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“Ultramixing”: A Simple and Effective Method To Obtain Controlled and Stable Dispersions of Graphene Oxide in Cell Culture Media

  • Giacomo Reina*
    Giacomo Reina
    University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572, 67000 Strasbourg, France
    *E-mail: [email protected] (A.B.).
    More by Giacomo Reina
  • Amalia Ruiz
    Amalia Ruiz
    University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572, 67000 Strasbourg, France
    More by Amalia Ruiz
  • Diane Murera
    Diane Murera
    University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572, 67000 Strasbourg, France
    More by Diane Murera
  • Yuta Nishina
    Yuta Nishina
    Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology  and  Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
    More by Yuta Nishina
  • , and 
  • Alberto Bianco*
    Alberto Bianco
    University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572, 67000 Strasbourg, France
    *E-mail: [email protected] (G.R.).
    More by Alberto Bianco
Cite this: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 8, 7695–7702
Publication Date (Web):January 29, 2019
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b18304
Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society

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    Supporting Info (5)»

    Abstract

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    The last decade has seen an increase in the application of graphene oxide (GO) in the biomedical field. GO has been successfully exploited for its ability to deliver many kinds of drugs into target cells. However, GO toxicity assessment is still controversial. Several studies have demonstrated that GO protein coating is crucial to alleviate the material’s toxicity. Besides, coronation leads to the formation of big agglomerates, reducing the cellular uptake of the material and thus its therapeutic efficiency. In this work, we propose a simple and efficient method based on rapid (ultra-turrax, UT) mixing to control protein corona formation. Using the UT protocol, we were able to reduce GO agglomeration in the presence of proteins and obtain stable GO dispersions in cell culture media. By labelling GO with luminescent nanoparticles (quantum dots), we studied the GO internalization kinetic and efficiency. Comparing the “classic” and UT protocols, we found that the latter allows faster and more efficient internalization both in macrophages and HeLa cells without affecting cell viability. We believe that the use of UT protocol will be interesting and suitable for the preparation of next-generation GO-based drug-delivery platforms.

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    Supporting Information

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18304.

    • Additional physicochemical characterization of the nanomaterials (XPS analysis and TEM micrographs) and cell imaging (PDF)

    • Overlay of the z stacking of Raw 264.7 after 24 h incubation with 20 μg/mL GO-QD C (AVI)

    • Overlay of the z stacking of Raw 264.7 after 24 h incubation with 20 μg/mL GO-QD UT (AVI)

    • Overlay of the z stacking of HeLa after 24 h incubation with 20 μg/mL GO-QD C (AVI)

    • Overlay of the z stacking of HeLa after 24 h incubation with 20 μg/mL GO-QD UT (AVI)

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