From the aDivision of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
bDivision of Infectious Diseases & Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
cCenter for Computational Biology, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
dCOVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
eDepartment of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
fDivision of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
gDepartment of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
hWHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
iDepartment of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
Submitted January 21, 2021; accepted April 1, 2021
This work was supported by grants R01-AI14812701 from the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases to N.P.J. and J.A.L., and R01-AI139761 from the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases to N.E.D.
Code for replication is available from the corresponding author via https://github.com/joelewnard/covidTND.
J.A.L. has received grants and consulting fees from Pfizer, Inc., unrelated to this research. The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest.
The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Supplemental digital content is available through direct URL citations in the HTML and PDF versions of this article (www.epidem.com).
Correspondence: Joseph A. Lewnard, 2121 Berkeley Way, Room 5410, Berkeley, CA 94720. E-mail: [email protected].