Food systems have the potential to nurture human health and support environmental sustainability; however, they are currently threatening both. Providing a growing global population with healthy diets from sustainable food systems is an immediate challenge. Although global food production of calories has kept pace with population growth, more than 820 million people have insufficient food and many more consume low-quality diets that cause micronutrient deficiencies and contribute to a substantial rise in the incidence of diet-related obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases, including coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. Unhealthy diets pose a greater risk to morbidity and mortality than does unsafe sex, and alcohol, drug, and tobacco use combined. Because much of the world's population is inadequately nourished and many environmental systems and processes are pushed beyond safe boundaries by food production, a global transformation of the food system is urgently needed.
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Published: January 16, 2019
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- The 21st-century great food transformation
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Civilisation is in crisis. We can no longer feed our population a healthy diet while balancing planetary resources. For the first time in 200 000 years of human history, we are severely out of synchronisation with the planet and nature. This crisis is accelerating, stretching Earth to its limits, and threatening human and other species' sustained existence. The publication now of Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT–Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems1 could be neither more timely nor more urgent.
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- Department of Error
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Willett W, Rockström J, Loken B, et al. Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT–Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems Lancet 2018; 393: 447–92—In this Commission, Fabrice DeClerck's affiliation was incorrectly listed as Biodiversity International, CGIAR, Montpellier, France. The affiliation has been corrected to Bioversity International, CGIAR, Montpellier, France. This correction has been made to the online version as of Jan 30, 2020.
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- Department of Error
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Willett W, Rockström J, Loken B, et al. Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT–Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Lancet 2018; 393: 447–92—The affiliation of Shenggen Fan was incorrectly listed as International Food Policy Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, USA. The affiliation has been corrected to International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, USA. This correction has been made to the online version as of June 27, 2019.
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Willett W, Rockström J, Loken B, et al. Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT–Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Lancet 2018; 393: 447–92—The reference citations in the panels have been corrected, and a reference list pertaining only to the panels has been added to the appendix. The references in the appendix have also been corrected. In addition, the sentence in the first paragraph of the section ‘Analyses of total diets: nutrient adequacy and mortality’ has been corrected to: “The only exception is vitamin B12 that is low in plant-based diets”.
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Willett W, Rockström J, Loken B, et al. Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT–Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Lancet 2019; 393: 447–92—In this Article, the following acknowledgment should have been included, “JR was supported for this work and SEC was part funded by the European Research Council under the EU's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Earth Resilience in the Anthropocene, grant number ERC-2016-ADG 743080)”. This correction has been made to the online version as of Oct 1, 2020.
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- Healthy diets and sustainable food systems
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The EAT-Lancet Commission1 aims to define healthy global diets that avoid environmental degradation. It adopts the planetary boundaries concept to define “a safe operating space for humanity”2,3 or more prosaically “global biophysical limits that humanity should operate within to ensure a stable and resilient Earth system”.1 However, the scientific analysis is obfuscated when two boundaries (climate change and nitrogen cycling) are relaxed to accommodate the pollution that seems unavoidable with a growing and more prosperous population: the “safe operating space”2,3 by definition is expanded to accommodate the diets that the report purports to scientifically test.
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- EAT-Lancet score and major health outcomes: the EPIC-Oxford study
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In January, 2019, the EAT-Lancet Commission on healthy diets from the sustainable food systems report1 defined a universal reference diet to promote human and environmental health. To evaluate its association with the risk of major health outcomes, we used data from 46 069 participants enrolled throughout the UK in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Oxford study.
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- Healthy diets and sustainable food systems
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We applaud the EAT-Lancet Commission1 by Walter Willett and colleagues but nonetheless take issue with their suggested ideal diet. We agree that preserving species diversity in the earth's biosphere benefits human health. We wish that the Commission had extended that assertion to the microbial species diversity in the human gut.
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- The EAT–Lancet Commission: a flawed approach?
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The goal of the EAT–Lancet Commission report on food in the Anthropocene by Walter Willett and colleagues1 is laudable given the immediate need for action on climate change and the growing burden of non-communicable diseases on global health. Unfortunately, omissions in the documentation, together with methodological flaws in assumptions, data collection, and modelling, are substantial enough to alter the conclusions of the report.
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- The EAT–Lancet Commission: a flawed approach? – Authors' reply
- Healthy diets and sustainable food systems – Authors' reply
- Healthy diets and sustainable food systems
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In their report, Walter Willett and colleagues1 stated that their dietary recommendations were based on the best available science.1 Nevertheless, their prescriptions and proscriptions relied heavily upon dietary data that were found to be “meaningless”2 and a retracted study (PREDIMED).3 As such, the report contributes to the fictional discourse on diet–disease relations2,4 that began in the 1950s.4
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