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Agricultural research, or a new bioweapon system?

Insect-delivered horizontal genetic alteration is concerning
Science
5 Oct 2018
Vol 362, Issue 6410
pp. 35-37

Abstract

Agricultural genetic technologies typically achieve their agronomic aims by introducing laboratory-generated modifications into target species' chromosomes. However, the speed and flexibility of this approach are limited, because modified chromosomes must be vertically inherited from one generation to the next. In an effort to remove this limitation, an ongoing research program funded by the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) aims to disperse infectious genetically modified viruses that have been engineered to edit crop chromosomes directly in fields. This is genetic engineering through horizontal transfer, as opposed to vertical inheritance. The regulatory, biological, economic, and societal implications of dispersing such horizontal environmental genetic alteration agents (HEGAAs) into ecosystems are profound. Further, this program stipulates that the means of delivery of these viral HEGAAs into the environment should be insect-based dispersion (1). In the context of the stated aims of the DARPA program, it is our opinion that the knowledge to be gained from this program appears very limited in its capacity to enhance U.S. agriculture or respond to national emergencies (in either the short or long term). Furthermore, there has been an absence of adequate discussion regarding the major practical and regulatory impediments toward realizing the projected agricultural benefits. As a result, the program may be widely perceived as an effort to develop biological agents for hostile purposes and their means of delivery, which—if true—would constitute a breach of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC).

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References and Notes

1
Broad Agency Announcement Insect Allies, Biological Technologies Office, HR001117S0002, 1 November 2016; www.fbo.gov/utils/view?id=40638c9e7d45ed8310f9d4f4671b4a7b.
2
BTI receives DARPA “Insect Allies” Award. EurekAlert! (2017); www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-07/bti-brd072717.php.
3
Penn State team receives $7M award to enlist insects as allies for food security (2017); http://news.psu.edu/story/495037/2017/11/20/research/penn-state-team-receives-7m-award-enlist-insects-allies-food.
4
Ohio State scientists make plant virus system “turn on its head” with insect research (2017); www.thelantern.com/2017/12/ohio-state-scientists-to-make-plant-virus-system-turn-on-its-head-with-insect-research/.
5
Insect Allies: How the Enemies of Corn May Someday Save It (2017); https://cals.ncsu.edu/news/insect-allies-how-the-enemies-of-corn-may-someday-save-it/.
6
DARPA Enlists Insects to Protect Agricultural Food Supply & Commodity Crops. R&D Mag. (2016); www.rdmag.com/news/2016/10/darpa-enlists-insects-protect-agricultural-food-supply-commodity-crops.
7
J. S. Cory et al., Nature 370, 138 (1994).
8
Dr. Blake Bextine, Insect Allies; www.darpa.mil/program/insect-allies.
9
Report of the Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction, Geneva (2012); http://undocs.org/en/BWC/MSP/2012/5.
10
Z. Ali et al., Mol. Plant. 8, 1288 (2015).
11
K. Musiychuk et al., Influenza Other Respir. Viruses. 1, 19 (2007).
12
14
United States of America, Strengthening of the BWC, Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction, Geneva (2018); http://undocs.org/en/BWC/MSP/2018/MX.5/WP.3.
15
J. W. Schoen, Pentagon kills ‘terror futures market.’ msnbc.com (2003); www.nbcnews.com/id/3072985/t/pentagon-kills-terror-futures-market/.

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Published In

Science
Volume 362 | Issue 6410
5 October 2018

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Published in print: 5 October 2018

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Acknowledgments

R.G.R. and S.V. contributed equally to this work.

Authors

Affiliations

R. G. Reeves
Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany.
S. Voeneky
Institute of International Law and Ethics of Law, University of Freiburg, Germany.
D. Caetano-Anollés
Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany.
F. Beck
Institute of International Law and Ethics of Law, University of Freiburg, Germany.
C. Boëte
ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France.

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  1. Does the U.S. public support using gene drives in agriculture? And what do they want to know?, Science Advances, 5, 9, (2019)./doi/10.1126/sciadv.aau8462
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