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A 3D-Printed, Portable, Optical-Sensing Platform for Smartphones Capable of Detecting the Herbicide 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

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† School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
‡ College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
§ Food Hygiene Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62512, Egypt
∥ Health Impacts & Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
*D.D.: E-mail: [email protected]
*Y.L.: E-mail: [email protected]
Cite this: Anal. Chem. 2017, 89, 17, 9339–9346
Publication Date (Web):July 20, 2017
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02139
Copyright © 2017 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Onsite rapid detection of herbicides and herbicide residuals in environmental and biological specimens are important for agriculture, environmental concerns, food safety, and health care. The traditional method for herbicide detection requires expensive laboratory equipment and a long turnaround time. In this work, we developed a single-stripe microliter plate smartphone-based colorimetric device for rapid and low-cost in-field tests. This portable smartphone platform is capable of screening eight samples in a single-stripe microplate. The device combined the advantages of small size (50 × 100 × 160 mm3) and low cost ($10). The platform was calibrated by using two different dye solutions, i.e. methyl blue (MB) and rhodamine B, for the red and green channels. The results showed good correlation with results attained from a traditional laboratory reader. We demonstrated the application of this platform for detection of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the range of 1 to 80 ppb. Spiked samples of tap water, rat serum, plasma, and human serum were tested by our device. Recoveries obtained varied from 95.6% to 105.2% for all of the spiked samples using the microplate reader and from 93.7% to 106.9% for all of the samples using the smartphone device. This work validated that the smartphone optical-sensing platform is comparable to the commercial microplate reader; it is eligible for onsite, rapid, and low-cost detection of herbicides for environmental evaluation and biological monitoring.

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