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Systematic Life Cycle Environmental Impact Comparison of Alternative Synthetic Strategies for Ti3C2Tx MXene

  • Andrei Ungureanu
    Andrei Ungureanu
    Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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  • , 
  • Alessandro Francini
    Alessandro Francini
    Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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  • , 
  • Paolo Neri
    Paolo Neri
    Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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  • , 
  • Aldo Girimonte
    Aldo Girimonte
    Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via P. Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
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  • , 
  • Roberto Giovanardi
    Roberto Giovanardi
    Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via P. Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
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  • , 
  • Anna Maria Ferrari
    Anna Maria Ferrari
    Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
    Interdepartmental Center for Applied Research and Services in the Advanced Mechanics and Motor Engineering Sector, InterMech─MO.RE., Piazzale Europa 1, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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  • , and 
  • Roberto Rosa*
    Roberto Rosa
    Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
    Interdepartmental Center for Applied Research and Services in the Advanced Mechanics and Motor Engineering Sector, InterMech─MO.RE., Piazzale Europa 1, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
    Department of Economics, Science, Engineering and Design, University of San Marino Republic, Via Consiglio dei Sessanta 99, 47891 Dogana, Republic of San Marino
    *Email: [email protected]
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    Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1863-1631
Cite this: ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2024, 12, 15, 5893–5906
Publication Date (Web):April 4, 2024
https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c08491
Copyright © 2024 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    The need for more environmentally sustainable MXene syntheses was ranked by the MXene community among the top research challenges for the upcoming decades. This means that both well-established synthetic protocols and newly proposed ones need to be assessed and compared in terms of their associated environmental impacts. Despite the various number of existing synthetic methods for MXenes, only one synthesis of Ti3C2Tx has been assessed from an environmental perspective, by applying the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. This work proposes for the first time a systematic life cycle environmental impact comparison among seven different synthetic pathways of the same Ti3C2Tx MXene. Starting from the first reported synthesis, the further approaches assessed differ in terms of MAX phase precursors, etching, and delamination procedures adopted. An uncertainty analysis was also performed to determine the reliability of the obtained results, which were also used in conjunction with those related to the measured bulk electrical conductivity of the MXene produced together with the obtained density values of opportunely prepared Ti3C2Tx freestanding films. This allows accounting for the necessary different quality of the obtained products, highlighting the better trade-off solutions between low environmental impacts, high electrical conductivity, and low weight of the potentially developed Ti3C2Tx MXene-based devices.

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c08491.

    • Detailed description of experimental synthetic procedures A–G; flowcharts summarizing the system boundaries considered for the assessed syntheses; relative endpoint environmental impacts associated with 1 g of Ti3C2Tx obtained by synthetic paths A–G; contributions to the single score environmental impacts of the seven MAX phase precursors, seven etching procedures, and the seven delamination procedures; relative midpoint environmental impacts associated with 200 g of the seven Ti3AlC2 MAX phases; complete inventories used to model atomization of Ti and Al; complete inventories used to model the precursors of the MAX phases; complete inventories used to model the seven different Ti3AlC2 MAX phase syntheses; complete inventories used to model the seven synthetic pathways A–G for Ti3C2Tx MXene; comparison of the midpoint environmental impacts (TRACI 2.1) associated with the synthesis of 2.3 kg of Ti3C2Tx MXene by synthesis G as modeled in this study and in the only previously published work; endpoint environmental impacts associated with the synthesis of 1 g of Ti3C2Tx through syntheses A–G; single score environmental impacts associated with the synthesis of 1 g of Ti3C2Tx through syntheses A–G; contributions to the single score environmental impacts of the seven MAX phase precursors, seven etching procedures, and the seven delamination procedures; midpoint environmental impacts associated with the seven syntheses leading to 200 g of the Ti3AlC2 MAX phase; Monte Carlo simulation results for paths A–G; and single score, density, conductivity, resistivity, and α parameter results for paths A–G (PDF)

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