Identification of Ice Nucleation Active Sites on Feldspar Dust Particles
- Tobias Zolles
- ,
- Julia Burkart
- ,
- Thomas Häusler
- ,
- Bernhard Pummer
- ,
- Regina Hitzenberger
- , and
- Hinrich Grothe
Abstract
Mineral dusts originating from Earth’s crust are known to be important atmospheric ice nuclei. In agreement with earlier studies, feldspar was found as the most active of the tested natural mineral dusts. Here we investigated in closer detail the reasons for its activity and the difference in the activity of the different feldspars. Conclusions are drawn from scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and oil-immersion freezing experiments. K-feldspar showed by far the highest ice nucleation activity. Finally, we give a potential explanation of this effect, finding alkali-metal ions having different hydration shells and thus an influence on the ice nucleation activity of feldspar surfaces.
SPECIAL ISSUE
This article is part of the
Introduction
Experimental Section
Cryomicroscopy
Electron Microscopy
X-ray Powder Diffraction
Infrared Spectroscopy
Nitrogen Adsorption
Sample Description and Preparation
mineral | composition | source | particle size [μm] | T50 [K] |
---|---|---|---|---|
quartz I | pure alpha quartz | Sigma-Aldrich | 1–5 (80%) | 249 ± 1 |
quartz II | pure alpha quartz | Fluka | 1–5 | 240 ± 1 |
quartz III | pure alpha quartz | natural quartz | 1–15 | 235 ± 0 |
K-feldspar/microcline | 70–80% microcline, rest: albite | Alfa Aesar | 1–10 | 249 ± 1 |
Na-feldspar/albite | >99% albite | Alfa Aesar | 1–10 | 239 ± 1 |
Na/Ca-feldspar/andesine | anorthian andesine (Na:Ca 50:50) | Alfa Aesar | 1–10 | 240 ± 1 |
montmorillonite | quartz, muscovite, montmorillonite (no quantification) | Sigma-Aldrich | 0.5–10 | 240 ± 1 |
kaolinite | 5–10% quartz, 5–10% muscovite, 5–10% halloysite, rest kaolinite | Bolus Alba | 0.5–5 | 248 ± 1 |
calcite | >99% calcite | Sigma-Aldrich | 2–5 | 237 ± 1 |
gypsum | 96% CaSO4·2H2O, 4% CaSO4·1/2H2O | Sigma-Aldrich | needles: 5–15 | 239 ± 1 |
volcanic ash | feldspars (ca. 70% albite), quartz, iron–titanium oxide | ICE-SAR | 1–50 | 238 ± 1 |
Arizona test dust | 17% sodium andesine, 17% K-feldspar, 5–10% other feldspars, rest: quartz | PTI | 1–10 | 250 ± 1 |
limestone | >99% calcite | natural sampled | 1–20 | 237 ± 1 |
The particle size was estimated from the SEM images. The T50 is listed for a particle concentration of 20 mg/mL.
Results
Untreated Feldspar Samples
Untreated Quartz Samples
Untreated Other Samples
Untreated Natural Samples
Milled Feldspar Samples
Milled Quartz Samples
Temperature-Treated Samples
Enzyme-Treated Feldspar Samples
Enzyme-Treated Quartz Samples
Discussion
New Approach—Molecular Sites
Impact of Surface Composition
Situation for Other Minerals
Conclusion
Supporting Information
The Supporting Information includes a table with all measured freezing temperatures and particle sizes, freezing spectra given as active surface site density (ns), and a freezing spectrum of single measurement runs. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.
Terms & Conditions
Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.
Acknowledgment
We thank the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) for the financial support (Project number P23027 and P26040). Electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction was carried out using facilities at the University Service Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy (USTEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRC), Vienna University of Technology, Austria.
References
This article references 43 other publications.
-
1Solomon, S.; Qin, D.; Manning, M.; Chen, Z.; Marquis, M.; Averyt, K. B.; Tignor, M.; Miller, H. L. IPCC, 2007:Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, U.K. and New York, 2007.Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
2Baker, M. B.; Peter, T. Small-Scale Cloud Processes and Climate Nature 2008, 451, 299– 300Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
3Baker, J. M.; Dore, J. C.; Behrens, P. Nucleation of Ice in Confined Geometry J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 6226– 6229Google Scholar3https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK2sXkslehtLk%253D&md5=44e45ae7f7002d154082ed963aa96e5cNucleation of Ice in Confined GeometryBaker, J. M.; Dore, J. C.; Behrens, P.Journal of Physical Chemistry B (1997), 101 (32), 6226-6229CODEN: JPCBFK; ISSN:1089-5647. (American Chemical Society)Neutron diffraction studies have been made of ice nucleation in various forms of porous sol-gel silicas and ordered aluminosilicates. It is shown that the crystal structure of the ice exhibits significant variation according to the conditions and often has a diffraction pattern composed of a hybrid with both cubic and hexagonal ice characteristics. The ice structures appear defective/disordered in a complex manner but have common characteristics in terms of temp. variation studies. New studies of water in ordered mesoscopic (MCM-41) structures give results that appear to indicate "frustrated nucleation".
-
4Lohmann, U. A Glaciation Indirect Aerosol Effect Caused by Soot Aerosols Geophys. Res. Lett. 2002, 29, 11Google Scholar4https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD38XjvVKjtbo%253D&md5=b7d8ea2064093e2951557806fdec1960A glaciation indirect aerosol effect caused by soot aerosolsLohmann, U.Geophysical Research Letters (2002), 29 (4), 11/1-11/4CODEN: GPRLAJ; ISSN:0094-8276. (American Geophysical Union)Anthropogenic aerosols can influence the climate indirectly by changing the optical properties and pptn. formation of water clouds. An indirect effect that has not been considered involves the subset of anthropogenic aerosols that act as ice nuclei and thereby dets. the lifetime of ice and mixed-phase clouds. If, in addn. to mineral dust, a fraction of the hydrophilic soot aerosol particles is assumed to act as contact ice nuclei as evident from recent lab. studies, then increases in aerosol concn. from pre-industrial times to present-day pose a new indirect effect, a "glaciation indirect effect", on clouds. Here increases in contact ice nuclei in the present-day climate result in more frequent glaciation of clouds and increase the amt. of pptn. via the ice phase. This effect can at least partly offset the solar indirect aerosol effect on water clouds.
-
5DeMott, P. J.; Prenni, A. J.; Liu, X.; Petters, M. D.; Twohy, C. H.; Richardson, M. S.; Eidhammer, T.; Kreidenweis, S. M.; Rogers, D. C. Predicting Global Atmospheric Ice Nuclei Distributions and their Impacts on Climate Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2010, 107, 11217– 11222Google Scholar5https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC3crktFOgtg%253D%253D&md5=7f4e5a242e7e2187872e05f413944d95Predicting global atmospheric ice nuclei distributions and their impacts on climateDeMott P J; Prenni A J; Liu X; Kreidenweis S M; Petters M D; Twohy C H; Richardson M S; Eidhammer T; Rogers D CProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2010), 107 (25), 11217-22 ISSN:.Knowledge of cloud and precipitation formation processes remains incomplete, yet global precipitation is predominantly produced by clouds containing the ice phase. Ice first forms in clouds warmer than -36 degrees C on particles termed ice nuclei. We combine observations from field studies over a 14-year period, from a variety of locations around the globe, to show that the concentrations of ice nuclei active in mixed-phase cloud conditions can be related to temperature and the number concentrations of particles larger than 0.5 microm in diameter. This new relationship reduces unexplained variability in ice nuclei concentrations at a given temperature from approximately 10(3) to less than a factor of 10, with the remaining variability apparently due to variations in aerosol chemical composition or other factors. When implemented in a global climate model, the new parameterization strongly alters cloud liquid and ice water distributions compared to the simple, temperature-only parameterizations currently widely used. The revised treatment indicates a global net cloud radiative forcing increase of approximately 1 W m(-2) for each order of magnitude increase in ice nuclei concentrations, demonstrating the strong sensitivity of climate simulations to assumptions regarding the initiation of cloud glaciation.
-
6Pruppacher, H. R.; Klett, G. D. Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Amsterdam, 1997.Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
7Kärcher, B.; Spichtinger, P. Cloud-Controlling Factors of Cirrus Clouds in the Perturbed Climate System: Their Relationship to Energy Balance, Atmospheric Dynamics, and Precipitation, Strüngmann Forum Reports 2009, 2.Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
8Hoose, C.; Möhler, O. Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation on Atmospheric Aerosols: a Review of Results from Laboratory Experiments Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012, 12, 9817– 9854Google Scholar8https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXht1Omtr0%253D&md5=20313e79a4bcdc12a065bff0a1d93e8fHeterogeneous ice nucleation on atmospheric aerosols: a review of results from laboratory experimentsHoose, C.; Moehler, O.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2012), 12 (20), 9817-9854CODEN: ACPTCE; ISSN:1680-7316. (Copernicus Publications)A review. A small subset of the atm. aerosol population has the ability to induce ice formation at conditions under which ice would not form without them (heterogeneous ice nucleation). While no closed theor. description of this process and the requirements for good ice nuclei is available, numerous studies have attempted to quantify the ice nucleation ability of different particles empirically in lab. expts. In this article, an overview of these results is provided. Ice nucleation "onset" conditions for various mineral dust, soot, biol., org. and ammonium sulfate particles are summarized. Typical temp.-supersatn. regions can be identified for the "onset" of ice nucleation of these different particle types, but the various particle sizes and activated fractions reported in different studies have to be taken into account when comparing results obtained with different methodologies. When intercomparing only data obtained under the same conditions, it is found that dust mineralogy is not a consistent predictor of higher or lower ice nucleation ability. However, the broad majority of studies agrees on a redn. of deposition nucleation by various coatings on mineral dust. The ice nucleation active surface site (INAS) d. is discussed as a simple and empirical normalized measure for ice nucleation activity. For most immersion and condensation freezing measurements on mineral dust, ests. of the temp.-dependent INAS d. agree within about two orders of magnitude. For deposition nucleation on dust, the spread is significantly larger, but a general trend of increasing INAS densities with increasing supersatn. is found. For soot, the presently available results are divergent. Estd. av. INAS densities are high for ice-nucleation active bacteria at high subzero temps. At the same time, it is shown that INAS densities of some other biol. aerosols, like certain pollen grains, fungal spores and diatoms, tend to be similar to those of dust. These particles may owe their high ice nucleation onsets to their large sizes. Surface-area-dependent parameterizations of heterogeneous ice nucleation are discussed. For immersion freezing on mineral dust, fitted INAS densities are available, but should not be used outside the temp. interval of the data they were based on. Classical nucleation theory, if employed with only one fitted contact angle, does not reproduce the obsd. temp. dependence for immersion nucleation, the temp. and supersatn. dependence for deposition nucleation, and the time dependence of ice nucleation. Formulations of classical nucleation theory with distributions of contact angles offer possibilities to overcome these weaknesses.
-
9Murray, B. J.; O’Sullivan, D.; Atkinson, J. D.; Webb, M. E. Ice Nucleation by Particles Immersed in Supercooled Cloud Droplets Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 6519– 54Google Scholar9https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xhtlaktr7L&md5=5a331f4c83c33d5d7a99d6dca8cf9b3fIce nucleation by particles immersed in supercooled cloud dropletsMurray, B. J.; O'Sullivan, D.; Atkinson, J. D.; Webb, M. E.Chemical Society Reviews (2012), 41 (19), 6519-6554CODEN: CSRVBR; ISSN:0306-0012. (Royal Society of Chemistry)A review. The formation of ice particles in the Earth's atm. strongly affects the properties of clouds and their impact on climate. Despite the importance of ice formation in detg. the properties of clouds, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) was unable to assess the impact of atm. ice formation in their most recent report because our basic knowledge is insufficient. Part of the problem is the paucity of quant. information on the ability of various atm. aerosol species to initiate ice formation. Here we review and assess the existing quant. knowledge of ice nucleation by particles immersed within supercooled water droplets. We introduce aerosol species which have been identified in the past as potentially important ice nuclei and address their ice-nucleating ability when immersed in a supercooled droplet. We focus on mineral dusts, biol. species (pollen, bacteria, fungal spores and plankton), carbonaceous combustion products and volcanic ash. In order to make a quant. comparison we first introduce several ways of describing ice nucleation and then summarise the existing information according to the time-independent (singular) approxn. Using this approxn. in combination with typical atm. loadings, we est. the importance of ice nucleation by different aerosol types. According to these ests. we find that ice nucleation below about -15 °C is dominated by soot and mineral dusts. Above this temp. the only materials known to nucleate ice are biol., with quant. data for other materials absent from the literature. We conclude with a summary of the challenges our community faces.
-
10Kumai, M. Snow Crystals and the Identification of the Nuclei in the Northern United States of America J. Meteorol. 1961, 18, 139– 150Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
11Isono, B. K.; Ikebe, Y. On the Ice-Nucleating Ability of Rock-Forming Minerals and Soil Particles J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. 1960, 38, 213– 230Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
12Wiacek, A.; Peter, T.; Lohmann, U. The Potential Influence of Asian and African Mineral Dust on Ice, Mixed-Phase and Liquid Water Clouds Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10, 8649– 8667Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
13Pratt, K. A.; DeMott, P. J.; French, J. R.; Wang, Z.; Westphal, D. L.; Heymsfield, A. J.; Twohy, C. H.; Prenni, A. J.; Prather, K. A. In Situ Detection of Biological Particles in Cloud Ice-Crystals Nat. Geosci. 2009, 2, 398– 401Google Scholar13https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXms1Oru70%253D&md5=3e8f1a985cfb0de00ad836d672b335f4In situ detection of biological particles in cloud ice-crystalsPratt, Kerri A.; DeMott, Paul J.; French, Jeffrey R.; Wang, Zhien; Westphal, Douglas L.; Heymsfield, Andrew J.; Twohy, Cynthia H.; Prenni, Anthony J.; Prather, Kimberly A.Nature Geoscience (2009), 2 (6), 398-401CODEN: NGAEBU; ISSN:1752-0894. (Nature Publishing Group)The impact of aerosol particles on cloud formation and properties is one of the largest remaining sources of uncertainty in climate change projections. Certain aerosol particles, i.e., ice nuclei, initiate ice-crystal formation in clouds, thereby affecting pptn. and the global hydrol. cycle. Lab. studies suggested some mineral dusts and primary biol. particles, e.g., bacteria, pollen, and fungi, can act as ice nuclei. Aircraft-aerosol time-of-flight spectrometry directly measured the chem. of individual cloud ice-crystal residues (obtained after ice evapn.), were sampled at high altitude over Wyoming. Biol. particles and mineral dust comprised most of the ice-crystal residues: mineral dust accounted for ∼50% of the residues and biol. particles for ∼33%. Along with concurrent cloud ice-crystal and ice-nuclei concn. measurements, these observations suggested certain biol. and dust particles initiated ice formation in sampled clouds. A global aerosol model then showed long-range transport of desert dust, suggesting biol. particles can enhance the impact of desert dust storms on cloud ice formation.
-
14Cziczo, D. J.; Froyd, K. D.; Hoose, C.; Jensen, E. J.; Diao, M.; Zondlo, M. A.; Smith, J. B.; Twohy, C. H.; Murphy, D. M. Clarifying the Dominant Sources and Mechanisms of Cirrus Cloud Formation Science 2013, 340, 1320– 1324Google Scholar14https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXptFKjsrY%253D&md5=4ede7951be1b3d1eca62879a59ec52b3Clarifying the Dominant Sources and Mechanisms of Cirrus Cloud FormationCziczo, Daniel J.; Froyd, Karl D.; Hoose, Corinna; Jensen, Eric J.; Diao, Minghui; Zondlo, Mark A.; Smith, Jessica B.; Twohy, Cynthia H.; Murphy, Daniel M.Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2013), 340 (6138), 1320-1324CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)Formation of cirrus clouds depends on the availability of ice nuclei to begin condensation of atm. water vapor. Although it is known that only a small fraction of atm. aerosols are efficient ice nuclei, the crit. ingredients that make those aerosols so effective have not been established. The authors have detd. in situ the compn. of the residual particles within cirrus crystals after the ice was sublimated. The results demonstrate that mineral dust and metallic particles are the dominant source of residual particles, whereas sulfate and org. particles are underrepresented, and elemental carbon and biol. materials are essentially absent. Further, compn. anal. combined with relative humidity measurements suggests that heterogeneous freezing was the dominant formation mechanism of these clouds.
-
15Lüönd, F.; Stetzer, O.; Welti, A.; Lohmann, U. Experimental Study on the Ice Nucleation Ability of Size-Selected Kaolinite Particles in the Immersion Mode J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115, 27Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
16Murray, B. J.; Broadley, S. L.; Wilson, T. W.; Atkinson, J. D.; Wills, R. H. Heterogeneous Freezing of Water Droplets Containing Kaolinite Particles Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11, 4191– 4207Google Scholar16https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXhtVWltrbM&md5=6ff390adfe6da31805000f06e4944283Heterogeneous freezing of water droplets containing kaolinite particlesMurray, B. J.; Broadley, S. L.; Wilson, T. W.; Atkinson, J. D.; Wills, R. H.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2011), 11 (9), 4191-4207CODEN: ACPTCE; ISSN:1680-7316. (Copernicus Publications)Clouds composed of both ice particles and supercooled liq. water droplets exist at temps. above ∼236 K. These mixed phase clouds, which strongly impact climate, are very sensitive to the presence of solid particles that can catalyze freezing. In this paper we describe expts. to det. the conditions at which the clay mineral kaolinite nucleates ice when immersed within water droplets. These are the first immersion mode expts. in which the ice nucleating ability of kaolinite has been detd. as a function of clay surface area, cooling rate and also at const. temps. Water droplets contg. a known amt. of clay mineral were supported on a hydrophobic surface and cooled at rates of between 0.8 and 10 K min-1 or held at const. sub-zero temps. The time and temp. at which individual 10-50 μm diam. droplets froze were detd. by optical microscopy. For a cooling rate of 10 K min-1, the median nucleation temp. of 10-40 μm diam. droplets increased from close to the homogeneous nucleation limit (236 K) to 240.8 ± 0.6 K as the concn. of kaolinite in the droplets was increased from 0.005 wt% to 1 wt%. This data shows that the probability of freezing scales with surface area of the kaolinite inclusions. We also show that at a const. temp. the no. of liq. droplets decreases exponentially as they freeze over time. The const. cooling rate expts. are consistent with the stochastic, singular and modified singular descriptions of heterogeneous nucleation; however, freezing during cooling and at const. temp. can be reconciled best with the stochastic approach. We report temp. dependent nucleation rate coeffs. (nucleation events per unit time per unit area) for kaolinite and present a general parameterization for immersion nucleation which may be suitable for cloud modeling once nucleation by other important ice nucleating species is quantified in the future.
-
17Pinti, V.; Marcolli, C.; Zobrist, B.; Hoyle, C. R.; Peter, T. Ice Nucleation Efficiency of Clay Minerals in the Immersion Mode Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012, 12, 5859– 5878Google Scholar17https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XhslSnu7zK&md5=2a8adf56f7e78e055088dc631d218b3dIce nucleation efficiency of clay minerals in the immersion modePinti, V.; Marcolli, C.; Zobrist, B.; Hoyle, C. R.; Peter, T.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2012), 12 (13), 5859-5878CODEN: ACPTCE; ISSN:1680-7316. (Copernicus Publications)Emulsion and bulk freezing expts. were performed to investigate immersion ice nucleation on clay minerals in pure water, using various kaolinites, montmorillonites, illites as well as natural dust from the Hoggar Mountains in the Saharan region. Differential scanning calorimeter measurements were performed on three different kaolinites (KGa-1b, KGa-2 and K-SA), two illites (Illite NX and Illite SE) and four natural and acid-treated montmorillonites (SWy-2, STx-1b, KSF and K-10). The emulsion expts. provide information on the av. freezing behavior characterized by the av. nucleation sites. These expts. revealed one to sometimes two distinct heterogeneous freezing peaks, which suggest the presence of a low no. of qual. distinct av. nucleation site classes. We refer to the peak at the lowest temp. as "std. peak" and to the one occurring in only some clay mineral types at higher temps. as "special peak". Conversely, freezing in bulk samples is not initiated by the av. nucleation sites, but by a very low no. of "best sites". The kaolinites and montmorillonites showed quite narrow std. peaks with onset temps. 238 K < Tstdon < 242 K and best sites with averaged median freezing temp. Tbestmed = 257 K, but only some featuring a special peak (i.e. KSF, K-10, K-SA and SWy-2) with freezing onsets in the range 240-248 K. The illites showed broad std. peaks with freezing onsets at 244 K < Tstdon < 246 K and best sites with averaged median freezing temp. Tbestmed = 262 K. The large difference between freezing temps. of std. and best sites shows that characterizing ice nucleation efficiencies of dust particles on the basis of freezing onset temps. from bulk expts., as has been done in some atm. studies, is not appropriate. Our investigations demonstrate that immersion freezing temps. of clay minerals strongly depend on the amt. of clay mineral present per droplet and on the exact type (location of collection and pre-treatment) of the clay mineral. We suggest that apparently contradictory results obtained by different groups with different setups are indeed in good agreement when only clay minerals of the same type and amt. per droplet are compared. The natural sample from the Hoggar Mountains, a region whose dusts have been shown to be composed mainly of illite, showed very similar freezing characteristics (std. and best) to the illites. Relating the concn. of best IN to the dust concn. in the atm. suggested that the best IN in the Hoggar sample would be common enough downwind of their source region to account for ambient IN no. densities in the temp. range of 250-260 K at least during dust events.
-
18Welti, A.; Lüönd, F.; Kanji, Z. A.; Stetzer, O.; Lohmann, U. Time Dependence of Immersion Freezing Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 2012, 12, 12623– 12662Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
19Zimmermann, F.; Weinbruch, S.; Schütz, L.; Hofmann, H.; Ebert, M.; Kandler, K.; Worringen, A. Ice Nucleation Properties of the most Abundant Mineral Dust Phases J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113, D23204Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
20Eastwood, M. L.; Cremel, S.; Gehrke, C.; Girard, E.; Bertram, A. K. Ice Nucleation on Mineral Dust Particles: Onset Conditions, Nucleation Rates and Contact Angles J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113, D22203Google Scholar20https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXht1yrt7c%253D&md5=250d85cd3d0eed21926504c9ea759ce7Ice nucleation on mineral dust particles: onset conditions, nucleation rates and contact anglesEastwood, Michael L.; Cremel, Sebastien; Gehrke, Clemens; Girard, Eric; Bertram, Allan K.Journal of Geophysical Research, [Atmospheres] (2008), 113 (D22), D22203/1-D22203/9CODEN: JGRDE3 ISSN:. (American Geophysical Union)An optical microscope coupled to a flow cell was used to investigate the onset conditions for ice nucleation on five atmospherically relevant minerals at temps. ranging from 233 to 246 K. Here we define the onset conditions as the humidity and temp. at which the first ice nucleation event was obsd. Kaolinite and muscovite were found to be efficient ice nuclei in the deposition mode, requiring relative humidities with respect to ice (RHi) below 112% in order to initiate ice crystal formation. Quartz and calcite, by contrast, were poor ice nuclei, requiring relative humidities close to water satn. before ice crystals would form. Montmorillonite particles were efficient ice nuclei at temps. below 241 K but were poor ice nuclei at higher temps. In several cases, there was a lack of quant. agreement between our data and previously published work. This can be explained by several factors including the mineral source, the particle sizes, the surface area available for nucleation, and observation time. Heterogeneous nucleation rates (Jhet) were calcd. from the measurements of the onset conditions (temp. and RHi) required from ice nucleation. The Jhet values were then used to calc. contact angles (θ) between the mineral substrates and an ice embryo using classical nucleation theory. The contact angles measured for kaolinite and muscovite ranged from 6° to 12°, whereas for quartz and calcite, the contact angles ranged from 25° to 27°. The reported Jhet and θ values may allow for a more direct comparison between lab. studies and can be used when modeling ice cloud formation in the atm.
-
21Connolly, P. J.; Möhler, O.; Field, P. R.; Saathoff, H.; Burgess, R.; Choularton, T.; Gallagher, M. Studies of Heterogeneous Freezing by Three Different Desert Dust Samples Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009, 9, 2805– 2824Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
22Steinke, I.; Möhler, O.; Kiselev, A.; Niemand, M.; Saathoff, H.; Schnaiter, M.; Skrotzki, J.; Hoose, C.; Leisner, T. Ice Nucleation Properties of Fine Ash Particles from the Eyjafjallajökull Eruption in April 2010 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11, 12945– 12958Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
23Hoyle, C. R.; Pinti, V.; Welti, A.; Zobrist, B.; Marcolli, C.; Luo, B.; Höskuldsson, Á.; Mattsson, H. B.; Stetzer, O.; Thorsteinsson, T.; Larsen, G.; Peter, T. Ice Nucleation Properties of Volcanic Ash from Eyjafjallajökull Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11, 9911– 9926Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
24Atkinson, J. D.; Murray, B. J.; Woodhouse, M. T.; Whale, T. F.; Baustian, K. J.; Carslaw, K. S.; Dobbie, S.; O’Sullivan, D.; Malkin, T. L. The Importance of Feldspar for Ice Nucleation by Mineral Dust in Mixed-Phase Clouds Nature 2013, 498, 355– 358Google Scholar24https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXpt1Crsb0%253D&md5=9bd48b451ea3605eca4376ef34ea420dThe importance of feldspar for ice nucleation by mineral dust in mixed-phase cloudsAtkinson, James D.; Murray, Benjamin J.; Woodhouse, Matthew T.; Whale, Thomas F.; Baustian, Kelly J.; Carslaw, Kenneth S.; Dobbie, Steven; O'Sullivan, Daniel; Malkin, Tamsin L.Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2013), 498 (7454), 355-358CODEN: NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Publishing Group)The amt. of ice present in mixed-phase clouds, which contain both supercooled liq. water droplets and ice particles, affects cloud extent, lifetime, particle size and radiative properties. The freezing of cloud droplets can be catalyzed by the presence of aerosol particles known as ice nuclei. One of the most important ice nuclei is thought to be mineral dust aerosol from arid regions. It is generally assumed that clay minerals, which contribute approx. two-thirds of the dust mass, dominate ice nucleation by mineral dust, and many exptl. studies have therefore focused on these materials. Here we use an established droplet-freezing technique to show that feldspar minerals dominate ice nucleation by mineral dusts under mixed-phase cloud conditions, despite feldspar being a minor component of dust emitted from arid regions. We also find that clay minerals are relatively unimportant ice nuclei. Our results from a global aerosol model study suggest that feldspar ice nuclei are globally distributed and that feldspar particles may account for a large proportion of the ice nuclei in Earth's atm. that contribute to freezing at temps. below about -15 °C.
-
25Yakobi-Hancock, J. D.; Ladino, L. A.; Abbatt, J. P. D. Feldspar Minerals as Efficient Deposition Ice Nuclei Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013, 13, 11175– 11185Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
26Hu, X. L.; Michaelides, A. Ice Formation on Kaolinite: Lattice Matchor Amphoterism? Surf. Sci. 2007, 601, 5378– 5381Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
27Hu, X. L.; Michaelides, A. The Kaolinite (001) Polar Basal Plane Surf. Sci. 2010, 604, 111– 117Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
28Shen, J. H.; Klier, K.; Zettlemoyer, A. C. Ice Nucleation by Micas J. Atmos. Sci. 1977, 34, 957– 960Google Scholar28https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaE2sXkslKnur8%253D&md5=206872e66c1069e75678e6f70b8b1a24Ice nucleation by micasShen, J. H.; Klier, K.; Zettlemoyer, A. C.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (1977), 34 (6), 957-60CODEN: JAHSAK; ISSN:0022-4928.A F mica, fluorphlogopite, was found to produce higher bulk water freezing temp. than many other nucleating agents including the parent hydroxyphlogopite and even AgI. Fluorphologopite has an inherently large mismatch with ice crystals but the water cluster embryo is apparently sustained by an F-H-O hydrogen bond assisted by neighboring K ions.
-
29Pummer, B. G.; Bauer, H.; Bernardi, J.; Bleicher, S.; Grothe, H. Suspendable Macromolecules are Responsible for Ice Nucleation Activity of Birch and Conifer Pollen Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012, 12, 2541– 2550Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
30ICDD, PDF-4 2013 (Database); International Centre for Diffraction Data: Newtown Square, PA, USA, 2013.Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
31Weast, C. R.; Astle, M. J. CRC Handbook of Chemistry; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1981.Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
32Conen, F.; Henne, S.; Morris, C. E.; Alewell, C. Atmospheric Ice Nucleators Active ≥ −12 °C Can be Quantified on PM10 Filters Atmos. Meas. Technol. 2012, 5, 321– 327Google Scholar32https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xns1Sjtbw%253D&md5=c1908bf6ce69389c8485aa1231b39adeAtmospheric ice nucleators active ≥-12°C can be quantified on PM10 filtersConen, F.; Henne, S.; Morris, C. E.; Alewell, C.Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (2012), 5 (2), 321-327CODEN: AMTTC2; ISSN:1867-1381. (Copernicus Publications)Small no. concns. render it difficult to quantify ice nucleators (IN) in the atm. active at warm temps. A useful new method for IN measurement based around filter collections is proposed. It makes use of quartz filters used in 24 h PM10 monitoring (720 m3 air sample). Small subsamples (1.8 mm diam.) from the effective filter area and from the clean fringe (blank) are subjected to immersion freezing tests. We applied the method to eight filters from the High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch (3580 m above sea level) in the Swiss Alps. All filters carried IN active at -7° and below. No. concns. of IN active at -8°, -10°, and -12° were on av. 3.3, 10.7, and 17.2 m-3, resp. Several-fold larger nos. of IN active at ≥-12° per unit mass of PM10 were found in air masses influenced by Swiss and southern German atm. boundary layer air, compared to a Saharan dust event. In combination with data on PM10 mass, the method may be used to re-construct time series of IN no. concns.
-
33Klier, K.; Shen, J. H.; Zettlemoyer, A. C. Water on Silica and Silicate Surfaces. I. Partially Hydrophobic Silicas J. Phys. Chem. 1973, 77, 1458– 1465Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
34Hiranuma, N.; Hoffmann, N.; Kiselev, A.; Dreyer, A.; Zhang, K.; Kulkarni, G.; Koop, T.; Möhler, O. Influence of Surface Morphology on the Immersion Mode Ice Nucleation Efficiency of Hematite Particles Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2014, 14, 2315– 2324Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
35Hons, G. L. Behavior of Alkali Feldspars: Crystallographic Properties and Characterization of Composition and Al-Si Distribution Am. Mineral. 1986, 71, 869– 890Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
36Fenter, P.; Teng, H.; Geissbühler, P.; Hanchar, J.; Nagy, K.; Sturchio, N. Atomic Scale Structure of the Orthoclase (001)– Water Interface Measured with High Resolution X-Ray Reflectivity Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2000, 64, 3663– 3673Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
37Lardge, J. S.; Duffy, D. M.; Gillan, M. J.; Watkins, M. Ab Initio Simulations of the Interaction between Water and Defects on the Calcite {1014} Surface J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 2664– 2668Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
38Yizhak, M. Effect of Ions on the Structure of Water: Structure Making and Breaking Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 1346– 1370Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
39Zangi, R. Can Salting-In/Salting-Out Ions be Classified as Chaotropes/Kosmotropes? J. Phys. Chem. B 2010, 114, 643– 650Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
40Salzmann, C. G.; Radaelli, P. G.; Hallbrucker, A.; Mayer, E.; Finney, J. L. The Preparation and Structures of Hydrogen Ordered Phases of Ice Science 2006, 311, 1758– 1761Google Scholar40https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28Xis1eqtb0%253D&md5=042ddd11f8d68737220c8d85f2a22176The Preparation and Structures of Hydrogen Ordered Phases of IceSalzmann, Christoph G.; Radaelli, Paolo G.; Hallbrucker, Andreas; Mayer, Erwin; Finney, John L.Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2006), 311 (5768), 1758-1761CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)Two H ordered phases of ice were prepd. by cooling the H disordered ices V and XII under pressure. Previous attempts to unlock the geometrical frustration in H-bonded structures have focused on doping with KOH and have had success in partially increasing the H ordering in hexagonal ice I (ice Ih). By doping ices V and XII with HCl, the authors prepd. ice XIII and ice XIV, and the authors analyzed their structures by powder neutron diffraction. The use of HCl to release geometrical frustration opens up the possibility of completing the phase diagram of ice. Crystallog. data and at. coordinates are given.
-
41Tajima, Y.; Matsu, T.; Suga, H. Phase Transition in KOH-Doped Hexagonal Ice Nature 1982, 299, 810– 812Google Scholar41https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaL3sXktFOjsw%253D%253D&md5=c24ceb599a4d9865d5d8d723f63cfde2Phase transition in potassium hydroxide-doped hexagonal iceTajima, Y.; Matsuo, T.; Suga, H.Nature (London, United Kingdom) (1982), 299 (5886), 810-12CODEN: NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836.A calorimetric expt. shows that a 1st-order transition occurs at 72 K in ice crystals doped with 0.001-0.1 mol. KOH/dm3, which removes most of the residual entropy of the ice crystal. The magnitude of the entropy removal depends on the temp. and time of annealing and the history of the sample. Thus, the residual entropy in hexagonal ice is substantially due to a nonequil. phenomenon such as positional disorder of the protons.
-
42Stipp, S. L. L. Toward a Conceptual Model of the Calcite Surface: Hydration, Hydrolysis, and Surface Potential Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1999, 63, 3121– 3131Google Scholar42https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK1MXotVClur0%253D&md5=479f689d044d2ddc060ba2a3467e49c6Toward a conceptual model of the calcite surface: hydration, hydrolysis, and surface potentialStipp, S. L. S.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (1999), 63 (19/20), 3121-3131CODEN: GCACAK; ISSN:0016-7037. (Elsevier Science Inc.)Because of a recent increase in interest in the properties of the calcite surface, there has also been an increase in activity toward development of math. models to describe calcite's surface behavior, particularly with respect to adsorption and pptn. For a math. model to be realistic, it must be based on a sound conceptual model of at. structure at the interface. New observations from high resoln. techniques have been combined with previously published data to resolve the apparent conflict with results from electrokinetic studies and to present a picture of what the calcite surface probably looks like at the at. scale. In ultra-high vacuum (10-10 mbar), a cleaved surface remains unreacted for at least an hour, but the unreacted surface does not remain as a termination of the bulk structure. XPS (XPS), LEED (LEED), and at. force microscopy (AFM) show that the outer-most at. layer relaxes and the surface slightly restructures. In air, dangling bonds are satisfied by hydrolyzed water. XPS and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) reveal the presence of adsorbed OH and H. In AFM images, the features so typical of calcite, namely, alternate-row offset, pairing and height difference, as well as the consistent dependence of these features on the force and direction of tip scanning, are best explained by OH filling of the vacant O sites created during cleavage on the Ca octahedra. Thus there is solid evidence to indicate the presence of OH and H chemi-sorbed at the termination of the bulk calcite structure. Wet chem. studies, however, show that calcite's pHpzc (zero point of charge) varies with sample history and soln. compn. Electrophoretic mobility measurements indicate that the potential-detg. ions are not H+ and OH-, but rather Ca2+ and CO32- (or HCO3- or H2CO30). This apparent conflict is resolved by a slight modification of the elec. double layer (EDL) model. At the bulk termination, hydrolysis species are chemi-bonded. At the Stern layer, adsorption attaches Ca2+ and CO32- (or other carbonate species), but the hydrolysis layer keeps them in outer-sphere coordination to the surface. With dehydration, loss of the hydrolysis species results in direct contact between adsorbed ions and the bulk termination, therefore, inner-sphere sorption is equiv. to extension of the three dimensional bulk network, which is pptn. Attachment of ions with size and charge compatible with Ca and CO3 likewise results in copptn. and solid-soln. formation.
-
43Augustin-Bauditz, S.; Wex, H.; Kanter, S.; Ebert, M.; Niedermeier, D.; Stolz, F.; Prager, A.; Stratmann, F. The immersion mode ice nucleation behavior of mineral dusts: A comparison of different pure and surface modified dusts Geophys. Res. Lett. 2014, 41, 7375– 7382Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
Cited By
This article is cited by 115 publications.
- Sandeep Bose, Devendra Pal, Parisa A. Ariya. On the Role of Starchy Grains in Ice Nucleation Processes. ACS Food Science & Technology 2024, 4 (5) , 1039-1051. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.3c00561
- Christy J. Teska, Markus Dieser, Christine M. Foreman. Clothing Textiles as Carriers of Biological Ice Nucleation Active Particles. Environmental Science & Technology 2024, 58 (14) , 6305-6312. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c09600
- Giada Franceschi, Andrea Conti, Luca Lezuo, Rainer Abart, Florian Mittendorfer, Michael Schmid, Ulrike Diebold. How Water Binds to Microcline Feldspar (001). The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 2024, 15 (1) , 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03235
- Michel Sassi, Sebastien N. Kerisit, Pauline G. Simonnin, Benjamin A. Legg, Elias Nakouzi, Yue Zhu, Timothy C. Johnson, Kevin M. Rosso. Quantifying the Impact of Electric Fields on the Local Structure and Migration of Potassium Ions at the Orthoclase (001) Surface. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2023, 127 (32) , 15757-15765. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c01783
- Anand Kumar, Allan K. Bertram, Grenfell N. Patey. Molecular Simulations of Feldspar Surfaces Interacting with Aqueous Inorganic Solutions: Interfacial Water/Ion Structure and Implications for Ice Nucleation. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry 2021, 5 (8) , 2169-2183. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00216
- Abhishek Soni, G. N. Patey. How Microscopic Features of Mineral Surfaces Critically Influence Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2021, 125 (19) , 10723-10737. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c01740
- Jingwei Yun, Anand Kumar, Nicole Removski, Andrey Shchukarev, Nicole Link, Jean-François Boily, Allan K. Bertram. Effects of Inorganic Acids and Organic Solutes on the Ice Nucleating Ability and Surface Properties of Potassium-Rich Feldspar. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry 2021, 5 (5) , 1212-1222. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00034
- Shenglin Jin, Yuan Liu, Malte Deiseroth, Jie Liu, Ellen H. G. Backus, Hui Li, Han Xue, Lishan Zhao, Xiao Cheng Zeng, Mischa Bonn, Jianjun Wang. Use of Ion Exchange To Regulate the Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation Efficiency of Mica. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2020, 142 (42) , 17956-17965. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c00920
- Nurun Nahar Lata, Jiarun Zhou, Pearce Hamilton, Michael Larsen, Sapna Sarupria, Will Cantrell. Multivalent Surface Cations Enhance Heterogeneous Freezing of Water on Muscovite Mica. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 2020, 11 (20) , 8682-8689. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02121
- Jingwei Yun, Nicole Link, Anand Kumar, Andrey Shchukarev, Jon Davidson, Anita Lam, Christopher Walters, Yu Xi, Jean-Francois Boily, Allan K. Bertram. Surface Composition Dependence on the Ice Nucleating Ability of Potassium-Rich Feldspar. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry 2020, 4 (6) , 873-881. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00077
- Leif G. Jahn, William D. Fahy, Daniel B. Williams, Ryan C. Sullivan. Role of Feldspar and Pyroxene Minerals in the Ice Nucleating Ability of Three Volcanic Ashes. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry 2019, 3 (4) , 626-636. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.9b00004
- Kathryn A. Knackstedt, Bruce F. Moffett, Susan Hartmann, Heike Wex, Thomas C. J. Hill, Elizabeth D. Glasgo, Laura A. Reitz, Stefanie Augustin-Bauditz, Benjamin F. N. Beall, George S. Bullerjahn, Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky, Sarah Grawe, Jasmin Lubitz, Frank Stratmann, Robert Michael L. McKay. Terrestrial Origin for Abundant Riverine Nanoscale Ice-Nucleating Particles. Environmental Science & Technology 2018, 52 (21) , 12358-12367. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b03881
- Thomas Häusler, Paul Gebhardt, Daniel Iglesias, Christoph Rameshan, Silvia Marchesan, Dominik Eder, Hinrich Grothe. Ice Nucleation Activity of Graphene and Graphene Oxides. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2018, 122 (15) , 8182-8190. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b10675
- Mainak Ganguly, Simon Dib, and Parisa A. Ariya . Purely Inorganic Highly Efficient Ice Nucleating Particle. ACS Omega 2018, 3 (3) , 3384-3395. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.7b01830
- Takaaki Inada, Toshie Koyama, Hiroyuki Tomita, Takuya Fuse, Chikako Kuwabara, Keita Arakawa, and Seizo Fujikawa . Anti-Ice Nucleating Activity of Surfactants against Silver Iodide in Water-in-Oil Emulsions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2017, 121 (27) , 6580-6587. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02644
- Merve Yeşilbaş and Jean-François Boily . Thin Ice Films at Mineral Surfaces. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 2016, 7 (14) , 2849-2855. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01037
- Mingjin Tang, Daniel J. Cziczo, and Vicki H. Grassian . Interactions of Water with Mineral Dust Aerosol: Water Adsorption, Hygroscopicity, Cloud Condensation, and Ice Nucleation. Chemical Reviews 2016, 116 (7) , 4205-4259. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00529
- Philipp Pedevilla, Stephen J. Cox, Ben Slater, and Angelos Michaelides . Can Ice-Like Structures Form on Non-Ice-Like Substrates? The Example of the K-feldspar Microcline. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2016, 120 (12) , 6704-6713. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b01155
- Miriam Arak Freedman . Potential Sites for Ice Nucleation on Aluminosilicate Clay Minerals and Related Materials. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 2015, 6 (19) , 3850-3858. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01326
- Giada Franceschi, Andrea Conti, Luca Lezuo, Rainer Abart, Florian Mittendorfer, Michael Schmid, Ulrike Diebold. NH3 adsorption and competition with H2O on a hydroxylated aluminosilicate surface. The Journal of Chemical Physics 2024, 160 (16) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0202573
- Meichen Liang, Yongxin Cheng, Xin Zhou, Jie Liu, Jianjun Wang. Determining Roles of Potassium‐Feldspar Surface Characters in Affecting Ice Nucleation. Small Methods 2024, 8 (4) https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202300407
- Tobias Dickbreder, Franziska Sabath, Bernhard Reischl, Rasmus V. E. Nilsson, Adam S. Foster, Ralf Bechstein, Angelika Kühnle. Atomic structure and water arrangement on K-feldspar microcline (001). Nanoscale 2024, 16 (7) , 3462-3473. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3NR05585J
- B. V. Ramírez, L. Lupi, P. Gallo. A close look at the hydration layer and at the premelting layer of K-feldspar. Molecular Physics 2024, 117 https://doi.org/10.1080/00268976.2024.2315308
- Pablo M. Piaggi, Annabella Selloni, Athanassios Z. Panagiotopoulos, Roberto Car, Pablo G. Debenedetti. A first-principles machine-learning force field for heterogeneous ice nucleation on microcline feldspar. Faraday Discussions 2024, 249 , 98-113. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3FD00100H
- Lanxiadi Chen, Soleil E. Worthy, Wenjun Gu, Allan K. Bertram, Mingjin Tang. The Effects of Aminium and Ammonium Cations on the Ice Nucleation Activity of K‐Feldspar. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 2023, 128 (24) https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD039971
- Ranran Zhu, Yunhe Diao, Xiao Meng, Fan Zhang, Xuying Liu, Jinzhou Chen, Huige Yang. Alkali metal ion-mediated ice nucleation. Applied Surface Science 2023, 641 , 158335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2023.158335
- Y. Z. Ren, K. Bi, S. Z. Fu, P. Tian, M. Y. Huang, R. H. Zhu, H. W. Xue. The Relationship of Aerosol Properties and Ice‐Nucleating Particle Concentrations in Beijing. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 2023, 128 (10) https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD037383
- Katherine E. Marak, Lucy Nandy, Divya Jain, Miriam Arak Freedman. Significance of the surface silica/alumina ratio and surface termination on the immersion freezing of ZSM-5 zeolites. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2023, 25 (16) , 11442-11451. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CP05466C
- Jingchuan Chen, Zhijun Wu, Xiangxinyue Meng, Cuiqi Zhang, Jie Chen, Yanting Qiu, Li Chen, Xin Fang, Yuanyuan Wang, Yinxiao Zhang, Shiyi Chen, Jian Gao, Weijun Li, Min Hu. Observational evidence for the non-suppression effect of atmospheric chemical modification on the ice nucleation activity of East Asian dust. Science of The Total Environment 2023, 861 , 160708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160708
- Martin I. Daily, Thomas F. Whale, Peter Kilbride, Stephen Lamb, G. John Morris, Helen M. Picton, Benjamin J. Murray. A highly active mineral-based ice nucleating agent supports in situ cell cryopreservation in a high throughput format. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 2023, 20 (199) https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2022.0682
- Kristian Klumpp, Claudia Marcolli, Ana Alonso-Hellweg, Christopher H. Dreimol, Thomas Peter. Comparing the ice nucleation properties of the kaolin minerals kaolinite and halloysite. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2023, 23 (2) , 1579-1598. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1579-2023
- Anand Kumar, Kristian Klumpp, Chen Barak, Giora Rytwo, Michael Plötze, Thomas Peter, Claudia Marcolli. Ice nucleation by smectites: the role of the edges. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2023, 23 (8) , 4881-4902. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4881-2023
- Jorge H. Melillo, Elizaveta Nikulina, Maiara A. Iriarte-Alonso, Silvina Cerveny, Alexander M. Bittner. Electron microscopy and calorimetry of proteins in supercooled water. Scientific Reports 2022, 12 (1) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-20430-1
- Kathryn A. Murray, Matthew I. Gibson. Chemical approaches to cryopreservation. Nature Reviews Chemistry 2022, 6 (8) , 579-593. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-022-00407-4
- Yu Xi, Cuishan Xu, Arnold Downey, Robin Stevens, Jill O. Bachelder, James King, Patrick L. Hayes, Allan K. Bertram. Ice nucleating properties of airborne dust from an actively retreating glacier in Yukon, Canada. Environmental Science: Atmospheres 2022, 2 (4) , 714-726. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1EA00101A
- Luka Ilić, Aleksandar Jovanović, Maja Kuzmanoski, Lazar Lazić, Fabio Madonna, Marco Rosoldi, Michail Mytilinaios, Eleni Marinou, Slobodan Ničković. Mineralogy Sensitive Immersion Freezing Parameterization in DREAM. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 2022, 127 (5) https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035093
- Charlotte M. Beall, Thomas C. J. Hill, Paul J. DeMott, Tobias Köneman, Michael Pikridas, Frank Drewnick, Hartwig Harder, Christopher Pöhlker, Jos Lelieveld, Bettina Weber, Minas Iakovides, Roman Prokeš, Jean Sciare, Meinrat O. Andreae, M. Dale Stokes, Kimberly A. Prather. Ice-nucleating particles near two major dust source regions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2022, 22 (18) , 12607-12627. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12607-2022
- Nikou Hamzehpour, Claudia Marcolli, Sara Pashai, Kristian Klumpp, Thomas Peter. Measurement report: The Urmia playa as a source of airborne dust and ice-nucleating particles – Part 1: Correlation between soils and airborne samples. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2022, 22 (22) , 14905-14930. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14905-2022
- Nikou Hamzehpour, Claudia Marcolli, Kristian Klumpp, Debora Thöny, Thomas Peter. The Urmia playa as a source of airborne dust and ice-nucleating particles – Part 2: Unraveling the relationship between soil dust composition and ice nucleation activity. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2022, 22 (22) , 14931-14956. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14931-2022
- Kristian Klumpp, Claudia Marcolli, Thomas Peter. The impact of (bio-)organic substances on the ice nucleation activity of the K-feldspar microcline in aqueous solutions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2022, 22 (5) , 3655-3673. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3655-2022
- Diana L. Pereira, Irma Gavilán, Consuelo Letechipía, Graciela B. Raga, Teresa Pi Puig, Violeta Mugica-Álvarez, Harry Alvarez-Ospina, Irma Rosas, Leticia Martinez, Eva Salinas, Erika T. Quintana, Daniel Rosas, Luis A. Ladino. Mexican agricultural soil dust as a source of ice nucleating particles. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2022, 22 (10) , 6435-6447. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6435-2022
- Alexander D. Harrison, Daniel O'Sullivan, Michael P. Adams, Grace C. E. Porter, Edmund Blades, Cherise Brathwaite, Rebecca Chewitt-Lucas, Cassandra Gaston, Rachel Hawker, Ovid O. Krüger, Leslie Neve, Mira L. Pöhlker, Christopher Pöhlker, Ulrich Pöschl, Alberto Sanchez-Marroquin, Andrea Sealy, Peter Sealy, Mark D. Tarn, Shanice Whitehall, James B. McQuaid, Kenneth S. Carslaw, Joseph M. Prospero, Benjamin J. Murray. The ice-nucleating activity of African mineral dust in the Caribbean boundary layer. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2022, 22 (14) , 9663-9680. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9663-2022
- Martin I. Daily, Mark D. Tarn, Thomas F. Whale, Benjamin J. Murray. An evaluation of the heat test for the ice-nucleating ability of minerals and biological material. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 2022, 15 (8) , 2635-2665. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2635-2022
- Gavin C. Cornwell, Christina S. McCluskey, Paul J. DeMott, Kimberly A. Prather, Susannah M. Burrows. Development of Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation Rate Coefficient Parameterizations From Ambient Measurements. Geophysical Research Letters 2021, 48 (23) https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL095359
- J. P. Ruf, H. Paik, N. J. Schreiber, H. P. Nair, L. Miao, J. K. Kawasaki, J. N. Nelson, B. D. Faeth, Y. Lee, B. H. Goodge, B. Pamuk, C. J. Fennie, L. F. Kourkoutis, D. G. Schlom, K. M. Shen. Strain-stabilized superconductivity. Nature Communications 2021, 12 (1) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20252-7
- Philipp Baloh, Regina Hanlon, Christopher Anderson, Eoin Dolan, Gernot Pacholik, David Stinglmayr, Julia Burkart, Laura Felgitsch, David G. Schmale, Hinrich Grothe. Seasonal ice nucleation activity of water samples from alpine rivers and lakes in Obergurgl, Austria. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 800 , 149442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149442
- Omeir Khalid, Alexander Spriewald Luciano, Goran Drazic, Herbert Over. Mixed Ru x Ir 1− x O 2 Supported on Rutile TiO 2 : Catalytic Methane Combustion, a Model Study. ChemCatChem 2021, 13 (18) , 3983-3994. https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202100858
- Wenning Zhao, Yong Li, Wenjie Shen. Tuning the shape and crystal phase of TiO 2 nanoparticles for catalysis. Chemical Communications 2021, 57 (56) , 6838-6850. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1CC01523K
- Teresa M. Seifried, Paul Bieber, Anna T. Kunert, David G. Schmale, Karin Whitmore, Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky, Hinrich Grothe. Ice Nucleation Activity of Alpine Bioaerosol Emitted in Vicinity of a Birch Forest. Atmosphere 2021, 12 (6) , 779. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060779
- Mark A. Holden, James M. Campbell, Fiona C. Meldrum, Benjamin J. Murray, Hugo K. Christenson. Active sites for ice nucleation differ depending on nucleation mode. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2021, 118 (18) https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022859118
- Teayoung Lee, Woonghee Lee, Seongsoo Kim, Changha Lee, Kangwoo Cho, Choonsoo Kim, Jeyong Yoon. High chlorine evolution performance of electrochemically reduced TiO 2 nanotube array coated with a thin RuO 2 layer by the self-synthetic method. RSC Advances 2021, 11 (20) , 12107-12116. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA09623G
- Esther Chong, Katherine E. Marak, Yang Li, Miriam Arak Freedman. Ice nucleation activity of iron oxides via immersion freezing and an examination of the high ice nucleation activity of FeO. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2021, 23 (5) , 3565-3573. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CP04220J
- Soleil E. Worthy, Anand Kumar, Yu Xi, Jingwei Yun, Jessie Chen, Cuishan Xu, Victoria E. Irish, Pierre Amato, Allan K. Bertram. The effect of (NH4)2SO4 on the freezing properties of non-mineral dust ice-nucleating substances of atmospheric relevance. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2021, 21 (19) , 14631-14648. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14631-2021
- Jingchuan Chen, Zhijun Wu, Jie Chen, Naama Reicher, Xin Fang, Yinon Rudich, Min Hu. Size-resolved atmospheric ice-nucleating particles during East Asian dust events. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2021, 21 (5) , 3491-3506. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3491-2021
- Julia Burkart, Jürgen Gratzl, Teresa M. Seifried, Paul Bieber, Hinrich Grothe. Isolation of subpollen particles (SPPs) of birch: SPPs are potential carriers of ice nucleating macromolecules. Biogeosciences 2021, 18 (20) , 5751-5765. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5751-2021
- G. Santachiara, F. Belosi. Repeatability of INP activation from the vapor. Atmospheric Research 2020, 243 , 105030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105030
- Leif G. Jahn, Michael J. Polen, Lydia G. Jahl, Thomas A. Brubaker, Joshua Somers, Ryan C. Sullivan. Biomass combustion produces ice-active minerals in biomass-burning aerosol and bottom ash. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2020, 117 (36) , 21928-21937. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922128117
- Dai Kutsuzawa, Daichi Oka, Tomoteru Fukumura. Thickness Effects on Crystal Growth and Metal–Insulator Transition in Rutile‐Type RuO 2 (100) Thin Films. physica status solidi (b) 2020, 257 (9) https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.202000188
- Daniela B. van den Heuvel, Einar Gunnlaugsson, Liane G. Benning. Surface roughness affects early stages of silica scale formation more strongly than chemical and structural properties of the substrate. Geothermics 2020, 87 , 101835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2020.101835
- Mio Nagamitsu, Kenta Awa, Hiroaki Tada. Hydrogen peroxide synthesis from water and oxygen using a three-component nanohybrid photocatalyst consisting of Au particle-loaded rutile TiO 2 and RuO 2 with a heteroepitaxial junction. Chemical Communications 2020, 56 (59) , 8190-8193. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CC03327H
- Melisa M. Gianetti, Julián Gelman Constantin, Horacio R. Corti, M. Paula Longinotti. Environmental chamber with controlled temperature and relative humidity for ice crystallization kinetic measurements by atomic force microscopy. Review of Scientific Instruments 2020, 91 (2) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5132537
- Fred Cook, Rachel Lord, Gary Sitbon, Adam Stephens, Alison Rust, Walther Schwarzacher. A pyroelectric thermal sensor for automated ice nucleation detection. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 2020, 13 (5) , 2785-2795. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2785-2020
- Teresa M. Seifried, Paul Bieber, Laura Felgitsch, Julian Vlasich, Florian Reyzek, David G. Schmale III, Hinrich Grothe. Surfaces of silver birch (Betula pendula) are sources of biological ice nuclei: in vivo and in situ investigations. Biogeosciences 2020, 17 (22) , 5655-5667. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5655-2020
- Philipp Baloh, Nora Els, Robert O. David, Catherine Larose, Karin Whitmore, Birgit Sattler, Hinrich Grothe. Assessment of Artificial and Natural Transport Mechanisms of Ice Nucleating Particles in an Alpine Ski Resort in Obergurgl, Austria. Frontiers in Microbiology 2019, 10 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02278
- Chiara Ileana Paleari, Barbara Delmonte, Sergio Andò, Eduardo Garzanti, Jean Robert Petit, Valter Maggi. Aeolian Dust Provenance in Central East Antarctica During the Holocene: Environmental Constraints From Single‐Grain Raman Spectroscopy. Geophysical Research Letters 2019, 46 (16) , 9968-9979. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083402
- Abhishek Soni, G. N. Patey. Simulations of water structure and the possibility of ice nucleation on selected crystal planes of K-feldspar. The Journal of Chemical Physics 2019, 150 (21) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5094645
- B. C. Coldwell, M. J. Pankhurst. Evaluating the influence of meteorite impact events on global potassium feldspar availability to the atmosphere since 600 Ma. Journal of the Geological Society 2019, 176 (2) , 209-224. https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2018-084
- Mark A. Holden, Thomas F. Whale, Mark D. Tarn, Daniel O’Sullivan, Richard D. Walshaw, Benjamin J. Murray, Fiona C. Meldrum, Hugo K. Christenson. High-speed imaging of ice nucleation in water proves the existence of active sites. Science Advances 2019, 5 (2) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav4316
- Anna Wonaschuetz, Theresa Haller, Eva Sommer, Lorenz Witek, Hinrich Grothe, Regina Hitzenberger. Collection of soot particles into aqueous suspension using a particle-into-liquid sampler. Aerosol Science and Technology 2019, 53 (1) , 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2018.1540859
- Yvonne Boose, Philipp Baloh, Michael Plötze, Johannes Ofner, Hinrich Grothe, Berko Sierau, Ulrike Lohmann, Zamin A. Kanji. Heterogeneous ice nucleation on dust particles sourced from nine deserts worldwide – Part 2: Deposition nucleation and condensation freezing. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2019, 19 (2) , 1059-1076. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1059-2019
- André Welti, Ulrike Lohmann, Zamin A. Kanji. Ice nucleation properties of K-feldspar polymorphs and plagioclase feldspars. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2019, 19 (16) , 10901-10918. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10901-2019
- Alexander D. Harrison, Katherine Lever, Alberto Sanchez-Marroquin, Mark A. Holden, Thomas F. Whale, Mark D. Tarn, James B. McQuaid, Benjamin J. Murray. The ice-nucleating ability of quartz immersed in water and its atmospheric importance compared to K-feldspar. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2019, 19 (17) , 11343-11361. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11343-2019
- Elena C. Maters, Donald B. Dingwell, Corrado Cimarelli, Dirk Müller, Thomas F. Whale, Benjamin J. Murray. The importance of crystalline phases in ice nucleation by volcanic ash. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2019, 19 (8) , 5451-5465. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5451-2019
- Anand Kumar, Claudia Marcolli, Thomas Peter. Ice nucleation activity of silicates and aluminosilicates in pure water and aqueous solutions – Part 2: Quartz and amorphous silica. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2019, 19 (9) , 6035-6058. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6035-2019
- Anand Kumar, Claudia Marcolli, Thomas Peter. Ice nucleation activity of silicates and aluminosilicates in pure water and aqueous solutions – Part 3: Aluminosilicates. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2019, 19 (9) , 6059-6084. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6059-2019
- Dyhia Atig, Abdelhafid Touil, Manuel Ildefonso, Laurent Marlin, Patrick Bouriat, Daniel Broseta. A droplet-based millifluidic method for studying ice and gas hydrate nucleation. Chemical Engineering Science 2018, 192 , 1189-1197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2018.08.003
- D. O’Sullivan, M. P. Adams, M. D. Tarn, A. D. Harrison, J. Vergara-Temprado, G. C. E. Porter, M. A. Holden, A. Sanchez-Marroquin, F. Carotenuto, T. F. Whale, J. B. McQuaid, R. Walshaw, D. H. P. Hedges, I. T. Burke, Z. Cui, B. J. Murray. Contributions of biogenic material to the atmospheric ice-nucleating particle population in North Western Europe. Scientific Reports 2018, 8 (1) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31981-7
- Kimberly Genareau, Shelby Cloer, Katherine Primm, Margaret Tolbert, Taylor Woods. Compositional and Mineralogical Effects on Ice Nucleation Activity of Volcanic Ash. Atmosphere 2018, 9 (7) , 238. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9070238
- Mark D. Tarn, Sebastien N. F. Sikora, Grace C. E. Porter, Daniel O’Sullivan, Mike Adams, Thomas F. Whale, Alexander D. Harrison, Jesús Vergara-Temprado, Theodore W. Wilson, Jung-uk Shim, Benjamin J. Murray. The study of atmospheric ice-nucleating particles via microfluidically generated droplets. Microfluidics and Nanofluidics 2018, 22 (5) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10404-018-2069-x
- Thomas Häusler, Lorenz Witek, Laura Felgitsch, Regina Hitzenberger, Hinrich Grothe. Freezing on a Chip—A New Approach to Determine Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation of Micrometer-Sized Water Droplets. Atmosphere 2018, 9 (4) , 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9040140
- H. C. Price, K. J. Baustian, J. B. McQuaid, A. Blyth, K. N. Bower, T. Choularton, R. J. Cotton, Z. Cui, P. R. Field, M. Gallagher, R. Hawker, A. Merrington, A. Miltenberger, R. R. Neely III, S. T. Parker, P. D. Rosenberg, J. W. Taylor, J. Trembath, J. Vergara‐Temprado, T. F. Whale, T. W. Wilson, G. Young, B. J. Murray. Atmospheric Ice‐Nucleating Particles in the Dusty Tropical Atlantic. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 2018, 123 (4) , 2175-2193. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027560
- Thomas F. Whale. Ice Nucleation in Mixed-Phase Clouds. 2018, 13-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-810549-8.00002-7
- Sarah Grawe, Stefanie Augustin-Bauditz, Hans-Christian Clemen, Martin Ebert, Stine Eriksen Hammer, Jasmin Lubitz, Naama Reicher, Yinon Rudich, Johannes Schneider, Robert Staacke, Frank Stratmann, André Welti, Heike Wex. Coal fly ash: linking immersion freezing behavior and physicochemical particle properties. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2018, 18 (19) , 13903-13923. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13903-2018
- Mikhail Paramonov, Robert O. David, Ruben Kretzschmar, Zamin A. Kanji. A laboratory investigation of the ice nucleation efficiency of three types of mineral and soil dust. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2018, 18 (22) , 16515-16536. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16515-2018
- Ayumi Iwata, Atsushi Matsuki. Characterization of individual ice residual particles by the single droplet freezing method: a case study in the Asian dust outflow region. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2018, 18 (3) , 1785-1804. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1785-2018
- Anand Kumar, Claudia Marcolli, Beiping Luo, Thomas Peter. Ice nucleation activity of silicates and aluminosilicates in pure water and aqueous solutions – Part 1: The K-feldspar microcline. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2018, 18 (10) , 7057-7079. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7057-2018
- Michael Polen, Thomas Brubaker, Joshua Somers, Ryan C. Sullivan. Cleaning up our water: reducing interferences from nonhomogeneous freezing of “pure” water in droplet freezing assays of ice-nucleating particles. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 2018, 11 (9) , 5315-5334. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5315-2018
- Ivan Coluzza, Jessie Creamean, Michel Rossi, Heike Wex, Peter Alpert, Valentino Bianco, Yvonne Boose, Christoph Dellago, Laura Felgitsch, Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky, Hartmut Herrmann, Swetlana Jungblut, Zamin Kanji, Georg Menzl, Bruce Moffett, Clemens Moritz, Anke Mutzel, Ulrich Pöschl, Michael Schauperl, Jan Scheel, Emiliano Stopelli, Frank Stratmann, Hinrich Grothe, David Schmale. Perspectives on the Future of Ice Nucleation Research: Research Needs and Unanswered Questions Identified from Two International Workshops. Atmosphere 2017, 8 (8) , 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos8080138
- Anatoliy N. Nesterov, Aleksey M. Reshetnikov, Andrey Yu. Manakov, Tatyana P. Adamova. Synergistic effect of combination of surfactant and oxide powder on enhancement of gas hydrates nucleation. Journal of Energy Chemistry 2017, 26 (4) , 808-814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2017.04.001
- Benjamin Herd, Marcel Abb, Herbert Over. Photo-Induced Morphology Changes at the RuO2(110)/TiO2(110) Surface: A Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Study. Topics in Catalysis 2017, 60 (6-7) , 533-541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-016-0711-y
- Matthew J. Pankhurst. Atmospheric K-feldspar as a potential climate modulating agent through geologic time. Geology 2017, 45 (4) , 379-382. https://doi.org/10.1130/G38684.1
- Katharina Dreischmeier, Carsten Budke, Lars Wiehemeier, Tilman Kottke, Thomas Koop. Boreal pollen contain ice-nucleating as well as ice-binding ‘antifreeze’ polysaccharides. Scientific Reports 2017, 7 (1) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41890
- Thomas F. Whale, Mark A. Holden, Alexander N. Kulak, Yi-Yeoun Kim, Fiona C. Meldrum, Hugo K. Christenson, Benjamin J. Murray. The role of phase separation and related topography in the exceptional ice-nucleating ability of alkali feldspars. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2017, 19 (46) , 31186-31193. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CP04898J
- Zamin A. Kanji, Luis A. Ladino, Heike Wex, Yvonne Boose, Monika Burkert-Kohn, Daniel J. Cziczo, Martina Krämer. Overview of Ice Nucleating Particles. Meteorological Monographs 2017, 58 , 1.1-1.33. https://doi.org/10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-16-0006.1
- Daniel J. Cziczo, Luis Ladino, Yvonne Boose, Zamin A. Kanji, Piotr Kupiszewski, Sara Lance, Stephan Mertes, Heike Wex. Measurements of Ice Nucleating Particles and Ice Residuals. Meteorological Monographs 2017, 58 , 8.1-8.13. https://doi.org/10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-16-0008.1
- Larissa Lacher, Ulrike Lohmann, Yvonne Boose, Assaf Zipori, Erik Herrmann, Nicolas Bukowiecki, Martin Steinbacher, Zamin A. Kanji. The Horizontal Ice Nucleation Chamber (HINC): INP measurements at conditions relevant for mixed-phase clouds at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2017, 17 (24) , 15199-15224. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-15199-2017
- Lukas Kaufmann, Claudia Marcolli, Beiping Luo, Thomas Peter. Refreeze experiments with water droplets containing different types of ice nuclei interpreted by classical nucleation theory. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2017, 17 (5) , 3525-3552. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3525-2017
- Jesús Vergara-Temprado, Benjamin J. Murray, Theodore W. Wilson, Daniel O'Sullivan, Jo Browse, Kirsty J. Pringle, Karin Ardon-Dryer, Allan K. Bertram, Susannah M. Burrows, Darius Ceburnis, Paul J. DeMott, Ryan H. Mason, Colin D. O'Dowd, Matteo Rinaldi, Ken S. Carslaw. Contribution of feldspar and marine organic aerosols to global ice nucleating particle concentrations. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2017, 17 (5) , 3637-3658. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3637-2017
- Jake Zenker, Kristen N. Collier, Guanglang Xu, Ping Yang, Ezra J. T. Levin, Kaitlyn J. Suski, Paul J. DeMott, Sarah D. Brooks. Using depolarization to quantify ice nucleating particle concentrations: a new method. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 2017, 10 (12) , 4639-4657. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4639-2017
- Astrid Hauptmann, Karl F. Handle, Philipp Baloh, Hinrich Grothe, Thomas Loerting. Does the emulsification procedure influence freezing and thawing of aqueous droplets?. The Journal of Chemical Physics 2016, 145 (21) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4965434
-
References
ARTICLE SECTIONS
This article references 43 other publications.
-
1Solomon, S.; Qin, D.; Manning, M.; Chen, Z.; Marquis, M.; Averyt, K. B.; Tignor, M.; Miller, H. L. IPCC, 2007:Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, U.K. and New York, 2007.There is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
2Baker, M. B.; Peter, T. Small-Scale Cloud Processes and Climate Nature 2008, 451, 299– 300There is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
3Baker, J. M.; Dore, J. C.; Behrens, P. Nucleation of Ice in Confined Geometry J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 6226– 62293https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK2sXkslehtLk%253D&md5=44e45ae7f7002d154082ed963aa96e5cNucleation of Ice in Confined GeometryBaker, J. M.; Dore, J. C.; Behrens, P.Journal of Physical Chemistry B (1997), 101 (32), 6226-6229CODEN: JPCBFK; ISSN:1089-5647. (American Chemical Society)Neutron diffraction studies have been made of ice nucleation in various forms of porous sol-gel silicas and ordered aluminosilicates. It is shown that the crystal structure of the ice exhibits significant variation according to the conditions and often has a diffraction pattern composed of a hybrid with both cubic and hexagonal ice characteristics. The ice structures appear defective/disordered in a complex manner but have common characteristics in terms of temp. variation studies. New studies of water in ordered mesoscopic (MCM-41) structures give results that appear to indicate "frustrated nucleation".
-
4Lohmann, U. A Glaciation Indirect Aerosol Effect Caused by Soot Aerosols Geophys. Res. Lett. 2002, 29, 114https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD38XjvVKjtbo%253D&md5=b7d8ea2064093e2951557806fdec1960A glaciation indirect aerosol effect caused by soot aerosolsLohmann, U.Geophysical Research Letters (2002), 29 (4), 11/1-11/4CODEN: GPRLAJ; ISSN:0094-8276. (American Geophysical Union)Anthropogenic aerosols can influence the climate indirectly by changing the optical properties and pptn. formation of water clouds. An indirect effect that has not been considered involves the subset of anthropogenic aerosols that act as ice nuclei and thereby dets. the lifetime of ice and mixed-phase clouds. If, in addn. to mineral dust, a fraction of the hydrophilic soot aerosol particles is assumed to act as contact ice nuclei as evident from recent lab. studies, then increases in aerosol concn. from pre-industrial times to present-day pose a new indirect effect, a "glaciation indirect effect", on clouds. Here increases in contact ice nuclei in the present-day climate result in more frequent glaciation of clouds and increase the amt. of pptn. via the ice phase. This effect can at least partly offset the solar indirect aerosol effect on water clouds.
-
5DeMott, P. J.; Prenni, A. J.; Liu, X.; Petters, M. D.; Twohy, C. H.; Richardson, M. S.; Eidhammer, T.; Kreidenweis, S. M.; Rogers, D. C. Predicting Global Atmospheric Ice Nuclei Distributions and their Impacts on Climate Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2010, 107, 11217– 112225https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC3crktFOgtg%253D%253D&md5=7f4e5a242e7e2187872e05f413944d95Predicting global atmospheric ice nuclei distributions and their impacts on climateDeMott P J; Prenni A J; Liu X; Kreidenweis S M; Petters M D; Twohy C H; Richardson M S; Eidhammer T; Rogers D CProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2010), 107 (25), 11217-22 ISSN:.Knowledge of cloud and precipitation formation processes remains incomplete, yet global precipitation is predominantly produced by clouds containing the ice phase. Ice first forms in clouds warmer than -36 degrees C on particles termed ice nuclei. We combine observations from field studies over a 14-year period, from a variety of locations around the globe, to show that the concentrations of ice nuclei active in mixed-phase cloud conditions can be related to temperature and the number concentrations of particles larger than 0.5 microm in diameter. This new relationship reduces unexplained variability in ice nuclei concentrations at a given temperature from approximately 10(3) to less than a factor of 10, with the remaining variability apparently due to variations in aerosol chemical composition or other factors. When implemented in a global climate model, the new parameterization strongly alters cloud liquid and ice water distributions compared to the simple, temperature-only parameterizations currently widely used. The revised treatment indicates a global net cloud radiative forcing increase of approximately 1 W m(-2) for each order of magnitude increase in ice nuclei concentrations, demonstrating the strong sensitivity of climate simulations to assumptions regarding the initiation of cloud glaciation.
-
6Pruppacher, H. R.; Klett, G. D. Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Amsterdam, 1997.There is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
7Kärcher, B.; Spichtinger, P. Cloud-Controlling Factors of Cirrus Clouds in the Perturbed Climate System: Their Relationship to Energy Balance, Atmospheric Dynamics, and Precipitation, Strüngmann Forum Reports 2009, 2.There is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
8Hoose, C.; Möhler, O. Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation on Atmospheric Aerosols: a Review of Results from Laboratory Experiments Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012, 12, 9817– 98548https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXht1Omtr0%253D&md5=20313e79a4bcdc12a065bff0a1d93e8fHeterogeneous ice nucleation on atmospheric aerosols: a review of results from laboratory experimentsHoose, C.; Moehler, O.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2012), 12 (20), 9817-9854CODEN: ACPTCE; ISSN:1680-7316. (Copernicus Publications)A review. A small subset of the atm. aerosol population has the ability to induce ice formation at conditions under which ice would not form without them (heterogeneous ice nucleation). While no closed theor. description of this process and the requirements for good ice nuclei is available, numerous studies have attempted to quantify the ice nucleation ability of different particles empirically in lab. expts. In this article, an overview of these results is provided. Ice nucleation "onset" conditions for various mineral dust, soot, biol., org. and ammonium sulfate particles are summarized. Typical temp.-supersatn. regions can be identified for the "onset" of ice nucleation of these different particle types, but the various particle sizes and activated fractions reported in different studies have to be taken into account when comparing results obtained with different methodologies. When intercomparing only data obtained under the same conditions, it is found that dust mineralogy is not a consistent predictor of higher or lower ice nucleation ability. However, the broad majority of studies agrees on a redn. of deposition nucleation by various coatings on mineral dust. The ice nucleation active surface site (INAS) d. is discussed as a simple and empirical normalized measure for ice nucleation activity. For most immersion and condensation freezing measurements on mineral dust, ests. of the temp.-dependent INAS d. agree within about two orders of magnitude. For deposition nucleation on dust, the spread is significantly larger, but a general trend of increasing INAS densities with increasing supersatn. is found. For soot, the presently available results are divergent. Estd. av. INAS densities are high for ice-nucleation active bacteria at high subzero temps. At the same time, it is shown that INAS densities of some other biol. aerosols, like certain pollen grains, fungal spores and diatoms, tend to be similar to those of dust. These particles may owe their high ice nucleation onsets to their large sizes. Surface-area-dependent parameterizations of heterogeneous ice nucleation are discussed. For immersion freezing on mineral dust, fitted INAS densities are available, but should not be used outside the temp. interval of the data they were based on. Classical nucleation theory, if employed with only one fitted contact angle, does not reproduce the obsd. temp. dependence for immersion nucleation, the temp. and supersatn. dependence for deposition nucleation, and the time dependence of ice nucleation. Formulations of classical nucleation theory with distributions of contact angles offer possibilities to overcome these weaknesses.
-
9Murray, B. J.; O’Sullivan, D.; Atkinson, J. D.; Webb, M. E. Ice Nucleation by Particles Immersed in Supercooled Cloud Droplets Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 6519– 549https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xhtlaktr7L&md5=5a331f4c83c33d5d7a99d6dca8cf9b3fIce nucleation by particles immersed in supercooled cloud dropletsMurray, B. J.; O'Sullivan, D.; Atkinson, J. D.; Webb, M. E.Chemical Society Reviews (2012), 41 (19), 6519-6554CODEN: CSRVBR; ISSN:0306-0012. (Royal Society of Chemistry)A review. The formation of ice particles in the Earth's atm. strongly affects the properties of clouds and their impact on climate. Despite the importance of ice formation in detg. the properties of clouds, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) was unable to assess the impact of atm. ice formation in their most recent report because our basic knowledge is insufficient. Part of the problem is the paucity of quant. information on the ability of various atm. aerosol species to initiate ice formation. Here we review and assess the existing quant. knowledge of ice nucleation by particles immersed within supercooled water droplets. We introduce aerosol species which have been identified in the past as potentially important ice nuclei and address their ice-nucleating ability when immersed in a supercooled droplet. We focus on mineral dusts, biol. species (pollen, bacteria, fungal spores and plankton), carbonaceous combustion products and volcanic ash. In order to make a quant. comparison we first introduce several ways of describing ice nucleation and then summarise the existing information according to the time-independent (singular) approxn. Using this approxn. in combination with typical atm. loadings, we est. the importance of ice nucleation by different aerosol types. According to these ests. we find that ice nucleation below about -15 °C is dominated by soot and mineral dusts. Above this temp. the only materials known to nucleate ice are biol., with quant. data for other materials absent from the literature. We conclude with a summary of the challenges our community faces.
-
10Kumai, M. Snow Crystals and the Identification of the Nuclei in the Northern United States of America J. Meteorol. 1961, 18, 139– 150There is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
11Isono, B. K.; Ikebe, Y. On the Ice-Nucleating Ability of Rock-Forming Minerals and Soil Particles J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. 1960, 38, 213– 230There is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
12Wiacek, A.; Peter, T.; Lohmann, U. The Potential Influence of Asian and African Mineral Dust on Ice, Mixed-Phase and Liquid Water Clouds Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10, 8649– 8667There is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
13Pratt, K. A.; DeMott, P. J.; French, J. R.; Wang, Z.; Westphal, D. L.; Heymsfield, A. J.; Twohy, C. H.; Prenni, A. J.; Prather, K. A. In Situ Detection of Biological Particles in Cloud Ice-Crystals Nat. Geosci. 2009, 2, 398– 40113https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXms1Oru70%253D&md5=3e8f1a985cfb0de00ad836d672b335f4In situ detection of biological particles in cloud ice-crystalsPratt, Kerri A.; DeMott, Paul J.; French, Jeffrey R.; Wang, Zhien; Westphal, Douglas L.; Heymsfield, Andrew J.; Twohy, Cynthia H.; Prenni, Anthony J.; Prather, Kimberly A.Nature Geoscience (2009), 2 (6), 398-401CODEN: NGAEBU; ISSN:1752-0894. (Nature Publishing Group)The impact of aerosol particles on cloud formation and properties is one of the largest remaining sources of uncertainty in climate change projections. Certain aerosol particles, i.e., ice nuclei, initiate ice-crystal formation in clouds, thereby affecting pptn. and the global hydrol. cycle. Lab. studies suggested some mineral dusts and primary biol. particles, e.g., bacteria, pollen, and fungi, can act as ice nuclei. Aircraft-aerosol time-of-flight spectrometry directly measured the chem. of individual cloud ice-crystal residues (obtained after ice evapn.), were sampled at high altitude over Wyoming. Biol. particles and mineral dust comprised most of the ice-crystal residues: mineral dust accounted for ∼50% of the residues and biol. particles for ∼33%. Along with concurrent cloud ice-crystal and ice-nuclei concn. measurements, these observations suggested certain biol. and dust particles initiated ice formation in sampled clouds. A global aerosol model then showed long-range transport of desert dust, suggesting biol. particles can enhance the impact of desert dust storms on cloud ice formation.
-
14Cziczo, D. J.; Froyd, K. D.; Hoose, C.; Jensen, E. J.; Diao, M.; Zondlo, M. A.; Smith, J. B.; Twohy, C. H.; Murphy, D. M. Clarifying the Dominant Sources and Mechanisms of Cirrus Cloud Formation Science 2013, 340, 1320– 132414https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXptFKjsrY%253D&md5=4ede7951be1b3d1eca62879a59ec52b3Clarifying the Dominant Sources and Mechanisms of Cirrus Cloud FormationCziczo, Daniel J.; Froyd, Karl D.; Hoose, Corinna; Jensen, Eric J.; Diao, Minghui; Zondlo, Mark A.; Smith, Jessica B.; Twohy, Cynthia H.; Murphy, Daniel M.Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2013), 340 (6138), 1320-1324CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)Formation of cirrus clouds depends on the availability of ice nuclei to begin condensation of atm. water vapor. Although it is known that only a small fraction of atm. aerosols are efficient ice nuclei, the crit. ingredients that make those aerosols so effective have not been established. The authors have detd. in situ the compn. of the residual particles within cirrus crystals after the ice was sublimated. The results demonstrate that mineral dust and metallic particles are the dominant source of residual particles, whereas sulfate and org. particles are underrepresented, and elemental carbon and biol. materials are essentially absent. Further, compn. anal. combined with relative humidity measurements suggests that heterogeneous freezing was the dominant formation mechanism of these clouds.
-
15Lüönd, F.; Stetzer, O.; Welti, A.; Lohmann, U. Experimental Study on the Ice Nucleation Ability of Size-Selected Kaolinite Particles in the Immersion Mode J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115, 27There is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
16Murray, B. J.; Broadley, S. L.; Wilson, T. W.; Atkinson, J. D.; Wills, R. H. Heterogeneous Freezing of Water Droplets Containing Kaolinite Particles Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11, 4191– 420716https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXhtVWltrbM&md5=6ff390adfe6da31805000f06e4944283Heterogeneous freezing of water droplets containing kaolinite particlesMurray, B. J.; Broadley, S. L.; Wilson, T. W.; Atkinson, J. D.; Wills, R. H.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2011), 11 (9), 4191-4207CODEN: ACPTCE; ISSN:1680-7316. (Copernicus Publications)Clouds composed of both ice particles and supercooled liq. water droplets exist at temps. above ∼236 K. These mixed phase clouds, which strongly impact climate, are very sensitive to the presence of solid particles that can catalyze freezing. In this paper we describe expts. to det. the conditions at which the clay mineral kaolinite nucleates ice when immersed within water droplets. These are the first immersion mode expts. in which the ice nucleating ability of kaolinite has been detd. as a function of clay surface area, cooling rate and also at const. temps. Water droplets contg. a known amt. of clay mineral were supported on a hydrophobic surface and cooled at rates of between 0.8 and 10 K min-1 or held at const. sub-zero temps. The time and temp. at which individual 10-50 μm diam. droplets froze were detd. by optical microscopy. For a cooling rate of 10 K min-1, the median nucleation temp. of 10-40 μm diam. droplets increased from close to the homogeneous nucleation limit (236 K) to 240.8 ± 0.6 K as the concn. of kaolinite in the droplets was increased from 0.005 wt% to 1 wt%. This data shows that the probability of freezing scales with surface area of the kaolinite inclusions. We also show that at a const. temp. the no. of liq. droplets decreases exponentially as they freeze over time. The const. cooling rate expts. are consistent with the stochastic, singular and modified singular descriptions of heterogeneous nucleation; however, freezing during cooling and at const. temp. can be reconciled best with the stochastic approach. We report temp. dependent nucleation rate coeffs. (nucleation events per unit time per unit area) for kaolinite and present a general parameterization for immersion nucleation which may be suitable for cloud modeling once nucleation by other important ice nucleating species is quantified in the future.
-
17Pinti, V.; Marcolli, C.; Zobrist, B.; Hoyle, C. R.; Peter, T. Ice Nucleation Efficiency of Clay Minerals in the Immersion Mode Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012, 12, 5859– 587817https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XhslSnu7zK&md5=2a8adf56f7e78e055088dc631d218b3dIce nucleation efficiency of clay minerals in the immersion modePinti, V.; Marcolli, C.; Zobrist, B.; Hoyle, C. R.; Peter, T.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2012), 12 (13), 5859-5878CODEN: ACPTCE; ISSN:1680-7316. (Copernicus Publications)Emulsion and bulk freezing expts. were performed to investigate immersion ice nucleation on clay minerals in pure water, using various kaolinites, montmorillonites, illites as well as natural dust from the Hoggar Mountains in the Saharan region. Differential scanning calorimeter measurements were performed on three different kaolinites (KGa-1b, KGa-2 and K-SA), two illites (Illite NX and Illite SE) and four natural and acid-treated montmorillonites (SWy-2, STx-1b, KSF and K-10). The emulsion expts. provide information on the av. freezing behavior characterized by the av. nucleation sites. These expts. revealed one to sometimes two distinct heterogeneous freezing peaks, which suggest the presence of a low no. of qual. distinct av. nucleation site classes. We refer to the peak at the lowest temp. as "std. peak" and to the one occurring in only some clay mineral types at higher temps. as "special peak". Conversely, freezing in bulk samples is not initiated by the av. nucleation sites, but by a very low no. of "best sites". The kaolinites and montmorillonites showed quite narrow std. peaks with onset temps. 238 K < Tstdon < 242 K and best sites with averaged median freezing temp. Tbestmed = 257 K, but only some featuring a special peak (i.e. KSF, K-10, K-SA and SWy-2) with freezing onsets in the range 240-248 K. The illites showed broad std. peaks with freezing onsets at 244 K < Tstdon < 246 K and best sites with averaged median freezing temp. Tbestmed = 262 K. The large difference between freezing temps. of std. and best sites shows that characterizing ice nucleation efficiencies of dust particles on the basis of freezing onset temps. from bulk expts., as has been done in some atm. studies, is not appropriate. Our investigations demonstrate that immersion freezing temps. of clay minerals strongly depend on the amt. of clay mineral present per droplet and on the exact type (location of collection and pre-treatment) of the clay mineral. We suggest that apparently contradictory results obtained by different groups with different setups are indeed in good agreement when only clay minerals of the same type and amt. per droplet are compared. The natural sample from the Hoggar Mountains, a region whose dusts have been shown to be composed mainly of illite, showed very similar freezing characteristics (std. and best) to the illites. Relating the concn. of best IN to the dust concn. in the atm. suggested that the best IN in the Hoggar sample would be common enough downwind of their source region to account for ambient IN no. densities in the temp. range of 250-260 K at least during dust events.
-
18Welti, A.; Lüönd, F.; Kanji, Z. A.; Stetzer, O.; Lohmann, U. Time Dependence of Immersion Freezing Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 2012, 12, 12623– 12662There is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
19Zimmermann, F.; Weinbruch, S.; Schütz, L.; Hofmann, H.; Ebert, M.; Kandler, K.; Worringen, A. Ice Nucleation Properties of the most Abundant Mineral Dust Phases J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113, D23204There is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
20Eastwood, M. L.; Cremel, S.; Gehrke, C.; Girard, E.; Bertram, A. K. Ice Nucleation on Mineral Dust Particles: Onset Conditions, Nucleation Rates and Contact Angles J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113, D2220320https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXht1yrt7c%253D&md5=250d85cd3d0eed21926504c9ea759ce7Ice nucleation on mineral dust particles: onset conditions, nucleation rates and contact anglesEastwood, Michael L.; Cremel, Sebastien; Gehrke, Clemens; Girard, Eric; Bertram, Allan K.Journal of Geophysical Research, [Atmospheres] (2008), 113 (D22), D22203/1-D22203/9CODEN: JGRDE3 ISSN:. (American Geophysical Union)An optical microscope coupled to a flow cell was used to investigate the onset conditions for ice nucleation on five atmospherically relevant minerals at temps. ranging from 233 to 246 K. Here we define the onset conditions as the humidity and temp. at which the first ice nucleation event was obsd. Kaolinite and muscovite were found to be efficient ice nuclei in the deposition mode, requiring relative humidities with respect to ice (RHi) below 112% in order to initiate ice crystal formation. Quartz and calcite, by contrast, were poor ice nuclei, requiring relative humidities close to water satn. before ice crystals would form. Montmorillonite particles were efficient ice nuclei at temps. below 241 K but were poor ice nuclei at higher temps. In several cases, there was a lack of quant. agreement between our data and previously published work. This can be explained by several factors including the mineral source, the particle sizes, the surface area available for nucleation, and observation time. Heterogeneous nucleation rates (Jhet) were calcd. from the measurements of the onset conditions (temp. and RHi) required from ice nucleation. The Jhet values were then used to calc. contact angles (θ) between the mineral substrates and an ice embryo using classical nucleation theory. The contact angles measured for kaolinite and muscovite ranged from 6° to 12°, whereas for quartz and calcite, the contact angles ranged from 25° to 27°. The reported Jhet and θ values may allow for a more direct comparison between lab. studies and can be used when modeling ice cloud formation in the atm.
-
21Connolly, P. J.; Möhler, O.; Field, P. R.; Saathoff, H.; Burgess, R.; Choularton, T.; Gallagher, M. Studies of Heterogeneous Freezing by Three Different Desert Dust Samples Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009, 9, 2805– 2824There is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
22Steinke, I.; Möhler, O.; Kiselev, A.; Niemand, M.; Saathoff, H.; Schnaiter, M.; Skrotzki, J.; Hoose, C.; Leisner, T. Ice Nucleation Properties of Fine Ash Particles from the Eyjafjallajökull Eruption in April 2010 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11, 12945– 12958There is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
23Hoyle, C. R.; Pinti, V.; Welti, A.; Zobrist, B.; Marcolli, C.; Luo, B.; Höskuldsson, Á.; Mattsson, H. B.; Stetzer, O.; Thorsteinsson, T.; Larsen, G.; Peter, T. Ice Nucleation Properties of Volcanic Ash from Eyjafjallajökull Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11, 9911– 9926There is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
24Atkinson, J. D.; Murray, B. J.; Woodhouse, M. T.; Whale, T. F.; Baustian, K. J.; Carslaw, K. S.; Dobbie, S.; O’Sullivan, D.; Malkin, T. L. The Importance of Feldspar for Ice Nucleation by Mineral Dust in Mixed-Phase Clouds Nature 2013, 498, 355– 35824https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXpt1Crsb0%253D&md5=9bd48b451ea3605eca4376ef34ea420dThe importance of feldspar for ice nucleation by mineral dust in mixed-phase cloudsAtkinson, James D.; Murray, Benjamin J.; Woodhouse, Matthew T.; Whale, Thomas F.; Baustian, Kelly J.; Carslaw, Kenneth S.; Dobbie, Steven; O'Sullivan, Daniel; Malkin, Tamsin L.Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2013), 498 (7454), 355-358CODEN: NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Publishing Group)The amt. of ice present in mixed-phase clouds, which contain both supercooled liq. water droplets and ice particles, affects cloud extent, lifetime, particle size and radiative properties. The freezing of cloud droplets can be catalyzed by the presence of aerosol particles known as ice nuclei. One of the most important ice nuclei is thought to be mineral dust aerosol from arid regions. It is generally assumed that clay minerals, which contribute approx. two-thirds of the dust mass, dominate ice nucleation by mineral dust, and many exptl. studies have therefore focused on these materials. Here we use an established droplet-freezing technique to show that feldspar minerals dominate ice nucleation by mineral dusts under mixed-phase cloud conditions, despite feldspar being a minor component of dust emitted from arid regions. We also find that clay minerals are relatively unimportant ice nuclei. Our results from a global aerosol model study suggest that feldspar ice nuclei are globally distributed and that feldspar particles may account for a large proportion of the ice nuclei in Earth's atm. that contribute to freezing at temps. below about -15 °C.
-
25Yakobi-Hancock, J. D.; Ladino, L. A.; Abbatt, J. P. D. Feldspar Minerals as Efficient Deposition Ice Nuclei Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013, 13, 11175– 11185There is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
26Hu, X. L.; Michaelides, A. Ice Formation on Kaolinite: Lattice Matchor Amphoterism? Surf. Sci. 2007, 601, 5378– 5381There is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
27Hu, X. L.; Michaelides, A. The Kaolinite (001) Polar Basal Plane Surf. Sci. 2010, 604, 111– 117There is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
28Shen, J. H.; Klier, K.; Zettlemoyer, A. C. Ice Nucleation by Micas J. Atmos. Sci. 1977, 34, 957– 96028https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaE2sXkslKnur8%253D&md5=206872e66c1069e75678e6f70b8b1a24Ice nucleation by micasShen, J. H.; Klier, K.; Zettlemoyer, A. C.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (1977), 34 (6), 957-60CODEN: JAHSAK; ISSN:0022-4928.A F mica, fluorphlogopite, was found to produce higher bulk water freezing temp. than many other nucleating agents including the parent hydroxyphlogopite and even AgI. Fluorphologopite has an inherently large mismatch with ice crystals but the water cluster embryo is apparently sustained by an F-H-O hydrogen bond assisted by neighboring K ions.
-
29Pummer, B. G.; Bauer, H.; Bernardi, J.; Bleicher, S.; Grothe, H. Suspendable Macromolecules are Responsible for Ice Nucleation Activity of Birch and Conifer Pollen Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012, 12, 2541– 2550There is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
30ICDD, PDF-4 2013 (Database); International Centre for Diffraction Data: Newtown Square, PA, USA, 2013.There is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
31Weast, C. R.; Astle, M. J. CRC Handbook of Chemistry; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1981.There is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
32Conen, F.; Henne, S.; Morris, C. E.; Alewell, C. Atmospheric Ice Nucleators Active ≥ −12 °C Can be Quantified on PM10 Filters Atmos. Meas. Technol. 2012, 5, 321– 32732https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xns1Sjtbw%253D&md5=c1908bf6ce69389c8485aa1231b39adeAtmospheric ice nucleators active ≥-12°C can be quantified on PM10 filtersConen, F.; Henne, S.; Morris, C. E.; Alewell, C.Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (2012), 5 (2), 321-327CODEN: AMTTC2; ISSN:1867-1381. (Copernicus Publications)Small no. concns. render it difficult to quantify ice nucleators (IN) in the atm. active at warm temps. A useful new method for IN measurement based around filter collections is proposed. It makes use of quartz filters used in 24 h PM10 monitoring (720 m3 air sample). Small subsamples (1.8 mm diam.) from the effective filter area and from the clean fringe (blank) are subjected to immersion freezing tests. We applied the method to eight filters from the High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch (3580 m above sea level) in the Swiss Alps. All filters carried IN active at -7° and below. No. concns. of IN active at -8°, -10°, and -12° were on av. 3.3, 10.7, and 17.2 m-3, resp. Several-fold larger nos. of IN active at ≥-12° per unit mass of PM10 were found in air masses influenced by Swiss and southern German atm. boundary layer air, compared to a Saharan dust event. In combination with data on PM10 mass, the method may be used to re-construct time series of IN no. concns.
-
33Klier, K.; Shen, J. H.; Zettlemoyer, A. C. Water on Silica and Silicate Surfaces. I. Partially Hydrophobic Silicas J. Phys. Chem. 1973, 77, 1458– 1465There is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
34Hiranuma, N.; Hoffmann, N.; Kiselev, A.; Dreyer, A.; Zhang, K.; Kulkarni, G.; Koop, T.; Möhler, O. Influence of Surface Morphology on the Immersion Mode Ice Nucleation Efficiency of Hematite Particles Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2014, 14, 2315– 2324There is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
35Hons, G. L. Behavior of Alkali Feldspars: Crystallographic Properties and Characterization of Composition and Al-Si Distribution Am. Mineral. 1986, 71, 869– 890There is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
36Fenter, P.; Teng, H.; Geissbühler, P.; Hanchar, J.; Nagy, K.; Sturchio, N. Atomic Scale Structure of the Orthoclase (001)– Water Interface Measured with High Resolution X-Ray Reflectivity Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2000, 64, 3663– 3673There is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
37Lardge, J. S.; Duffy, D. M.; Gillan, M. J.; Watkins, M. Ab Initio Simulations of the Interaction between Water and Defects on the Calcite {1014} Surface J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 2664– 2668There is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
38Yizhak, M. Effect of Ions on the Structure of Water: Structure Making and Breaking Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 1346– 1370There is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
39Zangi, R. Can Salting-In/Salting-Out Ions be Classified as Chaotropes/Kosmotropes? J. Phys. Chem. B 2010, 114, 643– 650There is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
40Salzmann, C. G.; Radaelli, P. G.; Hallbrucker, A.; Mayer, E.; Finney, J. L. The Preparation and Structures of Hydrogen Ordered Phases of Ice Science 2006, 311, 1758– 176140https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28Xis1eqtb0%253D&md5=042ddd11f8d68737220c8d85f2a22176The Preparation and Structures of Hydrogen Ordered Phases of IceSalzmann, Christoph G.; Radaelli, Paolo G.; Hallbrucker, Andreas; Mayer, Erwin; Finney, John L.Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2006), 311 (5768), 1758-1761CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)Two H ordered phases of ice were prepd. by cooling the H disordered ices V and XII under pressure. Previous attempts to unlock the geometrical frustration in H-bonded structures have focused on doping with KOH and have had success in partially increasing the H ordering in hexagonal ice I (ice Ih). By doping ices V and XII with HCl, the authors prepd. ice XIII and ice XIV, and the authors analyzed their structures by powder neutron diffraction. The use of HCl to release geometrical frustration opens up the possibility of completing the phase diagram of ice. Crystallog. data and at. coordinates are given.
-
41Tajima, Y.; Matsu, T.; Suga, H. Phase Transition in KOH-Doped Hexagonal Ice Nature 1982, 299, 810– 81241https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaL3sXktFOjsw%253D%253D&md5=c24ceb599a4d9865d5d8d723f63cfde2Phase transition in potassium hydroxide-doped hexagonal iceTajima, Y.; Matsuo, T.; Suga, H.Nature (London, United Kingdom) (1982), 299 (5886), 810-12CODEN: NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836.A calorimetric expt. shows that a 1st-order transition occurs at 72 K in ice crystals doped with 0.001-0.1 mol. KOH/dm3, which removes most of the residual entropy of the ice crystal. The magnitude of the entropy removal depends on the temp. and time of annealing and the history of the sample. Thus, the residual entropy in hexagonal ice is substantially due to a nonequil. phenomenon such as positional disorder of the protons.
-
42Stipp, S. L. L. Toward a Conceptual Model of the Calcite Surface: Hydration, Hydrolysis, and Surface Potential Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1999, 63, 3121– 313142https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK1MXotVClur0%253D&md5=479f689d044d2ddc060ba2a3467e49c6Toward a conceptual model of the calcite surface: hydration, hydrolysis, and surface potentialStipp, S. L. S.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (1999), 63 (19/20), 3121-3131CODEN: GCACAK; ISSN:0016-7037. (Elsevier Science Inc.)Because of a recent increase in interest in the properties of the calcite surface, there has also been an increase in activity toward development of math. models to describe calcite's surface behavior, particularly with respect to adsorption and pptn. For a math. model to be realistic, it must be based on a sound conceptual model of at. structure at the interface. New observations from high resoln. techniques have been combined with previously published data to resolve the apparent conflict with results from electrokinetic studies and to present a picture of what the calcite surface probably looks like at the at. scale. In ultra-high vacuum (10-10 mbar), a cleaved surface remains unreacted for at least an hour, but the unreacted surface does not remain as a termination of the bulk structure. XPS (XPS), LEED (LEED), and at. force microscopy (AFM) show that the outer-most at. layer relaxes and the surface slightly restructures. In air, dangling bonds are satisfied by hydrolyzed water. XPS and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) reveal the presence of adsorbed OH and H. In AFM images, the features so typical of calcite, namely, alternate-row offset, pairing and height difference, as well as the consistent dependence of these features on the force and direction of tip scanning, are best explained by OH filling of the vacant O sites created during cleavage on the Ca octahedra. Thus there is solid evidence to indicate the presence of OH and H chemi-sorbed at the termination of the bulk calcite structure. Wet chem. studies, however, show that calcite's pHpzc (zero point of charge) varies with sample history and soln. compn. Electrophoretic mobility measurements indicate that the potential-detg. ions are not H+ and OH-, but rather Ca2+ and CO32- (or HCO3- or H2CO30). This apparent conflict is resolved by a slight modification of the elec. double layer (EDL) model. At the bulk termination, hydrolysis species are chemi-bonded. At the Stern layer, adsorption attaches Ca2+ and CO32- (or other carbonate species), but the hydrolysis layer keeps them in outer-sphere coordination to the surface. With dehydration, loss of the hydrolysis species results in direct contact between adsorbed ions and the bulk termination, therefore, inner-sphere sorption is equiv. to extension of the three dimensional bulk network, which is pptn. Attachment of ions with size and charge compatible with Ca and CO3 likewise results in copptn. and solid-soln. formation.
-
43Augustin-Bauditz, S.; Wex, H.; Kanter, S.; Ebert, M.; Niedermeier, D.; Stolz, F.; Prager, A.; Stratmann, F. The immersion mode ice nucleation behavior of mineral dusts: A comparison of different pure and surface modified dusts Geophys. Res. Lett. 2014, 41, 7375– 7382There is no corresponding record for this reference.
-
Supporting Information
Supporting Information
ARTICLE SECTIONS
The Supporting Information includes a table with all measured freezing temperatures and particle sizes, freezing spectra given as active surface site density (ns), and a freezing spectrum of single measurement runs. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.
Terms & Conditions
Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.