Soft drink consumption during and following exercise in the heat elevates biomarkers of acute kidney injury

Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2019 Mar 1;316(3):R189-R198. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00351.2018. Epub 2019 Jan 2.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that consuming a soft drink (i.e., a high-fructose, caffeinated beverage) during and following exercise in the heat elevates biomarkers of acute kidney injury (AKI) in humans. Twelve healthy adults drank 2 liters of an assigned beverage during 4 h of exercise in the heat [35.1 (0.1)°C, 61 (5)% relative humidity] in counterbalanced soft drink and water trials, and ≥1 liter of the same beverage after leaving the laboratory. Stage 1 AKI (i.e., increased serum creatinine ≥0.30 mg/dl) was detected at postexercise in 75% of participants in the Soft Drink trial compared with 8% in Water trial ( P = 0.02). Furthermore, urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a biomarker of AKI, was higher during an overnight collection period after the Soft Drink trial compared with Water in both absolute concentration [6 (4) ng/dl vs. 5 (4) ng/dl, P < 0.04] and after correcting for urine flow rate [6 (7) (ng/dl)/(ml/min) vs. 4 (4) (ng/dl)/(ml/min), P = 0.03]. Changes in serum uric acid from preexercise were greater in the Soft Drink trial than the Water trial at postexercise ( P < 0.01) and 24 h ( P = 0.05). There were greater increases from preexercise in serum copeptin, a stable marker of vasopressin, at postexercise in the Soft Drink trial ( P < 0.02) than the Water trial. These findings indicate that consuming a soft drink during and following exercise in the heat induces AKI, likely via vasopressin-mediated mechanisms.

Keywords: chronic kidney disease; dehydration; exercise; heat stress; soda.

MeSH terms

  • Acute Kidney Injury / blood*
  • Acute Kidney Injury / physiopathology
  • Adult
  • Biomarkers*
  • Carbonated Beverages / adverse effects*
  • Creatinine / blood
  • Drinking
  • Exercise*
  • Female
  • Glycopeptides / blood
  • Hemodynamics
  • Hot Temperature*
  • Humans
  • Lipocalin-2 / blood
  • Male
  • Vasopressins / metabolism
  • Water-Electrolyte Balance
  • Young Adult

Substances

  • Biomarkers
  • Glycopeptides
  • LCN2 protein, human
  • Lipocalin-2
  • copeptins
  • Vasopressins
  • Creatinine