      ChemPhysChem (2014), 15 (14), 2930-2935CODEN: CPCHFT; ISSN:1439-4235. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      By using d. functional theory calcns. at the PBE + U level, we investigated the properties of hematite (0001) surfaces decorated with adatoms/vacancies/substituents. For the most stable surface termination over a large range of oxygen chem. potentials (μ0), the vacancy formation and adsorption energies were detd. as a function of μ0. Under oxygen-rich conditions, all defects are metastable with respect to the ideal surface. Under oxygen-poor conditions, O vacancies and Fe adatoms become stable. Under ambient conditions, all defects are metastable; in the bulk, O vacancies form more easily than Fe vacancies, whereas at the surface the opposite is true. All defects, i.e., O and Fe vacancies, Fe and Al adatoms, and Al substituents, induce important modifications to the geometry of the surface in their vicinity. Dissociative adsorption of mol. oxygen is likely to be exothermic on surfaces with Fe/Al adatoms or O vacancies.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhtFOgtLnM&md5=4d0c6f1f7e99437b57ad9773563ae002
    334. 334
      Lee, K. Y.; Jeong, L.; Kang, Y. O.; Lee, S. J.; Park, W. H. Electrospinning of Polysaccharides for Regenerative Medicine. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2009, 61, 1020– 1032,  DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.07.006
      334
      Electrospinning of polysaccharides for regenerative medicine
      Lee, Kuen Yong; Jeong, Lim; Kang, Yun Ok; Lee, Seung Jin; Park, Won Ho
      Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (2009), 61 (12), 1020-1032CODEN: ADDREP; ISSN:0169-409X. (Elsevier B.V.)
      A review. Electrospinning techniques enable the prodn. of continuous fibers with dimensions on the scale of nanometers from a wide range of natural and synthetic polymers. The no. of recent studies regarding electrospun polysaccharides and their derivs., which are potentially useful for regenerative medicine, is increasing dramatically. However, difficulties regarding the processibility of the polysaccharides (e.g., poor soly. and high surface tension) have limited their application. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of various polysaccharides such as alginate, cellulose, chitin, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, starch, dextran, and heparin, which are either currently being used or have potential to be used for electrospinning. The recent progress of nanofiber matrixes electrospun from polysaccharides and their biomedical applications in tissue engineering, wound dressings, drug delivery, and enzyme immobilization are discussed.
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    335. 335
      Dai, C.; Zhang, S.; Liu, Z.; Wu, R.; Chen, Y. Two-Dimensional Graphene Augments Nanosonosensitized Sonocatalytic Tumor Eradication. ACS Nano 2017, 11, 9467– 9480,  DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b05215
      335
      Two-Dimensional Graphene Augments Nanosonosensitized Sonocatalytic Tumor Eradication
      Dai, Chen; Zhang, Shengjian; Liu, Zhuang; Wu, Rong; Chen, Yu
      ACS Nano (2017), 11 (9), 9467-9480CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)
      Ultrasound (US) can activate sonosensitizers for sonodynamic therapy (SDT), but the low activation efficiency and therapeutic outcome significantly hinder its further clin. translation. Inspired by the principles of semiconductor physics and photocatalysis chem., the authors herein report on augmenting the sonocatalytic efficiency of semiconductor TiO2-based nanosonosensitizers for highly efficient SDT by the integration of two-dimensional (2D) ultrathin graphene with TiO2 nanosonosensitizers. The high electrocond. of graphene facilitates the sepn. of the electron (e-) and hole (h+) pairs from the energy band of TiO2 and avoids their recombination upon external US irradn.; thus it significantly augments the therapeutic efficiency of TiO2 nanosonosensitizers for SDT against tumors. By further MnOx functionalization, these 2D composite nanosonosensitizers achieved tumor microenvironment-sensitive (mild acidity) T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of tumors for therapeutic guidance and monitoring. The high photothermal-conversion capability of graphene also synergistically enhanced the SDT efficiency, achieving the complete eradication of a tumor without reoccurrence. This work provides a paradigm for augmenting semiconductor TiO2-based sonocatalytic therapeutic nanomedicine by learning the physiochem. principles from traditional photocatalysis, which also demonstrates a highly efficient noninvasive and safe therapeutic modality for tumor eradication by the nanosonosensitized sonocatalytic process.
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    336. 336
      Qian, X.; Zheng, Y.; Chen, Y. Micro/Nanoparticle-Augmented Sonodynamic Therapy (Sdt): Breaking the Depth Shallow of Photoactivation. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 8097– 8129,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602012
      336
      Micro/Nanoparticle-Augmented Sonodynamic Therapy (SDT): Breaking the Depth Shallow of Photoactivation
      Qian, Xiaoqin; Zheng, Yuanyi; Chen, Yu
      Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2016), 28 (37), 8097-8129CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      The fast development of photoactivation for cancer treatment provides an efficient photo-therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment, but traditional photodynamic or photothermal therapy suffers from the crit. issue of low in vivo penetration depth of tissues. As a non-invasive therapeutic modality, sonodynamic therapy (SDT) can break the depth barrier of photoactivation because ultrasound has an intrinsically high tissue-penetration performance. Micro/nanoparticles can efficiently augment the SDT efficiency based on nanobiotechnol. The state-of-art of the representative achievements on micro/nanoparticle-enhanced SDT is summarized, and specific functions of micro/nanoparticles for SDT are discussed, from the different viewpoints of ultrasound medicine, material science and nanobiotechnol. Emphasis is put on the relationship of structure/compn.-SDT performance of micro/nanoparticle-based sonosensitizers. Three types of micro/nanoparticle-augmented SDT are discussed, including org. and inorg. sonosensitizers and micro/nanoparticle-based but sonosensitizer-free strategies to enhance the SDT outcome. SDT-based synergistic cancer therapy augmented by micro/nanoparticles and their biosafety are also included. Some urgent crit. issues and potential developments of micro/nanoparticle-augmented SDT for efficient cancer treatment are addressed. It is highly expected that micro/nanoparticle-augmented SDT will be quickly developed as a new and efficient therapeutic modality which will find practical applications in cancer treatment. At the same time, fundamental disciplines regarding materials science, chem., medicine and nanotechnol. will be advanced.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhtFersLnN&md5=a3476809f37fcbacd5d39f7b8ff5e4f0
    337. 337
      Cheng, D.-B.; Zhang, X.-H.; Gao, Y.-J.; Ji, L.; Hou, D.; Wang, Z.; Xu, W.; Qiao, Z.-Y.; Wang, H. Endogenous Reactive Oxygen Species-Triggered Morphology Transformation for Enhanced Cooperative Interaction with Mitochondria. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 7235– 7239,  DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07727
      337
      Endogenous Reactive Oxygen Species-Triggered Morphology Transformation for Enhanced Cooperative Interaction with Mitochondria
      Cheng, Dong-Bing; Zhang, Xue-Hao; Gao, Yu-Juan; Ji, Lei; Hou, Dayong; Wang, Ziqi; Xu, Wanhai; Qiao, Zeng-Ying; Wang, Hao
      Journal of the American Chemical Society (2019), 141 (18), 7235-7239CODEN: JACSAT; ISSN:0002-7863. (American Chemical Society)
      The morphol. controlled mol. assemblies play vital roles in biol. systems. Here we present endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS)-triggered morphol. transformation of polymer-peptide conjugates (PPCs) for cooperative interaction with mitochondria, exhibiting high tumor therapeutic efficacy. The PPCs are composed of (i) a β-sheet-forming peptide KLVFF conjugated with poly(ethylene glycol) through ROS-cleavable thioketal, (ii) a mitochondria-targeting cytotoxic peptide KLAK, and (iii) a poly(vinyl alc.) backbone. The self-assembled PPCs nanoparticles can enter cells and target mitochondria. Because of overgenerated ROS around mitochondria in most cancer cells, the thioketal linker can be cleaved, leading to transformation from nanoparticles to fibrous nanostructures. As a result, the locational nanofibers with exposure of KLAK exhibit enhanced multivalent cooperative interactions with mitochondria, which causes selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells and powerful tumor suppression efficacy in vivo. As the first example of ROS-triggered intracellular transformation, the locational assembly strategy in vivo may provide a new insight for disease diagnosis and therapy through enhanced interaction with targeting site.
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    338. 338
      Cheng, D.-B.; Zhang, X.-H.; Chen, Y.; Chen, H.; Qiao, Z.-Y.; Wang, H. Ultrasound-Activated Cascade Effect for Synergistic Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer Therapy. iScience 2020, 23, 101144,  DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101144
      338
      Ultrasound-Activated Cascade Effect for Synergistic Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer Therapy
      Cheng, Dong-Bing; Zhang, Xue-Hao; Chen, Yuanfang; Chen, Hao; Qiao, Zeng-Ying; Wang, Hao
      iScience (2020), 23 (6), 101144CODEN: ISCICE; ISSN:2589-0042. (Elsevier B.V.)
      In some malignant tumor, esp. for pancreatic tumor, poor solid-tumor penetration of nanotherapeutics impedes their treatment efficacy. Herein, we develop a polymer-peptide conjugate with the deep tissue penetration ability, which undergoes a cascade process under ultrasound (US), including (1) the singlet oxygen 1O2 is generated by P18, (2) the thioketal bond is cleaved by the 1O2, (3) the departure of PEG chains leads to the in situ self-assembly, and (4) the resultant self-assembled PK nanoparticles show considerable cellular internalization. Owing to the synergistic effect of US on increasing the membrane permeability, the endocytosis and lysosome escape of PK nanoparticles are further enhanced effectively, resulting in the improved therapeutic efficacy. Thanks to the high tissue-penetrating depth and spatial precision of US, PTPK presents enhanced tumor inhibition in an orthotopic pancreatic tumor model. Therefore, the US-activated cascade effect offers a novel perspective for precision medicine and disease theranostics.
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    339. 339
      Lin, Y.; Kouznetsova, T. B.; Craig, S. L. Mechanically Gated Degradable Polymers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 2105– 2109,  DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13359
      339
      Mechanically Gated Degradable Polymers
      Lin, Yangju; Kouznetsova, Tatiana B.; Craig, Stephen L.
      Journal of the American Chemical Society (2020), 142 (5), 2105-2109CODEN: JACSAT; ISSN:0002-7863. (American Chemical Society)
      Degradable polymers are desirable for the replacement of conventional org. polymers that persist in the environment, but they often suffer from the unintentional scission of the degradable functionalities on the polymer backbone, which diminishes polymer properties during storage and regular use. Herein, we report a strategy that combats unintended degrdn. in polymers by combining two common degrdn. stimuli-mech. and acid triggers-in an "AND gate" fashion. A cyclobutane (CB) mechanophore is used as a mech. gate to regulate an acid-sensitive ketal that has been widely employed in acid degradable polymers. This gated ketal is further incorporated into the polymer backbone. In the presence of an acid trigger alone, the pristine polymer retains its backbone integrity, and delivering high mech. forces alone by ultrasonication degrades the polymer to an apparent limiting mol. wt. of 28 kDa. The sequential treatment of ultrasonication followed by acid, however, leads to a further 11-fold decrease in mol. wt. to 2.5 kDa. Exptl. and computational evidence further indicate that the ungated ketal possesses mech. strength that is commensurate with the conventional polymer backbones. Single mol. force spectroscopy (SMFS) reveals that the force necessary to activate the CB mol. gate on the time scale of 100 ms is approx. 2 nN.
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    340. 340
      Li, G.; Song, E.; Huang, G.; Guo, Q.; Ma, F.; Zhou, B.; Mei, Y. High-Temperature-Triggered Thermally Degradable Electronics Based on Flexible Silicon Nanomembranes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1801448,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201801448
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    341. 341
      Zhao, H.; An, H.; Xi, B.; Yang, Y.; Qin, J.; Wang, Y.; He, Y.; Wang, X. Self-Healing Hydrogels with Both Lcst and Ucst through Cross-Linking Induced Thermo-Response. Polymers 2019, 11, 490,  DOI: 10.3390/polym11030490
      341
      Self-healing hydrogels with both LCST and UCST through cross-linking induced thermo-response
      Zhao, Haifeng; An, Heng; Xi, Baozhong; Yang, Yan; Qin, Jianglei; Wang, Yong; He, Yingna; Wang, Xinguo
      Polymers (Basel, Switzerland) (2019), 11 (3), 490pp.CODEN: POLYCK; ISSN:2073-4360. (MDPI AG)
      Self-healing hydrogels have drawn great attention in the past decade since the self-healing property is one of the characteristics of living creatures. In this study, poly(acrylamide-stat-diacetone acrylamide) P(AM-stat-DAA) with a pendant ketone group was synthesized from easy accessible monomers, and thermo-responsive self-healing hydrogels were prepd. through a series of diacylhydrazide compds. crosslinking without any addnl. stimulus. Although the copolymers do not show thermo-response, the hydrogels became thermo-responsive and both the lower crit. soln. temp. (LCST) and upper crit. soln. temp. (UCST) varied with the compn. of the copolymer and structure of cross-linkers. With a dynamic covalent bond connection, the hydrogel showed gel-sol-gel transition triggered by acidity, redox, and ketone to acylhydrazide group ratios. This is another interesting crosslinking induced thermo-responsive (CIT) hydrogel with different properties compared to PNIPAM-based thermo-responsive hydrogels. The self-healing hydrogel with CIT properties could have great potential for application in areas related to bioscience, life simulation, and temp. switching.
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    342. 342
      Zhang, X.; Bellan, L. M. Composites Formed from Thermoresponsive Polymers and Conductive Nanowires for Transient Electronic Systems. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 21991– 21997,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b04748
      342
      Composites Formed from Thermoresponsive Polymers and Conductive Nanowires for Transient Electronic Systems
      Zhang, Xin; Bellan, Leon M.
      ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2017), 9 (26), 21991-21997CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
      Transient electronic systems that disintegrate after a preprogrammed time or a particular stimulus (e.g. water, light or temp.) are fundamentally linked to the properties and behavior of the materials used for construction. Here, we demonstrate that polymers exhibiting lower crit. soln. temp. (LCST) behavior can work as thermoresponsive substrates for circuitry, and that by coupling these materials with conductive nanowires, we can form a transient electronics platform with unique, irreversible temp.-responsive behavior. Transient systems formed from composites of LCST polymers and conductive nanowires exhibit stable elec. performance in soln. (T soln. > LCST) for over 24 h until a cooling stimulus triggers a rapid (within 5 min) and gigantic (3 to 4 orders of magnitude) transition in elec. conductance due to polymer dissoln. Using a parylene mask, we are able to fabricate thermoresponsive elec. components, such as conductive traces and parallel-plate capacitors, demonstrating the versatility of this material and patterning technique. With this unique stimulus-responsive transient system and polymers with LCSTs above room temp. (e.g. poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), methylcellulose), we have developed a platform in which a circuit requires a source of heat to remain viable, and upon loss of this external heat source the circuit is destroyed and vanishes.
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    343. 343
      Lee, C. H.; Jeong, J. W.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Shi, Y.; Kang, S. K.; Kim, J.; Kim, J. S.; Lee, N. Y.; Kim, B. H. Materials and Wireless Microfluidic Systems for Electronics Capable of Chemical Dissolution on Demand. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25, 1338– 1343,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201403573
      343
      Materials and wireless microfluidic systems for electronics capable of chemical dissolution on demand
      Lee, Chi Hwan; Jeong, Jae-Woong; Liu, Yuhao; Zhang, Yihui; Shi, Yan; Kang, Seung-Kyun; Kim, Jeonghyun; Kim, Jae Soon; Lee, Na Yeon; Kim, Bong Hoon; Jang, Kyung-In; Yin, Lan; Kim, Min Ku; Banks, Anthony; Paik, Ungyu; Huang, Yonggang; Rogers, John A.
      Advanced Functional Materials (2015), 25 (9), 1338-1343CODEN: AFMDC6; ISSN:1616-301X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      Electronics that are capable of destroying themselves, on demand and in a harmless way, might provide the ultimate form of data security. This paper presents materials and device architectures for triggered destruction of conventional microelectronic systems by means of microfluidic chem. etching of the constituent materials, including silicon, silicon dioxide, and metals (e.g., aluminum). Demonstrations in an array of home-built metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors that exploit ultrathin sheets of monocryst. silicon and in radio-frequency identification devices illustrate the utility of the approaches.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXitFamsbnF&md5=c6608e863b949da23833a2b6a820b463
    344. 344
      Plaghki, L.; Decruynaere, C.; Van Dooren, P.; Le Bars, D. The Fine Tuning of Pain Thresholds: A Sophisticated Double Alarm System. PLoS One 2010, 5, e10269  DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010269
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    345. 345
      Cho, J.; Shin, G. Fabrication of a Flexible, Wireless Micro-Heater on Elastomer for Wearable Gas Sensor Applications. Polymers 2022, 14, 1557,  DOI: 10.3390/polym14081557
      345
      Fabrication of flexible, wireless micro-heater on elastomer for wearable gas sensor applications
      Cho, Jonam; Shin, Gunchul
      Polymers (Basel, Switzerland) (2022), 14 (8), 1557CODEN: POLYCK; ISSN:2073-4360. (MDPI AG)
      Thin-film microdevices can be applied to various wearable devices due to their high flexibility compared to conventional bulk-type electronic devices. Among the various microdevice types, many IoT-based sensor devices have been developed recently. In the case of such sensor elements, it is important to control the surrounding environment to optimize the sensing characteristics. Among these environmental factors, temp. often has a great influence. There are cases where temp. significantly affects the sensor characteristics, as is the case for gas sensors. For this purpose, the development of thin-film-type micro-heaters is important. For this study, a wirelessly driven thin-film micro-heater was fabricated on the flexible and stretchable elastomer, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS); the antenna was optimized; and the heater was driven at the temp. up to 102°C. The effect of its use on gas-sensing characteristics was compared through the application of the proposed micro-heater to a gas sensor. The heated SnO2 nanowire gas sensor improved the performance of detecting carbon monoxide (CO) by more than 20%, and the recovery time was reduced to less than half. It is expected that thin-film-type micro-heaters that can be operated wirelessly are suitable for application in various wearable devices, including those for smart sensors and health monitoring.
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    346. 346
      Jeroish, Z.; Bhuvaneshwari, K.; Samsuri, F.; Narayanamurthy, V. Microheater: Material, Design, Fabrication, Temperature Control, and Applications─a Role in Covid-19. Biomed. Microdevices 2022, 24, 3,  DOI: 10.1007/s10544-021-00595-8
      346
      Microheater: material, design, fabrication, temperature control, and applications-a role in COVID-19
      Jeroish, Z. E.; Bhuvaneshwari, K. S.; Samsuri, Fahmi; Narayanamurthy, Vigneswaran
      Biomedical Microdevices (2022), 24 (1), 3CODEN: BMICFC; ISSN:1387-2176. (Springer)
      A review. Heating plays a vital role in science, engineering, mining, and space, where heating can be achieved via elec., induction, IR, or microwave radiation. For fast switching and continuous applications, hotplate or Peltier elements can be employed. However, due to bulkiness, they are ineffective for portable applications or operation at remote locations. Miniaturization of heaters reduces power consumption and bulkiness, enhances the thermal response, and integrates with several sensors or microfluidic chips. The microheater has a thickness of ∼ 100 nm to ∼ 100μm and offers a temp. range up to 1900°C with precise control. In recent years, due to the escalating demand for flexible electronics, thin-film microheaters have emerged as an imperative research area. This review provides an overview of recent advancements in microheater as well as analyses different microheater designs, materials, fabrication, and temp. control. In addn., the applications of microheaters in gas sensing, biol., and elec. and mech. sectors are emphasized. Moreover, the max. temp., voltage, power consumption, response time, and heating rate of each microheater are tabulated. Finally, we addressed the specific key considerations for designing and fabricating a microheater as well as the importance of microheater integration in COVID-19 diagnostic kits. This review thereby provides general guidelines to researchers to integrate microheater in micro-electromech. systems (MEMS), which may pave the way for developing rapid and large-scale SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic kits in resource-constrained clin. or home-based environments.
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    347. 347
      Khan, U.; Kim, T.-H.; Lee, K. H.; Lee, J.-H.; Yoon, H.-J.; Bhatia, R.; Sameera, I.; Seung, W.; Ryu, H.; Falconi, C. Self-Powered Transparent Flexible Graphene Microheaters. Nano Energy 2015, 17, 356– 365,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.09.007
      347
      Self-powered transparent flexible graphene microheaters
      Khan, Usman; Kim, Tae-Ho; Lee, Kang Hyuck; Lee, Ju-Hyuck; Yoon, Hong-Joon; Bhatia, Ravi; Sameera, Ivaturi; Seung, Wanchul; Ryu, Hanjun; Falconi, Christian; Kim, Sang-Woo
      Nano Energy (2015), 17 (), 356-365CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Transparent and flexible (TF) microheaters are required in wearable devices, labs-on-chip, and micro-reactors. Nevertheless, conventional microheaters are rigid or opaque or both. Moreover, the resistances of conventional metallic microheaters are too low to be effectively powered by wearable energy harvesters. Here, we demonstrate the first TF microheaters by taking advantage of chem. vapor deposition (CVD)-grown graphene heating tracks and of a hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) sheet for passivation; the h-BN sheet increases the max. temp. by ∼80%. Our TF microheaters show excellent temp. uniformity and can reach temps. above 200 °C in just 4 s, with power consumption as low as 39 mW. Addnl., since the CVD-graphene sheet resistance is orders of magnitude higher than that of typical metallic heaters, our devices can be effectively powered by wearable energy harvesters. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate the first self-powered, wearable microheater which achieves a temp. increase of 8 °C when operated by a sound driven textile-based triboelec. nanogenerator. This is a key milestone towards next generation microheaters with applications in portable/wearable personal electronics, wireless health, and remote and mobile environmental sensors.
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    348. 348
      Schild, H. G. Poly (N-Isopropylacrylamide): Experiment, Theory and Application. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1992, 17, 163– 249,  DOI: 10.1016/0079-6700(92)90023-R
      348
      Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide): experiment, theory and application
      Schild, H. G.
      Progress in Polymer Science (1992), 17 (2), 163-249CODEN: PRPSB8; ISSN:0079-6700.
      A review with 309 refs. on synthesis, crosslinking, soln. properties, modification, and uses of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide).
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    349. 349
      Fundueanu, G.; Constantin, M.; Ascenzi, P. Poly (N-Isopropylacrylamide-Co-Acrylamide) Cross-Linked Thermoresponsive Microspheres Obtained from Preformed Polymers: Influence of the Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Drugs on Their Release Profiles. Acta Biomater. 2009, 5, 363– 373,  DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2008.07.011
      349
      Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide) cross-linked thermoresponsive microspheres obtained from preformed polymers: influence of the physico-chemical characteristics of drugs on their release profiles
      Fundueanu, Gheorghe; Constantin, Marieta; Ascenzi, Paolo
      Acta Biomaterialia (2009), 5 (1), 363-373CODEN: ABCICB; ISSN:1742-7061. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide) copolymer was synthesized as an interesting thermoresponsive material possessing a phase transition temp. of around 36 °C in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 (PB); the concn. was 10%, w/v. The copolymer maintains a sharp phase transition at a relatively high percentage of acrylamide. The lower crit. soln. temp. (LCST) of the copolymer is influenced by the concn. of copolymer soln. in PB. The copolymer was transformed in thermoresponsive microspheres by chem. crosslinking of amide groups with glutaraldehyde. The key factors for the successful prepn. of microspheres are the use of a concd. polymer soln., a temp. (38 °C) that is high enough but lower than LCST, and a long reaction time (48 h). The microspheres were characterized by optical and SEM, swelling/deswelling kinetics, swelling degree, and PB retention at different temps. Finally, the influence of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity and the mol. wt. of the drugs (propranolol, lidocaine, vitamin B12) on their release profile from thermoresponsive microspheres were examd. Above LCST the hydrogel matrix is in the dehydrated state and hydrophobic interactions between the hydrophobic drugs and the polymer occur, modulating the release rate of the drugs. For hydrophilic drugs, the release rate is modulated mainly by the steric interaction between the drug mol. and the matrix.
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    350. 350
      Jiang, Y.; Trotsyuk, A. A.; Niu, S.; Henn, D.; Chen, K.; Shih, C.-C.; Larson, M. R.; Mermin-Bunnell, A. M.; Mittal, S.; Lai, J.-C. Wireless Closed-Loop Smart Bandage for Chronic Wound Management and Accelerated Tissue Regeneration. Nat. Biotechnol. 2023, 41, 652– 662,  DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01528-3
      350
      Wireless, closed-loop, smart bandage with integrated sensors and stimulators for advanced wound care and accelerated healing
      Jiang, Yuanwen; Trotsyuk, Artem A.; Niu, Simiao; Henn, Dominic; Chen, Kellen; Shih, Chien-Chung; Larson, Madelyn R.; Mermin-Bunnell, Alana M.; Mittal, Smiti; Lai, Jian-Cheng; Saberi, Aref; Beard, Ethan; Jing, Serena; Zhong, Donglai; Steele, Sydney R.; Sun, Kefan; Jain, Tanish; Zhao, Eric; Neimeth, Christopher R.; Viana, Willian G.; Tang, Jing; Sivaraj, Dharshan; Padmanabhan, Jagannath; Rodrigues, Melanie; Perrault, David P.; Chattopadhyay, Arhana; Maan, Zeshaan N.; Leeolou, Melissa C.; Bonham, Clark A.; Kwon, Sun Hyung; Kussie, Hudson C.; Fischer, Katharina S.; Gurusankar, Gurupranav; Liang, Kui; Zhang, Kailiang; Nag, Ronjon; Snyder, Michael P.; Januszyk, Michael; Gurtner, Geoffrey C.; Bao, Zhenan
      Nature Biotechnology (2023), 41 (5), 652-662CODEN: NABIF9; ISSN:1087-0156. (Nature Portfolio)
      Abstr.: 'Smart' bandages based on multimodal wearable devices could enable real-time physiol. monitoring and active intervention to promote healing of chronic wounds. However, there has been limited development in incorporation of both sensors and stimulators for the current smart bandage technologies. Addnl., while adhesive electrodes are essential for robust signal transduction, detachment of existing adhesive dressings can lead to secondary damage to delicate wound tissues without switchable adhesion. Here we overcome these issues by developing a flexible bioelectronic system consisting of wirelessly powered, closed-loop sensing and stimulation circuits with skin-interfacing hydrogel electrodes capable of on-demand adhesion and detachment. In mice, we demonstrate that our wound care system can continuously monitor skin impedance and temp. and deliver elec. stimulation in response to the wound environment. Across preclin. wound models, the treatment group healed ∼25% more rapidly and with ∼50% enhancement in dermal remodeling compared with control. Further, we obsd. activation of proregenerative genes in monocyte and macrophage cell populations, which may enhance tissue regeneration, neovascularization and dermal recovery.
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    351. 351
      Boustta, M.; Colombo, P.-E.; Lenglet, S.; Poujol, S.; Vert, M. Versatile Ucst-Based Thermoresponsive Hydrogels for Loco-Regional Sustained Drug Delivery. J. Controlled Release 2014, 174, 1– 6,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.10.040
      351
      Versatile UCST-based thermoresponsive hydrogels for loco-regional sustained drug delivery
      Boustta, Mahfoud; Colombo, Pierre-Emmanuel; Lenglet, Sebastien; Poujol, Sylvain; Vert, Michel
      Journal of Controlled Release (2014), 174 (), 1-6CODEN: JCREEC; ISSN:0168-3659. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Poly(N-acryloyl glycinamide) is a neutral polymer that can form gel-sol thermoresponsive systems with upper crit. soln. temp. in aq. media. The temp. of the reversible gel-sol transition depends on the molar mass and the concn. of macromols. These parameters were combined to adjust the transition temp. slightly above body temp. for the sake of respecting living tissues during the sol form injection using a classical syringe. On contact with local tissues, the injected sol turned rapidly to a gel. The simplicity of the process makes it exploitable to administrate and deliver neutral or ionic drug and esp. those that are sol. in aq. media. The versatility was exemplified from formulations with cobalt acetate, small polymers (MW ∼ 2000 g/mol), tartrazine and methylene blue dyes and albumin. The model compds. were allowed to diffuse in an isotonic pH = 7.4 buffered medium at 37 °C. All the release profiles were typical of diffusion control with 100% release within 2 to 3 wk and no obvious burst. The in vitro release of methylene blue from a gel formulation was checked prior to injection in the peritoneal cavity of mice where the release of the dye was monitored visually through tissue and organ colorations. A comparable polymer-free dye soln. was used as control. Coloration appeared rapidly in tissues and organs and it was still detectable 52 h post injection of the gel whereas it was no longer present at 24 h in control mice.
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    352. 352
      Tao, H.; Hwang, S.-W.; Marelli, B.; An, B.; Moreau, J. E.; Yang, M.; Brenckle, M. A.; Kim, S.; Kaplan, D. L.; Rogers, J. A. Silk-Based Resorbable Electronic Devices for Remotely Controlled Therapy and in Vivo Infection Abatement. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2014, 111, 17385– 17389,  DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1407743111
      352
      Silk-based resorbable electronic devices for remotely controlled therapy and in vivo infection abatement
      Tao, Hu; Hwang, Suk-Won; Marelli, Benedetto; An, Bo; Moreau, Jodie E.; Yang, Miaomiao; Brenckle, Mark A.; Kim, Stanley; Kaplan, David L.; Rogers, John A.; Omenetto, Fiorenzo G.
      Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2014), 111 (49), 17385-17389CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)
      A paradigm shift for implantable medical devices lies at the confluence between regenerative medicine, where materials remodel and integrate in the biol. milieu, and technol., through the use of recently developed material platforms based on biomaterials and bioresorbable technologies such as optics and electronics. The union of materials and technol. in this context enables a class of biomedical devices that can be optically or electronically functional and yet harmlessly degrade once their use is complete. The authors present here a fully degradable, remotely controlled, implantable therapeutic device operating in vivo to counter a Staphylococcus aureus infection that disappears once its function is complete. This class of device provides fully resorbable packaging and electronics that can be turned on remotely, after implantation, to provide the necessary thermal therapy or trigger drug delivery. Such externally controllable, resorbable devices not only obviate the need for secondary surgeries and retrieval, but also have extended utility as therapeutic devices that can be left behind at a surgical or suturing site, following intervention, and can be externally controlled to allow for infection management by either thermal treatment or by remote triggering of drug release when there is retardation of antibiotic diffusion, deep infections are present, or when systemic antibiotic treatment alone is insufficient due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. After completion of function, the device is safely resorbed into the body, within a programmable period.
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    353. 353
      Su, M.; Kim, B. Silk Fibroin-Carbon Nanotube Composites Based Fiber Substrated Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerator. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2020, 3, 9759– 9770,  DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.0c01854
      353
      Silk Fibroin-Carbon Nanotube Composites based Fiber Substrated Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerator
      Su, Meng; Kim, Beomjoon
      ACS Applied Nano Materials (2020), 3 (10), 9759-9770CODEN: AANMF6; ISSN:2574-0970. (American Chemical Society)
      The triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) is an emerging technol. that can convert mech. energy generated by human motion into electricity, and it is expected to compensate batteries for driving wearable electronics. However, in the field of wearable TENGs, low cost and common wearable raw material, which is crit. for daily use, cannot generate still higher output power as wearable TENG source. In this study, we developed a flexible fiber-substrated TENG (F-TENG) device based on silk and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using electrospinning and electrospray. The F-TENG has a unique layered microstructure, which can provide a highly free wearing experience and usable output, while satisfying the requirements of being simple, durable, and flexible. The fabrication process subverts the conventional method of processing metal wires into fibers and weaving them into textiles at a later stage by converting a liq. soln. to a thin film made of fibers. The two steps of electrospinning and electrospray can be conducted by using the same setup of equipment, under ambient conditions. The power generation capacity of the arch-shaped F-TENG reached 140.99μW/cm2 with shaker patting and 317.4μW/cm2 with hand patting. A series of wearing tests also showed high potential of its applications. Its tensile property was also proved to be able to meet the normal wearing requirements of daily life. The combination of silk and CNT, as well as the development of the processing methods, are able to lay a reliable foundation for the wearable TENGs to break through many current development bottlenecks.
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    354. 354
      Zhou, Y.; Deng, W.; Xu, J.; Chen, J. Engineering Materials at the Nanoscale for Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 2020, 1, 100142,  DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2020.100142
      354
      Engineering Materials at the Nanoscale for Triboelectric Nanogenerators
      Zhou, Yihao; Deng, Weili; Xu, Jing; Chen, Jun
      Cell Reports Physical Science (2020), 1 (8), 100142CODEN: CRPSF5; ISSN:2666-3864. (Elsevier Inc.)
      Taking advantage of the coupling effect of contact electrification and electrostatic induction, triboelec. nanogenerators can effectively convert various forms of ambient mech. energy into electricity, and therefore have attracted much attention, with broad applications in energy harvesting, active sensing, and biomedical therapy, which are anticipated to be an indispensable component in the era of the Internet of things. To improve the mech.-to-elec. conversion, various strategies have been reported to engineer the materials used at the nanoscale with phys., chem., biol., and hybrid approaches. These strategies to enhance the output performance and extend the applications of triboelec. nanogenerators are comprehensively reviewed and summarized in this article. Furthermore, perspectives are also discussed in depth, with an emphasis on future research directions to further advance developments within the field.
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    355. 355
      Shi, C.; Leonardi, A.; Zhang, Y.; Ohlendorf, P.; Ruyack, A.; Lal, A.; Ober, C. K. Uv-Triggered Transient Electrospun Poly (Propylene Carbonate)/Poly (Phthalaldehyde) Polymer Blend Fiber Mats. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 28928– 28935,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b06051
      355
      UV-Triggered Transient Electrospun Poly(propylene carbonate)/Poly(phthalaldehyde) Polymer Blend Fiber Mats
      Shi, Chengjian; Leonardi, Amanda; Zhang, Yiren; Ohlendorf, Peter; Ruyack, Alexander; Lal, Amit; Ober, Christopher K.
      ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2018), 10 (34), 28928-28935CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
      This work reports the first transient electrospun nanofiber mat triggered by UV-irradn. using poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC)/poly(phthalaldehyde) (cPPA) polymer blends. The ability to trigger room temp. transience of nanofiber mats without the need for addnl. heat or solvent expands its utility in non-biol. fields, esp. for transient electronic devices. The addn. of a photo-acid-generator (PAG) to the system working in combination with UV light provides an acid source to enhance degrdn. since both polymer backbones are acid-sensitive. Electrospinning enables the prodn. of PPC/cPPA composite nanofiber mats capable of significant degrdn. upon exposure to UV radiation while maintaining relatively high mech. properties. An acid amplifier (AA), an auto-catalytically decompg. compd. triggered by acid, was used to generate more acid and accelerate nanofiber degrdn. The electrospun fiber mats can be post-annealed to achieve an improved mat mech. strength of ∼ 170 MPa.
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    356. 356
      Wu, C.; Jiang, J.; Guo, H.; Pu, X.; Liu, L.; Ding, W.; Kohl, P. A.; Wang, Z. L. Sunlight-Triggerable Transient Energy Harvester and Sensors Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerator Using Acid-Sensitive Poly (Phthalaldehyde). Adv. Electron. Mater. 2019, 5, 1900725,  DOI: 10.1002/aelm.201900725
      356
      Sunlight-Triggerable Transient Energy Harvester and Sensors Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerator Using Acid-Sensitive Poly(phthalaldehyde)
      Wu, Changsheng; Jiang, Jisu; Guo, Hengyu; Pu, Xianjie; Liu, Lisha; Ding, Wenbo; Kohl, Paul A.; Wang, Zhong Lin
      Advanced Electronic Materials (2019), 5 (12), 1900725CODEN: AEMDBW; ISSN:2199-160X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      Transient electronics that disintegrate via material dissoln. or depolymn. under certain stimuli have great potential in biomedical and military applications. The triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG), an emerging mech. energy harvesting technol. with great flexibility in material choices, is promising in offering transient power sources. Previously reported transient energy harvesters using biodegradable polymers require soln.-based degrdn. and have limited applications in non-biol. scenarios. A short time span, sunlight-triggered degradable TENG is developed. The main substrate includes an acid-sensitive poly(phthalaldehyde) (PPHA), a photoacid generator (PAG), and a photosensitizer (PS). Through photo-induced electron transfer, the UV radiation absorbed by the PS is transferred to the PAG to generate photoacids that trigger the depolymn. of PPHA. Transient TENG-based mech. energy harvesters and touch/acoustic sensors are successfully demonstrated by embedding silver nanowires onto the PPHA-based films. The fabricated devices degrade rapidly under winter sunlight. The degrdn. rate can be further tuned via changing the ratio of photosensitive agents. This work not only broadens the applicability of TENG as transient power sources and sensors, but also extends the use of transient functional polymers toward advanced energy and sensing applications.
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    357. 357
      Shabbir, I.; Rubab, N.; Kim, T. W.; Kim, S.-W. Healthcare Management Applications Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerators. APL Mater. 2021, 9, 060703,  DOI: 10.1063/5.0052605
      357
      Healthcare management applications based on triboelectric nanogenerators
      Shabbir, Irfan; Rubab, Najaf; Kim, Tae Whan; Kim, Sang-Woo
      APL Materials (2021), 9 (6), 060703CODEN: AMPADS; ISSN:2166-532X. (American Institute of Physics)
      A review. In the current era of busy and eventful daily routines, the need for self-driven, robust, and low maintenance healthcare systems emerges significantly more than in earlier times. The nanogenerator (NG) technol. provides a new pathway by utilizing nanostructured and eco-friendly materials toward biomedical systems by harvesting biomech. energy. Triboelec. NGs (TENGs) have been well-developed to cater all these matters, giving self-powered, sustainable, environment-friendly, and low footprint devices. TENG comes up with great potential, therefore, we have summarized various dimensions of its applications in healthcare management, including prevention, detection, diagnosis, and treatment. We have reviewed different aspects of TENG healthcare systems that provide wearable, minimally invasive, and simple solns. while harvesting human motion as the power source. Here, recent advancements of triboelec. devices are compiled while discussing their significance, structure, capabilities, performance, and future potential. Meanwhile, the impact of TENG on protecting and treating various internal and external human organs, such as the heart, neural tissues, skin, and hair, has been described in detail. Moreover, TENG-based solns. have also included minimizing the effects of contemporary and lingering challenges such as air pollution and viral infectious diseases on human health. In the very end, we have concluded with the opportunities and possible solns. for anticipated challenges. (c) 2021 American Institute of Physics.
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    358. 358
      Dong, K.; Hu, Y.; Yang, J.; Kim, S.-W.; Hu, W.; Wang, Z. L. Smart Textile Triboelectric Nanogenerators: Current Status and Perspectives. MRS Bull. 2021, 46, 512– 521,  DOI: 10.1557/s43577-021-00123-2
      358
      Smart textile triboelectric nanogenerators: Current status and perspectives
      Dong, Kai; Hu, Youfan; Yang, Jin; Kim, Sang-Woo; Hu, Weiguo; Wang, Zhong Lin
      MRS Bulletin (2021), 46 (6), 512-521CODEN: MRSBEA; ISSN:1938-1425. (Springer International Publishing AG)
      Textile triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) is a kind of smart textile technol. that integrates traditional flexible and wearable textile materials with emerging and advanced TENG science, which not only embraces the capabilities of autonomous energy harvesting and active self-powered sensing, but also maintains original wearability and desired comfortability. With the help of the burden-free and self-sufficient wearable intelligent system, individuals can achieve convenient acquisition and efficient utilization of elec. energy, which will help to promote the future development of human-oriented on-body electronics and artificial intelligence. Here, some fundamental knowledge and core elements, including the operational modes and corresponding service occasions, charge generation and transfer mechanisms, remaining challenges and potential solns. are comprehensively summarized and systematically discussed. Based on these analyses, a roadmap toward the scientific research and large-scale com. application of textile TENGs in the next decade is highlighted at the end of the article. We believe that textile TENGs will become an indispensable part of daily clothing in the future, thus benefiting all humankind and human civilization. Graphic abstr.: [graphic not available: see fulltext].
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    359. 359
      Chen, J.; Wang, Z. L. Reviving Vibration Energy Harvesting and Self-Powered Sensing by a Triboelectric Nanogenerator. Joule 2017, 1, 480– 521,  DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2017.09.004
      359
      Reviving Vibration Energy Harvesting and Self-Powered Sensing by a Triboelectric Nanogenerator
      Chen, Jun; Wang, Zhong Lin
      Joule (2017), 1 (3), 480-521CODEN: JOULBR; ISSN:2542-4351. (Cell Press)
      A review. Vibration energy harvesting and sensing is a traditional and growing research field in which various working mechanisms and designs have been developed for an improved performance. Relying on a coupling effect of contact electrification and electrostatic induction, in the past 5 years, triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) has been applied as a fundamentally new technol. to revive the field of vibration energy harvesting and self-powered sensing, esp. for low-frequency vibrations such as human motion, automobile, machine, and bridge vibrations. The demonstrated instantaneous energy conversion efficiency of ∼70% and a total efficiency up to 85% distinguished TENG from traditional techniques. In this article, both TENG-enabled vibration energy harvesting and self-powered active sensing are comprehensively reviewed. Moving toward future development, problems pressing for solns. and onward research directions are also posed to deliver a coherent picture.
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    360. 360
      Ma, C.; Gao, S.; Gao, X.; Wu, M.; Wang, R.; Wang, Y.; Tang, Z.; Fan, F.; Wu, W.; Wan, H. Chitosan Biopolymer-Derived Self-Powered Triboelectric Sensor with Optimized Performance through Molecular Surface Engineering and Data-Driven Learning. InfoMat 2019, 1, 116– 125,  DOI: 10.1002/inf2.12008
      360
      Chitosan biopolymer-derived self-powered triboelectric sensor with optimized performance through molecular surface engineering and data-driven learning
      Ma, Chenxiang; Gao, Shengjie; Gao, Xinqi; Wu, Min; Wang, Ruoxing; Wang, Yixiu; Tang, Zhiyuan; Fan, Fengru; Wu, Wenxuan; Wan, Hong; Wu, Wenzhuo
      InfoMat (2019), 1 (1), 116-125CODEN: INFOHH; ISSN:2567-3165. (John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)
      The state-of-the-art triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) are constructed with synthetic polymers, curtailing their application prospects and relevance in sustainable technologies. The economically viable transformation and engineering of naturally abundant materials into efficient TENGs for mech. energy harvesting is meaningful not only for fundamental scientific exploration, but also for addressing societal needs. Being an abundant natural biopolymer, chitosan enables exciting opportunity for low-cost, biodegradable TENG applications. However, the elec. outputs of chitosan-based TENGs are low compared with the devices built with synthetic polymers. Here, we explore the facile mol. surface engineering in chitosan to significantly boost the performance of chitosan-based TENG for enabling the practical applications, for example, self-powered car speed sensor. The mol. surface engineering offers a potentially promising scheme for designing and implementing high-performance biopolymer-based TENGs for self-powered nanosystems in sustainable technologies. We further explore for the first time the feasibility of data mining approaches to analyze and learn the acquired triboelec. signals from the car speed sensors and predict the relationship between the triboelec. signals and car speed values.
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    361. 361
      Sangkhun, W.; Wanwong, S. Natural Textile Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Efficient Energy Harvesting Applications. Nanoscale 2021, 13, 2420– 2428,  DOI: 10.1039/D0NR07756A
      361
      Natural textile based triboelectric nanogenerators for efficient energy harvesting applications
      Sangkhun, Weradesh; Wanwong, Sompit
      Nanoscale (2021), 13 (4), 2420-2428CODEN: NANOHL; ISSN:2040-3372. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
      This work reports a facile method to create efficient natural textile based triboelec. nanogenerators (N-TENGs). First, plain natural textiles, cotton and silk, were dip-coated in cyanoalkyl silane and fluoroalkyl silane to transform their surface energy into pos. and neg. triboelectricity. The N-TENGs were fabricated by stacking an cyanoalkylated siloxane grafted fabric with an fluoralkylated siloxane grafted fabric to assemble a Cu fabric electrode. A single N-TENG generated a max. output voltage and output current of 216.8 V and 50.3μA (0.87μA cm-2), without any nanopatterning. The double stacked N-TENG showed an enhanced output current of 84.8μA (1.46μA cm-2), and exhibited a max. power output of 0.345 mW cm-2 at an external resistance of 0.42 MΩ. In addn., the N-TENG can light up 100 light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and charge capacitors, demonstrating its self-powering applications.
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    362. 362
      Wen, D.-L.; Liu, X.; Deng, H.-T.; Sun, D.-H.; Qian, H.-Y.; Brugger, J.; Zhang, X.-S. Printed Silk-Fibroin-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Multi-Functional Wearable Sensing. Nano Energy 2019, 66, 104123,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104123
      362
      Printed silk-fibroin-based triboelectric nanogenerators for multi-functional wearable sensing
      Wen, Dan-Liang; Liu, Xin; Deng, Hai-Tao; Sun, De-Heng; Qian, Heng-Yi; Brugger, Juergen; Zhang, Xiao-Sheng
      Nano Energy (2019), 66 (), 104123CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      The rapid development of wearable sensing technol. exhibits unprecedented opportunities for artificial intelligence by establishing an interactive interface between the phys. and the virtual worlds. Energy preservation and multi-functional integration are central for the enhancement of perception and sustainability of wearable electronics. Herein, to address the above two crit. challenges, we presented a printed silk-fibroin-based triboelec. nanogenerator (PS-TENG), which can efficiently scavenge the bio-mech. energy and precisely detect components of environmental humidity and human body motions simultaneously. An industrial mass-fabrication technol., i.e. screen-printing process, was successfully optimized to manuf. graphite-based microscale surface patterns atop polymeric soft substrate to form interdigital electrodes, which was covered by a thin layer of silk fibroin to realize the PS-TENG. The proposed wearable PS-TENG exhibited a remarkable output performance, and the voltage, the current and the power d. achieved up to 666 V, 174.6μA, 412μW/cm2, resp. Furthermore, this ultra-thin foldable PS-TENG possesses incredible features for multi-functional wearable sensing. With the help of the unique selective absorption property of silk fibroin, it was firstly reported that the existing states of water mols. (i.e., liq. and gaseous) in the air were successfully distinguished. Moreover, as attractive potential applications, it was demonstrated to accurately discriminate the health situation of human body (i.e., respiratory monitoring and joints motion recognizing) based on the capacitive and the triboelec. principles resp., which is a novel combination of passive sensing and active sensing mechanisms within a single wearable device.
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    363. 363
      Niola, F.; Basora, N.; Chornet, E.; Vidal, P. F. A Rapid Method for the Determination of the Degree of N-Acetylation of Chitin-Chitosan Samples by Acid Hydrolysis and HPLC. Carbohydr. Res. 1993, 238, 1– 9,  DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(93)87001-9
      363
      A rapid method for the determination of the degree of N-acetylation of chitin-chitosan samples by acid hydrolysis and HPLC
      Niola, Frederic; Basora, Nuria; Chornet, Esteban; Vidal, Pierre Francois
      Carbohydrate Research (1993), 238 (), 1-9CODEN: CRBRAT; ISSN:0008-6215.
      A simple and rapid method for the quant. detn. of N-acetyl groups in chitin-chitosan samples consists of an acid hydrolysis conducted at high temp. with a mixt. of sulfuric and oxalic acids. The acetic acid formed is detd. by spectrophotometry at 210 nm after sepn. from the reaction mixt. by HPLC. The method is valid for the entire range of degrees of acetylation and the results compare fairly to those of other techniques.
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    364. 364
      Morgan, D. M.; Neuberger, A. The Synthesis and Acid Hydrolysis of the Methyl 2-Amino-2-Deoxy-D-Glucofuranosides and Their N-Acetyl Derivatives. Carbohydr. Res. 1977, 53, 167– 175,  DOI: 10.1016/S0008-6215(00)88084-2
      364
      The synthesis and acid hydrolysis of the methyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucofuranosides and their N-acetyl derivatives
      Morgan, David M. L.; Neuberger, Albert
      Carbohydrate Research (1977), 53 (2), 167-75CODEN: CRBRAT; ISSN:0008-6215.
      The Me α- and β-D-glucofuranosides I (R = H) were prepd. by glycosidation of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose. The anomeric I (R = Ac) were hydrolyzed at similar rates, which were similar to those for Me D-glucofuranosides and double those for Me D-glucopyranosides. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of I (R = H) showed an inhibiting effect of the free amino group similar to the corresponding pyranosides. The rates of hydrolysis of the aminodeoxy- and acetamidodeoxyglucofuranosides were greater in D2O than in H2O and this, together with the neg. entropies of activation suggested that these compds. were hydrolyzed by mechanisms similar to those for aldofuranosides.
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    365. 365
      Reddy, N.; Yang, Y. Citric Acid Cross-Linking of Starch Films. Food Chem. 2010, 118, 702– 711,  DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.05.050
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    366. 366
      Frens, G. Particle Size and Sol Stability in Metal Colloids. Kolloid-Z.u.Z.Polymere 1972, 250, 736– 741,  DOI: 10.1007/BF01498565
      366
      Particle size and sol stability in metal colloids
      Frens, G.
      Kolloid Zeitschrift & Zeitschrift fuer Polymere (1972), 250 (7), 736-41CODEN: KZZPAF; ISSN:0023-2904.
      The coagulation concns. of Au, Ag, and mixed Au-Ag sols of particle radius 50-1000 Å (electron micrographs) were studied. Sols with small metal particles were more stable against electrolyte coagulation (NaNO3 electrolyte) than coarser suspensions due to diminished van der Waals attraction between small particles. Metal particles of different radiuses were sepd. by fractional coagulation. The results were discussed with respect to the repeptization of metal sols and the detn. of Hamaker consts.
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    367. 367
      Hedges, J. I.; Mann, D. C. The Characterization of Plant Tissues by Their Lignin Oxidation Products. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1979, 43, 1803– 1807,  DOI: 10.1016/0016-7037(79)90028-0
      367
      The characterization of plant tissues by their lignin oxidation products
      Hedges, John I.; Mann, Dale C.
      Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (1979), 43 (11), 1803-7CODEN: GCACAK; ISSN:0016-7037.
      The oxidn. products of 23 vascular and nonvascular plants were detd. Results for vanillyl, syringyl, and cinnamyl phenols are presented in the form of 5 lignin parameters which are related to plant variety, lignin concn., and tissue type. The plant tissue samples are resolved into distinct compositional regions corresponding to nonvascular plants, gymnosperm woods, nonwoody gymnosperm tissues, angiosperm woods, and nonwoody angiosperm tissues. The 5 parameters can be used to discriminate between the relative amt. of input of each of the plant types to soils and sediments.
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    368. 368
      KUBOTA, K.; HOSOKAWA, Y.; SUZUKI, K.; HOSAKA, H. Studies on the Gelatinization Rate of Rice and Potato Starches. J. Food Sci. 1979, 44, 1394– 1397,  DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1979.tb06446.x
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    369. 369
      Enoksson, S.; Nordenström, J.; Bolinder, J.; Arner, P. Influence of Local Blood Flow on Glycerol Levels in Human Adipose Tissue. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 1995, 19, 350– 354
      369
      Influence of local blood flow on glycerol levels in human adipose tissue
      Enoksson S; Nordenstrom J; Bolinder J; Arner P
      International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity (1995), 19 (5), 350-4 ISSN:.
      DESIGN: The influence of blood flow on adipose tissue glycerol levels was investigated in human subcutaneous adipose tissue in situ, with the aid of microdialysis of the extracellular water space. The concentration of tissue-derived glycerol and the escape of ethanol from the dialysis solvent into the extracellular space were simultaneously monitored; the latter was used as an index of local blood flow around the probe. RESULTS: Selective vasodilation with nitroprusside or hydralazine rapidly reduced the concentration of glycerol by 50% and at the same time increased the escape of ethanol (P < 0.001). Stimulation of local blood flow and lipolysis with the beta-adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline caused an increase in ethanol escape (P = 0.01) and a 100% rise in the dialysate glycerol level (P = 0.001). When vasodilation was first induced by nitroprusside, the subsequent addition of isoprenaline to the microdialysate perfusate caused no change in the concentration of glycerol in adipose tissue but a slight increase in ethanol escape. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, local blood flow plays an important role in the regulation of the glycerol level in human adipose tissue. Stimulation of blood flow may under certain conditions decrease the level of glycerol in the extracellular space of adipose tissue although the mobilization of glycerol from fat cells to this compartment is increased. Thus, changes in blood flow and glycerol should be considered together when adipose tissue lipolysis is investigated by microdialysis.
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    370. 370
      Joyeux, A.; Lafon-Lafourcade, S.; Ribéreau-Gayon, P. Evolution of Acetic Acid Bacteria During Fermentation and Storage of Wine. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1984, 48, 153– 156,  DOI: 10.1128/aem.48.1.153-156.1984
      370
      Evolution of acetic acid bacteria during fermentation and storage of wine
      Joyeux, A.; Lafon-Lafourcade, S.; Ribereau-Gayon, P.
      Applied and Environmental Microbiology (1984), 48 (1), 153-6CODEN: AEMIDF; ISSN:0099-2240.
      Acetic acid bacteria were present at stages of wine making, from the mature grape through vinification to conservation. A succession of Gluconobacter oxydans, Acetobacter pasteurianus, and Acetobacter aceti during the course of these stages was noted. Low levels of A. aceti remained in the wine; they exhibited rapid proliferation on short exposure of the wine to air and caused significant increases in the concn. of HOAc [64-19-7]. Higher temp. of wine storage and higher wine pH favored the development and metab. of these species.
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    371. 371
      Graham, S. A.; Dudem, B.; Mule, A. R.; Patnam, H.; Yu, J. S. Engineering Squandered Cotton into Eco-Benign Microarchitectured Triboelectric Films for Sustainable and Highly Efficient Mechanical Energy Harvesting. Nano Energy 2019, 61, 505– 516,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.04.081
      371
      Engineering squandered cotton into eco-benign microarchitectured triboelectric films for sustainable and highly efficient mechanical energy harvesting
      Graham, Sontyana Adonijah; Dudem, Bhaskar; Mule, Anki Reddy; Patnam, Harishkumarreddy; Yu, Jae Su
      Nano Energy (2019), 61 (), 505-516CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Harvesting mech. energy from daily life human activities has gained tremendous interest, along with the concept of waste to wealth which has been also a major concern from a few decades. In this regards, firstly, we fabricated microcryst. cellulose (MCC) particles from the squandered cotton and they were further dissolved into biocompatible polyvinyl alc. (PVA) to develop a triboelec. material. The resultant cellulose loaded PVA film (CPF) was employed as a pos. triboelec. material to design a coin-cell type TENG, whereas the Kapton was used as a neg. material. Design of such TENG using CPF can reduce the processing cost and is also significant to incorporate the waste cotton into an energy harvesting device. Besides, the effect of elec. output performance of CPF-based prototype TENG (CPF-pTENG) as a function of the concn. of MCC particles loaded into PVA was also systematically studied and optimized. Thus, the CPF-pTENG with the 2.5 wt% of cellulose added into PVA exhibited a stable and high elec. output. The elec. performance of CPF-pTENG was further enhanced by introducing the microarchitectures on the surface of CPF, and it exhibited comparatively very high voltage, current and power d. values of ∼600 V, 50μA and 84.5 W/m2, resp. Finally, to demonstrate the practical or com. applications, a MACPF-based coin-cell type TENG (i.e., MACPF-ccTENG) was developed to harvest the mech. energies available in daily human life by placing it under the human-foot medial arch, which can be further utilized as a self-power system to drive various portable electronics.
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    372. 372
      Labib, M. E. The Origin of the Surface Charge on Particles Suspended in Organic Liquids. Colloids Surf. 1988, 29, 293– 304,  DOI: 10.1016/0166-6622(88)80124-0
      372
      The origin of the surface charge on particles suspended in organic liquids
      Labib, Mohamed E.
      Colloids and Surfaces (1988), 29 (3), 293-304CODEN: COSUD3; ISSN:0166-6622.
      Donor-acceptor interactions between a solid surface and an org. liq. lead to the creation of surface charge and counterions in the liq. In simple systems, the energy levels of the solid and the liq. det. the direction of electron transfer and the sign of the surface charge. Exptl. results show that the surface charge and counterions can be formed either by a direct electron transfer as in the case of the metal-org. liq. or by an ion transfer due to the heterolysis of the donor-acceptor complex formed at the surface. The latter case includes many inorg. solid materials. Inorg. oxides bearing hydroxyl groups acquire their charge by a proton transfer mechanism. The proton affinity of the liq. correlates with the sign of the surface charge on various inorg. solids. This result was consistent for both aprotic donor and amphoteric liqs. The various mechanisms leading to the formation of the surface charge in org. liqs. are reviewed and a systematic approach to the phenomenon is provided.
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    373. 373
      Akrami-Hasan-Kohal, M.; Ghorbani, M.; Mahmoodzadeh, F.; Nikzad, B. Development of Reinforced Aldehyde-Modified Kappa-Carrageenan/Gelatin Film by Incorporation of Halloysite Nanotubes for Biomedical Applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020, 160, 669– 676,  DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.222
      373
      Development of reinforced aldehyde-modified kappa-carrageenan/gelatin film by incorporation of halloysite nanotubes for biomedical applications
      Akrami-Hasan-Kohal, Mohammad; Ghorbani, Marjan; Mahmoodzadeh, Farideh; Nikzad, Behzad
      International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (2020), 160 (), 669-676CODEN: IJBMDR; ISSN:0141-8130. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Recently, with the progression in tissue engineering, the importance of biocompatible nanocomposite film with suitable properties for potential applications in the biomedical area has been more developed. In this work, nanocomposite films of aldehyde-modified Carrageenan/Gelatin/halloysite nanotubes (AD-Carr/Gel/HNTs) nanocomposite films were successfully fabricated by the soln. casting process. Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) with different concns. (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt%) loaded into the aldehyde-modified Carrageenan/Gelatin (AD-Carr/Gel). Meanwhile, the developed AD-Carr/Gel/HNTs nanocomposite films were characterized by SEM (SEM), thermogravimetric anal. (TGA), mech. property, water adsorption as well as in vitro degrdn. The feasibility and capability of the nanocomposite films were further evaluated by hemocompatibility study, which showed that these nanocomposite films are hemocompatible. Besides, MTT assay revealed that the nanocomposite films are non-toxic, presenting the films as a good candidate to be used for tissue engineering purposes.
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    374. 374
      Bai, Z.; Xu, Y.; Li, J.; Zhu, J.; Gao, C.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, J.; Guo, J. An Eco-Friendly Porous Nanocomposite Fabric-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Efficient Energy Harvesting and Motion Sensing. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 42880– 42890,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12709
      374
      An Eco-friendly Porous Nanocomposite Fabric-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Efficient Energy Harvesting and Motion Sensing
      Bai, Zhiqing; Xu, Yunlong; Li, Jiecong; Zhu, Jingjing; Gao, Can; Zhang, Yao; Wang, Jing; Guo, Jiansheng
      ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2020), 12 (38), 42880-42890CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
      A wearable and effective tribopos. material, esp. an economical and eco-friendly triboelec. fabric developed from biomaterials, is highly crucial for the development of green wearable triboelec. nanogenerators. In this work, we design a porous nanocomposite fabric (PNF) with strong charge accumulation capacity through a facile dry-casting method and use it as a tribopos. material to construct attractive wearable triboelec. nanogenerators (abbreviated as TENGs). Specifically, the porous nanocomposite is developed by the incorporation of nano-Al2O3 fillers into cellulose acetate networks. By adjusting the concn. of casting soln. and the content of nano-Al2O3 fillers, we systematically engineer the phys. properties of the PNF for obtaining a large triboelec. charge yield. When a 10 wt % soln. concn. and 10 wt % nanofiller content are adopted for the PNF, the corresponding PNF-TENG can deliver an elec. performance of ~ 2.5 mW/cm2 on a 0.8 MΩ external resistor. This remarkable output can be ascribed to the synergistic effect between the appropriate porous network and improved dielec. properties of the nanocomposite. Moreover, the PNF-TENG also exhibits good reliable elec. outputs under multiple stain-washing measurements or after experiencing cyclical contact-sepn. 13,500 times. Also, the device is capable of charging various capacitors, lighting LED arrays, and driving com. wrist watches and is proven to be an efficient and reliable green wearable power source. Furthermore, a PNF-TENG-based elbow supporter and a grip ball, as self-powered sensors, are proposed to realize real-time detection for human actions during sports exercise. This work proposes an eco-friendly nanocomposite fabric as an effective tribopos. material, verifies the feasibility of developing environmentally friendly wearable power sources and sensors, and provides new insights into the design of green wearable triboelec. nanogenerators.
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    375. 375
      Shabbir, I.; Lee, D.-M.; Choo, D. C.; Lee, Y. H.; Park, K. K.; Yoo, K. H.; Kim, S.-W.; Kim, T. W. A Graphene Nanoplatelets-Based High-Performance, Durable Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Harvesting the Energy of Human Motion. Energy Rep. 2022, 8, 1026– 1033,  DOI: 10.1016/j.egyr.2021.12.020
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    376. 376
      Cheong, J. Y.; Koay, J. S. C.; Chen, R.; Aw, K. C.; Velayutham, T. S.; Chen, B.; Li, J.; Foo, C. Y.; Gan, W. C. Maximizing the Output Power Density Enhancement of Solid Polymer Electrolyte Based-Triboelectric Nanogenerators Via Contact Electrification-Induced Ionic Polarization. Nano Energy 2021, 90, 106616,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106616
      376
      Maximizing the output power density enhancement of solid polymer electrolyte based-triboelectric nanogenerators via contact electrification-induced ionic polarization
      Cheong, Jian Ye; Koay, Jason Soon Chye; Chen, Ruihao; Aw, Kean Chin; Velayutham, Thamil Selvi; Chen, Binghui; Li, Jing; Foo, Chuan Yi; Gan, Wee Chen
      Nano Energy (2021), 90 (Part_B), 106616CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) have long been considered as a promising soln. to meet the increasing energy demands caused by technol. advancements. A notable recent approach to improve the output power of TENGs is by utilizing solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) as the contact layers. However, the enhancement mechanism brought by the ionic species doped in SPEs was not clearly explained. Herein, polyvinyl alc. (PVA) was subsequently doped with different ionic species to form PVA-SPEs, which were then paired with silicone rubber (SR) in contact-sepn. mode TENGs. The effect of different ionic species was investigated using two general classes of PVA-SPEs, i.e. cation-SPEs and anion-SPEs. Among the various PVA-SPEs, PVA-CaCl2 and PVA-NaNO3 provided the largest enhancements in elec. outputs for cation- and anion-SPEs resp., recording avs. of 95% and 90% increments. The addn. of ionic species creates an internal ionic polarization within the PVA-SPEs, thus increasing their dielec. consts. and ultimately the elec. outputs. Upon contact electrification (CE), the surface charges and electrostatically induced charges on the electrode generates an external elec. field across the PVA-SPEs, hence inducing an internal ionic polarization field due to ionic migration. Due to the presence of the internal ionic polarization field, the difference in the highest electrons' energies (ΔE) between PVA-SPE and SR increases, which consequently enhances the electron transfer during CE. The enhancement mechanism is elucidated by a modified overlapped electron cloud (OEC) model. This model is supported by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) study in which the potential differences after CE of PVA-SPEs are much higher compared to pristine PVA. A max. power d. of 11.3 W/m2 was recorded for PVA-CaCl2/SR, which is a 180% increase over that of pristine PVA/SR. This work demonstrates a reliable and straightforward method to enhance the elec. power output of TENGs. Moreover, an in-depth understanding on the enhancement mechanism by an internal ionic polarization field is provided, hence unfolding a new paradigm for polymer-based TENGs.
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    377. 377
      Jarvis, N. L.; Scheiman, M. A. Surface Potentials of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions. J. Phys. Chem. 1968, 72, 74– 78,  DOI: 10.1021/j100847a014
      377
      Surface potentials of aqueous electrolyte solutions
      Jarvis, Neldon L.; Scheiman, Milton A.
      Journal of Physical Chemistry (1968), 72 (1), 74-8CODEN: JPCHAX; ISSN:0022-3654.
      The effect of added electrolytes on the surface potential of water was detd. by using the radioactive-electrode technique. Changes in surface potential, Δ V, varied from 64 mv. for Na2SO4 at 1.8m to -180 mv. for NaSCN at 7.5m. The Group IA chlorides in water gave surface-potential differences that decreased in the order K+ = NH4+ > Na+ > Li+, while the surface potentials of the Group IIA cations decreased in the order Ba2+ > Sr2+ > Mg2+. At a const. anion concn. of 2m, the surface-potential differences due to the sodium salts were in the order SO42- > CO32- > CH3COO- > Cl- > NO3- > Br- > I- > SCN-. In general, the anion with the smallest hydration energy gave the greatest decrease in surface potential. The magnitude of each surface-potential change, however, does not appear to be a simple function of the hydration energy. The surface-potential changes must also involve the orientation and structure of the water mols. at the water-air interface, which may be only partially dependent upon the ionic properties as detd. in bulk soln. 21 references.
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    378. 378
      Lowell, J.; Truscott, W. Triboelectrification of identical insulators. II. Theory and further experiments. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 1986, 19, 1281– 1298,  DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/19/7/018
      378
      Triboelectrification of identical insulators. II. Theory and further experiments
      Lowell, J.; Truscott, W. S.
      Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics (1986), 19 (7), 1281-98CODEN: JPAPBE; ISSN:0022-3727.
      It is not necessary to invoke any phys. distinction between the 2 insulators to explain charge transfer. Certain electron distributions can result in net charge transfer during asym. rubbing even though the temp. (and other phys. properties) remains exactly the same for the 2 surfaces. A quant. model is given which is capable of explaining a wide range of exptl. facts about charge transfer between identical insulators.
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    379. 379
      Simons, J. Coulomb Potentials Have Strong Effects on Anion Electronic States. J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 22314– 22324,  DOI: 10.1021/jp402474d
      379
      Coulomb Potentials Have Strong Effects on Anion Electronic States
      Simons, Jack
      Journal of Physical Chemistry C (2013), 117 (43), 22314-22324CODEN: JPCCCK; ISSN:1932-7447. (American Chemical Society)
      The Coulomb destabilization of intrinsic electron binding strengths and in forming repulsive Coulomb barriers (RCB) that can act to trap an excess electron are overviewed for a variety of anionic systems that include (i) multiply charged anions in which the charged sites are spatially well sepd., (ii) multiply charged anions that have neg. electron binding energies but in which the RCB decreases the rate of electron detachment, (iii) multiply charged superhalogen anions, (iv) pos. charged polypeptides in which pos. sites' Coulomb potentials stabilize antibonding orbitals allowing an electron to attach, (v) DNA duplex oligomers contg. a thymine dimer damage site that is repaired by electron attachment, and (vi) DNA fragments in which an electron attached to a base π* orbital results in formation of a strand break. Special attention is paid to the degree to which such Coulomb interactions are screened, esp. in the latter two cases.
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    380. 380
      Ccorahua, R.; Huaroto, J.; Luyo, C.; Quintana, M.; Vela, E. A. Enhanced-Performance Bio-Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Starch Polymer Electrolyte Obtained by a Cleanroom-Free Processing Method. Nano Energy 2019, 59, 610– 618,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.03.018
      380
      Enhanced-performance bio-triboelectric nanogenerator based on starch polymer electrolyte obtained by a cleanroom-free processing method
      Ccorahua, Robert; Huaroto, Juan; Luyo, Clemente; Quintana, Maria; Vela, Emir A.
      Nano Energy (2019), 59 (), 610-618CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      The study of triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) has focused widely on the issue of elevating triboelectrifying capacity. A new recently discovered phenomena of the use of polymers electrolytes for TENGs has been shown to be pos. However, this has not been studied yet in a wide range of materials. Renewable materials, such as biopolymer electrolytes, are still poorly understood regarding their relation to TENG performance. Herein, a polymer electrolyte starch-based bio-TENG was fabricated using a low-cost processing method. The films were elec. characterized at distinct loads, frequencies, thicknesses. Moreover, we complexed the starch polymer with CaCl2 to increase the triboelectrifying capacity and performance. Starch films at 0.5% of salt concn. reached the highest voltage output (1.2 V), exceeding by three-fold of the initial output of the non-complexed pristine biopolymer (0.4 V). Furthermore, the elec. output performance varies pos. at both thinner film thicknesses and elevated loads while moisture of films has been proved to be a crit. parameter in the elec. performance of TENGs, showing that well dried films performed a higher elec. output than moist samples. Furthermore, despite crack generation after fatigue, starch electrolyte films of TENGs showed an inalterable elec. performance suitable for a bunch of applications. To demonstrate one of these applications we achieved to turn on 100 LEDs using starch electrolyte and silicone ecoflex as opponents in a TENG.
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    381. 381
      Torres, F.; Troncoso, O.; Gamucci, O.; Corvaglia, S.; Brunetti, V.; Bardi, G. Immunological Properties of Andean Starch Films Are Independent of Their Nanometric Roughness and Stiffness. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2015, 75, 460– 466,  DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.02.008
      381
      Immunological properties of Andean starch films are independent of their nanometric roughness and stiffness
      Torres, F. G.; Troncoso, O. P.; Gamucci, O.; Corvaglia, S.; Brunetti, V.; Bardi, G.
      International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (2015), 75 (), 460-466CODEN: IJBMDR; ISSN:0141-8130. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Starch is a natural material extd. from roots, seeds, stems and tubers of different plants. It can be processed as a thermoplastic to produce a variety promising products for biomedical applications, including foams, sheets and films. In the present work, we investigated the immunol. properties of microfilms prepd. with starches extd. from six different types of Andean potatoes and their relationship with the different film-surface features. We confirmed the biocompatibility of all the films using THP-1 human monocytes, noticing only slight decrease in cell viability in two of the tested starches. We also analyzed pro-inflammatory cytokine release and immune cell surface receptor modulation on THP-1 plated onto the films. Our data show differences in the immunol. profile of the same cells cultured onto the different starch films. Furthermore, we examd. whether the dissimilar stiffness or the nanometric roughness of the films might influence the immune stimulation of the THP-1 monocytes. Our results demonstrate no correlation between cultured THP-1 immune activation and surface film characteristics. We conclude that different Andean native potato starch films have specific ability to interact with cell membranes of immune cells, conceivably due to the different spatial localization of amylose and amylopectin in the diverse starches.
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    382. 382
      Torres, F.; Troncoso, O.; Torres, C.; Díaz, D.; Amaya, E. Biodegradability and Mechanical Properties of Starch Films from Andean Crops. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2011, 48, 603– 606,  DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.01.026
      382
      Biodegradability and mechanical properties of starch films from Andean crops
      Torres, F. G.; Troncoso, O. P.; Torres, C.; Diaz, D. A.; Amaya, E.
      International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (2011), 48 (4), 603-606CODEN: IJBMDR; ISSN:0141-8130. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Different Andean crops were used to obtain starches not previously reported in literature as raw material for the prodn. of biodegradable polymers. The twelve starches obtained were used to prep. biodegradable films by casting. Water and glycerol were used as plasticizers. The mech. properties of the starch based films were assessed by means of tensile tests. Compost tests and FTIR tests were carried out to assess biodegradability of films. The results show that the mech. properties (UTS, Young's modulus and elongation at break) of starch based films strongly depend on the starch source used for their prodn. We found that all the starch films prepd. biodegrade following a three stage process and that the wt. loss rate of all the starch based films tested was higher than the wt. loss rate of the cellulose film used as control.
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    383. 383
      Park, S.-J.; Seol, M.-L.; Kim, D.; Jeon, S.-B.; Choi, Y.-K. Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Nanostructured Metal Surface Using Water-Assisted Oxidation. Nano Energy 2016, 21, 258– 264,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.01.021
      383
      Triboelectric nanogenerator with nanostructured metal surface using water-assisted oxidation
      Park, Sang-Jae; Seol, Myeong-Lok; Kim, Daewon; Jeon, Seung-Bae; Choi, Yang-Kyu
      Nano Energy (2016), 21 (), 258-264CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      The performance of a triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) was effectively enhanced by forming nanostructures at the contacting interface. The contacting interface usually consists of metal and polymer surface, but the formation of nanostructures have only been actively studied for the polymer so far. In this work, a simple and effective route to forming nanostructures on the metal surface is proposed, using a water-assisted oxidn. (WAO) process. The one-step WAO process requires only hot water without any complicated equipment and treatment. Using the WAO process, densely packed micro and nanostructures were successfully formed on three target metal surfaces: aluminum, copper, and zinc. The output power of the TENG was enhanced after the nanostructure formation because of the increased contact area. The influence of the process conditions on the nanostructure morphol. was addnl. analyzed to maximize the output power. The simple and low-cost WAO process is advantageous in terms of practicality.
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    384. 384
      Xu, G.; Guan, D.; Fu, J.; Li, X.; Li, A.; Ding, W.; Zi, Y. Density of Surface States: Another Key Contributing Factor in Triboelectric Charge Generation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 5355– 5362,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21359
      384
      Density of surface states: Another key contributing factor in triboelectric charge generation
      Xu, Guoqiang; Guan, Dong; Fu, Jingjing; Li, Xinyuan; Li, Anyin; Ding, Wenbo; Zi, Yunlong
      ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2022), 14 (4), 5355-5362CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
      The triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) has been invented as a technol. for harvesting mech. energy, as well as for allocating quantized charge for scientific instruments. The charge generation of the TENG is mainly related to the triboelec. effect or contact electrification (CE) as usually described by the potential-well-electron-cloud model, while the triboelec. charge transfer is related to the difference in the occupied energy levels of electrons. However, in our expt., we obsd. an abnormal triboelec. charge generation phenomena between ternary materials, which cannot be explained by the occupied energy level difference only. To address this issue, we proposed the model based on the d. of surface states (DOSS) as another key contributing factor to the triboelec. charge generation. To demonstrate our model, we introduced an approach to measure the DOSS through applying external elec. field between two triboelec. surfaces. Our expts. confirmed the contribution of the DOSS to the triboelec. charge generation, with the derived charge d. consistent with the measured results, which verified our model. We also predicted that the FEP has the potential to achieve a high charge d. of ∼5.6 × 10-4 C/m2, which is close to the reported max. values. This study provides another key contributing factor to the triboelec. charge generation, which may provide a more complete model for guiding the material selection and modification to tailor the surface charge generated by the CE.
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    385. 385
      Huo, Z.-Y.; Kim, Y.-J.; Suh, I.-Y.; Lee, D.-M.; Lee, J. H.; Du, Y.; Wang, S.; Yoon, H.-J.; Kim, S.-W. Triboelectrification Induced Self-Powered Microbial Disinfection Using Nanowire-Enhanced Localized Electric Field. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 3693,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24028-5
      385
      Triboelectrification induced self-powered microbial disinfection using nanowire-enhanced localized electric field
      Huo, Zheng-Yang; Kim, Young-Jun; Suh, In-Yong; Lee, Dong-Min; Lee, Jeong Hwan; Du, Ye; Wang, Si; Yoon, Hong-Joon; Kim, Sang-Woo
      Nature Communications (2021), 12 (1), 3693CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)
      Abstr.: Air-transmitted pathogens may cause severe epidemics showing huge threats to public health. Microbial inactivation in the air is essential, whereas the feasibility of existing air disinfection technologies meets challenges including only achieving phys. sepn. but no inactivation, obvious pressure drops, and energy intensiveness. Here we report a rapid disinfection method toward air-transmitted bacteria and viruses using the nanowire-enhanced localized elec. field to damage the outer structures of microbes. This air disinfection system is driven by a triboelec. nanogenerator that converts mech. vibration to electricity effectively and achieves self-powered. Assisted by a rational design for the accelerated charging and trapping of microbes, this air disinfection system promotes microbial transport and achieves high performance: >99.99% microbial inactivation within 0.025 s in a fast airflow (2 m/s) while only causing low pressure drops (<24 Pa). This rapid, self-powered air disinfection method may fill the urgent need for air-transmitted microbial inactivation to protect public health.
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    386. 386
      Zhu, G.; Chen, J.; Liu, Y.; Bai, P.; Zhou, Y. S.; Jing, Q.; Pan, C.; Wang, Z. L. Linear-Grating Triboelectric Generator Based on Sliding Electrification. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 2282– 2289,  DOI: 10.1021/nl4008985
      386
      Linear-Grating Triboelectric Generator Based on Sliding Electrification
      Zhu, Guang; Chen, Jun; Liu, Ying; Bai, Peng; Zhou, Yu Sheng; Jing, Qingshen; Pan, Caofeng; Wang, Zhong Lin
      Nano Letters (2013), 13 (5), 2282-2289CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)
      The triboelec. effect is known for many centuries and it is the cause of many charging phenomena. However, it was not used for energy harvesting until very recently. Here the authors developed a new principle of triboelec. generator (TEG) based on a fully contacted, sliding electrification process, which lays a fundamentally new mechanism for designing universal, high-performance TEGs to harvest diverse forms of mech. energy in the authors' daily life. Relative displacement between two sliding surfaces of opposite triboelec. polarities generates uncompensated surface triboelec. charges; the corresponding polarization created a voltage drop that results in a flow of induced electrons between electrodes. Grating of linear rows on the sliding surfaces enables substantial enhancements of total charges, output current, and current frequency. The TEG is an efficient power source for simultaneously driving a no. of small electronics. The principle established in this work can be applied to TEGs of different configurations that accommodate the needs of harvesting energy and/or sensing from diverse mech. motions, such as contacted sliding, lateral translation, and rotation/rolling.
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    387. 387
      Seol, M. L.; Woo, J. H.; Lee, D. I.; Im, H.; Hur, J.; Choi, Y. K. Nature-Replicated Nano-in-Micro Structures for Triboelectric Energy Harvesting. Small 2014, 10, 3887– 3894,  DOI: 10.1002/smll.201400863
      387
      Nature-Replicated Nano-in-Micro Structures for Triboelectric Energy Harvesting
      Seol, Myeong-Lok; Woo, Jong-Ho; Lee, Dong-Il; Im, Hwon; Hur, Jae; Choi, Yang-Kyu
      Small (2014), 10 (19), 3887-3894CODEN: SMALBC; ISSN:1613-6810. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      Surface structures which evolved in nature were replicated by soft lithog. and were used to modify the contact interface of a triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG). These types of unique surface morphologies in nature are suitable for performance improvements in TENGs due to their very large effective contact areas stemming from their densely packed nano-in-micro hierarchical structures.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXpsVaksbc%253D&md5=3ecaba6909416b42d9e1d8984d655254
    388. 388
      Chen, G.; Xu, L.; Zhang, P.; Chen, B.; Wang, G.; Ji, J.; Pu, X.; Wang, Z. L. Seawater Degradable Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Blue Energy. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2020, 5, 2000455,  DOI: 10.1002/admt.202000455
      388
      Seawater Degradable Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Blue Energy
      Chen, Guangyao; Xu, Liang; Zhang, Panpan; Chen, Baodong; Wang, Gexia; Ji, Junhui; Pu, Xiong; Wang, Zhong Lin
      Advanced Materials Technologies (Weinheim, Germany) (2020), 5 (9), 2000455CODEN: AMTDCM; ISSN:2365-709X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      Triboelec. nanogenerators (TENG) have been proposed as the most promising technol. to harvest water wave energy, i.e., the so-called blue energy. Dielec. polymers are typically required for TENG to create static charges, which, however, may produce plastic litters to the ocean after its service. In this work, seawater degradable dielec. polymers are investigated for the applications in TENGs. A promising polymer blend (noted as PLA/PLGA), consisted from seawater-degrdn.-favorable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and nonseawater-degradable polylatic acid (PLA), shows a mild rate degrdn. in seawater and complete wt. loss within 9 mo. Furthermore, the PLA/PLGA is found to be tribo-pos. with excellent electrification properties, and is mech. robust. Then, a hollow-plate-shaped seawater degradable TENG (SD-TENG) is designed using PLA/PLGA as the electrification layer and Mg as the electrode, which demonstrates the ability to convert water wave vibration energy into electricity. This SD-TENG demonstrates a clean approach to exploit the ocean wave energy, and may supply power for future temporary marine instruments without maintenances and environmental damages.
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    389. 389
      Wang, S.; Zi, Y.; Zhou, Y. S.; Li, S.; Fan, F.; Lin, L.; Wang, Z. L. Molecular Surface Functionalization to Enhance the Power Output of Triboelectric Nanogenerators. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 3728– 3734,  DOI: 10.1039/C5TA10239A
      389
      Molecular surface functionalization to enhance the power output of triboelectric nanogenerators
      Wang, Sihong; Zi, Yunlong; Zhou, Yu Sheng; Li, Shengming; Fan, Fengru; Lin, Long; Wang, Zhong Lin
      Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability (2016), 4 (10), 3728-3734CODEN: JMCAET; ISSN:2050-7496. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
      Triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) have been invented as a new technol. for harvesting mech. energy, with enormous advantages. One of the major themes in their development is the improvement of the power output, which is fundamentally detd. by the triboelec. charge d. Besides the demonstrated phys. surface engineering methods to enhance this d., chem. surface functionalization to modify the surface potential could be a more effective and direct approach. In this paper, we introduced the method of using self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to functionalize surfaces for the enhancement of TENGs' output. By using thiol mols. with different head groups to functionalize Au surfaces, the influence of head groups on both the surface potential and the triboelec. charge d. was systematically studied, which reveals their direct correlation. With amine as the head group, the TENG's output power is enhanced by ∼4 times. By using silane-SAMs with an amine head group to modify the silica surface, this approach is also demonstrated for insulating triboelec. layers in TENGs. This research provides an important route for the future research on improving TENGs' output through materials optimization.
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    390. 390
      Song, G.; Kim, Y.; Yu, S.; Kim, M.-O.; Park, S.-H.; Cho, S. M.; Velusamy, D. B.; Cho, S. H.; Kim, K. L.; Kim, J. Molecularly Engineered Surface Triboelectric Nanogenerator by Self-Assembled Monolayers (Mets). Chem. Mater. 2015, 27, 4749– 4755,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b01507
      390
      Molecularly Engineered Surface Triboelectric Nanogenerator by Self-Assembled Monolayers (METS)
      Song, Giyoung; Kim, Younghoon; Yu, Seunggun; Kim, Min-Ook; Park, Sang-Hee; Cho, Suk Man; Velusamy, Dhinesh Babu; Cho, Sung Hwan; Kim, Kang Lib; Kim, Jongbaeg; Kim, Eunkyoung; Park, Cheolmin
      Chemistry of Materials (2015), 27 (13), 4749-4755CODEN: CMATEX; ISSN:0897-4756. (American Chemical Society)
      Self-powered energy harvesters using triboelec. effect and electrostatic induction were widely studied, leading in the materials viewpoint to numerous material pairs for facile charge sepn. upon repetitive contacts with elaborate topol. structures. Here, the authors present a simple but robust triboelec. platform based on a molecularly engineered surface triboelec. nanogenerator by self-assembled monolayers (METS). Triboelec. surface charge d. of a substrate was readily controlled by the variation of end-functional groups of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). In particular, by employing fluorine terminated SAMs, the authors are able to develop a METS with the max. open circuit voltage and short circuit current of 105 V and 27 μA, resp., under relatively gentle mech. contacts with the 3N vertical force at 1.25 Hz. The power d. of the device was 1.8 W/m2 at the load resistance of 10 MΩ >60 times greater than that of an unmodified dielec./Al device. Also, the authors' approach with SAMs was extended to various types of surfaces including fabrics of silk, cotton, and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and a PET film, and the results of single-friction-surface triboelec. nanogenerators with these materials offers a facile and universal guideline for designing triboelectic materials.
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    391. 391
      Kang, D.; Lee, H. Y.; Hwang, J.-H.; Jeon, S.; Kim, D.; Kim, S.; Kim, S.-W. Deformation-Contributed Negative Triboelectric Property of Polytetrafluoroethylene: A Density Functional Theory Calculation. Nano Energy 2022, 100, 107531,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107531
      391
      Deformation-contributed negative triboelectric property of polytetrafluoroethylene: A density functional theory calculation
      Kang, Donghyeon; Lee, Hyeon Yeong; Hwang, Joon-Ha; Jeon, Sera; Kim, Dabin; Kim, SeongMin; Kim, Sang-Woo
      Nano Energy (2022), 100 (), 107531CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a promising neg. triboelec. material used in high-performance triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs). To improve the triboelec. output of PTFE, an understanding of the triboelec. properties and electron transfer factor in PTFE is highly required. However, the triboelec. properties of PTFE have not been analyzed by considering the side effects during TENG operations (e.g., deformation). Here, we investigated the change in the triboelec. properties of PTFE due to mol. structure deformation, which is driven by contact force, using d. functional theory (DFT). The deformation of the mol. structure induces modification of the electronic structure and triboelec. properties. Using the linear and deformed PTFE models (80°, 70°, 60°), we detd. that the energy of the LUMO (LUMO) is decreased under deformation using the energy band diagram and d. of states (DOS) (linear: 5.831 eV, 80°: 5.358 eV, 70°: 4.028 eV, 60°: 1.729 eV). This implies that the deformation due to the contact force enhances its neg. triboelec. property (i.e., electron-accepting property). We analyzed this phenomenon because carbon in the deformation region has a strongly electron-deficient state, and the pos. local dipole due to that state is enhanced. In addn., we investigated the LUMO changes, in part, from anti-bonding orbital to a bonding orbital. Because the bonding orbital has a more stable energy state than the anti-bonding orbital, the energy level of the LUMO could be lowered.
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    392. 392
      Byun, K.-E.; Cho, Y.; Seol, M.; Kim, S.; Kim, S.-W.; Shin, H.-J.; Park, S.; Hwang, S. Control of Triboelectrification by Engineering Surface Dipole and Surface Electronic State. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 18519– 18525,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02802
      392
      Control of triboelectrification by engineering surface dipole and surface electronic state
      Byun, Kyung-Eun; Cho, Yeonchoo; Seol, Minsu; Kim, Seongsu; Kim, Sang-Woo; Shin, Hyeon-Jin; Park, Seongjun; Hwang, Sungwoo
      ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2016), 8 (28), 18519-18525CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
      Although triboelectrification is a well-known phenomenon, fundamental understanding of its principle on a material surface has not been studied systematically. Here, the authors demonstrated that the surface potential, esp. the surface dipoles and surface electronic states, governed the triboelectrification by controlling the surface with various electron-donating and -withdrawing functional groups. The functional groups critically affected the surface dipoles and surface electronic states followed by controlling the amt. of and even the polarity of triboelec. charges. As a result, only one monolayer with a thickness of less than 1 nm significantly changed the conventional triboelec. series. First-principles simulations confirmed the atomistic origins of triboelec. charges and helped elucidate the triboelectrification mechanism. The simulation also revealed for the first time where charges are retained after triboelectrification. This study provides new insights to understand triboelectrification.
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    393. 393
      Wang, C.-C.; Chang, C.-Y. Enhanced Output Performance and Stability of Triboelectric Nanogenerators by Employing Silane-Based Self-Assembled Monolayers. J. Mater. Chem. C 2020, 8, 4542– 4548,  DOI: 10.1039/D0TC00041H
      393
      Enhanced output performance and stability of triboelectric nanogenerators by employing silane-based self-assembled monolayers
      Wang, Chun-Chieh; Chang, Chih-Yu
      Journal of Materials Chemistry C: Materials for Optical and Electronic Devices (2020), 8 (13), 4542-4548CODEN: JMCCCX; ISSN:2050-7534. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
      Triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) that can harvest environmental mech. energy have been considered as a promising soln. in driving wearable electronics. In order to maximize the surface charge d., intense efforts have been devoted to the development of various geometrical micro-/nanostructures on the triboelec. surface. However, this approach generally has a low throughput and high cost, making it highly challenging for practical applications. In this study, we present a promising strategy to simultaneously enhance the performance and stability of TENGs by using silane-based self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Silane-based SAM mols., including fluorinated mols. with different nos. of fluorine (F) atoms and 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES), are employed as the surface modification layer for the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) dielec. layer and the aluminum (Al) electrode, resp. The trichlorosilane groups on these SAMs can hydrolyze to form a covalent bond with the substrate, providing the TENGs with admirable device characteristics. Among the fluorinated mols. investigated herein, the SAMs based on 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorododecyltrichlorosilane (F21) afford the highest output characteristics due to the most distinct difference in the ability to attract and transfer surface electrons from the Al layer to PDMS, delivering an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 600 V and a short circuit current (Isc) of 52μA. The device performance can be further improved by incorporating APTES SAMs on the Al surface, and a Voc of 873 V and an Isc of 78μA are attained. To the best of our knowledge, these characteristics represent the highest output performance ever reported for SAM-modified TENGs. Importantly, the resulting TENG also exhibits good durability, maintaining 96% of its initial voltage output after 250 000 cycles of repeated tests. More encouragingly, our strategy is also applicable for large-area TENGs. The present findings indicate that tailoring the at.-scale interfacial properties plays an important role in the development of high-performance and stable TENGs.
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    394. 394
      Sun, Q.; Wang, L.; Yue, X.; Zhang, L.; Ren, G.; Li, D.; Wang, H.; Han, Y.; Xiao, L.; Lu, G. Fully Sustainable and High-Performance Fish Gelatin-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Wearable Movement Sensing and Human-Machine Interaction. Nano Energy 2021, 89, 106329,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106329
      394
      Fully sustainable and high-performance fish gelatin-based triboelectric nanogenerator for wearable movement sensing and human-machine interaction
      Sun, Qizeng; Wang, Li; Yue, Xiaoping; Zhang, Linrong; Ren, Guozhang; Li, Donghai; Wang, Hongchen; Han, Yaojie; Xiao, Lulu; Lu, Gang; Yu, Hai-Dong; Huang, Wei
      Nano Energy (2021), 89 (Part_A), 106329CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) have been demonstrated promising as flexible, portable, and wearable devices in energy harvesting and self-powered sensing, providing a new possibility in wearable electronics and human-machine interaction. To reduce the environmental pollution, many sustainable and natural materials have been applied as friction materials in TENGs; however, it is still challenging to fabricate fully sustainable and high-performance TENGs, possibly due to the difficulty in choosing suitable sustainable friction pairs. Herein, we develop a general method to fabricate a flexible, transparent, fully sustainable, and high-performance fish gelatin-based TENG with its friction layers all composed of the fish gelatin films prepd. from kitchen waste fish scales. These films can degrade completely within 30 days in the soil. Modifying the two friction layers with dopamine and fluorinated silane resp. to serve as a promising triboelec. pair, the obtained TENG shows remarkable output performances, which could be further enhanced via surface structuralization and dimension optimization. An open circuit voltage of 500 V and a short circuit current of 4 μA are realized, and the power d. reaches up to 100 μW cm-2. To the best of our knowledge, the output voltage is much higher than that of the reported sustainable TENGs. Our fully sustainable TENG can directly light up 300 light-emitting diodes. Moreover, the device is also used in self-powered wearable sensing of human movements and in human-machine interaction. Our work demonstrates the great potential of utilizing the cost-efficient and sustainable fish scales in flexible, green, and wearable electronics, particularly in human-machine interaction.
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    395. 395
      Satulu, V.; Ionita, M. D.; Vizireanu, S.; Mitu, B.; Dinescu, G. Plasma Processing with Fluorine Chemistry for Modification of Surfaces Wettability. Molecules 2016, 21, 1711,  DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121711
      395
      Plasma processing with fluorine chemistry for modification of surfaces wettability
      Satulu, Veronica; Ionita, Maria Daniela; Vizireanu, Sorin; Mitu, Bogdana; Dinescu, Gheorghe
      Molecules (2016), 21 (12), 1711/1-1711/15CODEN: MOLEFW; ISSN:1420-3049. (MDPI AG)
      Using plasma in conjunction with fluorinated compds. is widely encountered in material processing. We discuss several plasma techniques for surface fluorination: deposition of fluorocarbon thin films either by magnetron sputtering of polytetrafluoroethylene targets, or by plasma-assisted chem. vapor deposition using tetrafluoroethane as a precursor, and modification of carbon nanowalls by plasma treatment in a sulfur hexafluoride environment. We showed that conformal fluorinated thin films can be obtained and, according to the initial surface properties, superhydrophobic surfaces can be achieved.
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    396. 396
      Curry, E. J.; Ke, K.; Chorsi, M. T.; Wrobel, K. S.; Miller III, A. N.; Patel, A.; Kim, I.; Feng, J.; Yue, L.; Wu, Q. Biodegradable Piezoelectric Force Sensor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2018, 115, 909– 914,  DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710874115
      396
      Biodegradable Piezoelectric Force Sensor
      Curry, Eli J.; Ke, Kai; Chorsi, Meysam T.; Wrobel, Kinga S.; Miller, Albert N., III; Patel, Avi; Kim, Insoo; Feng, Jianlin; Yue, Lixia; Wu, Qian; Kuo, Chia-Ling; Lo, Kevin W.-H.; Laurencin, Cato T.; Ilies, Horea; Purohit, Prashant K.; Nguyen, Thanh D.
      Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2018), 115 (5), 909-914CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)
      Measuring vital physiol. pressures is important for monitoring health status, preventing the buildup of dangerous internal forces in impaired organs, and enabling novel approaches of using mech. stimulation for tissue regeneration. Pressure sensors are often required to be implanted and directly integrated with native soft biol. systems. Therefore, the devices should be flexible and at the same time biodegradable to avoid invasive removal surgery that can damage directly interfaced tissues. Despite recent achievements in degradable electronic devices, there is still a tremendous need to develop a force sensor which only relies on safe medical materials and requires no complex fabrication process to provide accurate information on important biophysiol. forces. Here, we present a strategy for material processing, electromech. anal., device fabrication, and assessment of a piezoelec. poly-L-lactide (PLLA) polymer to create a biodegradable, biocompatible piezoelec. force sensor, which only employs medical materials used commonly in Food and Drug Administration-approved implants, for the monitoring of biol. forces. We show the sensor can precisely measure pressures in a wide range of 0-18 kPa and sustain a reliable performance for a period of 4 d in an aq. environment. We also demonstrate this PLLA piezoelec. sensor can be implanted inside the abdominal cavity of a mouse to monitor the pressure of diaphragmatic contraction. This piezoelec. sensor offers an appealing alternative to present biodegradable electronic devices for the monitoring of intraorgan pressures. The sensor can be integrated with tissues and organs, forming self-sensing bionic systems to enable many exciting applications in regenerative medicine, drug delivery, and medical devices.
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    397. 397
      Feiner, R.; Dvir, T. Tissue-Electronics Interfaces: From Implantable Devices to Engineered Tissues. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2018, 3, 17076,  DOI: 10.1038/natrevmats.2017.76
      397
      Tissue-electronics interfaces: from implantable devices to engineered tissues
      Feiner, Ron; Dvir, Tal
      Nature Reviews Materials (2018), 3 (1), 17076CODEN: NRMADL; ISSN:2058-8437. (Nature Research)
      A review. Biomedical electronic devices are interfaced with the human body to ext. precise medical data and to interfere with tissue function by providing elec. stimuli. In this Review, we outline physiol. and pathol. relevant tissue properties and processes that are important for designing implantable electronic devices. We summarize design principles for flexible and stretchable electronics that adapt to the mechanics of soft tissues, such as those including conducting polymers, liq. metal alloys, metallic buckling and meandering architectures. We further discuss technologies for inserting devices into the body in a minimally invasive manner and for eliminating them without further intervention. Finally, we introduce the concept of integrating electronic devices with biomaterials and cells, and we envision how such technologies may lead to the development of bionic organs for regenerative medicine.
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    398. 398
      Hong, Y. J.; Jeong, H.; Cho, K. W.; Lu, N.; Kim, D. H. Wearable and Implantable Devices for Cardiovascular Healthcare: From Monitoring to Therapy Based on Flexible and Stretchable Electronics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1808247,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201808247
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    399. 399
      Baumgartner, M.; Hartmann, F.; Drack, M.; Preninger, D.; Wirthl, D.; Gerstmayr, R.; Lehner, L.; Mao, G.; Pruckner, R.; Demchyshyn, S. Resilient yet Entirely Degradable Gelatin-Based Biogels for Soft Robots and Electronics. Nat. Mater. 2020, 19, 1102– 1109,  DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0699-3
      399
      Resilient yet entirely degradable gelatin-based biogels for soft robots and electronics
      Baumgartner, Melanie; Hartmann, Florian; Drack, Michael; Preninger, David; Wirthl, Daniela; Gerstmayr, Robert; Lehner, Lukas; Mao, Guoyong; Pruckner, Roland; Demchyshyn, Stepan; Reiter, Lisa; Strobel, Moritz; Stockinger, Thomas; Schiller, David; Kimeswenger, Susanne; Greibich, Florian; Buchberger, Gerda; Bradt, Elke; Hild, Sabine; Bauer, Siegfried; Kaltenbrunner, Martin
      Nature Materials (2020), 19 (10), 1102-1109CODEN: NMAACR; ISSN:1476-1122. (Nature Research)
      Biodegradable and biocompatible elastic materials for soft robotics, tissue engineering or stretchable electronics with good mech. properties, tunability, modifiability or healing properties drive technol. advance, and yet they are not durable under ambient conditions and do not combine all the attributes in a single platform. We have developed a versatile gelatin-based biogel, which is highly resilient with outstanding elastic characteristics, yet degrades fully when disposed. It self-adheres, is rapidly healable and derived entirely from natural and food-safe constituents. We merge all the favorable attributes in one material that is easy to reproduce and scalable, and has a low-cost prodn. under ambient conditions. This biogel is a step towards durable, life-like soft robotic and electronic systems that are sustainable and closely mimic their natural antetypes.
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    400. 400
      Han, W. B.; Lee, J. H.; Shin, J. W.; Hwang, S. W. Advanced Materials and Systems for Biodegradable, Transient Electronics. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 2002211,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002211
      400
      Advanced Materials and Systems for Biodegradable, Transient Electronics
      Han, Won Bae; Lee, Joong Hoon; Shin, Jeong-Woong; Hwang, Suk-Won
      Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2020), 32 (51), 2002211CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      A review. Transient electronics refers to an emerging class of advanced technol., defined by an ability to chem. or phys. dissolve, disintegrate, and degrade in actively or passively controlled fashions to leave environmentally and physiol. harmless byproducts in environments, particularly in bio-fluids or aq. solns. The unusual properties that are opposite to operational modes in conventional electronics for a nearly infinite time frame offer unprecedented opportunities in research areas of eco-friendly electronics, temporary biomedical implants, data-secure hardware systems, and others. This review highlights the developments of transient electronics, including materials, manufg. strategies, electronic components, and transient kinetics, along with various potential applications.
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    401. 401
      Irimia-Vladu, M. Green” Electronics: Biodegradable and Biocompatible Materials and Devices for Sustainable Future. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 588– 610,  DOI: 10.1039/C3CS60235D
      401
      "Green" electronics: biodegradable and biocompatible materials and devices for sustainable future
      Irimia-Vladu, Mihai
      Chemical Society Reviews (2014), 43 (2), 588-610CODEN: CSRVBR; ISSN:0306-0012. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
      A review. "Green" electronics represents not only a novel scientific term but also an emerging area of research aimed at identifying compds. of natural origin and establishing economically efficient routes for the prodn. of synthetic materials that have applicability in environmentally safe (biodegradable) and/or biocompatible devices. The ultimate goal of this research is to create paths for the prodn. of human- and environmentally friendly electronics in general and the integration of such electronic circuits with living tissue in particular. Researching into the emerging class of "green" electronics may help fulfill not only the original promise of org. electronics that is to deliver low-cost and energy efficient materials and devices but also achieve unimaginable functionalities for electronics, for example benign integration into life and environment. This Review will highlight recent research advancements in this emerging group of materials and their integration in unconventional org. electronic devices.
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    402. 402
      Chorsi, M. T.; Curry, E. J.; Chorsi, H. T.; Das, R.; Baroody, J.; Purohit, P. K.; Ilies, H.; Nguyen, T. D. Piezoelectric Biomaterials for Sensors and Actuators. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1802084,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802084
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    403. 403
      Hwang, S. W.; Park, G.; Cheng, H.; Song, J. K.; Kang, S. K.; Yin, L.; Kim, J. H.; Omenetto, F. G.; Huang, Y.; Lee, K. M. 25th Anniversary Article: Materials for High-Performance Biodegradable Semiconductor Devices. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 1992– 2000,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201304821
      403
      25th Anniversary Article: Materials for High-Performance Biodegradable Semiconductor Devices
      Hwang, Suk-Won; Park, Gayoung; Cheng, Huanyu; Song, Jun-Kyul; Kang, Seung-Kyun; Yin, Lan; Kim, Jae-Hwan; Omenetto, Fiorenzo G.; Huang, Yonggang; Lee, Kyung-Mi; Rogers, John A.
      Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2014), 26 (13), 1992-2000CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      We review recent progress in a class of silicon-based electronics that is capable of complete, controlled dissoln. when immersed in water or bio-fluids. This type of technol., referred to in a broader sense as transient electronics, has potential applications in resorbable biomedical devices, eco-friendly electronics, environmental sensors, secure hardware systems and others. New results reported here include studies of the kinetics of hydrolysis of nanomembranes of single cryst. silicon in bio-fluids and aq. solns. at various pH levels and temps. Evaluations of toxicity using live animal models and test coupons of transient electronic materials provide some evidence of their biocompatibility, thereby suggesting potential for use in bioresorbable electronic implants.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXjtVGrurg%253D&md5=551fcdfaf73405916ed68dbd654f8e26
    404. 404
      Kim, D.-H.; Viventi, J.; Amsden, J. J.; Xiao, J.; Vigeland, L.; Kim, Y.-S.; Blanco, J. A.; Panilaitis, B.; Frechette, E. S.; Contreras, D. Dissolvable Films of Silk Fibroin for Ultrathin Conformal Bio-Integrated Electronics. Nat. Mater. 2010, 9, 511– 517,  DOI: 10.1038/nmat2745
      404
      Dissolvable films of silk fibroin for ultrathin conformal bio-integrated electronics
      Kim, Dae-Hyeong; Viventi, Jonathan; Amsden, Jason J.; Xiao, Jianliang; Vigeland, Leif; Kim, Yun-Soung; Blanco, Justin A.; Panilaitis, Bruce; Frechette, Eric S.; Contreras, Diego; Kaplan, David L.; Omenetto, Fiorenzo G.; Huang, Yonggang; Hwang, Keh-Chih; Zakin, Mitchell R.; Litt, Brian; Rogers, John A.
      Nature Materials (2010), 9 (6), 511-517CODEN: NMAACR; ISSN:1476-1122. (Nature Publishing Group)
      Electronics that are capable of intimate, non-invasive integration with the soft, curvilinear surfaces of biol. tissues offer important opportunities for diagnosing and treating disease and for improving brain/machine interfaces. This article describes a material strategy for a type of bio-interfaced system that relies on ultrathin electronics supported by bioresorbable substrates of silk fibroin. Mounting such devices on tissue and then allowing the silk to dissolve and resorb initiates a spontaneous, conformal wrapping process driven by capillary forces at the biotic/abiotic interface. Specialized mesh designs and ultrathin forms for the electronics ensure minimal stresses on the tissue and highly conformal coverage, even for complex curvilinear surfaces, as confirmed by exptl. and theor. studies. In vivo, neural mapping expts. on feline animal models illustrate one mode of use for this class of technol. These concepts provide new capabilities for implantable and surgical devices.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXmtlWru7o%253D&md5=e0962a823ecb98b5f72715ac67f06572
    405. 405
      Choudhury, M. Postoperative Management of Vascular Surgery Patients: A Brief Review. Clin. Surg. 2017, 2, 1584,  DOI: 10.25107/2474-1647.1584
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    406. 406
      Zhu, B.; Wang, H.; Leow, W. R.; Cai, Y.; Loh, X. J.; Han, M. Y.; Chen, X. Silk Fibroin for Flexible Electronic Devices. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 4250– 4265,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201504276
      406
      Silk fibroin for flexible electronic devices
      Zhu, Bowen; Wang, Hong; Leow, Wan Ru; Cai, Yurong; Loh, Xian Jun; Han, Ming-Yong; Chen, Xiaodong
      Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2016), 28 (22), 4250-4265CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      Flexible electronic devices are necessary for applications involving unconventional interfaces, such as soft and curved biol. systems, in which traditional silicon-based electronics would confront a mech. mismatch. Biol. polymers offer new opportunities for flexible electronic devices by virtue of their biocompatibility, environmental benignity, and sustainability, as well as low cost. As an intriguing and abundant biomaterial, silk offers exquisite mech., optical, and elec. properties that are advantageous toward the development of next-generation biocompatible electronic devices. The utilization of silk fibroin is emphasized as both passive and active components in flexible electronic devices. The employment of biocompatible and biosustainable silk materials revolutionizes state-of-the-art electronic devices and systems that currently rely on conventional semiconductor technologies. Advances in silk-based electronic devices would open new avenues for employing biomaterials in the design and integration of high-performance biointegrated electronics for future applications in consumer electronics, computing technologies, and biomedical diagnosis, as well as human-machine interfaces.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXitVKrsbbM&md5=1344cfcc905591e5cb156f59ba5322cc
    407. 407
      Wang, Z. L.; Song, J. Piezoelectric Nanogenerators Based on Zinc Oxide Nanowire Arrays. Science 2006, 312, 242– 246,  DOI: 10.1126/science.1124005
      407
      Piezoelectric Nanogenerators Based on Zinc Oxide Nanowire Arrays
      Wang, Zhong Lin; Song, Jinhui
      Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2006), 312 (5771), 242-246CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
      We have converted nanoscale mech. energy into elec. energy by means of piezoelec. zinc oxide nanowire (NW) arrays. The aligned NWs are deflected with a conductive at. force microscope tip in contact mode. The coupling of piezoelec. and semiconducting properties in zinc oxide creates a strain field and charge sepn. across the NW as a result of its bending. The rectifying characteristic of the Schottky barrier formed between the metal tip and the NW leads to elec. current generation. The efficiency of the NW-based piezoelec. power generator is estd. to be 17 to 30%. This approach has the potential of converting mech., vibrational, and/or hydraulic energy into electricity for powering nanodevices.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28XjtlKqu7g%253D&md5=a1d36c28165e8da3fba2f6d7b69de209
    408. 408
      Li, H.; Zhao, C.; Wang, X.; Meng, J.; Zou, Y.; Noreen, S.; Zhao, L.; Liu, Z.; Ouyang, H.; Tan, P. Fully Bioabsorbable Capacitor as an Energy Storage Unit for Implantable Medical Electronics. Adv. Sci. 2019, 6, 1801625,  DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801625
      408
      Fully Bioabsorbable Capacitor as an Energy Storage Unit for Implantable Medical Electronics
      Li Hu; Zhao Chaochao; Wang Xinxin; Meng Jianping; Zou Yang; Noreen Sehrish; Zhao Luming; Liu Zhuo; Ouyang Han; Tan Puchuan; Yu Min; Wang Zhong Lin; Li Zhou; Li Hu; Liu Zhuo; Fan Yubo; Li Hu; Liu Zhuo; Fan Yubo; Zhao Chaochao; Meng Jianping; Zou Yang; Zhao Luming; Ouyang Han; Tan Puchuan; Yu Min; Wang Zhong Lin; Li Zhou; Wang Zhong Lin; Li Zhou
      Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) (2019), 6 (6), 1801625 ISSN:2198-3844.
      Implantable medical electronic devices are usually powered by batteries or capacitors, which have to be removed from the body after completing their function due to their non-biodegradable property. Here, a fully bioabsorbable capacitor (BC) is developed for life-time implantation. The BC has a symmetrical layer-by-layer structure, including polylactic acid (PLA) supporting substrate, PLA nanopillar arrays, self-assembled zinc oxide nanoporous layer, and polyvinyl alcohol/phosphate buffer solution (PVA/PBS) hydrogel. The as-fabricated BC can not only work normally in air but also in a liquid environment, including PBS and the animal body. Long-term normal work time is achieved to 30 days in PBS and 50 days in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The work time of BC in the liquid environment is tunable from days to weeks by adopting different encapsulations along BC edges. Capacitance retention of 70% is achieved after 3000 cycles. Three BCs in series can light up 15 green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in vivo. Additionally, after completing its mission, the BC can be fully degraded in vivo and reabsorbed by a SD rat. Considering its performance, the developed BC has a great potential as a fully bioabsorbable power source for transient electronics and implantable medical devices.
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    409. 409
      Peng, J.; Kang, S. D.; Snyder, G. J. Optimization Principles and the Figure of Merit for Triboelectric Generators. Sci. Adv. 2017, 3, eaap8576  DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aap8576
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    410. 410
      De Santis, M. M.; Alsafadi, H. N.; Tas, S.; Bölükbas, D. A.; Prithiviraj, S.; Da Silva, I. A.; Mittendorfer, M.; Ota, C.; Stegmayr, J.; Daoud, F. Extracellular-Matrix-Reinforced Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting Human Tissue. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2005476,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005476
      410
      Extracellular-Matrix-Reinforced Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting Human Tissue
      De Santis, Martina M.; Alsafadi, Hani N.; Tas, Sinem; Boeluekbas, Deniz A.; Prithiviraj, Sujeethkumar; Da Silva, Iran A. N.; Mittendorfer, Margareta; Ota, Chiharu; Stegmayr, John; Daoud, Fatima; Koenigshoff, Melanie; Swaerd, Karl; Wood, Jeffery A.; Tassieri, Manlio; Bourgine, Paul E.; Lindstedt, Sandra; Mohlin, Sofie; Wagner, Darcy E.
      Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2021), 33 (3), 2005476CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      A review. Recent advances in 3D bioprinting allow for generating intricate structures with dimensions relevant for human tissue, but suitable bioinks for producing translationally relevant tissue with complex geometries remain unidentified. Here, a tissue-specific hybrid bioink is described, composed of a natural polymer, alginate, reinforced with extracellular matrix derived from decellularized tissue (rECM). rECM has rheol. and gelation properties beneficial for 3D bioprinting while retaining biol. inductive properties supporting tissue maturation ex vivo and in vivo. These bioinks are shear thinning, resist cell sedimentation, improve viability of multiple cell types, and enhance mech. stability in hydrogels derived from them. 3D printed constructs generated from rECM bioinks suppress the foreign body response, are pro-angiogenic and support recipient-derived de novo blood vessel formation across the entire graft thickness in a murine model of transplant immunosuppression. Their proof-of-principle for generating human tissue is demonstrated by 3D bioprinting human airways composed of regionally specified primary human airway epithelial progenitor and smooth muscle cells. Airway lumens remained patent with viable cells for one month in vitro with evidence of differentiation into mature epithelial cell types found in native human airways. rECM bioinks are a promising new approach for generating functional human tissue using 3D bioprinting.
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    411. 411
      Jang, S. R.; Kim, J. I.; Park, C. H.; Kim, C. S. Development of Y-Shaped Small Diameter Artificial Blood Vessel with Controlled Topography Via a Modified Electrospinning Method. Mater. Lett. 2020, 264, 127113,  DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2019.127113
      411
      Development of Y-shaped small diameter artificial blood vessel with controlled topography via a modified electrospinning method
      Jang, Se Rim; Kim, Jeong In; Park, Chan Hee; Kim, Cheol Sang
      Materials Letters (2020), 264 (), 127113CODEN: MLETDJ; ISSN:0167-577X. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Tissue-engineered small-diam. artificial blood vessels can provide a promising approach to substantially reduce the functional capacity and risk for vascular morbidity and mortality assocd. with vascular disease. Despite great achievements in this field over the last decade, the use of a small-diam. fibrous tubular scaffold with a diam. of less than 6 mm has remained elusive. To predict the success of small-diam. vascular transplantation in humans, various animal tests using microscale engineered vessels are needed. For these reasons, we developed a Y-shaped small diam. fibrous tubular graft (500μm < Φ < 6 mm) with topog. cue using a modified electrospinning technique. Also, the effects of the grafts on human endothelial cell (HUVEC) migration and proliferation were examd. under a fluorescence microscope using a z-stack function. The availability of suitable small-diam. and customized structure artificial vessel with nano to microscale topog. would increase the fraction of patients surgically treated.
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    412. 412
      Zhuang, Y.; Zhang, C.; Cheng, M.; Huang, J.; Liu, Q.; Yuan, G.; Lin, K.; Yu, H. Challenges and Strategies for in Situ Endothelialization and Long-Term Lumen Patency of Vascular Grafts. Bioact. Mater. 2021, 6, 1791– 1809,  DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.11.028
      412
      Challenges and strategies for in situ endothelialization and long-term lumen patency of vascular grafts
      Zhuang, Yu; Zhang, Chenglong; Cheng, Mengjia; Huang, Jinyang; Liu, Qingcheng; Yuan, Guangyin; Lin, Kaili; Yu, Hongbo
      Bioactive Materials (2021), 6 (6), 1791-1809CODEN: BMIAD4; ISSN:2452-199X. (Elsevier B.V.)
      A review. Vascular diseases are the most prevalent cause of ischemic necrosis of tissue and organ, which even result in dysfunction and death. Vascular regeneration or artificial vascular graft, as the conventional treatment modality, has received keen attentions. However, small-diam. (diam. < 4 mm) vascular grafts have a high risk of thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia (IH), which makes long-term lumen patency challengeable. Endothelial cells (ECs) form the inner endothelium layer, and are crucial for anti-coagulation and thrombogenesis. Thus, promoting in situ endothelialization in vascular graft remodeling takes top priority, which requires recruitment of endothelia progenitor cells (EPCs), migration, adhesion, proliferation and activation of EPCs and ECs. Chemotaxis aimed at ligands on EPC surface can be utilized for EPC homing, while nanofibrous structure, biocompatible surface and cell-capturing mols. on graft surface can be applied for cell adhesion. Moreover, cell orientation can be regulated by topog. of scaffold, and cell bioactivity can be modulated by growth factors and therapeutic genes. Addnl., surface modification can also reduce thrombogenesis, and some drug release can inhibit IH. Considering the influence of macrophages on ECs and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), scaffolds loaded with drugs that can promote M2 polarization are alternative strategies. In conclusion, the advanced strategies for enhanced long-term lumen patency of vascular grafts are summarized in this review. Strategies for recruitment of EPCs, adhesion, proliferation and activation of EPCs and ECs, anti-thrombogenesis, anti-IH, and immunomodulation are discussed. Ideal vascular grafts with appropriate surface modification, loading and fabrication strategies are required in further studies.
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    413. 413
      Schwarz, E. L.; Kelly, J. M.; Blum, K. M.; Hor, K. N.; Yates, A. R.; Zbinden, J. C.; Verma, A.; Lindsey, S. E.; Ramachandra, A. B.; Szafron, J. M. Hemodynamic Performance of Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts in Fontan Patients. npj Regen. Med. 2021, 6, 38,  DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00148-w
      413
      Hemodynamic performance of tissue-engineered vascular grafts in Fontan patients
      Schwarz Erica L; Verma Aekaansh; Lindsey Stephanie E; Marsden Alison L; Kelly John M; Blum Kevin M; Zbinden Jacob C; Shin'oka Toshiharu; Breuer Christopher K; Kelly John M; Hor Kan N; Yates Andrew R; Shin'oka Toshiharu; Blum Kevin M; Zbinden Jacob C; Hor Kan N; Yates Andrew R; Lindsey Stephanie E; Marsden Alison L; Ramachandra Abhay B; Szafron Jason M; Humphrey Jay D; Shin'oka Toshiharu; Breuer Christopher K; Breuer Christopher K
      NPJ Regenerative medicine (2021), 6 (1), 38 ISSN:.
      In the field of congenital heart surgery, tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) are a promising alternative to traditionally used synthetic grafts. Our group has pioneered the use of TEVGs as a conduit between the inferior vena cava and the pulmonary arteries in the Fontan operation. The natural history of graft remodeling and its effect on hemodynamic performance has not been well characterized. In this study, we provide a detailed analysis of the first U.S. clinical trial evaluating TEVGs in the treatment of congenital heart disease. We show two distinct phases of graft remodeling: an early phase distinguished by rapid changes in graft geometry and a second phase of sustained growth and decreased graft stiffness. Using clinically informed and patient-specific computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, we demonstrate how changes to TEVG geometry, thickness, and stiffness affect patient hemodynamics. We show that metrics of patient hemodynamics remain within normal ranges despite clinically observed levels of graft narrowing. These insights strengthen the continued clinical evaluation of this technology while supporting recent indications that reversible graft narrowing can be well tolerated, thus suggesting caution before intervening clinically.
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    414. 414
      Wälchli, T.; Bisschop, J.; Miettinen, A.; Ulmann-Schuler, A.; Hintermüller, C.; Meyer, E. P.; Krucker, T.; Wälchli, R.; Monnier, P. P.; Carmeliet, P. Hierarchical Imaging and Computational Analysis of Three-Dimensional Vascular Network Architecture in the Entire Postnatal and Adult Mouse Brain. Nat. Protoc. 2021, 16, 4564– 4610,  DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00587-1
      414
      Hierarchical imaging and computational analysis of three-dimensional vascular network architecture in the entire postnatal and adult mouse brain
      Walchli, Thomas; Bisschop, Jeroen; Miettinen, Arttu; Ulmann-Schuler, Alexandra; Hintermuller, Christoph; Meyer, Eric P.; Krucker, Thomas; Walchli, Regula; Monnier, Philippe P.; Carmeliet, Peter; Vogel, Johannes; Stampanoni, Marco
      Nature Protocols (2021), 16 (10), 4564-4610CODEN: NPARDW; ISSN:1750-2799. (Nature Portfolio)
      The formation of new blood vessels and the establishment of vascular networks are crucial during brain development, in the adult healthy brain, as well as in various diseases of the central nervous system. Here, we describe a step-by-step protocol for our recently developed method that enables hierarchical imaging and computational anal. of vascular networks in postnatal and adult mouse brains. The different stages of the procedure include resin-based vascular corrosion casting, SEM, synchrotron radiation and desktop microcomputed tomog. imaging, and computational network anal. Combining these methods enables detailed visualization and quantification of the 3D brain vasculature. Network features such as vascular vol. fraction, branch point d., vessel diam., length, tortuosity and directionality as well as extravascular distance can be obtained at any developmental stage from the early postnatal to the adult brain. This approach can be used to provide a detailed morphol. atlas of the entire mouse brain vasculature at both the postnatal and the adult stage of development. Our protocol allows the characterization of brain vascular networks sep. for capillaries and noncapillaries. The entire protocol, from mouse perfusion to vessel network anal., takes ∼10 d.
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    415. 415
      Scharfman, H. E. Metabolic Control of Epilepsy. Science 2015, 347, 1312– 1313,  DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa9607
      415
      Metabolic control of epilepsy
      Scharfman, Helen E.
      Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2015), 347 (6228), 1312-1313CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
      There is no expanded citation for this reference.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXmvVOku7g%253D&md5=b2c13d49510138d842b66dac1a3620d3
    416. 416
      Liu, C.; Li, J.; Che, L.; Chen, S.; Wang, Z.; Zhou, X. Toward Large-Scale Fabrication of Triboelectric Nanogenerator (Teng) with Silk-Fibroin Patches Film Via Spray-Coating Process. Nano Energy 2017, 41, 359– 366,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.09.038
      416
      Toward large-scale fabrication of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with silk-fibroin patches film via spray-coating process
      Liu, Chaoran; Li, Jiaqian; Che, Lufeng; Chen, Shaoqiang; Wang, Zuankai; Zhou, Xiaofeng
      Nano Energy (2017), 41 (), 359-366CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Over the past several years, the development of triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) has blossomed owing to many advantages such as the simple structure, high conversion efficiency and wide material selectivity. Currently, most of TENG devices are constructed with micro-structured surfaces using complicated manufg. processes. Owing to the lack of high-vol. manufg. scalability, it still remains a bottleneck to apply TENG into the com. products. In this work, we report the development of a novel TENG, which leverages on the regenerated, flexible, biocompatible, and highly transparent silk-fibroin as a triboelec. layer and can be deposited on a PET/ITO substrate (SF/PET/ITO) using a simple spray-coating process. The as-fabricated TENG exhibits a max. voltage of 213.9 V and a high power d. of 68.0 mW/m2 as a result of the ability of losing electrons and rough surface rendered by the silk-fibroin. We further demonstrate that this generator can charge a capacitor (10μF) to 4.5 V in 6 mins, and instantaneously light up as many as 100 com. LED bulbs. We anticipate that the large-scale fabrication of silk-fibroin-based TENGs will serve as a promising system for electricity generation with an extremely low cost to com. applications.
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    417. 417
      Ouyang, H.; Liu, Z.; Li, N.; Shi, B.; Zou, Y.; Xie, F.; Ma, Y.; Li, Z.; Li, H.; Zheng, Q. Symbiotic Cardiac Pacemaker. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 1821,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09851-1
      417
      Symbiotic cardiac pacemaker
      Ouyang Han; Liu Zhuo; Shi Bojing; Zou Yang; Li Zhe; Li Hu; Zheng Qiang; Qu Xuecheng; Wang Zhong Lin; Zhang Hao; Li Zhou; Ouyang Han; Zou Yang; Li Zhe; Zheng Qiang; Qu Xuecheng; Wang Zhong Lin; Li Zhou; Liu Zhuo; Shi Bojing; Li Hu; Fan Yubo; Li Ning; Xie Feng; Ma Ye; Zhang Hao; Wang Zhong Lin
      Nature communications (2019), 10 (1), 1821 ISSN:.
      Self-powered implantable medical electronic devices that harvest biomechanical energy from cardiac motion, respiratory movement and blood flow are part of a paradigm shift that is on the horizon. Here, we demonstrate a fully implanted symbiotic pacemaker based on an implantable triboelectric nanogenerator, which achieves energy harvesting and storage as well as cardiac pacing on a large-animal scale. The symbiotic pacemaker successfully corrects sinus arrhythmia and prevents deterioration. The open circuit voltage of an implantable triboelectric nanogenerator reaches up to 65.2 V. The energy harvested from each cardiac motion cycle is 0.495 μJ, which is higher than the required endocardial pacing threshold energy (0.377 μJ). Implantable triboelectric nanogenerators for implantable medical devices offer advantages of excellent output performance, high power density, and good durability, and are expected to find application in fields of treatment and diagnosis as in vivo symbiotic bioelectronics.
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    418. 418
      Kirson, E. D.; Dbalý, V.; Tovaryš, F.; Vymazal, J.; Soustiel, J. F.; Itzhaki, A.; Mordechovich, D.; Steinberg-Shapira, S.; Gurvich, Z.; Schneiderman, R. Alternating Electric Fields Arrest Cell Proliferation in Animal Tumor Models and Human Brain Tumors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2007, 104, 10152– 10157,  DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702916104
      418
      Alternating electric fields arrest cell proliferation in animal tumor models and human brain tumors
      Kirson, Eilon D.; Dbaly, Vladimir; Tovarys, Frantisek; Vymazal, Josef; Soustiel, Jean F.; Itzhaki, Aviran; Mordechovich, Daniel; Steinberg-Shapira, Shirley; Gurvich, Zoya; Schneiderman, Rosa; Wasserman, Yoram; Salzberg, Marc; Ryffel, Bernhard; Goldsher, Dorit; Dekel, Erez; Palti, Yoram
      Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2007), 104 (24), 10152-10157CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)
      The authors have recently shown that low intensity, intermediate frequency, elec. fields inhibit by an anti-microtubule mechanism of action, cancerous cell growth in vitro. Using implanted electrodes, these fields were also shown to inhibit the growth of dermal tumors in mice. The present study extends these findings to addnl. cell lines [human breast carcinoma; MDA-MB-231, and human non-small-cell lung carcinoma (H1299)] and to animal tumor models (intradermal B16F1 melanoma and intracranial F-98 glioma) using external insulated electrodes. These findings led to the initiation of a pilot clin. trial of the effects of TTFields in 10 patients with recurrent glioblastoma (GBM). Median time to disease progression in these patients was 26.1 wk and median overall survival was 62.2 wk. These time to disease progression and OS values are more than double the reported medians of historical control patients. No device-related serious adverse events were seen after >70 mo of cumulative treatment in all of the patients. The only device-related side effect seen was a mild to moderate contact dermatitis beneath the field delivering electrodes. The authors conclude that TTFields are a safe and effective new treatment modality which effectively slows down tumor growth in vitro, in vivo and, as demonstrated here, in human cancer patients.
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    419. 419
      Kirson, E. D.; Gurvich, Z.; Schneiderman, R.; Dekel, E.; Itzhaki, A.; Wasserman, Y.; Schatzberger, R.; Palti, Y. Disruption of Cancer Cell Replication by Alternating Electric Fields. Cancer Res. 2004, 64, 3288– 3295,  DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0083
      419
      Disruption of Cancer Cell Replication by Alternating Electric Fields
      Kirson, Eilon D.; Gurvich, Zoya; Schneiderman, Rosa; Dekel, Erez; Itzhaki, Aviran; Wasserman, Yoram; Schatzberger, Rachel; Palti, Yoram
      Cancer Research (2004), 64 (9), 3288-3295CODEN: CNREA8; ISSN:0008-5472. (American Association for Cancer Research)
      Low-intensity, intermediate-frequency (100-300 kHz), alternating elec. fields, delivered by means of insulated electrodes, were found to have a profound inhibitory effect on the growth rate of a variety of human and rodent tumor cell lines (Patricia C, U-118, U-87, H-1299, MDA231, PC3, B16F1, F-98, C-6, RG2, and CT-26) and malignant tumors in animals. This effect, shown to be nonthermal, selectively affects dividing cells while quiescent cells are left intact. These fields act in two modes: arrest of cell proliferation and destruction of cells while undergoing division. Both effects are demonstrated when such fields are applied for 24 h to cells undergoing mitosis that is oriented roughly along the field direction. The first mode of action is manifested by interference with the proper formation of the mitotic spindle, whereas the second results in rapid disintegration of the dividing cells. Both effects, which are frequency dependent, are consistent with the computed directional forces exerted by these specific fields on charges and dipoles within the dividing cells. In vivo treatment of tumors in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice (B16F1 and CT-26 syngeneic tumor models, resp.), resulted in significant slowing of tumor growth and extensive destruction of tumor cells within 3-6 days. These findings demonstrate the potential applicability of the described elec. fields as a novel therapeutic modality for malignant tumors.
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    420. 420
      McCaig, C. D.; Rajnicek, A. M.; Song, B.; Zhao, M. Controlling Cell Behavior Electrically: Current Views and Future Potential. Physiol. Rev. 2005, 85, 943– 978,  DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00020.2004
      420
      Controlling cell behavior electrically: current views and future potential
      McCaig Colin D; Rajnicek Ann M; Song Bing; Zhao Min
      Physiological reviews (2005), 85 (3), 943-78 ISSN:0031-9333.
      Direct-current (DC) electric fields are present in all developing and regenerating animal tissues, yet their existence and potential impact on tissue repair and development are largely ignored. This is primarily due to ignorance of the phenomenon by most researchers, some technically poor early studies of the effects of applied fields on cells, and widespread misunderstanding of the fundamental concepts that underlie bioelectricity. This review aims to resolve these issues by describing: 1) the historical context of bioelectricity, 2) the fundamental principles of physics and physiology responsible for DC electric fields within cells and tissues, 3) the cellular mechanisms for the effects of small electric fields on cell behavior, and 4) the clinical potential for electric field treatment of damaged tissues such as epithelia and the nervous system.
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    421. 421
      FOULDS, I. S.; BARKER, A. T. Human Skin Battery Potentials and Their Possible Role in Wound Healing. Br. J. Dermatol. 1983, 109, 515– 522,  DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1983.tb07673.x
      421
      Human skin battery potentials and their possible role in wound healing
      Foulds I S; Barker A T
      The British journal of dermatology (1983), 109 (5), 515-22 ISSN:0007-0963.
      Measurements of transcutaneous voltage have been made on seventeen normal volunteers. The results show the presence of 'skin battery' voltages comparable in size to those previously reported for amphibian and mammalian skin. No correlation was found between battery voltage and age or sex in the group studied, but consistent anatomical variations were observed. The possible role of these voltages in the natural wound healing process is discussed.
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    422. 422
      Jia, N.; Yang, J.; Liu, J.; Zhang, J. Electric Field: A Key Signal in Wound Healing. Chin. J. of Plast. and Reconstr. Surg. 2021, 3, 95– 102,  DOI: 10.1016/S2096-6911(21)00090-X
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    423. 423
      Luo, R.; Liang, Y.; Yang, J.; Feng, H.; Chen, Y.; Jiang, X.; Zhang, Z.; Liu, J.; Bai, Y.; Xue, J. Reshaping the Endogenous Electric Field to Boost Wound Repair Via Electrogenerative Dressing. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2208395,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208395
      423
      Reshaping the Endogenous Electric Field to Boost Wound Repair via Electrogenerative Dressing
      Luo, Ruizeng; Liang, Yi; Yang, Jinrui; Feng, Hongqing; Chen, Ying; Jiang, Xupin; Zhang, Ze; Liu, Jie; Bai, Yuan; Xue, Jiangtao; Chao, Shengyu; Xi, Yi; Liu, Xiaoqiang; Wang, Engui; Luo, Dan; Li, Zhou; Zhang, Jiaping
      Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2023), 35 (16), 2208395CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      The endogenous elec. field (EF) generated by transepithelial p.d. plays a decisive role in wound reepithelialization. For patients with large or chronic wounds, neg.-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is the most effective clin. method in inflammation control by continuously removing the necrotic tissues or infected substances, thus creating a proproliferative microenvironment beneficial for wound reepithelialization. However, continuous neg.-pressure drainage causes electrolyte loss and weakens the endogenous EF, which in turn hinders wound reepithelialization. Here, an electrogenerative dressing (EGD) is developed by integrating triboelec. nanogenerators with NPWT. By converting the neg.-pressure-induced mech. deformation into electricity, EGD produces a stable and high-safety EF that can trigger a robust epithelial electrotactic response and drive the macrophages toward a reparative M2 phenotype in vitro. Translational medicine studies confirm that EGD completely reshapes the wound EF weakened by NPWT, and promotes wound closure by facilitating an earlier transition of inflammation/proliferation and guiding epithelial migration and proliferation to accelerate reepithelialization. Long-term EGD therapy remarkably advances tissue remodeling with mature epithelium, orderly extracellular matrix, and less scar formation. Compared with the golden std. of NPWT, EGD orchestrates all the essential wound stages in a noninvasive manner, presenting an excellent prospect in clin. wound therapy.
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    424. 424
      Tandon, N.; Cannizzaro, C.; Chao, P.-H. G.; Maidhof, R.; Marsano, A.; Au, H. T. H.; Radisic, M.; Vunjak-Novakovic, G. Electrical Stimulation Systems for Cardiac Tissue Engineering. Nat. Protoc. 2009, 4, 155– 173,  DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2008.183
      424
      Electrical stimulation systems for cardiac tissue engineering
      Tandon, Nina; Cannizzaro, Christopher; Chao, Pen-Hsiu Grace; Maidhof, Robert; Marsano, Anna; Au, Hoi Ting Heidi; Radisic, Milica; Vunjak-Novakovic, Gordana
      Nature Protocols (2009), 4 (2), 155-173CODEN: NPARDW; ISSN:1750-2799. (Nature Publishing Group)
      We describe a protocol for tissue engineering of synchronously contractile cardiac constructs by culturing cardiac cells with the application of pulsatile elec. fields designed to mimic those present in the native heart. Tissue culture is conducted in a customized chamber built to allow for cultivation of (i) engineered three-dimensional (3D) cardiac tissue constructs, (ii) cell monolayers on flat substrates or (iii) cells on patterned substrates. This also allows for anal. of the individual and interactive effects of pulsatile elec. field stimulation and substrate topog. on cell differentiation and assembly. The protocol is designed to allow for delivery of predictable elec. field stimuli to cells, monitoring environmental parameters, and assessment of cell and tissue responses. The duration of the protocol is 5 d for two-dimensional cultures and 10 d for 3D cultures.
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    425. 425
      Zuo, B.; Liu, L.; Wu, Z. Effect on Properties of Regenerated Silk Fibroin Fiber Coagulated with Aqueous Methanol/Ethanol. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2007, 106, 53– 59,  DOI: 10.1002/app.26653
      425
      Effect on properties of regenerated silk fibroin fiber coagulated with aqueous methanol/ethanol
      Zuo, Baoqi; Liu, Leigen; Wu, Zhengyu
      Journal of Applied Polymer Science (2007), 106 (1), 53-59CODEN: JAPNAB; ISSN:0021-8995. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
      Random coil silk fibroin membrane was designed to dissolve with HFIP, and regenerated silk fibroin fibers were obtained by wet spinning. The effect of coagulants (methanol and ethanol) on structure, mech. properties, and actinomyces biodegradability of regenerated silk fibroin fiber was investigated through X-ray diffraction, IR spectra, and TGA. The results showed that the effect on the structure and properties of regenerated silk fibroin fibers coagulated by methanol and ethanol was negligible, but the difference in actinomyces biodegradability in vitro was obvious.
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    426. 426
      Cieza, A.; Causey, K.; Kamenov, K.; Hanson, S. W.; Chatterji, S.; Vos, T. Global Estimates of the Need for Rehabilitation Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 2020, 396, 2006– 2017,  DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32340-0
      426
      Global estimates of the need for rehabilitation based on the Global Burden of Disease study 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
      Cieza, Alarcos; Causey, Kate; Kamenov, Kaloyan; Hanson, Sarah Wulf; Chatterji, Somnath; Vos, Theo
      Lancet (2020), 396 (10267), 2006-2017CODEN: LANCAO; ISSN:0140-6736. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Rehabilitation has often been seen as a disability-specific service needed by only few of the population. Despite its individual and societal benefits, rehabilitation has not been prioritised in countries and is under-resourced. We present global, regional, and country data for the no. of people who would benefit from rehabilitation at least once during the course of their disabling illness or injury. To est. the need for rehabilitation, data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 were used to calc. the prevalence and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) of 25 diseases, impairments, or bespoke aggregations of sequelae that were selected as amenable to rehabilitation. All analyzes were done at the country level and then aggregated to seven regions: World Bank high-income countries and the six WHO regions (ie, Africa, the Americas, Southeast Asia, Europe, Eastern Mediterranean, and Western Pacific). Globally, in 2019, 2.41 billion (95% uncertainty interval 2.34-2.50) individuals had conditions that would benefit from rehabilitation, contributing to 310 million [235-392] YLDs. This no. had increased by 63% from 1990 to 2019. Regionally, the Western Pacific had the highest need of rehabilitation services (610 million people [588-636] and 83 million YLDs [62-106]). The disease area that contributed most to prevalence was musculoskeletal disorders (1.71 billion people [1.;68-1.80]), with low back pain being the most prevalent condition in 134 of the 204 countries analyzed. To our knowledge, this is the first study to produce a global est. of the need for rehabilitation services and to show that at least one in every three people in the world needs rehabilitation at some point in the course of their illness or injury. This no. counters the common view of rehabilitation as a service required by only few people. We argue that rehabilitation needs to be brought close to communities as an integral part of primary health care to reach more people in need. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
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    427. 427
      Divanoglou, A.; Samuelsson, K.; Sjödahl, E. R.; Andersson, C.; Levi, R. Rehabilitation Needs and Mortality Associated with the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Population-Based Study of All Hospitalised and Home-Healthcare Individuals in a Swedish Healthcare Region. EClinicalMedicine 2021, 36, 100920,  DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100920
      427
      Rehabilitation needs and mortality associated with the Covid-19 pandemic: a population-based study of all hospitalised and home-healthcare individuals in a Swedish healthcare region
      Divanoglou Anestis; Samuelsson Assoc Prof Kersti; Levi Prof Richard; Sjodahl Prof Emer Rune; Andersson Christer
      EClinicalMedicine (2021), 36 (), 100920 ISSN:.
      BACKGROUND: This first report of the Linkoping Covid-19 Study (LinCoS) aimed at determination of Covid-19-associated mortality, impairments, activity and participation limitations denoting rehabilitation needs four months after discharge from hospital. METHODS: An ambidirectional population-based cohort study including all confirmed Covid-19 cases admitted to hospital during 1/03-31/05 and those living in home healthcare settings identified through a regional registry and evaluated through medical records, including WHO Clinical Progression Scale (CPS). All patients discharged from hospital were followed-up by structured telephone interview at 4 months post-discharge. Respondents indicated any new or aggravated persisting problems in any of 25 body functions and 12 activity/participation items and rated them for impact on daily life. FINDINGS: Out of 734 hospitalised patients, 149 were excluded, 125 died, and 460 were alive at 4-month follow-up of whom 433 (94.1%) were interviewed. In total, 40% reported impairments and activity/participation limitations affecting daily life and warranted further multi-professional rehabilitation assessment, predominantly those with severe disease and a considerable proportion of those with moderate disease. Cognitive and affective impairments were equally common in all groups and were reported by 20-40% of cases. Limb weakness was reported by 31%, with CPS 7-9 being four times more likely to report this problem as compared to CPS 4-5. 26% of those working or studying reported difficulties returning to these activities, this being 3.5 times more likely in CPS 7-9 as compared to CPS 4-5. 25% reported problems walking >1 km, with CPS 7-9 over three times more likely to report this as compared to the other two sub-groups. 90-day mortality rate of Covid-19 associated deaths was 15.1%. INTERPRETATION: Most rehabilitation needs after Covid-19 involved higher cerebral dysfunction both in patients with moderate and severe disease. This should be considered when designing services aiming at minimizing long-term disability. FUNDING: ALF grant and Region Ostergotland.
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    428. 428
      Barth, C. A. Meeting the Needs of People with Physical Disabilities in Crisis Settings. Bull. World Health Organ. 2019, 97, 790– 790A,  DOI: 10.2471/BLT.19.246918
      428
      Meeting the needs of people with physical disabilities in crisis settings
      Barth Cornelia Anne
      Bulletin of the World Health Organization (2019), 97 (12), 790-790A ISSN:.
      There is no expanded citation for this reference.
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    429. 429
      Wang, J.; Wang, H.; He, T.; He, B.; Thakor, N. V.; Lee, C. Investigation of Low-Current Direct Stimulation for Rehabilitation Treatment Related to Muscle Function Loss Using Self-Powered Teng System. Adv. Sci. 2019, 6, 1900149,  DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900149
      429
      Investigation of Low-Current Direct Stimulation for Rehabilitation Treatment Related to Muscle Function Loss Using Self-Powered TENG System
      Wang Jiahui; Wang Hao; He Tianyiyi; He Borong; Thakor Nitish V; Lee Chengkuo; Wang Jiahui; Thakor Nitish V; Lee Chengkuo; Wang Jiahui; Wang Hao; He Tianyiyi; He Borong; Thakor Nitish V; Lee Chengkuo; He Tianyiyi; Lee Chengkuo
      Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) (2019), 6 (14), 1900149 ISSN:2198-3844.
      Muscle function loss is characterized as abnormal or completely lost muscle capabilities, and it can result from neurological disorders or nerve injuries. The currently available clinical treatment is to electrically stimulate the diseased muscles. Here, a self-powered system of a stacked-layer triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and a multiple-channel epimysial electrode to directly stimulate muscles is demonstrated. Then, the two challenges regarding direct TENG muscle stimulation are further investigated. For the first challenge of improving low-current TENG stimulation efficiency, it is found that the optimum stimulation efficiency can be achieved by conducting a systematic mapping with a multiple-channel epimysial electrode. The second challenge is TENG stimulation stability. It is found that the force output generated by TENGs is more stable than using the conventional square wave stimulation and enveloped high frequency stimulation. With modelling and in vivo measurements, it is confirmed that the two factors that account for the stable stimulation using TENGs are the long pulse duration and low current amplitude. The current waveform of TENGs can effectively avoid synchronous motoneuron recruitment at the two stimulation electrodes to reduce force fluctuation. Here, after investigating these two challenges, it is believed that TENG direct muscle stimulation could be used for rehabilitative and therapeutic purpose of muscle function loss treatment.
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    430. 430
      Huo, Z. Y.; Lee, D. M.; Jeong, J. M.; Kim, Y. J.; Kim, J.; Suh, I. Y.; Xiong, P.; Kim, S. W. Microbial Disinfection with Supercoiling Capacitive Triboelectric Nanogenerator. Adv. Energy Mater. 2022, 12, 2103680,  DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202103680
      430
      Microbial Disinfection with Supercoiling Capacitive Triboelectric Nanogenerator
      Huo, Zheng-Yang; Lee, Dong-Min; Jeong, Jang-Mook; Kim, Young-Jun; Kim, Jihye; Suh, In-Yong; Xiong, Peixun; Kim, Sang-Woo
      Advanced Energy Materials (2022), 12 (15), 2103680CODEN: ADEMBC; ISSN:1614-6840. (Wiley-Blackwell)
      Water-borne diseases resulting from pathogen infection are esp. challenges in areas with inadequate sanitation and power supply. Here a novel disinfection system is developed for bacterial and viral inactivation in water using a self-powered supercoiling-mediated rotational triboelec. nanogenerator (S-TENG) as a power source to drive a new oxidn.-assisted electroporation mechanism. Owing to its rational design, the S-TENG achieves an ultrafast rotation (∼7500 rpm), therefore it enables a simultaneous nanowire-enhanced localized elec. field and generation of oxidative species resulting in high disinfection performance: >99.9999% microbial inactivation at a high flux of 15 000 L h-1 m-2. An integrated S-TENG-powered disinfection prototype using an enlarged electrode (area of 50 cm2) achieves complete disinfection when the gravity-driven natural water flows through the whole system at a high rate (1 L min-1). This rapid, self-powered water disinfection method is a potential soln. for urgent water disinfection needs during disasters and pandemics, and water disinfection in areas with inadequate power supply.
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    431. 431
      Oden, A.; McCloskey, E. V.; Kanis, J. A.; Harvey, N. C.; Johansson, H. Burden of High Fracture Probability Worldwide: Secular Increases 2010–2040. Osteoporosis Int. 2015, 26, 2243– 2248,  DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3154-6
      431
      Burden of high fracture probability worldwide: secular increases 2010-2040
      Oden A; McCloskey E V; Kanis J A; Harvey N C; Johansson H
      Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA (2015), 26 (9), 2243-8 ISSN:.
      UNLABELLED: The number of individuals aged 50 years or more at high risk of osteoporotic fracture worldwide in 2010 was estimated at 158 million and is set to double by 2040. INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to quantify the number of individuals worldwide aged 50 years or more at high risk of osteoporotic fracture in 2010 and 2040. METHODS: A threshold of high fracture probability was set at the age-specific 10-year probability of a major fracture (clinical vertebral, forearm, humeral or hip fracture) which was equivalent to that of a woman with a BMI of 24 kg/m(2) and a prior fragility fracture but no other clinical risk factors. The prevalence of high risk was determined worldwide and by continent using all available country-specific FRAX models and applied the population demography for each country. RESULTS: Twenty-one million men and 137 million women had a fracture probability at or above the threshold in the world for the year 2010. The greatest number of men and women at high risk were from Asia (55 %). Worldwide, the number of high-risk individuals is expected to double over the next 40 years. CONCLUSION: We conclude that individuals with high probability of osteoporotic fractures comprise a very significant disease burden to society, particularly in Asia, and that this burden is set to increase markedly in the future. These analyses provide a platform for the evaluation of risk assessment and intervention strategies.
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    432. 432
      Ruiz-Adame, M.; Correa, M. A Systematic Review of the Indirect and Social Costs Studies in Fragility Fractures. Osteoporosis Int. 2020, 31, 1205– 1216,  DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05319-x
      432
      A systematic review of the indirect and social costs studies in fragility fractures
      Ruiz-Adame M; Correa M
      Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA (2020), 31 (7), 1205-1216 ISSN:.
      Fragility fractures (FF) are the main clinical consequence of osteoporosis. FF lead to a loss in quality of life (QL), increased dependency and higher costs due to loss of productivity. Despite this, very few studies have been performed about the indirect or social costs of FF. The objective of this review was to systematically synthesize published evidence regarding indirect costs of FF. We conducted a systematic literature review of empirical studies published as peer review papers between 1998 and 2019. A total of 295 papers were found about costs and osteoporosis. After an iterative process, only 16 papers fit the criteria of selection. Despite the important consequences for QL, only seven studies have included research of the issue and only one about dependency. Treatments are cost-effective, but adherence is low. Multiple fractures, older age and low socioeconomic profile imply higher costs. Most studies are performed using the human capital methodology. The main two variables are loss of productivity and absenteeism. Most of the people included in the samples are out of the active population. Those studies that include a follow-up period vary in a range between 3 months and 2 years. Depending on sample and methodology, the indirect costs (IC) are between 2 and 50%. The direct costs associated with FF generally far outweigh the IC. There is a lack of studies about the effects of treatments and adherence and about the dependency system. The changing role of women in coming generations will increase indirect costs.
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    433. 433
      Amin, S.; Achenbach, S. J.; Atkinson, E. J.; Khosla, S.; Melton III, L. J. Trends in Fracture Incidence: A Population-Based Study over 20 Years. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2014, 29, 581– 589,  DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2072
      433
      Trends in fracture incidence: a population-based study over 20 years
      Amin Shreyasee; Achenbach Sara J; Atkinson Elizabeth J; Khosla Sundeep; Melton L Joseph 3rd
      Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (2014), 29 (3), 581-9 ISSN:.
      To assess recent trends in fracture incidence from all causes at all skeletal sites, we used the comprehensive (inpatient and outpatient) data resources of the Rochester Epidemiology Project to estimate rates for Olmsted County, MN, USA, residents in 2009 to 2011 compared with similar data from 1989 to 1991. During the 3-year study period, 2009 to 2011, 3549 residents ≥50 years of age experienced 5244 separate fractures. The age- and sex-adjusted (to the 2010 US white population) incidence of any fracture was 2704 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI] 2614 to 2793) and that for all fractures was 4017 per 100,000 (95% CI 3908 to 4127). Fracture incidence increased with age in both sexes, but age-adjusted rates were 49% greater among the women. Overall, comparably adjusted fracture incidence rates increased by 11% (from 3627 to 4017 per 100,000 person-years; p = 0.008) between 1989 to 1991 and 2009 to 2011. This was mainly attributable to a substantial increase in vertebral fractures (+47% for both sexes combined), which was partially offset by a decline in hip fractures (-25%) among the women. There was also a 26% reduction in distal forearm fractures among the women; an increase in distal forearm fractures among men aged 50 years and over was not statistically significant. The dramatic increase in vertebral fractures, seen in both sexes and especially after age 75 years, was attributable in part to incidentally diagnosed vertebral fractures. However, the fall in hip fracture incidence, observed in most age groups, continues the steady decline observed among women in this community since 1950. More generally, these data indicate that the dramatic increases in the incidence of fractures at many skeletal sites that were observed decades ago have now stabilized.
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    434. 434
      Pouresmaeili, F.; Kamali Dehghan, B.; Kamarehei, M.; Yong Meng, G. A Comprehensive Overview on Osteoporosis and Its Risk Factors. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag. 2018, 14, 2029– 2049,  DOI: 10.2147/TCRM.S138000
      434
      A comprehensive overview on osteoporosis and its risk factors
      Pouresmaeili, Farkhondeh; Kamalidehghan, Behnam; Kamarehei, Maryam; Goh, Yong Meng
      Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management (2018), 14 (), 2029-2049CODEN: TCRMA6; ISSN:1178-203X. (Dove Medical Press Ltd.)
      Osteoporosis is a bone disorder with remarkable changes in bone biol. material and consequent bone structural distraction, affecting millions of people around the world from different ethnic groups. Bone fragility is the worse outcome of the disease, which needs long term therapy and medical management, esp. in the elderly. Many involved genes including environmental factors have been introduced as the disease risk factors so far, of which genes should be considered as effective early diagnosis biomarkers, esp. for the individuals from high-risk families. In this review, a no. of important criteria involved in osteoporosis are addressed and discussed.
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    435. 435
      Reid, I. R. A Broader Strategy for Osteoporosis Interventions. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2020, 16, 333– 339,  DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-0339-7
      435
      A broader strategy for osteoporosis interventions
      Reid Ian R; Reid Ian R
      Nature reviews. Endocrinology (2020), 16 (6), 333-339 ISSN:.
      Approximately 50% of women experience at least one bone fracture postmenopause. Current screening approaches target anti-fracture interventions to women aged >60 years who satisfy clinical risk and bone mineral density criteria for osteoporosis. Intervention is only recommended in 7-25% of those women screened currently, well short of the 50% who experience fractures. Large screening trials have not shown clinically significant decreases in the total fracture numbers. By contrast, six large clinical trials of anti-resorptive therapies (for example, bisphosphonates) have demonstrated substantial decreases in the number of fractures in women not identified as being at high risk of fracture. This finding suggests that broader use of generic bisphosphonates in women selected by age or fracture risk would result in a reduction in total fracture numbers, a strategy likely to be cost-effective. The utility of the current bone density definition of osteoporosis, which neither corresponds with who suffers fractures nor defines who should be treated, requires reappraisal.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB383msFGqsQ%253D%253D&md5=5934cb2918e628f1f38faba328f42ccb
    436. 436
      Lorentzon, M. Treating Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: Current Concepts and Future Developments. J. Int. Med. 2019, 285, 381– 394,  DOI: 10.1111/joim.12873
      436
      Treating osteoporosis to prevent fractures: current concepts and future developments
      Lorentzon Mattias; Lorentzon Mattias
      Journal of internal medicine (2019), 285 (4), 381-394 ISSN:.
      Antiresorptive drugs, such as the bisphosphonates and the RANKL inhibitor denosumab, are currently the most widely used osteoporosis medications. These drugs increase bone mineral density (BMD) and reduce the risk of vertebral (by 40-70%), nonvertebral (by 25-40%) and hip fractures (by 40-53%) in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Due to the risk of rare side-effects, the use of bisphosphonates has been limited to up to 10 years with oral bisphosphonates and 6 years with intravenous zoledronic acid. Despite their well-proven efficacy and safety, few women at high risk of fracture are started on treatment. Case finding strategies, such as fracture risk-based screening in primary care using the fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) and Fracture Liaison Services, have proved effective in increasing treatment rates and reducing fracture rates. Recently, anabolic therapy with teriparatide was demonstrated to be superior to the bisphosphonate risedronate in preventing vertebral and clinical fractures in postmenopausal women with vertebral fracture. Treatment with the sclerostin antibody romosozumab increases BMD more profoundly and rapidly than alendronate and is also superior to alendronate in reducing the risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fracture in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. For patients with severe osteoporosis and high fracture risk, bisphosphonates alone are unlikely to be able to provide long-term protection against fracture and restore BMD. For those patients, sequential treatment, starting with a bone-building drug (e.g. teriparatide), followed by an antiresorptive, will likely provide better long-term fracture prevention and should be the golden standard of future osteoporosis treatment.
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    437. 437
      Skjødt, M. K.; Frost, M.; Abrahamsen, B. Side Effects of Drugs for Osteoporosis and Metastatic Bone Disease. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2019, 85, 1063– 1071,  DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13759
      437
      Side effects of drugs for osteoporosis and metastatic bone disease
      Skjodt Michael Kriegbaum; Abrahamsen Bo; Skjodt Michael Kriegbaum; Frost Morten; Frost Morten; Abrahamsen Bo
      British journal of clinical pharmacology (2019), 85 (6), 1063-1071 ISSN:.
      Osteoporosis is a common condition that leads to substantial morbidity and mortality and affects an increasing number of persons worldwide. Several pharmacological therapies that inhibit bone resorption, promote bone formation, or both, are available for the treatment of osteoporosis. The osteoanabolic treatment spectrum was recently expanded by the introduction of a novel bone-forming agent in the United States, and clinical trials indicate that a new class of bone anabolic therapy may become available. Both antiresorptive and bone anabolic therapies are associated with common and rare adverse effects, which are particularly important to address as these drugs are used for long-term treatment in numerous patients with a large proportion being elderly and/or having multimorbidity. In addition, antiresorptive drugs are used to inhibit bone resorption in patients with malignant hypercalcaemia or to prevent skeletal events in cancer patients, and bisphosphonates have been repurposed as a cancer preventive therapy. However, therapeutic doses are generally higher when antiresorptive drugs are used in the oncological setting, which influence the prevalence of adverse effects significantly. This review highlights key issues and controversies regarding adverse effects of currently available and emerging drugs used for osteoporosis and metastatic bone diseases.
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    438. 438
      McNeill, E. P.; Zeitouni, S.; Pan, S.; Haskell, A.; Cesarek, M.; Tahan, D.; Clough, B. H.; Krause, U.; Dobson, L. K.; Garcia, M. Characterization of a Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Matrix with Powerful Osteoregenerative Capabilities. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 3025,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16646-2
      438
      Characterization of a pluripotent stem cell-derived matrix with powerful osteoregenerative capabilities
      McNeill, Eoin P.; Zeitouni, Suzanne; Pan, Simin; Haskell, Andrew; Cesarek, Michael; Tahan, Daniel; Clough, Bret H.; Krause, Ulf; Dobson, Lauren K.; Garcia, Mayra; Kung, Christopher; Zhao, Qingguo; Saunders, W. Brian; Liu, Fei; Kaunas, Roland; Gregory, Carl A.
      Nature Communications (2020), 11 (1), 3025CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)
      Abstr.: Approx. 10% of fractures will not heal without intervention. Current treatments can be marginally effective, costly, and some have adverse effects. A safe and manufacturable mimic of anabolic bone is the primary goal of bone engineering, but achieving this is challenging. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), are excellent candidates for engineering bone, but lack reproducibility due to donor source and culture methodol. The need for a bioactive attachment substrate also hinders progress. Herein, we describe a highly osteogenic MSC line generated from induced pluripotent stem cells that generates high yields of an osteogenic cell-matrix (ihOCM) in vitro. In mice, the intrinsic osteogenic activity of ihOCM surpasses bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2) driving healing of calvarial defects in 4 wk by a mechanism mediated in part by collagen VI and XII. We propose that ihOCM may represent an effective replacement for autograft and BMP products used commonly in bone tissue engineering.
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    439. 439
      Zhang, Y.; Xu, L.; Liu, Z.; Cui, X.; Xiang, Z.; Bai, J.; Jiang, D.; Xue, J.; Wang, C.; Lin, Y. Self-Powered Pulsed Direct Current Stimulation System for Enhancing Osteogenesis in Mc3t3-E1. Nano Energy 2021, 85, 106009,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106009
      439
      Self-powered pulsed direct current stimulation system for enhancing osteogenesis in MC3T3-E1
      Zhang, Yingzi; Xu, Lingling; Liu, Zhuo; Cui, Xi; Xiang, Zhuo; Bai, Jinyu; Jiang, Dongjie; Xue, Jiangtao; Wang, Chan; Lin, Youxi; Li, Zhe; Shan, Yizhu; Yang, Yuan; Bo, Lin; Li, Zhou; Zhou, Xiaozhong
      Nano Energy (2021), 85 (), 106009CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Promoting the differentiation of osteoblasts is crit. to maintain bone homeostasis for treatment osteoporosis and fracture healing. For these orthopedic diseases, a portable, highly patient compliance therapy device remains a great challenge. Here, we proposed a biomech.-energy-driven shape memory piezoelec. nanogenerator (sm-PENG) that integrated with fixation splint to promote osteogenic differentiation. The pulsed d.c. (DC) generated from the sm-PENG effectively promote MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cell proliferation, orientation and increase intracellular calcium ion. At the same time, the ALP activity of cells is also improved by pulsed-DC under long-term culture conditions. Ultimately, increasing calcium deposition, extracellular matrix mineralization and osteogenesis. Our work demonstrates the potential of sm-PENG as a power source for pulsed-DC stimulation of bone repair, and shows great prospect self-powered and portable electronic medical device.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXns1entb0%253D&md5=2b69b46c18cdf1f9710530c82b33b869
    440. 440
      Tian, J.; Shi, R.; Liu, Z.; Ouyang, H.; Yu, M.; Zhao, C.; Zou, Y.; Jiang, D.; Zhang, J.; Li, Z. Self-Powered Implantable Electrical Stimulator for Osteoblasts’ Proliferation and Differentiation. Nano Energy 2019, 59, 705– 714,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.02.073
      440
      Self-powered implantable electrical stimulator for osteoblasts proliferation and differentiation
      Tian, Jingjing; Shi, Rui; Liu, Zhuo; Ouyang, Han; Yu, Min; Zhao, Chaochao; Zou, Yang; Jiang, Dongjie; Zhang, Jingshuang; Li, Zhou
      Nano Energy (2019), 59 (), 705-714CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related fractures were considered as worldwide diseases and arose wide public concern, the costs for incident osteoporosis-related fractures in United States is nearly $17 billion in 2005 [1], leading to large economic burden. Here, we proposed a self-powered flexible and implantable elec. stimulator, which consisting of a triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) and a flexible interdigitated electrode. It demonstrated that this self-powered elec. stimulator significantly promoted osteoblasts attachment, proliferation and differentiation, the level of intracellular Ca2+ was up-regulated after elec. stimulation. In addn., the self-powered elec. stimulator was further demonstrated to be driven by the daily movement of a rat, suggesting the practical use as an implantable medical electronic device to elec. induce osteoblasts differentiation and bone remodeling. Described above, the self-powered elec. stimulator probably could meddle bone homeostasis, alleviate osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related fractures. This work shows great progress not only for TENGs applications in implantable medical devices but also for clin. therapy of osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related fractures.
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    441. 441
      Tang, W.; Tian, J.; Zheng, Q.; Yan, L.; Wang, J.; Li, Z.; Wang, Z. L. Implantable Self-Powered Low-Level Laser Cure System for Mouse Embryonic Osteoblasts’ Proliferation and Differentiation. ACS Nano 2015, 9, 7867– 7873,  DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b03567
      441
      Implantable Self-Powered Low-Level Laser Cure System for Mouse Embryonic Osteoblasts' Proliferation and Differentiation
      Tang, Wei; Tian, Jingjing; Zheng, Qiang; Yan, Lin; Wang, Jiangxue; Li, Zhou; Wang, Zhong Lin
      ACS Nano (2015), 9 (8), 7867-7873CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)
      Bone remodeling or orthodontic treatment is usually a long-term process. It is highly desirable to speed up the process for effective medical treatment. In this work, a self-powered low-level laser cure system for osteogenesis is developed using the power generated by the triboelec. nanogenerator. It is found that the system significantly accelerated the mouse embryonic osteoblasts' proliferation and differentiation, which is essential for bone and tooth healing. The system is further demonstrated to be driven by a living creature's motions, such as human walking or a mouse's breathing, suggesting its practical use as a portable or implantable clin. cure for bone remodeling or orthodontic treatment.
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    442. 442
      Liu, H.; Du, Y.; St-Pierre, J.-P.; Bergholt, M. S.; Autefage, H.; Wang, J.; Cai, M.; Yang, G.; Stevens, M. M.; Zhang, S. Bioenergetic-Active Materials Enhance Tissue Regeneration by Modulating Cellular Metabolic State. Sci. Adv. 2020, 6, eaay7608  DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay7608
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    443. 443
      Perez, R. A.; Seo, S.-J.; Won, J.-E.; Lee, E.-J.; Jang, J.-H.; Knowles, J. C.; Kim, H.-W. Therapeutically Relevant Aspects in Bone Repair and Regeneration. Mater. Today 2015, 18, 573– 589,  DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2015.06.011
      443
      Therapeutically relevant aspects in bone repair and regeneration
      Perez, Roman A.; Seo, Seog-Jin; Won, Jong-Eun; Lee, Eun-Jung; Jang, Jun-Hyeog; Knowles, Jonathan C.; Kim, Hae-Won
      Materials Today (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2015), 18 (10), 573-589CODEN: MTOUAN; ISSN:1369-7021. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      A review. Over the past few years, attention has been focused on the therapeutic roles in designing bone scaffolds for successful repair and regeneration. Indeed, biol. dynamic events in the bone healing process involve many of the mols. and cells adherent to the scaffold. Recent bone scaffolds have been designed considering intrinsic chem. and phys. factors and exogenous/extrinsic cues that induce bone regeneration. Here, we attempt to topically review the current trends and to suggest featured strategies for the design of therapeutically relevant bone scaffolds taking into account recent studies and applications.
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    444. 444
      Choi, M.-C.; Jo, J.; Park, J.; Kang, H. K.; Park, Y. Nf-Κb Signaling Pathways in Osteoarthritic Cartilage Destruction. Cells 2019, 8, 734,  DOI: 10.3390/cells8070734
      444
      NF-κB signaling pathways in osteoarthritic cartilage destruction
      Choi, Moon-Chang; Jo, Jiwon; Park, Jonggwan; Kang, Hee Kyoung; Park, Yoonkyung
      Cells (2019), 8 (7), 734CODEN: CELLC6; ISSN:2073-4409. (MDPI AG)
      Osteoarthritis (OA) is a type of joint disease assocd. with wear and tear, inflammation, and aging. Mech. stress along with synovial inflammation promotes the degrdn. of the extracellular matrix in the cartilage, leading to the breakdown of joint cartilage. The nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) transcription factor has long been recognized as a disease-contributing factor and, thus, has become a therapeutic target for OA. Because NF-κB is a versatile and multi-functional transcription factor involved in various biol. processes, a comprehensive understanding of the functions or regulation of NF-κB in the OA pathol. will aid in the development of targeted therapeutic strategies to protect the cartilage from OA damage and reduce the risk of potential side-effects. In this review, we discuss the roles of NF-κB in OA chondrocytes and related signaling pathways, including recent findings, to better understand pathol. cartilage remodeling and provide potential therapeutic targets that can interfere with NF-κB signaling for OA treatment.
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    445. 445
      Peng, Z.; Sun, H.; Bunpetch, V.; Koh, Y.; Wen, Y.; Wu, D.; Ouyang, H. The Regulation of Cartilage Extracellular Matrix Homeostasis in Joint Cartilage Degeneration and Regeneration. Biomaterials 2021, 268, 120555,  DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120555
      445
      The regulation of cartilage extracellular matrix homeostasis in joint cartilage degeneration and regeneration
      Peng, Zhi; Sun, Heng; Bunpetch, Varitsara; Koh, Yiwen; Wen, Ya; Wu, Dongmei; Ouyang, Hongwei
      Biomaterials (2021), 268 (), 120555CODEN: BIMADU; ISSN:0142-9612. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      A review. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major cause of disability and socioeconomic loss worldwide. However, the current pharmacol. approaches used to treat OA are largely palliative. Being the hallmark of OA, the cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) destruction and abnormal homeostasis is gaining more attention as a therapeutic target in cartilage regeneration. Moreover, during the progression of OA, the cartilage ECM shows significant pathol. alternations, which can be promising biomarkers in identifying the pathol. stages of OA. In this review, we summarize the role of abnormal ECM homeostasis in the joint cartilage during OA. Furthermore, we provide an update on the cartilage ECM derived biomarkers and regenerative medicine therapies targeting cartilage ECM which includes preclin. animal models study and clin. trials.
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    446. 446
      Lin, W.; Klein, J. Recent Progress in Cartilage Lubrication. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2005513,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005513
      446
      Recent Progress in Cartilage Lubrication
      Lin, Weifeng; Klein, Jacob
      Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2021), 33 (18), 2005513CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      A review. Healthy articular cartilage, covering the ends of bones in major joints such as hips and knees, presents the most efficiently-lubricated surface known in nature, with friction coeffs. as low as 0.001 up to physiol. high pressures. Such low friction is indeed essential for its well-being. It minimizes wear-and-tear and hence the cartilage degrdn. assocd. with osteoarthritis, the most common joint disease, and, by reducing shear stress on the mechanotransductive, cartilage-embedded chondrocytes (the only cell type in the cartilage), it regulates their function to maintain homeostasis. Understanding the origins of such low friction of the articular cartilage, therefore, is of major importance in order to alleviate disease symptoms, and slow or even reverse its breakdown. This progress report considers the relation between frictional behavior and the cellular mech. environment in the cartilage, then reviews the mechanism of lubrication in the joints, in particular focusing on boundary lubrication. Following recent advances based on hydration lubrication, a proposed synergy between different mol. components of the synovial joints, acting together in enabling the low friction, has been proposed. Addnl., recent development of natural and bio-inspired lubricants is reviewed.
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    447. 447
      Murphy, M. P.; Koepke, L. S.; Lopez, M. T.; Tong, X.; Ambrosi, T. H.; Gulati, G. S.; Marecic, O.; Wang, Y.; Ransom, R. C.; Hoover, M. Y. Articular Cartilage Regeneration by Activated Skeletal Stem Cells. Nat. Med. 2020, 26, 1583– 1592,  DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-1013-2
      447
      Articular cartilage regeneration by activated skeletal stem cells
      Murphy, Matthew P.; Koepke, Lauren S.; Lopez, Michael T.; Tong, Xinming; Ambrosi, Thomas H.; Gulati, Gunsagar S.; Marecic, Owen; Wang, Yuting; Ransom, Ryan C.; Hoover, Malachia Y.; Steininger, Holly; Zhao, Liming; Walkiewicz, Marcin P.; Quarto, Natalina; Levi, Benjamin; Wan, Derrick C.; Weissman, Irving L.; Goodman, Stuart B.; Yang, Fan; Longaker, Michael T.; Chan, Charles K. F.
      Nature Medicine (New York, NY, United States) (2020), 26 (10), 1583-1592CODEN: NAMEFI; ISSN:1078-8956. (Nature Research)
      Abstr.: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease resulting in irreversible, progressive destruction of articular cartilage1. The etiol. of OA is complex and involves a variety of factors, including genetic predisposition, acute injury and chronic inflammation2-4. Here we investigate the ability of resident skeletal stem-cell (SSC) populations to regenerate cartilage in relation to age, a possible contributor to the development of osteoarthritis5-7. We demonstrate that aging is assocd. with progressive loss of SSCs and diminished chondrogenesis in the joints of both mice and humans. However, a local expansion of SSCs could still be triggered in the chondral surface of adult limb joints in mice by stimulating a regenerative response using microfracture (MF) surgery. Although MF-activated SSCs tended to form fibrous tissues, localized co-delivery of BMP2 and sol. VEGFR1 (sVEGFR1), a VEGF receptor antagonist, in a hydrogel skewed differentiation of MF-activated SSCs toward articular cartilage. These data indicate that following MF, a resident stem-cell population can be induced to generate cartilage for treatment of localized chondral disease in OA.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhs1Wru77M&md5=846080bebc70999a4469b603c0d6e05c
    448. 448
      Kwon, H.; Brown, W. E.; Lee, C. A.; Wang, D.; Paschos, N.; Hu, J. C.; Athanasiou, K. A. Surgical and Tissue Engineering Strategies for Articular Cartilage and Meniscus Repair. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 2019, 15, 550– 570,  DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0255-1
      448
      Surgical and tissue engineering strategies for articular cartilage and meniscus repair
      Kwon Heenam; Brown Wendy E; Hu Jerry C; Athanasiou Kyriacos A; Lee Cassandra A; Wang Dean; Paschos Nikolaos
      Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2019), 15 (9), 550-570 ISSN:.
      Injuries to articular cartilage and menisci can lead to cartilage degeneration that ultimately results in arthritis. Different forms of arthritis affect ~50 million people in the USA alone, and it is therefore crucial to identify methods that will halt or slow the progression to arthritis, starting with the initiating events of cartilage and meniscus defects. The surgical approaches in current use have a limited capacity for tissue regeneration and yield only short-term relief of symptoms. Tissue engineering approaches are emerging as alternatives to current surgical methods for cartilage and meniscus repair. Several cell-based and tissue-engineered products are currently in clinical trials for cartilage lesions and meniscal tears, opening new avenues for cartilage and meniscus regeneration. This Review provides a summary of surgical techniques, including tissue-engineered products, that are currently in clinical use, as well as a discussion of state-of-the-art tissue engineering strategies and technologies that are being developed for use in articular cartilage and meniscus repair and regeneration. The obstacles to clinical translation of these strategies are also included to inform the development of innovative tissue engineering approaches.
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    449. 449
      Li, S.; Liu, J.; Liu, S.; Jiao, W.; Wang, X. Chitosan Oligosaccharides Packaged into Rat Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Facilitating Cartilage Injury Repair and Alleviating Osteoarthritis. J. Nanobiotechnol. 2021, 19, 343,  DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01086-x
      449
      Chitosan oligosaccharides packaged into rat adipose mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles facilitating cartilage injury repair and alleviating osteoarthritis
      Li, Shenglong; Liu, Jie; Liu, Siyu; Jiao, Weijie; Wang, Xiaohong
      Journal of Nanobiotechnology (2021), 19 (1), 343CODEN: JNOAAO; ISSN:1477-3155. (BioMed Central Ltd.)
      This study aimed to investigate the roles of adipose mesenchymal stem cell (AMSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) binding with chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) in cartilage injury, as well as the related mechanisms. IL-1β treatment significantly inhibited the viability and migration of chondrocytes and enhanced cell apoptosis (P < 0.05), while chitosan oligosaccharides and extracellular vesicles-chitosan oligosaccharide conjugates (EVs-COS/EVs-COS conjugates) reversed the changes induced by IL-1β (P < 0.05), and the effects of extracellular vesicles-chitosan oligosaccharide conjugates were better than those of chitosan oligosaccharides (P < 0.05). After cartilage damage, IL-1β, OPN, and p53 were significantly upregulated, COL1A1, COL2A1, OCN, RUNX2, p-Akt/Akt, PI3K, c-Myc, and Bcl2 were markedly downregulated, and extracellular vesicles-chitosan oligosaccharide conjugates reversed the expression induced by cartilage injury. Through sequencing, 760 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) clustered into four expression patterns were assocd. with neg. regulation of the canonical Wnt, PI3K-Akt, AMPK, and MAPK signaling pathways. Extracellular vesicles-chitosan oligosaccharide conjugates may serve as a new cell-free biomaterial to facilitate cartilage injury repair and improve osteoarthritis.
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    450. 450
      Li, H.; Hu, C.; Yu, H.; Chen, C. Chitosan Composite Scaffolds for Articular Cartilage Defect Repair: A Review. RSC Adv. 2018, 8, 3736– 3749,  DOI: 10.1039/C7RA11593H
      450
      Chitosan composite scaffolds for articular cartilage defect repair: a review
      Li, Huijun; Hu, Cheng; Yu, Huijun; Chen, Chuanzhong
      RSC Advances (2018), 8 (7), 3736-3749CODEN: RSCACL; ISSN:2046-2069. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
      A review. Articular cartilage (AC) defects lack the ability to self-repair due to their avascular nature and the declined mitotic ability of mature chondrocytes. To date, cartilage tissue engineering using implanted scaffolds contg. cells or growth factors is the most promising defect repair method. Scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering have been comprehensively researched. As a promising scaffold biomaterial for AC defect repair, the properties of chitosan are summarized in this review. Strategies to composite chitosan with other materials, such as polymers (including collagen, gelatin, alginate, silk fibroin, poly-caprolactone, and poly-lactic acid) and bioceramics (including calcium phosphate, calcium polyphosphate, and hydroxyapatite) are presented. Methods to manuf. three-dimensional porous structures to support cell attachment and nutriment exchange have also been included.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXht1Gluro%253D&md5=37269fbade812c3f791b9727360cb452
    451. 451
      Merkely, G.; Ogura, T.; Ackermann, J.; Barbieri Mestriner, A.; Gomoll, A. H. Clinical Outcomes after Revision of Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation to Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation for Large Chondral Defects: A Comparative Matched-Group Analysis. Cartilage 2021, 12, 155– 161,  DOI: 10.1177/1947603519833136
      451
      Clinical Outcomes after Revision of Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation to Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation for Large Chondral Defects: A Comparative Matched-Group Analysis
      Merkely, Gergo; Ogura, Takahiro; Ackermann, Jakob; Barbieri mestriner, Alexandre; Gomoll, Andreas h.
      Cartilage (2021), 12 (2), 155-161CODEN: CARTCW; ISSN:1947-6035. (Sage Publications)
      Osteochondral allograft transplantation (OCA) is a well-established procedure for patients with symptomatic cartilage defects in the knee. Revision to OCA after prior failed cartilage repair has shown similar clin. outcomes as primary OCA; however, most of the failed procedures were arthroscopic procedures for smaller defects. There is no literature investigating the clin. outcomes after OCA for prior failed autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) for the treatment of large chondral defects of the knee. The purpose of this study was therefore to det. clin. outcomes of patients undergoing revision to OCA after prior failed ACI as compared with a matched cohort of patients undergoing OCA as a primary cartilage repair procedure (primary OCA). In this review of prospectively collected data, we analyzed data from 26 patients with at least 2 years follow-up. Thirteen patients who underwent revision to OCA after prior failed ACI by a single surgeon were compared with a matched group of patients who underwent primary OCA. The patients were matched per age, gender, body mass index, and defect size. Patient-reported outcomes, reoperations, and survival rates were compared between groups. There were no significant differences in patient-reported clin. outcome scores between the groups at final follow-up. Moreover, there was no significant difference in reoperation rates and survival rates between the groups. The present study demonstrates that revision to OCA is a viable treatment option with favorable functional outcomes and similar reoperation and survival rate as primary OCA even for revision of large chondral defects previously treated with ACI.
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    452. 452
      Crowley, S. G.; Swindell, H. W.; Saltzman, B. M.; Ahmad, C. S.; Popkin, C. A.; Trofa, D. P. Rehabilitation Variability Following Femoral Condyle and Patellofemoral Microfracture Surgery of the Knee. Cartilage 2021, 13, 1801S– 1813S,  DOI: 10.1177/19476035211025818
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    453. 453
      Guo, T.; Noshin, M.; Baker, H. B.; Taskoy, E.; Meredith, S. J.; Tang, Q.; Ringel, J. P.; Lerman, M. J.; Chen, Y.; Packer, J. D. 3D Printed Biofunctionalized Scaffolds for Microfracture Repair of Cartilage Defects. Biomaterials 2018, 185, 219– 231,  DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.09.022
      453
      3D printed biofunctionalized scaffolds for microfracture repair of cartilage defects
      Guo, Ting; Noshin, Maeesha; Baker, Hannah B.; Taskoy, Evin; Meredith, Sean J.; Tang, Qinggong; Ringel, Julia P.; Lerman, Max J.; Chen, Yu; Packer, Jonathan D.; Fisher, John P.
      Biomaterials (2018), 185 (), 219-231CODEN: BIMADU; ISSN:0142-9612. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      While articular cartilage defects affect millions of people worldwide from adolescents to adults, the repair of articular cartilage articular cartilage defects still remains challenging due to the limited endogenous regeneration of the tissue and poor integration with implants. In this study, we developed a 3D-printed scaffold functionalized with aggrecan that supports the cellular fraction of bone marrow released from microfracture, a widely used clin. procedure, and demonstrated tremendous improvement of regenerated cartilage tissue quality and joint function in a lapine model. Optical coherence tomog. (OCT) revealed doubled thickness of the regenerated cartilage tissue in the group treated with our aggrecan functionalized scaffold compared to std. microfracture treatment. H&E staining showed 366 ± 95 chondrocytes present in the unit area of cartilage layer with the support of bioactive scaffold, while conventional microfracture group showed only 112 ± 26 chondrocytes. The expression of type II collagen appeared almost 10 times higher with our approach compared to normal microfracture, indicating the potential to overcome the fibro-cartilage formation assocd. with the current microfracture approach. The therapeutic effect was also evaluated at joint function level. The mobility was evaluated using a modified Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scale. While the defect control group showed no movement improvement over the course of study, all exptl. groups showed a trend of increasing scores over time. The present work developed an effective method to regenerate crit. articular defects by combining a 3D-printed therapeutic scaffold with the microfracture surgical procedure. This biofunctionalized acellular scaffold has great potential to be applied as a supplement for traditional microfracture to improve the quality of cartilage regeneration in a cost and labor effective way.
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    454. 454
      Zhang, Y.; Liu, X.; Zeng, L.; Zhang, J.; Zuo, J.; Zou, J.; Ding, J.; Chen, X. Polymer Fiber Scaffolds for Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1903279,  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201903279
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    455. 455
      Lo, K. W.-H.; Jiang, T.; Gagnon, K. A.; Nelson, C.; Laurencin, C. T. Small-Molecule Based Musculoskeletal Regenerative Engineering. Trends Biotechnol. 2014, 32, 74– 81,  DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.12.002
      455
      Small-molecule based musculoskeletal regenerative engineering
      Lo, Kevin W.-H.; Jiang, Tao; Gagnon, Keith A.; Nelson, Clarke; Laurencin, Cato T.
      Trends in Biotechnology (2014), 32 (2), 74-81CODEN: TRBIDM; ISSN:0167-7799. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      A review. Clinicians and scientists working in the field of regenerative engineering are actively investigating a wide range of methods to promote musculoskeletal tissue regeneration. Small-mol.-mediated tissue regeneration is emerging as a promising strategy for regenerating various musculoskeletal tissues and a large no. of small-mol. compds. have been recently discovered as potential bioactive mols. for musculoskeletal tissue repair and regeneration. In this review, we summarize the recent literature encompassing the past 4 years in the area of small bioactive mols. for promoting repair and regeneration of various musculoskeletal tissues including bone, muscle, cartilage, tendon, and nerve.
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    456. 456
      Rathan, S.; Dejob, L.; Schipani, R.; Haffner, B.; Möbius, M. E.; Kelly, D. J. Fiber Reinforced Cartilage Ecm Functionalized Bioinks for Functional Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2019, 8, 1801501,  DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801501
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    457. 457
      Hong, H.; Seo, Y. B.; Kim, D. Y.; Lee, J. S.; Lee, Y. J.; Lee, H.; Ajiteru, O.; Sultan, M. T.; Lee, O. J.; Kim, S. H. Digital Light Processing 3D Printed Silk Fibroin Hydrogel for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Biomaterials 2020, 232, 119679,  DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119679
      457
      Digital light processing 3D printed silk fibroin hydrogel for cartilage tissue engineering
      Hong, Heesun; Seo, Ye Been; Kim, Do Yeon; Lee, Ji Seung; Lee, Young Jin; Lee, Hanna; Ajiteru, Olatunji; Sultan, Md Tipu; Lee, Ok Joo; Kim, Soon Hee; Park, Chan Hum
      Biomaterials (2020), 232 (), 119679CODEN: BIMADU; ISSN:0142-9612. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Three-dimensional printing with Digital Lighting Processing (DLP) printer has come into the new wave in the tissue engineering for regenerative medicine. Esp. for the clin. application, it needs to develop of bio-ink with biocompatibility, biodegradability and printability. Therefore, we demonstrated that Silk fibroin as a natural polymer fabricated with glycidyl-methacrylate (Silk-GMA) for DLP 3D printing. The ability of chondrogenesis with chondrocyte-laden Silk-GMA evaluated in vitro culture system and applied in vivo. DLP 3D printing system provided 3D product with even cell distribution due to rapid printing speed and photopolymn. of DLP 3D printer. Up to 4 wk in vitro cultivation of Silk-GMA hydrogel allows to ensure of viability, proliferation and differentiation to chondrogenesis of encapsulated cells. Moreover, in vivo expts. against partially defected trachea rabbit model demonstrated that new cartilage like tissue and epithelium found surrounding transplanted Silk-GMA hydrogel. This study promises the fabricated Silk GMA hydrogel using DLP 3D printer could be applied to the fields of tissue engineering needing mech. properties like cartilage regeneration.
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    458. 458
      Wang, L.; Guo, X.; Chen, J.; Zhen, Z.; Cao, B.; Wan, W.; Dou, Y.; Pan, H.; Xu, F.; Zhang, Z. Key Considerations on the Development of Biodegradable Biomaterials for Clinical Translation of Medical Devices: With Cartilage Repair Products as an Example. Bioact. Mater. 2022, 9, 332– 342,  DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.07.031
      458
      Key considerations on the development of biodegradable biomaterials for clinical translation of medical devices: With cartilage repair products as an example
      Wang, Li; Guo, Xiaolei; Chen, Jiaqing; Zhen, Zhen; Cao, Bin; Wan, Wenqian; Dou, Yuandong; Pan, Haobo; Xu, Feng; Zhang, Zepu; Wang, Jianmei; Li, Daisong; Guo, Quanyi; Jiang, Qing; Du, Yanan; Yu, Jiakuo; Heng, Boon Chin; Han, Qianqian; Ge, Zigang
      Bioactive Materials (2022), 9 (), 332-342CODEN: BMIAD4; ISSN:2452-199X. (Elsevier B.V.)
      A review. With the interdisciplinary convergence of biol., medicine and materials science, both research and clin. translation of biomaterials are progressing at a rapid pace. However, there is still a huge gap between applied basic research on biomaterials and their translational products - medical devices, where two significantly different perspectives and mindsets often work independently and non-synergistically, which in turn significantly increases financial costs and research effort. Although this gap is well-known and often criticized in the biopharmaceutical industry, it is gradually widening. In this article, we critically examine the developmental pipeline of biodegradable biomaterials and biomaterial-based medical device products. Then based on clin. needs, market anal., and relevant regulations, some ideas are proposed to integrate the two different mindsets to guide applied basic research and translation of biomaterial-based products, from the material and tech. perspectives. Cartilage repair substitutes are discussed here as an example. Hopefully, this will lay a strong foundation for biomaterial research and clin. translation, while reducing the amt. of extra research effort and funding required due to the dissonance between innovative basic research and commercialization pipeline.
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    459. 459
      Hope, D.; Ampaire, L.; Oyet, C.; Muwanguzi, E.; Twizerimana, H.; Apecu, R. O. Antimicrobial Resistance in Pathogenic Aerobic Bacteria Causing Surgical Site Infections in Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, Southwestern Uganda. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 17299,  DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53712-2
      459
      Antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic aerobic bacteria causing surgical site infections in Mbarara regional referral hospital, Southwestern Uganda
      Hope Derick; Ampaire Lucas; Muwanguzi Enoch; Apecu Richard Onyuthi; Oyet Caesar; Twizerimana Hillary
      Scientific reports (2019), 9 (1), 17299 ISSN:.
      Surgical site infections (SSI) remain a common postoperative complication despite use of prophylactic antibiotics and other preventive measures, mainly due to increasing antimicrobial resistance. Here, we present antimicrobial resistance rate of bacteria isolated in clinical cases of SSI. A hospital based descriptive cross sectional study was conducted on 83 consented postoperative patients with clinical SSI. Data on patients was obtained using structured data collection form. Two swabs were collected aseptically from each patient. Bacteriological culture examination and identification was done following standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Gram negative bacteria (GNB) were predominant (65.59%) with the dominant being Klebsiella species (29.03%). Overall 86% of aerobic bacteria isolated were multidrug resistant (MDR) where 65.63% and 96.72% of Gram positive and Gram negative isolates were MDR respectively. All the isolates with exception of Enterococci species were resistant to ampicillin. GNB showed high resistance to ceftriaxone, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and gentamicin. All the isolated Klebsiella spp were MDR. S. aureus were all resistant to oxacillin. The isolation rate was higher in emergency, males and dirty wounds in relation to nature of surgery, gender and class of surgical wound respectively. These findings necessitate judicious antibiotic use and calls for surveillance of SSIs periodically as well as strict adherence to good sanitation practice to reduce spread of drug-resistant pathogens.
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    460. 460
      Ekanem, E. E.; Oniya, O.; Saleh, H.; Konje, J. C. Surgical Site Infection in Obstetrics and Gynaecology: Prevention and Management. Obstet. Gynecol. 2021, 23, 124– 137,  DOI: 10.1111/tog.12730
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    461. 461
      Mangram, A. J.; Horan, T. C.; Pearson, M. L.; Silver, L. C.; Jarvis, W. R. Guideline for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 1999. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 1999, 20, 247– 280,  DOI: 10.1086/501620
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    462. 462
      Gundel, O.; Gundersen, S. K.; Dahl, R. M.; Jørgensen, L. N.; Rasmussen, L. S.; Wetterslev, J.; Sæbye, D.; Meyhoff, C. S. Timing of Surgical Site Infection and Pulmonary Complications after Laparotomy. Int. J. Surg. 2018, 52, 56– 60,  DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.02.022
      462
      Timing of surgical site infection and pulmonary complications after laparotomy
      Gundel Ossian; Gundersen Sofie Kirchhoff; Jorgensen Lars Nannestad; Dahl Rikke Maria; Rasmussen Lars S; Wetterslev Jorn; Saebye Ditte; Meyhoff Christian S
      International journal of surgery (London, England) (2018), 52 (), 56-60 ISSN:.
      BACKGROUND: Surgical site infection (SSI) and other postoperative complications are associated with high costs, morbidity, secondary surgery, and mortality. Many studies have identified factors that may prevent SSI and pulmonary complications, but it is important to know when they in fact occur. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic timing of surgical site infections and pulmonary complications after laparotomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of the PROXI trial which was a randomized clinical trial conducted in 1400 patients undergoing elective or emergent laparotomy. Patients were randomly allocated to either 80% or 30% perioperative inspiratory oxygen fraction. RESULTS: SSI or pulmonary complications were diagnosed in 24.2% (95% CI: 22.0%-26.5%) of the patients at a median of 9 days [IQR: 5-15] after surgery. Most common was surgical site infection (19.6%); median time 10 days after surgery [IQR: 7-18]. The corresponding figures for anastomotic leakage was 5.7%, 8 days [IQR: 6-10]; pneumonia 3.5%, 5 days [IQR: 3-9]; and respiratory failure 2.3%, 3 days [IQR: 1-8]. The oxygen allocation was not significantly related to time of diagnosis for postoperative surgical site infections or pulmonary complications. CONCLUSION: A high percentage of patients undergoing laparotomy develop a postoperative complication. This study adds new knowledge by identifying time intervals within which medical professionals should be aware of surgical site infections and pulmonary complications in order to initiate appropriate treatment of the patients.
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    463. 463
      Scott, R. D., II; Culler, S. D.; Rask, K. J. Understanding the Economic Impact of Health Care-Associated Infections: A Cost Perspective Analysis. J. Infus. Nurs. 2019, 42, 61– 69,  DOI: 10.1097/NAN.0000000000000313
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    464. 464
      Anderson, D. J.; Podgorny, K.; Berríos-Torres, S. I.; Bratzler, D. W.; Dellinger, E. P.; Greene, L.; Nyquist, A.-C.; Saiman, L.; Yokoe, D. S.; Maragakis, L. L. Strategies to Prevent Surgical Site Infections in Acute Care Hospitals: 2014 Update. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2014, 35, S66– S88,  DOI: 10.1017/S0899823X00193869
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    465. 465
      Owens, C.; Stoessel, K. Surgical Site Infections: Epidemiology, Microbiology and Prevention. J. Hosp. Infect. 2008, 70, 3– 10,  DOI: 10.1016/S0195-6701(08)60017-1
      465
      Surgical site infections: epidemiology, microbiology and prevention
      Owens C D; Stoessel K
      The Journal of hospital infection (2008), 70 Suppl 2 (), 3-10 ISSN:0195-6701.
      Surgical site infections (SSIs) are defined as infections occurring up to 30 days after surgery (or up to one year after surgery in patients receiving implants) and affecting either the incision or deep tissue at the operation site. Despite improvements in prevention, SSIs remain a significant clinical problem as they are associated with substantial mortality and morbidity and impose severe demands on healthcare resources. The incidence of SSIs may be as high as 20%, depending on the surgical procedure, the surveillance criteria used, and the quality of data collection. In many SSIs, the responsible pathogens originate from the patient's endogenous flora. The causative pathogens depend on the type of surgery; the most commonly isolated organisms are Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli. Numerous patient-related and procedure-related factors influence the risk of SSI, and hence prevention requires a 'bundle' approach, with systematic attention to multiple risk factors, in order to reduce the risk of bacterial contamination and improve the patient's defences. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for the prevention of SSIs emphasise the importance of good patient preparation, aseptic practice, and attention to surgical technique; antimicrobial prophylaxis is also indicated in specific circumstances. Emerging technologies, such as microbial sealants, offer the ability to seal and immobilise skin flora for the duration of a surgical procedure; a strong case therefore exists for evaluating such technologies and implementing them into routine clinical practice as appropriate.
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    466. 466
      Prestinaci, F.; Pezzotti, P.; Pantosti, A. Antimicrobial Resistance: A Global Multifaceted Phenomenon. Pathog. Glob. Health 2015, 109, 309– 318,  DOI: 10.1179/2047773215Y.0000000030
      466
      Antimicrobial resistance: a global multifaceted phenomenon
      Prestinaci Francesca; Pezzotti Patrizio; Pantosti Annalisa
      Pathogens and global health (2015), 109 (7), 309-18 ISSN:.
      Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most serious global public health threats in this century. The first World Health Organization (WHO) Global report on surveillance of AMR, published in April 2014, collected for the first time data from national and international surveillance networks, showing the extent of this phenomenon in many parts of the world and also the presence of large gaps in the existing surveillance. In this review, we focus on antibacterial resistance (ABR), which represents at the moment the major problem, both for the high rates of resistance observed in bacteria that cause common infections and for the complexity of the consequences of ABR. We describe the health and economic impact of ABR, the principal risk factors for its emergence and, in particular, we illustrate the highlights of four antibiotic-resistant pathogens of global concern - Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, non-typhoidal Salmonella and Mycobacterium tuberculosis - for whom we report resistance data worldwide. Measures to control the emergence and the spread of ABR are presented.
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    467. 467
      Kadri, S. S. Key Takeaways from the CDC’s 2019 Antibiotic Resistance Threats Report for Frontline Providers. Crit. Care Med. 2020, 48, 939– 945,  DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004371
      467
      Key Takeaways From the U.S. CDC's 2019 Antibiotic Resistance Threats Report for Frontline Providers
      Kadri Sameer S
      Critical care medicine (2020), 48 (7), 939-945 ISSN:.
      There is no expanded citation for this reference.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB38zksVehsQ%253D%253D&md5=67c6f78293c71ef8bfa6a52938eaa4c7
    468. 468
      Imani, S. M.; Ladouceur, L.; Marshall, T.; Maclachlan, R.; Soleymani, L.; Didar, T. F. Antimicrobial Nanomaterials and Coatings: Current Mechanisms and Future Perspectives to Control the Spread of Viruses Including Sars-Cov-2. ACS Nano 2020, 14, 12341– 12369,  DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05937
      468
      Antimicrobial Nanomaterials and Coatings: Current Mechanisms and Future Perspectives to Control the Spread of Viruses Including SARS-CoV-2
      Imani, Sara M.; Ladouceur, Liane; Marshall, Terrel; Maclachlan, Roderick; Soleymani, Leyla; Didar, Tohid F.
      ACS Nano (2020), 14 (10), 12341-12369CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)
      A review. The global COVID-19 pandemic has attracted considerable attention toward innovative methods and technologies for suppressing the spread of viruses. Transmission via contaminated surfaces has been recognized as an important route for spreading SARS-CoV-2. Although significant efforts have been made to develop antibacterial surface coatings, the literature remains scarce for a systematic study on broad-range antiviral coatings. We provide a comprehensive overview of the antiviral materials and coatings that could be implemented for suppressing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 via contaminated surfaces. We discuss the mechanism of operation and effectivity of several types of inorg. and org. materials, in the bulk and nanomaterial form, and assess the possibility of implementing these as antiviral coatings. Toxicity and environmental concerns are also discussed for the presented approaches. Finally, we present future perspectives with regards to emerging antimicrobial technologies such as omniphobic surfaces and assess their potential in suppressing surface-mediated virus transfer. Although some of these emerging technologies have not yet been tested directly as antiviral coatings, they hold great potential for designing the next generation of antiviral surfaces.
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    469. 469
      Yin, R.; Dai, T.; Avci, P.; Jorge, A. E. S.; de Melo, W. C.; Vecchio, D.; Huang, Y.-Y.; Gupta, A.; Hamblin, M. R. Light Based Anti-Infectives: Ultraviolet C Irradiation, Photodynamic Therapy, Blue Light, and Beyond. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2013, 13, 731– 762,  DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.08.009
      469
      Light based anti-infectives: ultraviolet C irradiation, photodynamic therapy, blue light, and beyond
      Yin, Rui; Dai, Tianhong; Avci, Pinar; Jorge, Ana Elisa Serafim; de Melo, Wanessa C. M. A.; Vecchio, Daniela; Huang, Ying-Ying; Gupta, Asheesh; Hamblin, Michael R.
      Current Opinion in Pharmacology (2013), 13 (5), 731-762CODEN: COPUBK; ISSN:1471-4892. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      A review. Owing to the worldwide increase in antibiotic resistance, researchers are investigating alternative anti-infective strategies to which it is supposed microorganisms will be unable to develop resistance. Prominent among these strategies, is a group of approaches which rely on light to deliver the killing blow. As is well known, UV light, particularly UVC (200-280 nm), is germicidal, but it has not been much developed as an anti-infective approach until recently, when it was realized that the possible adverse effects to host tissue were relatively minor compared to its high activity in killing pathogens. Photodynamic therapy is the combination of non-toxic photosensitizing dyes with harmless visible light that together produce abundant destructive reactive oxygen species (ROS). Certain cationic dyes or photosensitizers have good specificity for binding to microbial cells while sparing host mammalian cells and can be used for treating many localized infections, both superficial and even deep-seated by using fiber optic delivered light. Many microbial cells are highly sensitive to killing by blue light (400-470 nm) due to accumulation of naturally occurring photosensitizers such as porphyrins and flavins. Near IR light has also been shown to have antimicrobial effects against certain species. Clin. applications of these technologies include skin, dental, wound, stomach, nasal, toenail and other infections which are amenable to effective light delivery.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhsV2ms73F&md5=20b2a0634a0580882b7954db5491c787
    470. 470
      Giladi, M.; Porat, Y.; Blatt, A.; Wasserman, Y.; Kirson, E. D.; Dekel, E.; Palti, Y. Microbial Growth Inhibition by Alternating Electric Fields. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2008, 52, 3517– 3522,  DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00673-08
      470
      Microbial growth inhibition by alternating electric fields
      Giladi, Moshe; Porat, Yaara; Blatt, Alexandra; Wasserman, Yoram; Kirson, Eilon D.; Dekel, Erez; Palti, Yoram
      Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (2008), 52 (10), 3517-3522CODEN: AMACCQ; ISSN:0066-4804. (American Society for Microbiology)
      Weak elec. currents generated using conductive electrodes have been shown to increase the efficacy of antibiotics against bacterial biofilms, a phenomenon termed "the bioelec. effect.". The purposes of the present study were (i) to find out whether insulated electrodes that generate elec. fields without "ohmic" elec. currents, and thus are not assocd. with the formation of metal ions and free radicals, can inhibit the growth of planktonic bacteria and (ii) to define the parameters that are most effective against bacterial growth. The results obtained indicate that elec. fields generated using insulated electrodes can inhibit the growth of planktonic Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and that the effect is amplitude and frequency dependent, with a max. at 10 MHz. The combined effect of the elec. field and chloramphenicol was found to be additive. Several possible mechanisms underlying the obsd. effect, as well as its potential clin. uses, are discussed.
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    471. 471
      Guan, W.; Tan, L.; Liu, X.; Cui, Z.; Zheng, Y.; Yeung, K. W. K.; Zheng, D.; Liang, Y.; Li, Z.; Zhu, S. Ultrasonic Interfacial Engineering of Red Phosphorous-Metal for Eradicating Mrsa Infection Effectively. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2006047,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006047
      471
      Ultrasonic Interfacial Engineering of Red Phosphorous-Metal for Eradicating MRSA Infection Effectively
      Guan, Wei; Tan, Lei; Liu, Xiangmei; Cui, Zhenduo; Zheng, Yufeng; Yeung, Kelvin Wai Kwok; Zheng, Dong; Liang, Yanqin; Li, Zhaoyang; Zhu, Shengli; Wang, Xianbao; Wu, Shuilin
      Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2021), 33 (5), 2006047CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is considered to be a potential treatment for various diseases including cancers and bacterial infections due to its deep penetration ability and biosafety, but its SDT efficiency is limited by the hypoxia environment of deep tissues. This study proposes creating a potential soln., sonothermal therapy, by developing the ultrasonic interfacial engineering of metal-red phosphorus (RP), which has an obviously improved sonothermal ability of more than 20°C elevation under 25 min of continuous ultrasound (US) excitation as compared to metal alone. The underlying mechanism is that the mech. energy of the US activates the motion of the interfacial electrons. US-induced electron motion in the RP can efficiently transfer the US energy into phonons in the forms of heat and lattice vibrations, resulting in a stronger US absorption of metal-RP. Unlike the nonspecific heating of the cavitation effect induced by US, titanium-RP can be heated in situ when the US penetrates through 2.5 cm of pork tissue. In addn., through a sonothermal treatment in vivo, bone infection induced by multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is successfully eliminated in under 20 min of US without tissue damage. This work provides a new strategy for combating MRSA by strong sonothermal therapy through US interfacial engineering.
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    472. 472
      Ashrafi, M.; Novak-Frazer, L.; Morris, J.; Baguneid, M.; Rautemaa-Richardson, R.; Bayat, A. Electrical Stimulation Disrupts Biofilms in a Human Wound Model and Reveals the Potential for Monitoring Treatment Response with Volatile Biomarkers. Wound Repair Regen. 2019, 27, 5– 18,  DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12679
      472
      Electrical stimulation disrupts biofilms in a human wound model and reveals the potential for monitoring treatment response with volatile biomarkers
      Ashrafi Mohammed; Bayat Ardeshir; Ashrafi Mohammed; Novak-Frazer Lilyann; Baguneid Mohamed; Rautemaa-Richardson Riina; Bayat Ardeshir; Ashrafi Mohammed; Novak-Frazer Lilyann; Rautemaa-Richardson Riina; Morris Julie
      Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society (2019), 27 (1), 5-18 ISSN:.
      Management of biofilm infections relies on time-consuming laboratory techniques and monitoring treatment by subjective clinical evaluations. Due to these limitations, there is a need to explore alternative strategies. The aims of this study were to assess the feasibility of using volatile organic compound (VOC) biomarkers to monitor treatment response and measure anti-biofilm efficacy of electrical stimulation (ES) in vitro and in human cutaneous wound biofilm models. Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) biofilms were exposed to ES, ciprofloxacin, or both, with efficacy assessed and quantified by fluorescence staining, enumeration, metabolic assays, and biomass quantification; VOCs were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In vitro MSSA and PA and ex vivo PA biofilms exposed to ES showed significantly reduced bacterial viability, metabolic activity, and biomass compared to controls (p < 0.05). There was significant variation in the relative abundance of VOCs in in vitro MSSA and PA and in ex vivo PA biofilms exposed to ES and antibiotic (p < 0.05). 2-methyl-1-propanol was associated with MSSA viability (R = 0.93, p < 0.05), biomass (R = 0.97, p < 0.05), and metabolic activity (R = 0.93, p < 0.05) and 3-methyl-1-butanol was associated with PA biomass (R = 0.93, p < 0.05). We showed that ES and VOC biomarkers are possible options for alternative nonpharmacological antimicrobial management of biofilms and noninvasive monitoring of wound infection treatment responses, respectively.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3czpt1Ojsg%253D%253D&md5=cdb48096239f56098c247ef4eca09e5c
    473. 473
      Huo, Z.-Y.; Du, Y.; Chen, Z.; Wu, Y.-H.; Hu, H.-Y. Evaluation and Prospects of Nanomaterial-Enabled Innovative Processes and Devices for Water Disinfection: A State-of-the-Art Review. Water Res. 2020, 173, 115581,  DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115581
      473
      Evaluation and prospects of nanomaterial-enabled innovative processes and devices for water disinfection: A state-of-the-art review
      Huo, Zheng-Yang; Du, Ye; Chen, Zhuo; Wu, Yin-Hu; Hu, Hong-Ying
      Water Research (2020), 173 (), 115581CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      A Review. This study provided an overview of established and emerging nanomaterial (NM)-enabled processes and devices for water disinfection for both centralized and decentralized systems. In addn. to a discussion of major disinfection mechanisms, data on disinfection performance (shortest contact time for complete disinfection) and energy efficiency (elec. energy per order; EEO) were collected enabling assessments firstly for disinfection processes and then for disinfection devices. The NM-enabled electro-based disinfection process gained the highest disinfection efficiency with the lowest energy consumption compared with phys.-based, peroxy-based, and photo-based disinfection processes owing to the unique disinfection mechanism and the direct mean of translating energy input to microbes. Among the established disinfection devices (e.g., the stirred, the plug-flow, and the flow-through reactor), the flow-through reactor with mesh/membrane or 3-dimensional porous electrodes showed the highest disinfection performance and energy efficiency attributed to its highest mass transfer efficiency. Addnl., we also summarized recent knowledge about current and potential NMs sepn. and recovery methods as well as electrode strengthening and optimization strategies. Magnetic sepn. and robust immobilization (anchoring and coating) are feasible strategies to prompt the practical application of NM-enabled disinfection devices. Magnetic sepn. effectively solved the problem for the sepn. of evenly distributed particle-sized NMs from microbial soln. and robust immobilization increased the stability of NM-modified electrodes and prevented these electrodes from degrdn. by hydraulic detachment and/or electrochem. dissoln. Furthermore, the study of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was capable of simulating NM-enabled devices, which showed great potential for system optimization and reactor expansion. In this overview, we stressed the need to concern not only the treatment performance and energy efficiency of NM-enabled disinfection processes and devices but also the overall feasibility of system construction and operation for practical application.
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    474. 474
      Wang, D.; Zhu, B.; He, X.; Zhu, Z.; Hutchins, G.; Xu, P.; Wang, W.-N. Iron Oxide Nanowire-Based Filter for Inactivation of Airborne Bacteria. Environ. Sci. Nano 2018, 5, 1096– 1106,  DOI: 10.1039/C8EN00133B
      474
      Iron oxide nanowire-based filter for inactivation of airborne bacteria
      Wang, Dawei; Zhu, Bin; He, Xiang; Zhu, Zan; Hutchins, Grant; Xu, Ping; Wang, Wei-Ning
      Environmental Science: Nano (2018), 5 (5), 1096-1106CODEN: ESNNA4; ISSN:2051-8161. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
      Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are among the most common methods to improve indoor air quality. However, after long-term operation, the HVAC filter can result in a proliferation of bacteria, which may be released into the filtered air subsequently. This issue can be addressed by designing antibacterial filters. In this study, we report an iron oxide nanowire-based filter fabricated from com. available iron mesh through a thermal treatment. Under optimal conditions, the filter demonstrated a log inactivation efficiency of >7 within 10 s towards S. epidermidis (Gram-pos.), a common bacterial species of indoor bioaerosol. 52% of bioaerosol cells can be captured by a single filter, which can be further improved to 98.7% by connecting five filters in tandem. The capture and inactivation capacity of the reported filter did not degrade over long-term use. The inactivation of bacteria is attributed to the synergic effects of hydroxyl radicals, electroporation, and Joule heating, which disrupt the cell wall and nucleoid of S. epidermidis, as verified by model simulations, fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy, and IR spectroscopy. The relative humidity plays an important role in the inactivation process. The filter also exhibited satisfactory inactivation efficiency towards E. coli (Gram-neg.). The robust synthesis, low cost, and satisfactory inactivation performance towards both Gram-pos. and Gram-neg. bacteria make the filter demonstrated here suitable to be assembled into HVAC filters as an antibacterial layer for efficient control of indoor bioaerosols.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXmvFeit7c%253D&md5=25de9924da80767ed2b51cf4bf77c881
    475. 475
      Kotnik, T.; Frey, W.; Sack, M.; Meglič, S. H.; Peterka, M.; Miklavčič, D. Electroporation-Based Applications in Biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol. 2015, 33, 480– 488,  DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.06.002
      475
      Electroporation-based applications in biotechnology
      Kotnik, Tadej; Frey, Wolfgang; Sack, Martin; Haberl Meglic, Sasa; Peterka, Matjaz; Miklavcic, Damijan
      Trends in Biotechnology (2015), 33 (8), 480-488CODEN: TRBIDM; ISSN:0167-7799. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      A review. Electroporation is already an established technique in several areas of medicine, but many of its biotechnol. applications have only started to emerge; the authors review here some of the most promising. The authors outline electroporation as a phenomenon and then proceed to applications, first outlining the best established, the use of reversible electroporation for heritable genetic modification of microorganisms (electrotransformation), and then explore recent advances in applying electroporation for inactivation of microorganisms, extn. of biomols., and fast drying of biomass. Although these applications often aim to upscale to the industrial and/or clin. level, the authors also outline some important chip-scale applications of electroporation. The authors conclude this review with a discussion of the main challenges and future perspectives.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhtVeis73N&md5=5175037f5bf5564db63dd78ed2229f56
    476. 476
      Tian, J.; Feng, H.; Yan, L.; Yu, M.; Ouyang, H.; Li, H.; Jiang, W.; Jin, Y.; Zhu, G.; Li, Z. A Self-Powered Sterilization System with Both Instant and Sustainable Anti-Bacterial Ability. Nano Energy 2017, 36, 241– 249,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.04.030
      476
      A self-powered sterilization system with both instant and sustainable anti-bacterial ability
      Tian, Jingjing; Feng, Hongqing; Yan, Ling; Yu, Min; Ouyang, Han; Li, Hu; Jiang, Wen; Jin, Yiming; Zhu, Guang; Li, Zhou; Wang, Zhong Lin
      Nano Energy (2017), 36 (), 241-249CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      A self-powered and high-efficient water sterilization system was set up consisting of a wave-driven triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) and two nanobrush electrodes made of Ag-nanoparticles integrated ZnO-nanowires. The system showed both instant and sustainable sterilization efficiency for various microbes including those in natural river water. The colony forming units (CFU) were reduced from 106/mL to 0 within 0.5 min of elec. field (EF) treatment for Gram-neg. bacteria. In addn., the bacteria annihilation ability was sustained for at least 20 min after withdrawing the EF. The mechanism lay in the synergetic work of electricity and the Ag/ZnO nanomaterial, which not only produced electroporation during EF treatment, but also induced sustained intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) to do addnl. sterilization when EF was withdrawn.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXmvVerur8%253D&md5=fadb17a7e4e16001f0c466c1ba13caa7
    477. 477
      Huo, Z.-Y.; Xie, X.; Yu, T.; Lu, Y.; Feng, C.; Hu, H.-Y. Nanowire-Modified Three-Dimensional Electrode Enabling Low-Voltage Electroporation for Water Disinfection. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50, 7641– 7649,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01050
      477
      Nanowire-Modified Three-Dimensional Electrode Enabling Low-Voltage Electroporation for Water Disinfection
      Huo, Zheng-Yang; Xie, Xing; Yu, Tong; Lu, Yun; Feng, Chao; Hu, Hong-Ying
      Environmental Science & Technology (2016), 50 (14), 7641-7649CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
      More than 10% of the people in the world still suffer from inadequate access to clean water. Traditional water disinfection methods (e.g., chlorination and UV radiation) include concerns about the formation of carcinogenic disinfection byproducts (DBPs), pathogen reactivation, and/or excessive energy consumption. Recently, a nanowire-assisted electroporation-disinfection method was introduced as an alternative. Here, we develop a new copper oxide nanowire (CuONW)-modified three-dimensional copper foam electrode using a facile thermal oxidn. approach. An electroporation-disinfection cell (EDC) equipped with two such electrodes has achieved superior disinfection performance (>7 log removal and no detectable bacteria in the effluent). The disinfection mechanism of electroporation guarantees an exceedingly low operation voltage (1 V) and level of energy consumption (25 J L-1) with a short contact time (7 s). The low operation voltage avoids chlorine generation and thus reduces the potential of DBP formation. Because of irreversible electroporation damage on cell membranes, no regrowth and/or reactivation of bacteria occurs during storage after EDC treatment. Water disinfection using EDCs has great potential for practical applications.
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    478. 478
      Liu, C.; Xie, X.; Zhao, W.; Liu, N.; Maraccini, P. A.; Sassoubre, L. M.; Boehm, A. B.; Cui, Y. Conducting Nanosponge Electroporation for Affordable and High-Efficiency Disinfection of Bacteria and Viruses in Water. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 4288– 4293,  DOI: 10.1021/nl402053z
      478
      Conducting nanosponge electroporation for affordable and high-efficiency disinfection of bacteria and viruses in water
      Liu, Chong; Xie, Xing; Zhao, Wenting; Liu, Nian; Maraccini, Peter A.; Sassoubre, Lauren M.; Boehm, Alexandria B.; Cui, Yi
      Nano Letters (2013), 13 (9), 4288-4293CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)
      High-efficiency, affordable, and low energy water disinfection methods are in great need to prevent diarrheal illness, which is one of the top five leading causes of death over the world. Traditional water disinfection methods have drawbacks including carcinogenic disinfection byproducts formation, energy and time intensiveness, and pathogen recovery. Here, we report an innovative method that achieves high-efficiency water disinfection by introducing nanomaterial-assisted electroporation implemented by a conducting nanosponge filtration device. The use of one-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials allows electroporation to occur at only several volts, which is 2 to 3 orders of magnitude lower than that in traditional electroporation applications. The disinfection mechanism of electroporation prevents harmful byproduct formation and ensures a fast treatment speed of 15,000 L/(h·m2), which is equal to a contact time of 1 s. The conducting nanosponge made from low-cost polyurethane sponge coated with carbon nanotubes and silver nanowires ensures the device's affordability. This method achieves more than 6 log (99.9999%) removal of four model bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica typhimirium, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacillus subtilis, and more than 2 log (99%) removal of one model virus, bacteriophage MS2, with a low energy consumption of only 100 J/L.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhtlChtb%252FE&md5=ce6dfbe965062bd7ec9c08ce9501f2fb
    479. 479
      Liu, C.; Xie, X.; Zhao, W.; Yao, J.; Kong, D.; Boehm, A. B.; Cui, Y. Static Electricity Powered Copper Oxide Nanowire Microbicidal Electroporation for Water Disinfection. Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 5603– 5608,  DOI: 10.1021/nl5020958
      479
      Static Electricity Powered Copper Oxide Nanowire Microbicidal Electroporation for Water Disinfection
      Liu, Chong; Xie, Xing; Zhao, Wenting; Yao, Jie; Kong, Desheng; Boehm, Alexandria B.; Cui, Yi
      Nano Letters (2014), 14 (10), 5603-5608CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)
      Safe water scarcity occurs mostly in developing regions that also suffer from energy shortages and infrastructure deficiencies. Low-cost and energy-efficient water disinfection methods have the potential to make great impacts on people in these regions. At the present time, most water disinfection methods being promoted to households in developing countries are aq. chem.-reaction-based or filtration-based. Incorporating nanomaterials into these existing disinfection methods could improve the performance; however, the high cost of material synthesis and recovery as well as fouling and slow treatment speed is still limiting their application. We demonstrate a novel flow device that enables fast water disinfection using 1-dimensional Cu oxide nanowire (CuONW) assisted electroporation powered by static electricity. Electroporation relies on a strong elec. field to break down microorganism membranes and only consumes a very small amt. of energy. Static electricity as the power source can be generated by an individual person's motion in a facile and low-cost manner, which ensures its application anywhere in the world. The CuONWs used were synthesized through a scalable 1-step air oxidn. of low-cost Cu mesh. With a single filtration, we achieved complete disinfection of bacteria and viruses in both raw tap and lake water with a high flow rate of 3000 L/m2-h, equiv. to only 1 s of contact time. Cu leaching from the nanowire mesh was minimal.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhsF2nu73J&md5=64ce2ca494e226557d62e68de31f1d41
    480. 480
      Huo, Z.-Y.; Zhou, J.-F.; Wu, Y.; Wu, Y.-H.; Liu, H.; Liu, N.; Hu, H.-Y.; Xie, X. A Cu3P Nanowire Enabling High-Efficiency, Reliable, and Energy-Efficient Low-Voltage Electroporation-Inactivation of Pathogens in Water. J. Mater. Chem. A 2018, 6, 18813– 18820,  DOI: 10.1039/C8TA06304D
      480
      A Cu3P nanowire enabling high-efficiency, reliable, and energy-efficient low-voltage electroporation-inactivation of pathogens in water
      Huo, Zheng-Yang; Zhou, Jian-Feng; Wu, Yutong; Wu, Yin-Hu; Liu, Hai; Liu, Nian; Hu, Hong-Ying; Xie, Xing
      Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability (2018), 6 (39), 18813-18820CODEN: JMCAET; ISSN:2050-7496. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
      Pathogen infection has become the major reason for human morbidity and mortality in the world. However, common bacterial inactivation methods (e.g., chlorination, UV radiation, and ozonization) have significant drawbacks such as carcinogenic byproduct formation, energy intensiveness, and/or regrowth of pathogens. Nanowire-assisted low-voltage electroporation enables effective and energy-efficient bacterial inactivation. Here, we develop a new Cu3P nanowire-assisted copper mesh (Cu3PNW-Cu) electrode via an in situ growth followed by a phosphidation method and, for the first time, introduce the Cu3PNWs in the water purifn. process. An electroporation-disinfection cell (EDC) equipped with two such electrodes achieves superior bacterial inactivation performance (>6.0 log removal; no live bacteria in the effluent) with a low voltage of 1 V and a high flux of 2.0 m3 h-1 m-2. Under such operating conditions, the Cu3PNW-Cu electrode continuously treats water for 12 h while maintaining complete bacterial inactivation. The disinfection mechanism of electroporation guarantees an exceedingly low level of energy consumption: only 1.2 J for treating 1 L of water. To our knowledge, this is the lowest value obtained to date: >5 orders of magnitude lower than the typical energy consumption for bacterial inactivation using electroporation (150 kJ L-1).
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhslSntb%252FI&md5=415448752a7c754e615ac729edf6f17e
    481. 481
      Park, J. U.; Hardy, M.; Kang, S. J.; Barton, K.; Adair, K.; Mukhopadhyay, D. K.; Lee, C. Y.; Strano, M. S.; Alleyne, A. G.; Georgiadis, J. G. High-Resolution Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing. Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 782– 789,  DOI: 10.1038/nmat1974
      481
      High-resolution electrohydrodynamic jet printing
      Park, Jang-Ung; Hardy, Matt; Kang, Seong Jun; Barton, Kira; Adair, Kurt; Mukhopadhyay, Deep kishore; Lee, Chang Young; Strano, Michael S.; Alleyne, Andrew G.; Georgiadis, John G.; Ferreira, Placid M.; Rogers, John A.
      Nature Materials (2007), 6 (10), 782-789CODEN: NMAACR; ISSN:1476-1122. (Nature Publishing Group)
      Efforts to adapt and extend graphic arts printing techniques for demanding device applications in electronics, biotechnol. and microelectromech. systems have grown rapidly in recent years. Here, the authors describe the use of electrohydrodynamically induced fluid flows through fine microcapillary nozzles for jet printing of patterns and functional devices with submicrometer resoln. Key aspects of the physics of this approach, which has some features in common with related but comparatively low-resoln. techniques for graphic arts, are revealed through direct high-speed imaging of the droplet formation processes. Printing of complex patterns of inks, ranging from insulating and conducting polymers, to soln. suspensions of silicon nanoparticles and rods, to single-walled carbon nanotubes, using integrated computer-controlled printer systems illustrates some of the capabilities. High-resoln. printed metal interconnects, electrodes and probing pads for representative circuit patterns and functional transistors with crit. dimensions as small as 1 μm demonstrate potential applications in printed electronics.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2sXhtFWht77M&md5=bdc302ca7ec6249d6233e80411cfb1e3
    482. 482
      Tao, H.; Marelli, B.; Yang, M.; An, B.; Onses, M. S.; Rogers, J. A.; Kaplan, D. L.; Omenetto, F. G. Inkjet Printing of Regenerated Silk Fibroin: From Printable Forms to Printable Functions. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 4273– 4279,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201501425
      482
      Inkjet Printing of Regenerated Silk Fibroin: From Printable Forms to Printable Functions
      Tao, Hu; Marelli, Benedetto; Yang, Miaomiao; An, Bo; Onses, Serdar; Rogers, John A.; Kaplan, David L.; Omenetto, Fiorenzo G.
      Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2015), 27 (29), 4273-4279CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      A different approach to biomaterials fabrication is investigated, developing a biomaterials approach where the system utility can be controllably reconfigured ab initio to enable multiple end uses. Using silk fibroin as the base biomaterial, a silk soln. formulation was developed that can be doped with other components to generate a custom library of inkjet-printable, functional "silk inks" for use in sensing, therapeutics, and regenerative medicine. To illustrate this concept, different functional inks were generated and by the addn. of nanoparticles, enzymes, antibiotics, growth factors, and antibodies during the printing process, with retention of functions.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhtVSis7%252FJ&md5=b2435423294aa816dfba13a6db83af18
    483. 483
      Wang, Z. L.; Jiang, T.; Xu, L. Toward the Blue Energy Dream by Triboelectric Nanogenerator Networks. Nano Energy 2017, 39, 9– 23,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.06.035
      483
      Toward the blue energy dream by triboelectric nanogenerator networks
      Wang, Zhong Lin; Jiang, Tao; Xu, Liang
      Nano Energy (2017), 39 (), 9-23CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Widely distributed across the globe, water wave energy is one of the most promising renewable energy sources, while little has been exploited due to various limitations of current technologies mainly relying on electromagnetic generator (EMG), esp. its operation in irregular environment and low frequency (<5 Hz). The newly developed triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG) exhibits obvious advantages over EMG in harvesting energy from low-frequency water wave motions, and the network of TENGs was proposed as a potential approach toward large-scale blue energy harvesting. Here, a review is given for recent progress in blue energy harvesting using TENG technol., starting from a comparison between the EMG and the TENG both in physics and engineering design. The fundamental mechanism of nanogenerators is presented based on Maxwell's displacement current. Approaches of water wave energy harvesting by liq.-solid contact electrification TENG are introduced. For fully enclosed TENGs, the structural designs and performance optimizations are discussed, based on which the TENG network is proposed for large-scale blue energy harvesting from water waves. Furthermore, the energy harvested by TENG from various sources such as water wave, human motion and vibration etc, is not only new energy, but more importantly, the energy for the new era - the era of internet of things.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhtVyqs7jM&md5=8f13872e1c2ebef9a1034cb3e4651b22
    484. 484
      Fan, F.-R.; Lin, L.; Zhu, G.; Wu, W.; Zhang, R.; Wang, Z. L. Transparent Triboelectric Nanogenerators and Self-Powered Pressure Sensors Based on Micropatterned Plastic Films. Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 3109– 3114,  DOI: 10.1021/nl300988z
      484
      Transparent Triboelectric Nanogenerators and Self-Powered Pressure Sensors Based on Micropatterned Plastic Films
      Fan, Feng-Ru; Lin, Long; Zhu, Guang; Wu, Wenzhuo; Zhang, Rui; Wang, Zhong Lin
      Nano Letters (2012), 12 (6), 3109-3114CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)
      Transparent, flexible and high efficient power sources are important components of org. electronic and optoelectronic devices. Based on the principle of the previously demonstrated triboelec. generator, the authors demonstrate a new high-output, flexible and transparent nanogenerator by using transparent polymer materials. The authors have fabricated three types of regular and uniform polymer patterned arrays (line, cube, and pyramid) to improve the efficiency of the nanogenerator. The power generation of the pyramid-featured device far surpassed that exhibited by the unstructured films and gave an output voltage of up to 18 V at a c.d. of ∼0.13 μA/cm2. Also, the as-prepd. nanogenerator can be applied as a self-powered pressure sensor for sensing a water droplet (8 mg, ∼3.6 Pa in contact pressure) and a falling feather (20 mg, ∼0.4 Pa in contact pressure) with a low-end detection limit of ∼13 mPa.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XmvFWru7s%253D&md5=d2798d18317a00eca3a55896c741a080
    485. 485
      Zhou, Z.; Shi, Z.; Cai, X.; Zhang, S.; Corder, S. G.; Li, X.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, G.; Chen, L.; Liu, M. The Use of Functionalized Silk Fibroin Films as a Platform for Optical Diffraction-Based Sensing Applications. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1605471,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605471
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    486. 486
      Zi, Y.; Niu, S.; Wang, J.; Wen, Z.; Tang, W.; Wang, Z. L. Standards and Figure-of-Merits for Quantifying the Performance of Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 8376,  DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9376
      486
      Standards and figure-of-merits for quantifying the performance of triboelectric nanogenerators
      Zi, Yunlong; Niu, Simiao; Wang, Jie; Wen, Zhen; Tang, Wei; Wang, Zhong Lin
      Nature Communications (2015), 6 (), 8376CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Publishing Group)
      Triboelec. nanogenerators have been invented as a highly efficient, cost-effective and easy scalable energy-harvesting technol. for converting ambient mech. energy into electricity. Four basic working modes have been demonstrated, each of which has different designs to accommodate the corresponding mech. triggering conditions. A common std. is thus required to quantify the performance of the triboelec. nanogenerators so that their outputs can be compared and evaluated. Here we report figure-of-merits for defining the performance of a triboelec. nanogenerator, which is composed of a structural figure-of-merit related to the structure and a material figure of merit that is the square of the surface charge d. The structural figure-of-merit is derived and simulated to compare the triboelec. nanogenerators with different configurations. A std. method is introduced to quantify the material figure-of-merit for a general surface. This study is likely to establish the stds. for developing TENGs towards practical applications and industrialization.
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    487. 487
      Wang, G.; Feng, H.; Hu, L.; Jin, W.; Hao, Q.; Gao, A.; Peng, X.; Li, W.; Wong, K.-Y.; Wang, H. An Antibacterial Platform Based on Capacitive Carbon-Doped Tio2 Nanotubes after Direct or Alternating Current Charging. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 2055,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04317-2
      487
      An antibacterial platform based on capacitive carbon-doped TiO2 nanotubes after direct or alternating current charging
      Wang Guomin; Jin Weihong; Hao Qi; Gao Ang; Peng Xiang; Li Wan; Wang Huaiyu; Chu Paul K; Feng Hongqing; Li Zhou; Feng Hongqing; Li Zhou; Hu Liangsheng; Wong Kwok-Yin; Gao Ang; Wang Huaiyu
      Nature communications (2018), 9 (1), 2055 ISSN:.
      Electrical interactions between bacteria and the environment are delicate and essential. In this study, an external electrical current is applied to capacitive titania nanotubes doped with carbon (TNT-C) to evaluate the effects on bacteria killing and the underlying mechanism is investigated. When TNT-C is charged, post-charging antibacterial effects proportional to the capacitance are observed. This capacitance-based antibacterial system works well with both direct and alternating current (DC, AC) and the higher discharging capacity in the positive DC (DC+) group leads to better antibacterial performance. Extracellular electron transfer observed during early contact contributes to the surface-dependent post-charging antibacterial process. Physiologically, the electrical interaction deforms the bacteria morphology and elevates the intracellular reactive oxygen species level without impairing the growth of osteoblasts. Our finding spurs the design of light-independent antibacterial materials and provides insights into the use of electricity to modify biomaterials to complement other bacteria killing measures such as light irradiation.
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    488. 488
      Sun, Y.-L.; Li, Q.; Sun, S.-M.; Huang, J.-C.; Zheng, B.-Y.; Chen, Q.-D.; Shao, Z.-Z.; Sun, H.-B. Aqueous Multiphoton Lithography with Multifunctional Silk-Centred Bio-Resists. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 8612,  DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9612
      488
      Aqueous multiphoton lithography with multifunctional silk-centred bio-resists
      Sun, Yun-Lu; Li, Qi; Sun, Si-Ming; Huang, Jing-Chun; Zheng, Bo-Yuan; Chen, Qi-Dai; Shao, Zheng-Zhong; Sun, Hong-Bo
      Nature Communications (2015), 6 (), 8612CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Publishing Group)
      Silk and silk fibroin, the biomaterial from nature, nowadays are being widely utilized in many cutting-edge micro/nanodevices/systems via advanced micro/nanofabrication techniques. Herein, for the first time to our knowledge, we report aq. multiphoton lithog. of diversiform-regenerated-silk-fibroin-centric inks using noncontact and maskless femtosecond laser direct writing (FsLDW). Initially, silk fibroin was FsLDW-crosslinked into arbitrary two/three-dimensional micro/nanostructures with good elastic properties merely using proper photosensitizers. More interestingly, silk/metal composite micro/nanodevices with multidimension-controllable metal content can be FsLDW-customized through laser-induced simultaneous fibroin oxidn./crosslinking and metal photoredn. using the simplest silk/Ag+ or silk/[AuCl4]- aq. resists. Noticeably, during FsLDW, fibroin functions as biol. reductant and matrix, while metal ions act as the oxidant. A FsLDW-fabricated prototyping silk/Ag microelectrode exhibited 104-Ω-1 m-1-scale adjustable elec. cond. This work not only provides a powerful development to silk micro/nanoprocessing techniques but also creates a novel way to fabricate multifunctional metal/biomacromol. complex micro/nanodevices for applications such as micro/nanoscale mech. and elec. bioengineering and biosystems.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhs1ylurjL&md5=6098735ab372b4e75117ff31ed094952
    489. 489
      Xiao, X.; Xiao, X.; Nashalian, A.; Libanori, A.; Fang, Y.; Li, X.; Chen, J. Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Self-Powered Wound Healing. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2021, 10, 2100975,  DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100975
      489
      Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Self-Powered Wound Healing
      Xiao, Xiao; Xiao, Xiao; Nashalian, Ardo; Libanori, Alberto; Fang, Yunsheng; Li, Xiyao; Chen, Jun
      Advanced Healthcare Materials (2021), 10 (20), 2100975CODEN: AHMDBJ; ISSN:2192-2640. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      Wound healing, one of the most complex processes in the human body, involves the spatial and temporal synchronization of a variety of cell types with distinct roles. Slow or nonhealing skin wounds have potentially life-threatening consequences, ranging from infection to scar, clot, and hemorrhage. Recently, the advent of triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs) has brought about a plethora of self-powered wound healing opportunities, owing to their pertinent features, including wide range choices of constitutive biocompatible materials, simple fabrication, portable size, high output power, and low cost. Herein, a comprehensive review of TENGs as an emerging biotechnol. for wound healing applications is presented and covered from three unique aspects: elec. stimulation, antibacterial activity, and drug delivery. To provide a broader context of TENGs applicable to wound healing applications, state-of-the-art designs are presented and discussed in each section. Although some challenges remain, TENGs are proving to be a promising platform for human-centric therapeutics in the era of Internet of Things. Consequently, TENGs for wound healing are expected to provide a new soln. in wound management and play an essential role in the future of point-of-care interventions.
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    490. 490
      Ulery, B. D.; Nair, L. S.; Laurencin, C. T. Biomedical Applications of Biodegradable Polymers. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2011, 49, 832– 864,  DOI: 10.1002/polb.22259
      490
      Biomedical applications of biodegradable polymers
      Ulery, Bret D.; Nair, Lakshmi S.; Laurencin, Cato T.
      Journal of Polymer Science, Part B: Polymer Physics (2011), 49 (12), 832-864CODEN: JPBPEM; ISSN:0887-6266. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
      A review. Utilization of polymers as biomaterials has greatly impacted the advancement of modern medicine. Specifically, polymeric biomaterials that are biodegradable provide the significant advantage of being able to be broken down and removed after they have served their function. Applications are wide ranging with degradable polymers being used clin. as surgical sutures and implants. To fit functional demand, materials with desired phys., chem., biol., biomech., and degrdn. properties must be selected. Fortunately, a wide range of natural and synthetic degradable polymers has been investigated for biomedical applications with novel materials constantly being developed to meet new challenges. This review summarizes the most recent advances in the field over the past 4 years, specifically highlighting new and interesting discoveries in tissue engineering and drug delivery applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011.
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    491. 491
      Stegmann, E.; Wagner, S.; Schwarz, S. SFB 766:12 Years of Research on the Bacterial Cell Envelope. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 2019, 309, 151360– 151360,  DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.151360
      491
      SFB 766: 12 years of research on the bacterial cell envelope
      Stegmann Evi; Wagner Samuel; Schwarz Sandra
      International journal of medical microbiology : IJMM (2019), 309 (8), 151360 ISSN:.
      There is no expanded citation for this reference.
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    492. 492
      Grohmann, E.; Christie, P. J.; Waksman, G.; Backert, S. Type Iv Secretion in Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria. Mol. Microbiol. 2018, 107, 455– 471,  DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13896
      492
      Type IV secretion in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria
      Grohmann, Elisabeth; Christie, Peter J.; Waksman, Gabriel; Backert, Steffen
      Molecular Microbiology (2018), 107 (4), 455-471CODEN: MOMIEE; ISSN:0950-382X. (Wiley-Blackwell)
      A review. Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are versatile multiprotein nanomachines spanning the entire cell envelope in Gram-neg. and Gram-pos. bacteria. They play important roles through the contact-dependent secretion of effector mols. into eukaryotic hosts and conjugative transfer of mobile DNA elements as well as contact-independent exchange of DNA with the extracellular milieu. In the last few years, many details on the mol. mechanisms of T4SSs have been elucidated. Exciting structures of T4SS complexes from Escherichia coli plasmids R388 and pKM101, Helicobacter pylori and Legionella pneumophila have been solved. The structure of the F-pilus was also reported and surprisingly revealed a filament composed of pilin subunits in 1:1 stoichiometry with phospholipid mols. Many new T4SSs have been identified and characterized, underscoring the structural and functional diversity of this secretion superfamily. Complex regulatory circuits also have been shown to control T4SS machine prodn. in response to host cell physiol. status or a quorum of bacterial recipient cells in the vicinity. Here, we summarize recent advances in our knowledge of 'paradigmatic' and emerging systems, and further explore how new basic insights are aiding in the design of strategies aimed at suppressing T4SS functions in bacterial infections and spread of antimicrobial resistances.
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    493. 493
      Li, J.; Li, Z.; Liu, X.; Li, C.; Zheng, Y.; Yeung, K. W. K.; Cui, Z.; Liang, Y.; Zhu, S.; Hu, W. Interfacial Engineering of Bi2S3/Ti3C2TX Mxene Based on Work Function for Rapid Photo-Excited Bacteria-Killing. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 1224,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21435-6
      493
      Interfacial engineering of Bi2S3/Ti3C2Tx MXene based on work function for rapid photo-excited bacteria-killing
      Li, Jianfang; Li, Zhaoyang; Liu, Xiangmei; Li, Changyi; Zheng, Yufeng; Yeung, Kelvin Wai Kwok; Cui, Zhenduo; Liang, Yanqin; Zhu, Shengli; Hu, Wenbin; Qi, Yajun; Zhang, Tianjin; Wang, Xianbao; Wu, Shuilin
      Nature Communications (2021), 12 (1), 1224CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)
      In view of increasing drug resistance, ecofriendly photoelec. materials are promising alternatives to antibiotics. Here we design an interfacial Schottky junction of Bi2S3/Ti3C2Tx resulting from the contact p.d. between Bi2S3/Ti3C2Tx. The different work functions induce the formation of a local electrophilic/nucleophilic region. The self-driven charge transfer across the interface increases the local electron d. on Ti3C2Tx. The formed Schottky barrier inhibits the backflow of electrons and boosts the charge transfer and sepn. The photocatalytic activity of Bi2S3/Ti3C2Txintensively improved the amt. of reactive oxygen species under 808 nm near-IR radiation. They kill 99.86% of Staphylococcus aureus and 99.92% of Escherichia coli with the assistance of hyperthermia within 10 min. We propose the theory of interfacial engineering based on work function and accordingly design the ecofriendly photoresponsive Schottky junction using two kinds of components with different work functions to effectively eradicate bacterial infection.
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    494. 494
      Wang, Y.; Xu, Y.; Dong, S.; Wang, P.; Chen, W.; Lu, Z.; Ye, D.; Pan, B.; Wu, D.; Vecitis, C. D. Ultrasonic Activation of Inert Poly (Tetrafluoroethylene) Enables Piezocatalytic Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 3508,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23921-3
      494
      Ultrasonic activation of inert poly(tetrafluoroethylene) enables piezocatalytic generation of reactive oxygen species
      Wang, Yanfeng; Xu, Yeming; Dong, Shangshang; Wang, Peng; Chen, Wei; Lu, Zhenda; Ye, Deju; Pan, Bingcai; Wu, Di; Vecitis, Chad D.; Gao, Guandao
      Nature Communications (2021), 12 (1), 3508CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)
      Controlled generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is essential in biol., chem., and environmental fields, and piezoelec. catalysis is an emerging method to generate ROS, esp. in sonodynamic therapy due to its high tissue penetrability, directed orientation, and ability to trigger in situ ROS generation. However, due to the low piezoelec. coeff., and environmental safety and chem. stability concerns of current piezoelec. ROS catalysts, novel piezoelec. materials are urgently needed. Here, we demonstrate a method to induce polarization of inert poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) particles (<d > ∼ 1-5μm) into piezoelec. electrets with a mild and convenient ultrasound process. Continued ultrasonic irradn. of the PTFE electrets generates ROS including hydroxyl radicals (.OH), superoxide (.O2-) and singlet oxygen (1O2) at rates significantly faster than previously reported piezoelec. catalysts. In summary, ultrasonic activation of inert PTFE particles is a simple method to induce permanent PTFE polarization and to piezocatalytically generate aq. ROS that is desirable in a wide-range of applications from environmental pollution control to biomedical therapy.
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    495. 495
      Mi, J.; Xu, J. K.; Yao, Z.; Yao, H.; Li, Y.; He, X.; Dai, B. Y.; Zou, L.; Tong, W. X.; Zhang, X. T. Implantable Electrical Stimulation at Dorsal Root Ganglions Accelerates Osteoporotic Fracture Healing Via Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide. Adv. Sci. 2022, 9, 2103005,  DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103005
      495
      Implantable Electrical Stimulation at Dorsal Root Ganglions Accelerates Osteoporotic Fracture Healing via Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide
      Mi, Jie; Xu, Jian-Kun; Yao, Zhi; Yao, Hao; Li, Ye; He, Xuan; Dai, Bing-Yang; Zou, Li; Tong, Wen-Xue; Zhang, Xiao-Tian; Hu, Pei-Jie; Ruan, Ye Chun; Tang, Ning; Guo, Xia; Zhao, Jie; He, Ju-Fang; Qin, Ling
      Advanced Science (Weinheim, Germany) (2022), 9 (1), 2103005CODEN: ASDCCF; ISSN:2198-3844. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      The neuronal engagement of the peripheral nerve system plays a crucial role in regulating fracture healing, but how to modulate the neuronal activity to enhance fracture healing remains unexploited. Here it is shown that elec. stimulation (ES) directly promotes the biosynthesis and release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) by activating Ca2+/CaMKII/CREB signaling pathway and action potential, resp. To accelerate rat femoral osteoporotic fracture healing which presents with decline of CGRP, soft electrodes are engineered and they are implanted at L3 and L4 dorsal root ganglions (DRGs). ES delivered at DRGs for the first two weeks after fracture increases CGRP expression in both DRGs and fracture callus. It is also identified that CGRP is indispensable for type-H vessel formation, a biol. event coupling angiogenesis and osteogenesis, contributing to ES-enhanced osteoporotic fracture healing. This proof-of-concept study shows for the first time that ES at lumbar DRGs can effectively promote femoral fracture healing, offering an innovative strategy using bioelectronic device to enhance bone regeneration.
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    496. 496
      Cheng, D.; Wang, X.; Zhou, X.; Li, J. Nanosonosensitizers with Ultrasound-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Generation for Cancer Sonodynamic Immunotherapy. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2021, 9, 761218,  DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.761218
      496
      Nanosonosensitizers With Ultrasound-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Generation for Cancer Sonodynamic Immunotherapy
      Cheng Danling; Zhou Xiaojun; Li Jingchao; Wang Xiaoying
      Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology (2021), 9 (), 761218 ISSN:2296-4185.
      Immunotherapy is a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer, while it has been demonstrated to encounter the issues of low immune responses and underlying immune-related adverse events. The sonodynamic therapy (SDT) that utilizes sonosensitizers to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggered by ultrasound (US) stimulation can be used to ablate tumors, which also leads to the induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD), thus achieving SDT-induced immunotherapy. Further combination of SDT with immunotherapy is able to afford enhanced antitumor immunity for tumor regression. In this mini review, we summarize the recent development of nanosonosensitizers with US-induced ROS generation for cancer SDT immunotherapy. The uses of nanosonosensitizers to achieve SDT-induced immunotherapy, combinational therapy of SDT with immunotherapy, and combinational therapy of SDT with multiple immunotherapies are briefly introduced. Furthermore, the current concerns and perspectives for the development and further clinical applications of these nanosonosensitizers for SDT-combined immunotherapy of cancer are discussed.
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    497. 497
      Sun, Y.; Zheng, L.; Yang, Y.; Qian, X.; Fu, T.; Li, X.; Yang, Z.; Yan, H.; Cui, C.; Tan, W. Metal-Organic Framework Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery in Biomedical Applications. Nano-Micro Lett. 2020, 12, 130,  DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00423-3
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    498. 498
      He, S.; Wu, L.; Li, X.; Sun, H.; Xiong, T.; Liu, J.; Huang, C.; Xu, H.; Sun, H.; Chen, W. Metal-Organic Frameworks for Advanced Drug Delivery. Acta Pharm. Sin. B 2021, 11, 2362– 2395,  DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.019
      498
      Metal-organic frameworks for advanced drug delivery
      He, Siyu; Wu, Li; Li, Xue; Sun, Hongyu; Xiong, Ting; Liu, Jie; Huang, Chengxi; Xu, Huipeng; Sun, Huimin; Chen, Weidong; Gref, Ruxandra; Zhang, Jiwen
      Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (2021), 11 (8), 2362-2395CODEN: APSBCW; ISSN:2211-3835. (Elsevier B.V.)
      A review. Metal-org. frameworks (MOFs), comprised of org. ligands and metal ions/metal clusters via coordinative bonds are highly porous, cryst. materials. Their tunable porosity, chem. compn., size and shape, and easy surface functionalization make this large family more and more popular for drug delivery. There is a growing interest over the last decades in the design of engineered MOFs with controlled sizes for a variety of biomedical applications. This article presents an overall and perspectives of MOFs-based drug delivery systems (DDSs), starting with the MOFs classification adapted for DDSs based on the types of constituting metals and ligands. Then, the synthesis and characterization of MOFs for DDSs are developed, followed by the drug loading strategies, applications, biopharmaceutics and quality control. Importantly, a variety of representative applications of MOFs are detailed from a point of view of applications in pharmaceutics, diseases therapy and advanced DDSs. In particular, the biopharmaceutics and quality control of MOFs-based DDSs are summarized with crit. issues to be addressed. Finally, challenges in MOFs development for DDSs are discussed, such as biostability, biosafety, biopharmaceutics and nomenclature.
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    499. 499
      Wei, P.; Cornel, E. J.; Du, J. Ultrasound-Responsive Polymer-Based Drug Delivery Systems. Drug Delivery Transl. Res. 2021, 11, 1323– 1339,  DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00963-0
      499
      Ultrasound-responsive polymer-based drug delivery systems
      Wei, Ping; Cornel, Erik Jan; Du, Jianzhong
      Drug Delivery and Translational Research (2021), 11 (4), 1323-1339CODEN: DDTRCY; ISSN:2190-3948. (Springer)
      Abstr.: Ultrasound-responsive polymeric materials have received a tremendous amt. of attention from scientists for several decades. Compared to other stimuli-responsive materials (such as UV-, thermal-, and pH-responsive materials), these smart materials are more applicable since they allow more efficient drug delivery and targeted treatment by fairly non-invasive means. This review describes the recent advances of such ultrasound-responsive polymer-based drug delivery systems and illustrates various applications. More specifically, the mechanism of ultrasound-induced drug delivery, typical formulations, and biomedical applications (tumor therapy, disruption of blood-brain barrier, fighting infectious diseases, transdermal drug delivery, and enhanced thrombolysis) are summarized. Finally, a perspective on the future research directions for the development of ultrasound-responsive polymeric materials to facilitate a clin. translation is given.
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    500. 500
      McAlinden, N.; Massoubre, D.; Richardson, E.; Gu, E.; Sakata, S.; Dawson, M. D.; Mathieson, K. Thermal and Optical Characterization of Micro-Led Probes for in Vivo Optogenetic Neural Stimulation. Opt. Lett. 2013, 38, 992– 994,  DOI: 10.1364/OL.38.000992
      500
      Thermal and optical characterization of micro-LED probes for in vivo optogenetic neural stimulation
      McAlinden, Niall; Massoubre, David; Richardson, Elliot; Gu, Erdan; Sakata, Shuzo; Dawson, Martin D.; Mathieson, Keith
      Optics Letters (2013), 38 (6), 992-994CODEN: OPLEDP; ISSN:0146-9592. (Optical Society of America)
      Within optogenetics there is a need for compact light sources that are capable of delivering light with excellent spatial, temporal, and spectral resoln. to deep brain structures. Here, we demonstrate a custom GaN-based LED probe for such applications and the elec., optical, and thermal properties are analyzed. The output power d. and emission spectrum were found to be suitable for stimulating channelrhodopsin-2, one of the most common light-sensitive proteins currently used in optogenetics. The LED device produced high light intensities, far in excess of those required to stimulate the light-sensitive proteins within the neurons. Thermal performance was also investigated, illustrating that a broad range of operating regimes in pulsed mode are accessible while keeping a min. increase in temp. for the brain (0.5°C). This type of custom device represents a significant step forward for the optogenetics community, allowing multiple bright excitation sites along the length of a minimally invasive neural probe.
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    501. 501
      Tsakas, A.; Tselios, C.; Ampeliotis, D.; Politi, C. T.; Alexandropoulos, D. Review of Optical Fiber Technologies for Optogenetics. Results Opt. 2021, 5, 100168,  DOI: 10.1016/j.rio.2021.100168
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    502. 502
      Fuhrmann, A.; Göstl, R.; Wendt, R.; Kötteritzsch, J.; Hager, M. D.; Schubert, U. S.; Brademann-Jock, K.; Thünemann, A. F.; Nöchel, U.; Behl, M. Conditional Repair by Locally Switching the Thermal Healing Capability of Dynamic Covalent Polymers with Light. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 13623,  DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13623
      502
      Conditional repair by locally switching the thermal healing capability of dynamic covalent polymers with light
      Fuhrmann, Anne; Goestl, Robert; Wendt, Robert; Koetteritzsch, Julia; Hager, Martin D.; Schubert, Ulrich S.; Brademann-Jock, Kerstin; Thuenemann, Andreas F.; Noechel, Ulrich; Behl, Marc; Hecht, Stefan
      Nature Communications (2016), 7 (), 13623pp.CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Publishing Group)
      Healable materials could play an important role in reducing the environmental footprint of our modern technol. society through extending the life cycles of consumer products and constructions. However, as most healing processes are carried out by heat alone, the ability to heal damage generally kills the parent material's thermal and mech. properties. Here we present a dynamic covalent polymer network whose thermal healing ability can be switched 'on' and 'off' on demand by light, thereby providing local control over repair while retaining the advantageous macroscopic properties of static polymer networks. We employ a photoswitchable furan-based crosslinker, which reacts with short and mobile maleimide-substituted poly(lauryl methacrylate) chains forming strong covalent bonds while simultaneously allowing the reversible, spatiotemporally resolved control over thermally induced de- and re-crosslinking. We reason that our system can be adapted to more complex materials and has the potential to impact applications in responsive coatings, photolithog. and microfabrication.
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    503. 503
      Asadirad, A. M.; Boutault, S.; Erno, Z.; Branda, N. R. Controlling a Polymer Adhesive Using Light and a Molecular Switch. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 3024– 3027,  DOI: 10.1021/ja500496n
      503
      Controlling a Polymer Adhesive Using Light and a Molecular Switch
      Asadirad, Amir Mahmoud; Boutault, Stephanie; Erno, Zach; Branda, Neil R.
      Journal of the American Chemical Society (2014), 136 (8), 3024-3027CODEN: JACSAT; ISSN:0002-7863. (American Chemical Society)
      A thermally remendable polymer was synthesized by the Diels-Alder reaction between dithienylfuran and maleimide monomers to generate a photoresponsive diarylethene. UV light (312 nm) and visible light (>435 nm) "gate" the reversibility of the Diels-Alder reaction and turn the self-healing properties of the polymer "off" and "on", resp. After exposure to UV light, the strength of the polymer as an adhesive is enhanced. Visible light weakens the adhesive.
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    504. 504
      Kaur, B.; Raza, R.; Stashick, M. J.; Branda, N. R. Using Light to Control the Inhibition of Karstedt’s Catalyst. Org. Chem. Front. 2019, 6, 1253– 1256,  DOI: 10.1039/C9QO00221A
      504
      Using light to control the inhibition of Karstedt's catalyst
      Kaur, Brahmjot; Raza, Rameez; Stashick, Mitchell J.; Branda, Neil R.
      Organic Chemistry Frontiers (2019), 6 (8), 1253-1256CODEN: OCFRA8; ISSN:2052-4129. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
      Hydrosilylation reactions are commonly used in the coating industry but the high activity of the platinum catalysts diminishes the 'pot life' of the reagents, and poses a serious industrial problem. In this communication, we illustrate a method for controlling the activity of these catalysts by using light as an external stimulant to turn 'off' a small mol. inhibitor, and activate the catalyst.
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    505. 505
      Wang, P.; Sun, Y.; Li, X.; Ye, Z. An Optimization Method for Simultaneous Wireless Power and Data Transfer Systems. Electronics 2020, 9, 2073,  DOI: 10.3390/electronics9122073
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    506. 506
      Yoon, H.-J.; Ryu, H.; Kim, S.-W. Sustainable Powering Triboelectric Nanogenerators: Approaches and the Path Towards Efficient Use. Nano Energy 2018, 51, 270– 285,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.06.075
      506
      Sustainable powering triboelectric nanogenerators: Approaches and the path towards efficient use
      Yoon, Hong-Joon; Ryu, Hanjun; Kim, Sang-Woo
      Nano Energy (2018), 51 (), 270-285CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Triboelec. nanogenerators (TENGs), which have demonstrated that all moving things in the universe can generate electricity in a sustainable way are currently being developed to be integrated with electronics, and to improve user convenience. The elec. charged surface upon a contact electrification phenomenon caused by contact of the materials dets. the output performance of TENGs. This review focuses on the electrification and surface charge d. characteristics of various fluoropolymer-based materials as active materials that have been investigated to realize high performance TENGs, and the results of the study of their applications. Furthermore, the characteristics of electrification with differently polymd. P(VDF-TrFE) as TENGs' active materials and their applications are reviewed. The boosted output performance characteristics when used as a matrix material and integrated with a composite system with a high dielec. const. material are also reviewed. Finally, the paper presents three perspectives on the direction of TENG research for future improvement, namely material, structure, and circuitry.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXht1KqtrbK&md5=94ddc386ddebbfd38b5bb459dd4f3098
    507. 507
      Lee, M. H.; Lee, J.; Jung, S. K.; Kang, D.; Park, M. S.; Cha, G. D.; Cho, K. W.; Song, J. H.; Moon, S.; Yun, Y. S. A Biodegradable Secondary Battery and Its Biodegradation Mechanism for Eco-Friendly Energy-Storage Systems. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2004902,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004902
      507
      A Biodegradable Secondary Battery and its Biodegradation Mechanism for Eco-Friendly Energy-Storage Systems
      Lee, Myeong Hwan; Lee, Jongha; Jung, Sung-Kyun; Kang, Dayoung; Park, Myung Soo; Cha, Gi Doo; Cho, Kyoung Won; Song, Jun-Hyuk; Moon, Sehwan; Yun, Young Soo; Kim, Seok Joo; Lim, Young Woon; Kim, Dae-Hyeong; Kang, Kisuk
      Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2021), 33 (10), 2004902CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      The prodn. of rechargeable batteries is rapidly expanding, and there are going to be new challenges in the near future about how the potential environmental impact caused by the disposal of the large vol. of the used batteries can be minimized. Herein, a novel strategy is proposed to address these concerns by applying biodegradable device technol. An eco-friendly and biodegradable sodium-ion secondary battery (SIB) is developed through extensive material screening followed by the synthesis of biodegradable electrodes and their seamless assembly with an unconventional biodegradable separator, electrolyte, and package. Each battery component decomps. in nature into non-toxic compds. or elements via hydrolysis and/or fungal degrdn., with all of the biodegrdn. products naturally abundant and eco-friendly. Detailed biodegrdn. mechanisms and toxicity influence of each component on living organisms are detd. In addn., this new SIB delivers performance comparable to that of conventional non-degradable SIBs. The strategy and findings suggest a novel eco-friendly biodegradable paradigm for large-scale rechargeable battery systems.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXjtFKrtb0%253D&md5=4c5eb9288e83f7c58b5b6208bb6077aa
    508. 508
      Fan, J.; Nie, D.; Liu, C. Research on Efficient Power Management Circuit for Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG). J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2021, 2033, 012198,  DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2033/1/012198
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
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