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Peer Socialization of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents’ Close Friendships

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Abstract

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), or self-harming behavior without intent to die (Nock Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 78–83, 2009), is associated with distress and impairment across domains, including increased risk for suicidality (Kiekens et al. Journal of Affective Disorders, 239, 171–179, 2018). In adolescence, prevalence of NSSI is high (Swannell et al. Suicide and Life-threatening Behavior, 44, 273–303, 2014), and peer influence regarding NSSI is thought to be strong (Brechwald and Prinstein Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 166–79, 2011). Although concern regarding “clusters” of NSSI has long been documented, peer socialization of NSSI in adolescence is understudied. This paper tests peer influence on NSSI frequency within adolescent friendship dyads. Emotion regulation difficulties and friendship quality were evaluated as factors that may influence susceptibility to peer influence effects. Adolescents (N = 196, M age = 15.68, 69.9% female, 87.6% White) nested within 93 friendship dyads reported on their own NSSI frequency, difficulties in emotion regulation, and friendship quality at three time points spaced 3 months apart. Cross-lagged Actor-Partner Interdependence Models examined peer influence effects over time. Friends’ Time 1 frequency of NSSI uniquely predicted adolescents’ own NSSI frequency over 3 and 6 months, controlling for initial similarity among friends as well as individual risk factors for NSSI. Peer influence effects were strongest in adolescents with higher levels of emotion regulation difficulty but did not vary as a function of friendship quality. Friends’ NSSI frequency is a significant and unique predictor of increases in adolescents’ own NSSI frequency over time. Implications for interventions that leverage the important developmental context of peer relationships are discussed.

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Notes

  1. In line with current recommendations for language around peer influence, the term contagion is used here only in historical context, and the term socialization is used throughout to reflect efforts to destigmatize individuals struggling with NSSI (see Hasking and Boyes 2018).

  2. Percentages do not sum to 100 as some participants identified as more than one race and/or ethnicity or did not respond to this item.

  3. Three participants selected a non-binary gender identity. In each case, they were the friend of a target adolescent who reported a gender identity of either female or male. Given that target adolescents recruited a friend of their same gender, gender was treated as a Level 2 variable. The pattern of results was identical including these dyads (and using the gender identity reported by the target adolescent in each case as the Level 2 gender variable) and excluding these dyads. As such, all three dyads were retained for study analyses. The sample was stratified by age into two groups: younger adolescents (13–15 years, n = 80) and older adolescents (16–19 years, n = 106).

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  1. Department of Psychology, University of Maine, 301 Little Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, USA

    Rebecca A. Schwartz-Mette & Hannah R. Lawrence

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  1. Rebecca A. Schwartz-Mette
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Correspondence to Rebecca A. Schwartz-Mette.

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Schwartz-Mette, R.A., Lawrence, H.R. Peer Socialization of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents’ Close Friendships. J Abnorm Child Psychol 47, 1851–1862 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-019-00569-8

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