Disinfectants Chlorine Dioxide
discovery characteristics storage production applications drinking water swimming pools
disinfectant disinfection health effects advantages and disadvantages legislation
Chlorine dioxide Figure 1: sir Humphrey Day discovered chlorine dioxide in 1814. When was chlorine dioxide discovered? What are the characteristics of chlorine dioxide ? At –59°C, solid chlorine dioxide becomes a reddish liquid. At 11°C chlorine dioxide turns into gas. Can chlorine dioxide be dissolved in water? Table 1: the solubility of chlorine dioxide in water
How can chlorine dioxide be stored? How is chlorine dioxide produced? The to main reactions are: What are the applications of chlorine dioxide? Chlorine dioxide as an oxidizer Figure 2: chlorine dioxide is more selective as an oxidizer than chlorine. While dosing the same concentrations, the residual concentration of chlorine dioxide is much higher with heavy pollution than the residual concentration of chlorine. By comparing the oxidation strength and oxidation capacity of different disinfectants, one can conclude that chlorine dioxide is effective at low concentrations. Chlorine dioxide is not as reactive as ozone or chlorine and it only reacts with sulphuric substances, amines and some other reactive organic substances. In comparison to chlorine and ozone, less chlorine dioxide is required to obtain an active residual disinfectant. It can also be used when a large amount of organic matter is present. Table 2: the oxidation potentials of various oxidants.
The following comparisons show what happens when chlorine dioxide reacts. First, chlorine dioxide takes up an electron and reduces to chlorite: Table 3: the availability of chlorine per mol weight
Does chlorine dioxide oxidize in the same way as chlorine? This reaction is catalyzed by hydrogen (H+) ions. The half life of watery solutions of chlorine dioxide decreases at increasing pH values. At low pH, chlorine dioxide is reduced to chloride ions (Cl- ). Does chlorine dioxide produce byproducts? What are the disinfection applications of chlorine dioxide? Drinking water treatment is the main application of disinfection by chlorine dioxide. Thanks to its adequate biocidal abilities, chlorine dioxide is also used in other branches of industry today. Example are sewage water disinfection, industrial process water treatment, cooling tower water disinfection, industrial air treatment, mussel control, foodstuffs production and treatment, industrial waste oxidation and gas sterilization of medical equipment. How does chlorine dioxide disinfect? How does disinfection by chlorine dioxide work? Can chlorine dioxide be used against protozoan parasites? Can microorganisms become resistant against chlorine dioxide? Can chlorine dioxide be used against bio film? What are the disinfection byproducts of chlorine dioxide? Can chlorine dioxide be used to disinfect drinking water? For drinking water treatment chlorine dioxide can be used both as a disinfectant and as an oxidizing agent. It can be used for both pre-oxidation and post-oxidation steps. By adding chlorine dioxide in the pre- oxidation stage of surface water treatment, the growth of algae and bacteria can be prevented in the following stages. Chlorine dioxide oxidizes floating particles and aids the coagulation process and the removal of turbidity from water. Chlorine dioxide is a powerful disinfectant for bacteria and viruses. The byproduct, chlorite (ClO2-), is a weak bactericidal agent. In water chlorine dioxide is active as a biocide for at least 48 hours, its activity probaly outranges that of chlorine. How much chlorine dioxide should be dosed? Can chlorine dioxide be used to disinfect swimming pools? How much chlorine dioxide should be dosed? Can chlorine dioxide be used to disinfect cooling towers? What are the advantages of the use of chlorine dioxide? Advantages Does chlorine dioxide form chlorinated disinfection byproducts? Is the chlorine dioxide concentration needed for sufficient disinfection high? Does the pH value influence chlorine dioxide efficiency? Figure 3: the influence of pH on efficiency is larger for chlorine than for chlorine dioxide Can chlorine dioxide be used combined with other disinfectants? What are the disadvantages of the use of chlorine dioxide? Is chlorine dioxide explosive? What are the health effects of chlorine dioxide? Chlorine dioxide gas Development and reproduction Mutagenity |
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