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An Effective Design of Electrically Conducting Thin-Film Composite (TFC) Membranes for Bio and Organic Fouling Control in Forward Osmosis (FO)

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† Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore, 119260
‡ College of Engineering and Science, Clemson University, Clemson South Carolina 29634 United States
*(J.Y.L.) Phone: (65) 65162899; fax: (65) 6779193; e-mail: [email protected]
*(J.X.) E-mail: [email protected]
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50, 19, 10596–10605
Publication Date (Web):September 8, 2016
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b03402
Copyright © 2016 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    The organic foulants and bacteria in secondary wastewater treatment can seriously impair the membrane performance in a water treatment plant. The embedded electrode approach using an externally applied potential to repel organic foulants and inhibit bacterial adhesion can effectively reduce the frequency of membrane replacement. Electrode embedment in membranes is often carried out by dispensing a conductor (e.g., carbon nanotubes, or CNTs) in the membrane substrate, which gives rise to two problems: the leaching-out of the conductor and a percolation-limited membrane conductivity that results in an added energy cost. This study presents a facile method for the embedment of a continuous electrode in thin-film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membranes. Specifically, a conducting porous carbon paper is used as the understructure for the formation of a membrane substrate by the classical phase inversion process. The carbon paper and the membrane substrate polymer form an interpenetrating structure with good stability and low electrical resistance (only about 1Ω/□). The membrane-electrode assembly was deployed as the cathode of an electrochemical cell, and showed good resistance to organic and microbial fouling with the imposition of a 2.0 V DC voltage. The carbon paper-based FO TFC membranes also possess good mechanical stability for practical use.

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03402.

    • Details on the preparation process of PES and Car-PES substrates (Figure S1), the flow cell for FO operations with an externally applied electric potential (Figure S2), the surface morphology of carbon paper used in this study(Figure S3), surface morphology of the PA layer on PES and Car-PES TFC membranes (Figure S4), effect of microbial fouling on the reverse salt flux of PES, Car-PES and electrically charged Car-PES TFC membranes (Figure S5), baseline experiments using the LB solution and a 2 M NaCl draw solution(Figure S6), water flux and reverse salt flux of PES, Car-PES and electrically charged Car-PES membranes after continuous microbial fouling and a brief physical wash(Figure S7), baseline experiments using a 4 mM NaCl feed and a 2 M NaCl draw solution (Figure S8), water flux and reverse salt flux of organically fouled PES, Car-PES and electrically charged Car-PES membranes after a brief physical wash(Figure S9), and properties of PES and Car-PES substrates (Table S1) (PDF)

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