Microviridin 1777: A Toxic Chymotrypsin Inhibitor Discovered by a Metabologenomic Approach
- Simon Sieber
Simon SieberDepartment of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, CH 8057, SwitzerlandMore by Simon Sieber
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- Simone M. Grendelmeier
Simone M. GrendelmeierDepartment of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, CH 8057, SwitzerlandMore by Simone M. Grendelmeier
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- Lonnie A. Harris
Lonnie A. HarrisDepartment of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United StatesMore by Lonnie A. Harris
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- Douglas A. Mitchell
Douglas A. MitchellDepartment of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United StatesMore by Douglas A. Mitchell
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- Karl Gademann*
Karl GademannDepartment of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, CH 8057, SwitzerlandMore by Karl Gademann
Abstract
The toxicity of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa EAWAG 127a was evaluated against the sensitive grazer Thamnocephalus platyurus, and the extract possessed strong activity. To investigate the compounds responsible for cytotoxicity, a series of peptides from this cyanobacterium were studied using a combined genomic and molecular networking approach. The results led to the isolation, structure elucidation, and biological evaluation of microviridin 1777, which represents the most potent chymotrypsin inhibitor characterized from this family of peptides to date. Furthermore, the biosynthetic gene clusters of microviridin, anabaenopeptin, aeruginosin, and piricyclamide were located in the producing organism, and six additional natural products were identified by tandem mass spectrometry analyses. These results highlight the potential of modern techniques for the identification of natural products, demonstrate the ecological role of protease inhibitors produced by cyanobacteria, and raise ramifications concerning the presence of novel, yet uncharacterized, toxin families in cyanobacteria beyond microcystin.
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