Comments on Thrombosis After Vaccination: The Leader Sequence of the Spike Protein Might Be Responsible for Thrombosis and Antibody-Mediated Thrombocytopenia
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1. Abrams C, and Shattil SJ. Immunological detection of activated platelets in clinical disorders. Thromb Haemost 1991;65:467–473.
2. Ali MAM, and Spinler SA. COVID-19 and thrombosis: from bench to bedside. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2021;31:143–160.
3. Althaus K, Zlamal J, and Bakchoul T. Antibody-mediated platelet activation in COVID-19: a coincidence or a new mechanism of the dysregulated coagulation system? J Thromb Haemost 2021;19:1171–1173.
4. Bestle D, Heindl MR, Limburg H, et al. TMPRSS2 and furin are both essential for proteolytic activation of SARS-CoV-2 in human airway cells. Life Sci Alliance 2020;3:e202000786.
5. Bhattacharjee S, and Banerjee M. Immune thrombocytopenia secondary to COVID-19: a systematic review. SN Compr Clin Med 2020;90:1–11.
6. Bos R, Rutten L, van der Lubbe JEM, et al. Ad26 vector-based COVID-19 vaccine encoding a prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 Spike immunogen induces potent humoral and cellular immune responses. NPJ Vaccines 2020;5:91.
7. Bye A, Hoepel W, Mitchell JL, et al. Aberrant glycosylation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG is a pro-thrombotic stimulus for platelets. Blood 2021;138:1481–1489.
8. Chiang K, Raghavan R, and Gupta A. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination induced cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: do megakaryocytes, platelets and lipid mediators make up the orchestra? Free Neuropathol 2021;2:18.
9. Cohen CJ, Xiang ZQ, Gao GP, et al. Chimpanzee adenovirus CV-68 adapted as a gene delivery vector interacts with the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor. J Gen Virol 2002;83:151–155.
10. Corbett KS, Flynn B, Foulds KE, et al. Evaluation of the mRNA-1273 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in nonhuman primates. N Engl J Med 2020;383:1544–1555.
11. Gasbarri M, V'kovski P, Torriani G, et al. SARS-CoV-2 inhibition by sulfonated compounds. Microorganisms 2020;8:1894.
12. Giannis D, Ziogas IA, and Gianni P. Coagulation disorders in coronavirus infected patients: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and lessons from the past. J Clin Virol 2020;127:104362.
13. Greinacher A, Selleng K, Mayerle J, et al. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and anti-platelet factor 4 antibody responses induced by COVID-19 disease and ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccination. Research Square 2021 [Epub ahead of print];.
14. Greinacher A, Thiele T, Warkentin TE, et al. Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccination. N Engl J Med 2021;384:2092–2101.
15. Jerjes-Sánchez C. Thrombolysis in Pulmonary Embolism. Cham (Denmark): Springer, 2015.
16. Joly BS, Coppo P, and Veyradier A. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 2017;129:2836–2846.
17. Jones I, and Roy P. Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine candidate appears safe and effective. Lancet 2021;397:642–643.
18. Letarov AV, Babenko VV, and Kulikov EE. Free SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 particles may play a role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 infection. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2021;86:257–261.
19. Muir KL, Kallam A, Koepsell SA, and Gundabolu K. Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after Ad26.COV2.S vaccination. N Engl J Med 2021;384:1964–1965.
20. Mulligan MJ, Lyke KE, Kitchin N, et al. Phase I/II study of COVID-19 RNA vaccine BNT162b1 in adults. Nature 2020;586:589–593.
21. O'Neil KM. Role of complement in antiphospholipid antibody-mediated thrombosis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2007;9:205–211.
22. Perico L, Benigni A, Casiraghi F, Ng LFP, Renia L, and Remuzzi G. Immunity, endothelial injury and complement-induced coagulopathy in COVID-19. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021;17:46–64.
23. Saupe F, Huijbers EJ, Hein T, et al. Vaccines targeting self-antigens: mechanisms and efficacy-determining parameters. FASEB J 2015;29:3253–3262.
24. schVerdecchia P, Cavallini C, Spanevello A, et al. The pivotal link between ACE2 deficiency and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Intern Med 2020;76:14–20.
25. Scully M, Singh D, Lown R, et al. Pathologic antibodies to platelet factor 4 after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. N Engl J Med 2021;384:2202–2211.
26. Wang JY, Song WT, Li Y, et al. Improved expression of secretory and trimeric proteins in mammalian cells via the introduction of a new trimer motif and a mutant of the tPA signal sequence. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011;91:731–740.
27. Watanabe Y, Mendonça L, Allen ER, et al. Native-like SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein expressed by ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 vaccine. ACS Cent Sci 2021;7:594–602.
28. Xia X. Domains and functions of spike protein in Sars-Cov-2 in the context of vaccine design. Viruses 2021;13:109.
29. Zhang S, Liu Y, Wang X, et al. SARS-CoV-2 binds platelet ACE2 to enhance thrombosis in COVID-19. J Hematol Oncol 2020;13:120.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright 2021, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers.
History
Published online: 15 December 2021
Published in print: December 2021
Published ahead of print: 16 November 2021
Topics
Authors
Authors' Contributions
Writing, reviewing, and editing of the article by Z.M. and T.B.
Author Disclosure Statement
No competing financial interests exist.
Funding Information
T.B. was funded by the Nazarbayev University Faculty-Development Competitive Research Grants Program, reference: 280720FD1907.
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Export Citation
Export citation
Select the format you want to export the citations of this publication.
View Options
Get Access
Access content
To read the fulltext, please use one of the options below to sign in or purchase access.⚠ Society Access
If you are a member of a society that has access to this content please log in via your society website and then return to this publication.