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Effect of Fomes fomentarius Cultivation Conditions on Its Adsorption Performance for Anionic and Cationic Dyes

  • Laura M. Henning*
    Laura M. Henning
    Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institute of Material Science and Technology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
    *Email: [email protected]. Phone: +49(0)30 314 70483.
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    Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3989-5908
  • , 
  • Ulla Simon
    Ulla Simon
    Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institute of Material Science and Technology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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  • , 
  • Amanmyrat Abdullayev
    Amanmyrat Abdullayev
    Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institute of Material Science and Technology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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  • , 
  • Bertram Schmidt
    Bertram Schmidt
    Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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  • , 
  • Carsten Pohl
    Carsten Pohl
    Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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  • , 
  • Tamara Nunez Guitar
    Tamara Nunez Guitar
    Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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  • , 
  • Cekdar Vakifahmetoglu
    Cekdar Vakifahmetoglu
    Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, 35430 Izmir, Turkey
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  • , 
  • Vera Meyer
    Vera Meyer
    Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
    More by Vera Meyer
    Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-2258
  • , 
  • Maged F. Bekheet*
    Maged F. Bekheet
    Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institute of Material Science and Technology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
    *Email: [email protected]. Phone: +49(0)30 314 22591.
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    Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1778-0288
  • , and 
  • Aleksander Gurlo
    Aleksander Gurlo
    Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institute of Material Science and Technology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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    Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7047-666X
Cite this: ACS Omega 2022, 7, 5, 4158–4169
Publication Date (Web):January 24, 2022
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c05748

Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society. This publication is licensed under

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Abstract

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Lab-cultivated mycelia of Fomes fomentarius (FF), grown on a solid lignocellulose medium (FF-SM) and a liquid glucose medium (FF-LM), and naturally grown fruiting bodies (FF-FB) were studied as biosorbents for the removal of organic dyes methylene blue and Congo red (CR). Both the chemical and microstructural differences were revealed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential analysis, and scanning electron microscopy, illuminating the superiority of FF-LM and FF-SM over FF-FB in dye adsorption. The adsorption process of CR on FF-LM and FF-SM is best described by the Redlich–Peterson model with β constants close to 1, that is, approaching the monolayer Langmuir model, which reach maximum adsorption capacities of 48.8 and 13.4 mg g–1, respectively, in neutral solutions. Adsorption kinetics follow the pseudo-second-order model where chemisorption is the rate-controlling step. While the desorption efficiencies were low, adsorption performances were preserved and even enhanced under simulated dye effluent conditions. The results suggest that F. fomentarius can be considered an attractive biosorbent in industrial wastewater treatment and that its cultivation conditions can be specifically tailored to tune its cell wall composition and adsorption performance.

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Introduction

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Industrial dye effluents from various industries such as textile, leather, plastic, food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, or paper printing industries cause severe threats to the ecosystem when discharged into the environment. (1−4) Approximately 15% of the original dye is lost during the processing in the textile industry. (1,2) Dyes are not easily biodegradable. Often, they are highly toxic or even carcinogenic to aquatic life or human beings. Furthermore, even small concentrations of dyes can lead to water turbidity and cause a decrease in the permeability of the sunlight, which may reduce the photosynthesis and hinder the life of aquatic organisms. (5)
Industrial wastewater can be purified by several methods such as membrane separation, chemical precipitation, oxidation/reduction, and adsorption. However, large amounts are still disposed to the environment without purification. An accurate estimation is difficult because of data inaccessibility but is still reported to reach up to 50% worldwide. (6) Because of its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, high removal efficiencies, and operational ease, adsorption is an attractive wastewater treatment approach. (7−9) New classes of adsorbent materials derived from natural materials, industrial solid wastes, renewable materials, agricultural byproducts, and organisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and seaweeds are increasingly in focus from an environmental perspective as these potentially biodegradable materials reduce the environmental pollution and waste. (10,11)
Different genera of filamentous fungi belonging to Ascomycota and Basidiomycota can be adopted for dye biodegradation and biosorption from wastewater. (5,11−14) Various mechanisms play a role in dye removal: (i) biosorption of the dye onto the cell wall surface, (ii) biodegradation of dye molecules by ligninolytic enzymes such as laccases and peroxidases, and (iii) bioaccumulation of the dye in living cells by transport membrane systems. (14,15) Living filamentous fungi are particularly suitable for biodegradation and bioaccumulation processes, while biosorption can occur by both living and dead mycelia. Fungal cell walls mainly consist of α-glucans, β-glucans, chitin, galactomannans, and glycoproteins and thus provide high amounts of surface functional groups such as amine, carboxyl, hydroxyl, phosphate, sulfhydryl, amino, amide, and epoxy groups, enabling physicochemical interactions with organic dyes or other toxic molecules and thus enabling biosorption phenomena. (14,16) Notably, the use of dried mycelium offers simpler and less costly biosorption processes as the physicochemical process conditions can be freely selected over a wide range. Furthermore, dried mycelium can be kept for a long time under appropriate storage conditions with only minor changes in properties. Regeneration through desorption and thus further use of fungal biosorbents, as well as nutrient recovery by composting, offer additional room for innovation and application.
Besides basidiomycetes of orders Polyporales and Hymenochaetales, including Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Inonotus dryadeus, Trametes versicolor, Daedalea dickinsii, Daedalea africana, and Phellinus adaman, (3,15,17−26) ascomycetes such as Aspergillus carbonarius, (27,28)Penicillium glabrum, (27,28) and Aspergillus niger (17,29) were studied for the removal of various dyes. Fruiting bodies of polypore Fomes fomentarius were investigated as potential biosorbents for dye removal. (20,21) Furthermore, purified and cross-linked enzyme aggregates obtained from submerged cultures of F. fomentarius were found to be promising candidates for dye degradation. (30)
The cell wall composition differs among fungi and even changes dynamically in a single fungal species during its life cycle. It depends on the nutrient sources available, the cultivation method, the metabolic activity and age of the mycelium, its branching rate, and its cell wall stress response when confronted with (sub)lethal concentrations of toxic compounds that inhibit cell wall biosynthesis, such as Congo red (CR) or other antifungals. (31) The cell wall composition can also strongly vary between strains of the same fungal species. (32−36) None of these genetic and physiologic factors have been studied so far in the context of understanding and improving biosorption characteristics of living or dried fungal mycelia.
Accordingly, in the current work, the biosorption properties of F. fomentarius mycelium cultivated under laboratory conditions as an emersed culture, that is, on a solid medium or a liquid medium, are compared to those of naturally grown fruiting bodies. Exemplarily, the adsorption of the cationic dye methylene blue (MB) and the anionic dye CR from aqueous solutions is investigated.
To understand the sorption capacities of the tinder polypore F. fomentarius and to provide a basis for their future optimization by genetic and cultivation means, a native strain was isolated from a dead tree trunk from the Brandenburg forest (Germany), and an axenic culture was obtained from it. This fungal species is of interest as it is well-known in traditional medicine as a vital fungus and can be used for the production of wound-healing textiles as well as composite materials for the construction industry. (37,38)F. fomentarius grows well under laboratory conditions on different byproducts from agriculture and forestry including hemp, raps straw, and sawdust and thus could potentially become a future cell factory for the sustainable and customizable manufacturing of fungal-based materials exploited by different industries.

Results and Discussion

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Visual estimation of dried F. fomentarius discs obtained from three different cultivations reveals differences in color and bulk densities, as can be seen in Figure S1. While F. fomentarius grown on a solid lignocellulose medium, referred to as FF-SM, shows the lowest bulk density and a faint beige-to-yellow color, an increase in bulk density and color intensity can be observed for F. fomentarius grown on a liquid glucose medium, referred to as FF-LM. Fruiting body of F. fomentarius collected from the nature, referred to as FF-FB, shows the highest bulk density and an intense brownish color. In accordance, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images in Figure 1 reveal that the mycelium network of both laboratory-cultivated F. fomentarius samples FF-SM and FF-LM consist of loose and randomly packed hyphae with diameters of ca. 2–3 μm, whereas the mycelium network of trama FF-FB is composed of more aligned and densely packed hyphae with diameters of ca. 6–7 μm. Furthermore, FF-FB shows cylindrical-shaped fibers, while FF-SM and FF-LM exhibit rather smashed or planar-like fibers, which may be attributed to the drying process.

Figure 1

Figure 1. SEM images from (a) FF-SM, (b) FF-LM, and (c) FF-FB. Scale bars shown are 100 and 10 μm for the image and inset, respectively.

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Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)–attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectra of the three samples are presented in Figure 2. Independent of the cultivation protocol, all spectra show the characteristic absorption bands of the carbohydrate backbone present in both the glucan and chitin polymer structure, such as the stretching bands of −OH at 340 cm–1 and −NH at 3273 cm–1 in addition to the −CH bands at 2913 and 2848 cm–1 and the −C–O–C– band at 1032 cm–1. (39) The presence of the amide I band associated with −C═O stretching at 1630 cm–1 and amide II and III bands, resulting from the −NH deformation at 1540 and 1320 cm–1, respectively, indicates the presence of chitin. (40,41) Although chitin is a primary component of the cell wall in all three samples, other amino-containing components such as peptides and proteins can also be found in fungi. (42,43) Notably, FF-LM exhibits higher relative absorbance of the amide bands in relation to the carbohydrate bands, suggesting higher chitin levels in its cell walls. The differences in the composition can be attributed to the less complex metabolism of glucose in contrast to that of lignocellulose, whose metabolic pathway requires the synergy of several enzymes, affecting the biosynthetic growth.

Figure 2

Figure 2. FTIR–ATR spectra of FF-SM, FF-LM, and FF-FB, showing a higher relative absorbance of amide bands in FF-LM which might be indicative of higher chitin levels.

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Adsorption of MB and CR on F. fomentarius

The equilibrium removal efficiency (%) for all three samples FF-SM, FF-LM, and FF-FB, with an initial concentration of MB and CR of 100 mg L–1 and a dosage of 5 g L–1, at pH values of 5.7 (MB) and 7.6 (CR) at 25 °C and after a contact time of 120 min is shown in Figure 3. Photographs of the supernatants can be found in Figure S2. All samples showed good adsorption capabilities for both cationic MB and anionic CR dyes, indicating that all three mycelial samples contain both negatively and positively charged functional groups on their surfaces. However, FF-SM and FF-FB display higher removal efficiencies for MB with values of 94 and 59%, respectively, than that for CR with values of 45 and 11%, respectively, suggesting that the negatively charged functional groups are more predominant on their cell wall surfaces. In contrast, FF-LM showed a high removal efficiency of 92% for CR, which was even slightly higher than that for MB with a value of 87%, indicating that cultivation on a glucose medium results in a higher amount of positively charged groups on the cell wall surface of F. fomentarius at a pH of 7.6. These findings were supported by zeta potential analyses, as shown in Figure 5b, which revealed that the surface charges of FF-SM and FF-FB are more negative than that of FF-LM at a pH of 5.7, while the surface charge of FF-LM becomes highly positive at a pH of 7.6. The difference in the surface charge between the samples might be explained by the higher chitin content in FF-LM, as revealed by FTIR–ATR characterization, see Figure 2. However, differences in branching frequencies, hyphal diameter, and surface area are further influential factors that affect the adsorption capacity of MB and CR. As FF-FB showed both the lowest performance and the highest standard deviation for the adsorption of MB and CR, it was not considered for further experiments. While both FF-SM and FF-LM showed high uptakes for MB, their removal efficiency differed for CR. Thus, all further experiments were conducted with CR.

Figure 3

Figure 3. Removal efficiency Re of MB and CR for FF-SM, FF-LM, and FF-FB. Adsorption conditions were a dosage of 5 g L–1, 100 mg L–1 MB and CR, pH values of 5.7 (MB) and 7.6 (CR), and 120 min.

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Effect of the Adsorbent Dosage

The effect of the adsorbent dosage on the adsorption process of CR with an initial concentration of 100 mg L–1 on FF-LM and FF-SM at a pH of 7.6 and an equilibrium time of 120 min is depicted in Figure 4. Although both laboratory-cultivated mycelial samples show an increase in the removal efficiencies with dosages in the range between 0.5 and 2 g L–1, their equilibrium adsorption capacities qe behave differently. While qe increases for FF-LM, it decreases for FF-SM in this dosage range. In greater detail, the removal efficiency of FF-LM increases from 9.9 to 56.5% in the given dosage range, which is higher than the increased amount in the dosage, resulting in an increase in qe from 19.2 to 27.5 mg g–1. In contrast, a slight increase from 7.6 to 13.3% is determined for FF-SM, which is lower than the increase in the dosage amount, yielding a decrease in qe from 14.8 to 6.4 mg g–1. This difference could be due to the higher content of amides on the surface of FF-LM, see Figure 2, and its different morphology and fiber diameter, see Figure 1, probably leading to a higher number of active adsorption sites on the surface for FF-LM than that on FF-SM. The aforementioned reasons can also explain the higher removal efficiency of 98.2% for FF-LM than that for FF-SM with a value of 75.6% at a dosage of 15 g L–1, indicating that not all adsorption sites of the FF-SM sample were saturated at this high adsorbent dosage. For dosages above 4 g L–1, both mycelial samples show a slight increase in the removal efficiency and a high decrease in the equilibrium adsorption capacity until constant removal efficiencies of 98.2 and 78.5% are reached at dosages of 15 and 20 g L–1 for FF-LM and FF-SM, respectively. The decrease in adsorption capacity until reaching constant removal efficiencies at higher dosages is due to the limited concentration of dye molecules needed to saturate all the active adsorption sites at these high adsorbent dosages. (44) All following experiments were conducted using the adsorbent dosage of 5 g L–1 because both mycelial samples show considerable removal efficiencies and adsorption capacities at this adsorbent dosage.

Figure 4

Figure 4. Effect of the adsorbent dosage on the removal efficiency Re and adsorption capacity qe of CR on (a) FF-LM and (b) FF-SM. Adsorption conditions were pH 7.6, a Ci of 100 mg L–1, and 120 min.

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Notably, the CR dye solution did not turn clear after the dye uptake, rather the color turned from red to orange to yellow for both mycelial samples, see Figure S3. This might be due to the release of a colored metabolite from F. fomentarius when dissolved in water. Photographs and UV–vis spectra of F. fomentarius supernatants obtained after mixing with aqueous solutions of varying pH, that is, without any dye present, are displayed in Figures S4–S6, showing yellow coloring, the strongest for FF-LM, and increased absorbance from 500 to 300 nm. However, the nature of this compound or compounds could not be revealed by high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis, although characteristic m/z rations were identified for F. fomentarius, see Figure S7.

Effect of the Solution pH

The adsorption performance and the dependence of the equilibrium adsorption capacity qe on the solution pH are depicted in Figure 5. Photographs of the corresponding supernatants can be found in Figure S8. For FF-SM, qe decreases with the increasing pH value, that is, for pH 2.1, qe is 17.9 mg g–1, while it drops to 1.8 mg g–1 for pH 12.6. FF-LM also shows the highest qe at low pH values, that is, 17.8 mg g–1 at a pH of 2.1 and the lowest qe of 12.1 mg g–1 at a pH of 12.6. However, no steady decrease can be observed with increasing pH for FF-LM. Instead, at around pH 4, there is a local minimum in the adsorption capacity. Such a minimum can also be observed in the zeta potential results, see Figure 5b, indicating a more negative surface charge and thus weaker electrostatic attraction between the adsorbent and the dye. This increase in the negative surface charge with increasing pH can be explained by the deprotonation of the functional groups. (21) However, above pH 6, the deprotonation process is hindered, and the surface of FF-LM becomes positively charged, indicating significant changes in the surface chemistry of FF-LM. These findings confirm that the growth medium significantly influences the surface chemistry. However, further characterization is needed to investigate the influence of the growth medium components on the surface charge variation at different pH values. It is worth knowing that for FF-LM, zeta potentials below pH 3 and above pH 9 could not be measured reliably and thus are not shown. For FF-SM, the zeta potential is negative over the whole pH range provided and decreases with increasing pH until a neutral pH. However, in the basic pH range, the adsorption capacity decreases further, while the zeta potential increases again, indicating that the electrostatic attraction is not the only mechanism for CR adsorption and other binding forces could potentially become more dominant, such as hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. (45,46)

Figure 5

Figure 5. (a) Effect of the dye solution pH on the equilibrium adsorption capacity qe of CR on FF-LM and FF-SM. Adsorption conditions were a dosage of 5 g L–1, a Ci of 100 mg L–1, and 120 min. (b) Zeta potential of FF-LM, FF-SM, and FF-FB and its pH dependence.

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Adsorption Isotherms

As shown in Figure 6a and Table 1, the experimental adsorption data collected using different initial dye concentrations could be fitted the best, that is, with the highest regression coefficients, with the Redlich–Peterson model. This adsorption model combines the Langmuir model for monolayer adsorption on homogeneous sites with the Freundlich model for multilayer adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces. However, the values determined for the Redlich–Peterson constant β are close to 1, suggesting that the isotherms are approaching the Langmuir model. These results are in accordance with the higher regression coefficients obtained by fitting the adsorption data with the Langmuir model than that with the Freundlich model, see Table 1. This suggests that the adsorption of CR on the surface of laboratory-cultivated F. fomentarius can be described by a monolayer process rather than a multilayer process, probably due to the large size of the dye molecules, which may repel each other when getting too close. The obtained maximum adsorption capacity qm of CR on FF-LM was found to be 48.8 mg g–1, which is much higher than that determined for FF-SM with a value of 13.4 mg g–1. However, these values are lower than those reported for other fungal species, see Table 2. On one hand, this can be explained by the lower temperature and higher dosage of 5 g L–1 used in this work. As shown in eq 2 and Figure 4, the equilibrium adsorption capacity decreases with the increasing dosage. On the other hand, the wide range in adsorption capacities of the fungal adsorbents listed in Table 2 can be associated with differences in the cell wall composition due to varying cultivation conditions. Likewise, the higher adsorption capacity of FF-LM over that of FF-SM reveals that the adsorption properties can be enhanced by the cultivation conditions.

Figure 6

Figure 6. (a) Nonlinear Langmuir, Freundlich, and Redlich–Peterson isotherm models for the adsorption of CR on FF-LM and FF-SM. Adsorption conditions were pH 7.6, a dosage of 5 g L–1, and 120 min. (b) Nonlinear pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich kinetic fittings for the adsorption of CR on FF-LM and FF-SM. Adsorption conditions were pH 7.6, a dosage of 5 g L–1, and a Ci of 100 mg L–1.

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Table 1. Parameters of the Isotherm Studies Conducted at pH 7.6, a Dosage of 5 g L–1, 120 min, and a Ci of 5–400 mg L–1 According to the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Redlich–Peterson Isotherms, as Depicted in Figure 6a, for FF-LM and FF-SM
model parameter FF-LM FF-SM
Langmuir qm (mg g–1) 48.8 13.4
  KL (L mg–1) 0.0219 0.0224
  R2 0.962 0.958
Freundlich n (mg g–1) 2.43 2.81
  KF (mg g–1 (L mg–1)1/n) 5.11 1.58
  R2 0.947 0.917
Redlich–Peterson KRP (L g–1) 1.30 0.27
  aR (L mg–1) 0.012 0.014
  β 1.15 1.07
  R2 0.997 0.967
Table 2. Comparison of the Maximum Monolayer Adsorption Capacity qm of CR on Different Dried Fungal-Based Biosorbents
species qm (mg g–1) temperature (°C) adsorbent dosage (g L–1) pH reference
A. carbonarius 99.0 30 0.3 4.5 (28)
Aspergillus nidulans 357.1   0.5 6.8 (47)
P. glabrum 101.0 30 0.3 4.5 (28)
Penicillium YW 01 357.1 20 1.0 3.0 (48)
  384.6 30      
  416.67 40      
Agaricus bisporus 76.4   1.0 5 (49)
Funalia trogii 90.4   1.0 5.0 (50)
T. versicolor 318.1 30 1.7 2.0 (51)
  415.7 60      
T. versicolor 51.8 30 30.0 7 (52)
FF-LM, F. fomentarius cultivated on a liquid glucose medium 48.8 25 5 7.6 this work
FF-SM, F. fomentarius cultivated on a solid lignocellulose medium 13.4 25 5 7.6 this work

Adsorption Kinetics

The influence of contact time on the adsorption capacity of F. fomentarius mycelia at pH 7.6 with a dosage of 5 g L–1 and an initial CR concentration of 100 mg L–1 is shown in Figure 6b. The adsorption capacity increases significantly with increasing contact time before reaching equilibrium at about 1 h. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of CR on FF-LM was found to be 2 times higher than that on FF-SM. The kinetic constants and parameters as well as the nonlinear regression coefficients of fitting with the kinetic models are shown in Table 3. The experimental adsorption data of both mycelial samples were fitted better with the pseudo-second-order model when compared with that of the pseudo-first-order and Elovich kinetic model. This suggests that chemisorption is the primary rate-controlling step in the adsorption process, in which a molecule of the CR dye is adsorbed onto two sites of the cell wall surface of F. fomentarius at a constant concentration of the dye. However, as the pseudo-first-order model also yields high regression coefficients for both mycelial samples FF-LM and FF-SM, see Table 3, it can be concluded that physical adsorption may additionally be involved in the adsorption process.
Table 3. Parameters of the Kinetic Studies Conducted at pH 7.6, a Dosage of 5 g L–1, a Ci of 100 mg L–1, and 2–300 min According to the Pseudo-First-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, and Elovich Models Depicted in Figure 6b for FF-LM and FF-SM
model parameter FF-LM FF-SM
pseudo-first-order qe (mg g–1) 15.2 7.8
  K1 (min–1) 0.1579 0.0652
  R2 0.973 0.972
pseudo-second-order qe (mg g–1) 16.2 8.6
  K2 (g mg–1 min–1) 0.0142 0.0101
  R2 0.992 0.977
Elovich α 30.4 2.4
  β 0.49 0.71
  R2 0.951 0.938

Simulated Dye Effluent Adsorption

The removal efficiency of CR from the simulated dye effluent was found to be >95% for FF-LM, irrespective of the presence or absence of NaCl, as shown in Figure 7a. However, a strong increase in the removal efficiency with increasing NaCl was obtained for FF-SM, reaching about 99.9% at 1 M NaCl. Such an increase in the removal efficiency can be explained by the neutralization of the negatively charged dye molecules and cell wall surface by NaCl. (45) Overall, these results suggest that the dried mycelium of F. fomentarius can be considered a good adsorbent for anionic dyes such as CR from industrial wastewater, even at high salt concentrations.

Figure 7

Figure 7. (a) Effect of simulated dye effluent conditions on the removal efficiency Re of CR on FF-LM and FF-SM. Adsorption conditions were 80 °C, pH 7.6, a dosage of 5 g L–1, Ci = 100 mg L–1, and 120 min. (b) Desorption of CR from FF-LM and FF-SM with DIW, ethanol, 0.1 M sodium hydroxide, 0.1 M acetic acid, 0.1 M hydrochloric acid, and concentrated hydrochloric acid.

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Desorption

The results of the desorption experiments of CR from FF-LM and FF-SM using different desorbing agents, that is, deionized water (DIW), ethanol, 0.1 M sodium hydroxide, 0.1 M acetic acid, 0.1 M hydrochloric acid, and concentrated hydrochloric acid, are shown in Figure 7b. No desorption of CR was observed with a diluted concentration (0.1 M) of acetic acid or hydrochloric acid. Although concentrated hydrochloric acid resulted in the highest recovery efficiencies for CR, it also caused the dissolution of F. fomentarius mycelia. The results suggest that both organic and mineral acids are not suitable desorbing agents for such fungal adsorbents. However, 0.1 M sodium hydroxide and ethanol could desorb CR from the cell wall surfaces, albeit with low efficiencies of <25%. These observations indicate strong chemical interactions between the functional groups of the fungal cell wall surface and the adsorbed CR. However, biodegradation by composting might be a promising alternative.

X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of MB and CR Adsorption

To understand the adsorption mechanism of MB and CR onto FF-LM, FF-FB, and FF-SM, all three samples were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis before and after the adsorption process. Table S1 summarizes the chemical composition of the specimens, revealing an elevated nitrogen content for FF-LM and thus pointing toward a higher chitin level in the cell wall, as already deduced from the ATR–FTIR results. Figure 8 displays the XPS O 1s, N 1s, C 1s, and S 2p spectra of the three samples before and after the adsorption of MB and CR. It can be seen that O 1s and N 1s XPS peaks shifted to higher binding energies after MB and CR adsorption. As the highest shifts were observed for the O 1s peaks, it can be assumed that strong chemical interactions exist between the oxygenated functional groups on the fungal cell surface and the dyes. This finding was also confirmed by the increase in the peak intensity of −C–O– (286.3 eV), −C═O (288.2 eV), and −O–C═O (289.1 eV) in the C 1s spectra in comparison with that of–C–C– (284.8 eV) after the adsorption of the dyes. (53) Moreover, after CR adsorption, the S 2p spectra show an increase in intensity for the peak at 168 eV, which is attributed to −C–S═O present in the sulfonate group of CR. Overall, these findings suggest that the adsorption of MB and CR on F. fomentarius can be attributed to both electrostatic attraction and chemical interaction, which is in agreement with the results of the isotherm and desorption analyses.

Figure 8

Figure 8. Normalized XPS for FF-SM, FF-LM, and FF-FB before and after (MB* and CR*) adsorption for O 1s (a–c), N 1s (d–f), C 1s (g–i), and S 2p (j–l).

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Conclusions

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The performance of the lab-cultivated mycelium from F. fomentarius, grown on a solid lignocellulose medium (FF-SM) and a liquid glucose medium (FF-LM), for the adsorption of cationic MB and anionic CR from aqueous solutions was compared with that of the naturally grown fruiting bodies of F. fomentarius (FF-FB). While FF-FB showed the lowest dye uptake for both dyes, FF-LM demonstrated the highest CR uptake and a good MB uptake and FF-SM the highest MB uptake with a moderate CR uptake. The adsorption process of CR, which was studied in more detail, could be explained by the Redlich–Peterson model with β constants very close to 1, that is, approaching the Langmuir model and thus indicating monolayer adsorption. FF-LM and FF-SM reached the maximum adsorption capacities of 48.8 and 13.4 mg g–1, respectively, for CR at pH 7.6. Adsorption kinetics were found to follow the pseudo-second-order model, implying that the dye adsorption rate was controlled by a chemisorption step. Due to strong interactions, desorption efficiencies of the dyes were below 25%, which requires further studies to improve the desorption efficiency or tests for the suitability for composting. Remarkably, the adsorption performances were preserved under simulated dye effluent conditions for lab-cultivated F. fomentarius. Several characterizations, such as XPS, FTIR spectroscopy, and zeta potential analysis, suggest that the amide and amino groups of chitin from the cell walls of F. fomentarius play a dominant role in the adsorption process of CR. In contrast, the MB uptake was found to be independent of the chitin content on the surface, indicating that a different adsorption mechanism is dominant. However, further, more detailed studies are required due to the complex chemical structure of the specimens studied in the present work. The overall superiority of the lab-cultivated mycelium over the naturally grown F. fomentarius offers several advantages, such as simple and low-cost mass production. Currently, the lab-scale production of a square meter mycelium mat requires 5 weeks of time and ca. 30 € in chemicals for FF-LM and 7 weeks of time and ca. 1 € in chemicals for FF-SM, making FF-SM more economically competitive and interesting for cationic dye adsorption, in particular. Overall, F. fomentarius can be considered a promising candidate as a future biosorbent material in industrial wastewater treatment with the opportunity for further improvement.

Experimental Section

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Chemicals

MB (98%), CR (82%), calcium sulfate dihydrate (98%), and streptomycin sulfate salt were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany, USA). Hydrochloric acid (37%), acetic acid (100%), sodium chloride (≥95%), malt extract agar, sodium nitrate (>99%), and glucose monohydrate (microbiology grade) were purchased from Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG (Germany). Sodium hydroxide (p.a.) was obtained from Merck. Ethanol (≥96%), formic acid (≥99%, HiPerSolv CHROMANORM), and acetonitrile (≥99.9%, HiPerSolv CHROMANORM) were provided by VWR (Germany). Ampicillin sodium salt was acquired from AppliChem GmbH (Germany). Hemp shives were purchased from Hemparade (The Netherlands). Brown millet was provided by Mühle Schlingemann (Germany). Yeast extract and Gibco casamino acids were obtained from Ohly GmbH (Germany) and Life Technologies (USA), respectively. DIW was used for stock solution and fungi preparation.

F. fomentarius Cultivation

A fruiting body of F. fomentarius was collected from the Brandenburg forest, cut into slices using a band saw (REKORD Typ SSF/420, Maschinenfabrik August Mössner KG, Germany), and stored in a freezer at −18 °C. Since the fruiting body consists of different layers, only the fibrous trama layer (54) was used. The slices were punched into discs with a diameter of 8 mm and dried at 80 °C for at least 72 h. This fruiting body of F. fomentarius collected from the nature is referred to as FF-FB.
An axenic culture derived from a fruiting body was obtained on malt extract agar. After 10 days of growth, colonies were scraped off with a sterile scalpel, DNA extracted as previously described, (55) and verified by the sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region located in the rRNA gene transcription region of F. fomentarius. The strain was named PaPf11. For emersed cultivation on a a liquid medium, fungal complete medium (CM) with 1% glucose as the carbon source and 70 mM sodium nitrate as the nitrogen source were used. (56) To the medium, 50 mg L–1 ampicillin and 50 mg L–1 streptomycin were added to reduce the risk of contamination. The fungal inoculum was obtained by using a sterile electric hand blender (Mixino 260, Siemens, Germany) for about 30 s to shred PaPf11 colonies scraped off from malt extract agar and subsequently transferred into 1 L of CM into smaller entities with diameters of 2 mm or less. This mixture was incubated in a closed, disinfected polypropylene box for 18–20 days in the dark at 25 °C. Mycelium mats of about 5 mm thickness were harvested from the surface of CM and dried on parchment paper at 50 °C for 2 days. The mats were punched into discs with a diameter of 8 mm and dried at 80 °C for at least 72 h. This F. fomentarius grown on a liquid glucose medium is referred to as FF-LM.
The protocol for emersed cultivation on a solid medium was recently described in detail and can briefly be summarized as follows. (38) Colonies of F. fomentarius were obtained through cultivation on solid CM and used to inoculate sterilized millet grains supplemented with 1 wt % calcium sulfate dihydrate. After incubation for 14 days at 25 °C in the dark, the grains were completely overgrown by the fungal mycelium and used as the mushroom spawn to inoculate hemp shives composed of lignocellulose as a solid medium. Therefore, hemp shives were hydrated with 150 wt % DIW in polypropylene cultivation bags (SacO2, Belgium) and autoclaved. 5 wt % overgrown millet spawn was added to the wet hemp shives and mixed by kneading. The bags were then heat-sealed and incubated at 25 °C in the dark. After 7 days of incubation, the bags were mixed, and incubation was continued for another 7 days. The overgrown solid substrate was then crushed using a disinfected shredder (AXT Rapid 2000, Bosch, Germany) and transferred into a disinfected polypropylene box. After another 19 days of incubation, the culture was removed from the box and dried at 50 °C for 3 days. Finally, the pure surface mycelium was obtained by careful stripping from the surface. The mats were punched into discs with a diameter of 8 mm and dried additionally at 80 °C for at least 72 h. This F. fomentarius grown on a solid lignocellulose medium is referred to as FF-SM.

Dye Adsorption Experiments

Batch Equilibrium Studies

Aqueous stock solutions of cationic MB and anionic CR with a concentration of 1000 mg L–1 were prepared by dissolving 1 g of the dye in 1 L of DIW. Solutions with lower dye concentrations were diluted from this stock solution. Adsorption experiments were performed in 50 mL centrifuge tubes with 10 mL of the dye solution at 25 °C and at a steady rotation of 80 rpm in a mixer (Rotator, neoLab, Germany). In the first batch adsorption experiments, FF-SM, FF-LM, and FF-FB were tested with a dosage of 5 g L–1 with an initial dye concentration of 100 mg L–1 at pH values of 5.7 (MB) and 7.6 (CR) for 120 min in technical triplicate. Further experiments were conducted to study the influence of dosage, time, initial dye concentration, and salts on the adsorption process on FF-SM and FF-LM with CR. The effect of the adsorbent dosage was studied in the range of 0.5–30 g L–1. The pH was adjusted between 2.1 and 12.6 by HCl and NaOH. Following the adsorption experiments, the supernatant was decanted and separated from the remaining mycelial by centrifugation at 3600 rpm in a Jouan C414 for 20 min. The dye concentration in the supernatant was determined by UV–vis spectroscopy from the absorption bands at 664 and 498 nm, specific for MB and CR, respectively. The removal efficiency Re (%) and the equilibrium adsorption capacity qe (mg g–1) were calculated as given in eqs 1 and 2, respectively,
(1)
(2)
whereby Ci (mg L–1) and Ce (mg L–1) are the initial and equilibrium mass concentrations of the dye in the solution, m (g) is the mass of the adsorbent, and V (L) is the volume of the dye solution.

Adsorption Isotherms

CR concentrations between 5 and 400 mg L–1 were used to obtain the adsorption isotherms. The dosage and contact time were 5 g L–1 and 120 min, respectively, for both FF-SM and FF-LM. Mixing and separation were performed as described above. The experimental adsorption data were fitted using the nonlinear form of the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Redlich–Peterson isotherm models expressed by eqs 3–5, respectively,
(3)
(4)
(5)
whereby qe (mg g–1) is the equilibrium adsorption capacity, Ce (mg L–1) is the equilibrium dye concentration, qm (mg g–1) is the maximum adsorption capacity, KL (L mg–1) is the Langmuir isotherm constant, KF [mg g–1 (L mg–1)1/n] and n (mg g–1) are the Freundlich coefficients, and KRP (L g–1), aR (L mg–1), and β are the Redlich–Peterson constants.

Adsorption Kinetics

To study the adsorption kinetics, contact times between 2 and 300 min were tested. The dosage and initial CR concentration were 5 g L–1 and 100 mg L–1, respectively, for both FF-SM and FF-LM. Mixing and separation were performed as described above. To analyze the adsorption kinetics, the pseudo-first-order model (eq 6), pseudo-second-order model (eq 7), and Elovich model (eq 8) were applied
(6)
(7)
(8)
whereby t (min) is the time, K1 (min–1) and K2 (g mg–1 min–1) are the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order constants, respectively, and α and β are the initial adsorption rate and the Elovich desorption constant, respectively.

Adsorption Behavior under Simulated Textile Effluent Conditions

To simulate the textile effluent conditions, adsorption experiments were conducted at elevated temperature, that is, at 80 °C, in the presence of salts (0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 M NaCl). The dosage, pH, and CR concentration were 5 g L–1, 7.6, and 100 mg L–1, respectively, for both FF-LM and FF-SM. Experiments were conducted in covered 50 mL beakers on a hot plate under stirring at 80 rpm for 120 min.

Dye Recovery from the Adsorbents

Batch mode adsorption was performed as described above with a dosage of 5 g L–1 for both FF-LM and FF-SM. The adsorbents were then dried at 60 °C overnight before 10 mL of the desorption agents, that is, DIW, ethanol, 0.1 M NaOH, 0.1 M acetic acid, 0.1 M HCl, or concentrated HCl, was added. Mixing was performed in 50 mL centrifuge tubes for 120 min at 25 °C at a steady rotation of 80 rpm in a mixer (Rotator, neoLab, Germany).

Characterization

All F. fomentarius samples, that is, FF-SM, FF-LM, and FF-FB, were characterized with the methods described below unless stated differently.
The dye concentration was determined by UV–vis spectroscopy from the absorption bands at 664 and 498 nm, specific for MB and CR, respectively, using a Lambda 900 (Perkin Elmer, USA).
FTIR spectroscopy in the ATR mode was carried out in a Vertex 70 (Bruker, Germany) in the range of 4000–400 cm–1 for the identification of distinct functional groups.
The microstructure of the mycelial structures was studied via SEM using a LEO 1530 (Carl Zeiss, Germany) at 3 kV with a secondary electron detector and an aperture size of 30 μm after sputtering with a thin gold layer.
Their zeta potential was determined using an electroacoustic spectrometer DT-310 (Dispersion Technology Inc., USA). Therefore, 0.15 wt % suspensions in 0.01 M KCl were prepared by blending mycelia with a hand blender (Kult S, WMF, Germany). Before the measurement, the samples were treated in an RK 52 H ultrasonic bath (Bandelin, Germany) for 2 min. The sample mass was 50 g per measurement. For both FF-SM and FF-LM, two measurements were conducted toward acidic conditions down to pH 2 and toward basic conditions up to pH 12. Titration was performed using 0.1 M HCl and 0.1 M NaOH solutions. For FF-FB, two measurement points at pH values of 5.7 and 7.6 were recorded, representing the pH of the initial dye solutions of MB and CR, respectively.
XPS spectra were collected on a K-Alpha (Thermo Fischer Scientific, USA) equipped with a monochromatic Al Kα source to obtain the surface chemical composition of the F. fomentarius samples. Therefore, the samples were prepared on carbon pads. Scans were recorded in the constant analyzer energy mode with a pass energy of 50 eV, a step size of 0.1 eV, and a spot size of 400 μm. All XPS spectra were calibrated using the C 1s core line with a binding energy of 284.8 eV.
HPLC–electrospray ionization–MS was conducted on an Agilent 1200 series HPLC system using a reversed-phase HPLC column (Grom-Sil-120-ODS-4-HE, length 50 mm, ID 2 mm, 3 μm, Dr. Maisch, Germany) coupled to an LTQ Orbitrap XL (Thermo Fischer Scientific, USA) in the positive ionization mode. A gradient of mobile phase A (water + 0.1% formic acid) and B (acetonitrile + 0.1% formic acid) was applied to change from 5 to 100% B in 10 min at a flow rate of 0.3 mL min–1. During the LC separation, the column effluent was additionally scanned for the UV absorbance with the integrated diode array detector G1313B of the LC system. The resulting m/z scan and UV–vis absorbance data were evaluated using an Xcalibur (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA).

Supporting Information

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The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.1c05748.

  • Photographs of supernatants after dye adsorption; photographs and UV–vis spectra of supernatants after the contact of F. fomentarius with aqueous solutions of varying pH; HPLC-MS results; and XPS chemical composition (PDF)

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Author Information

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  • Corresponding Authors
    • Laura M. Henning - Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institute of Material Science and Technology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany;  Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3989-5908;  Email: [email protected]
    • Maged F. Bekheet - Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institute of Material Science and Technology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany;  Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1778-0288;  Email: [email protected]
  • Authors
    • Ulla Simon - Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institute of Material Science and Technology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
    • Amanmyrat Abdullayev - Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institute of Material Science and Technology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
    • Bertram Schmidt - Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
    • Carsten Pohl - Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
    • Tamara Nunez Guitar - Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
    • Cekdar Vakifahmetoglu - Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, 35430 Izmir, Turkey
    • Vera Meyer - Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany;  Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-2258
    • Aleksander Gurlo - Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institute of Material Science and Technology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany;  Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7047-666X
  • Author Contributions

    L.M.H.: methodology, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, writing─original draft, writing─review and editing, visualization, and project administration; U.S.: conceptualization, formal analysis, data curation, writing─original draft, writing─review and editing, visualization, supervision, and project administration; A.A.: visualization and writing─review and editing; B.S.: resources, writing─original draft, writing─review and editing, and supervision; C.P.: formal analysis, resources, writing─original draft, and supervision; T.N.G.: resources and writing─original draft; C.V.: visualization, writing─review and editing, and supervision; V.M.: writing─review and editing, supervision, and funding acquisition; M.F.B.: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, writing─original draft, writing─review and editing, and supervision; and A.G.: conceptualization, writing─review and editing, supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition.

  • Notes
    The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Acknowledgments

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We would like to thank Fabian Zemke for obtaining the SEM images, Johannes Schmidt and UniSysCat for XPS measurements, Dietmar Stephan and Emiliano Sebastian Dal Molin for providing and assisting with the electroacoustic spectrometer, respectively, Marc Griffel and Maria Schlangen for HPLC-MS analyses, Delf Kober for ATR–FTIR measurements, Maria Wolff and Solveig Becker for their assistance with the laboratory experiments, and Sophie Klemm and Claudia Fleck for providing fruiting bodies of F. fomentarius, all from Technische Universität Berlin. Cekdar Vakif Ahmetoglu acknowledges the support of the Alexander von Humboldt (AvH) Foundation. V.M. acknowledges the financial support of the TU internal funding. We acknowledge the support of the German Research Foundation and the Open Access Publication Fund of TU Berlin.

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    Argun, Y.; Karacali, A.; Karacali, A.; Calisir, U.; Kilinc, N.; Irak, H. Biosorption Method and Biosorbents for Dye Removal from Industrial Wastewater: A Review. Int. J. Adv. Res. 2017, 5, 707– 714,  DOI: 10.21474/ijar01/5110
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    Fu, Y.; Viraraghavan, T. Fungal decolorization of dye wastewaters: a review. Bioresour. Technol. 2001, 79, 251– 262,  DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8524(01)00028-1
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    Fungal decolorization of dye wastewaters: a review
    Fu, Y.; Viraraghavan, T.
    Bioresource Technology (2001), 79 (3), 251-262CODEN: BIRTEB; ISSN:0960-8524. (Elsevier Science Ltd.)
    A review, with 64 refs., examines various fungi, living or dead cells, which are capable of decolorizing dye wastewaters; discusses various mechanisms involved; reports some elution and regeneration methods for fungal biomass; summarizes the present pretreatment methods for increasing the biosorption capacity of fungal biomass; and discusses the effect of various factors on decolorization.
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    Srinivasan, A.; Viraraghavan, T. Decolorization of dye wastewaters by biosorbents: a review. J. Environ. Manage. 2010, 91, 1915– 1929,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.05.003
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    Decolorization of dye wastewaters by biosorbents: A review
    Srinivasan, Asha; Viraraghavan, Thiruvenkatachari
    Journal of Environmental Management (2010), 91 (10), 1915-1929CODEN: JEVMAW; ISSN:0301-4797. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    A review. Dye wastewater is one of the most difficult to treat. There has been exhaustive research on biosorption of dye wastewater. It is evolving as an attractive option to supplement conventional treatment processes. This paper examines various biosorbents such as fungi, bacteria, algae, chitosan and peat, which are capable of decolorizing dye wastewaters; discusses various mechanism involved, the effects of various factors influencing dye wastewater decolorization and reviews pretreatment methods for increasing the biosorption capacity of the adsorbents. The paper examines the mismatch between strong scientific progress in the field of biosorption and lack of commercialization of research.
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    Yadav, A. N.; Singh, S.; Mishra, S.; Gupta, A. Recent Advancement in White Biotechnology through Fungi; Springer International Publishing, 2019.
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    Pecková, V.; Legerská, B.; Chmelová, D.; Horník, M.; Ondrejovič, M. Comparison of efficiency for monoazo dye removal by different species of white-rot fungi. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021, 18, 21– 32,  DOI: 10.1007/s13762-020-02806-w
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    Comparison of efficiency for monoazo dye removal by different species of white-rot fungi
    Peckova, V.; Legerska, B.; Chmelova, D.; Hornik, M.; Ondrejovic, M.
    International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (2021), 18 (1), 21-32CODEN: IJESHU; ISSN:1735-1472. (Springer)
    The aim of this study was to det. the potential of white-rot fungi, namely Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes hirsuta, for the mono azo dye Allura Red AC (AR) removal from aq. solns. AR belongs to the hardly degradable xenobiotic assocd. with a neurotoxic effect on humans and animals. Our results suggested that degrdn. processes driven by the activity of laccases were not involved in the process of AR removal and the predominant mechanism of dye elimination was biosorption. The surface of fungal biomass was analyzed by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR) and Langmuir and Freundlich models of absorption isotherms were applied to describe the biosorption isotherms. Langmuir model fitted the equil. data better than Freundlich isotherm according to the cor. Akaike Information Criterion (AICc). From Langmuir model, dead biomass of P. ostreatus modified by heat was the most suitable biosorbent with the max. sorption capacity of 118.3 ± 9.9 mg/g dried biomass. Obtained results suggest that biomass of white-rot fungi can be used as a suitable and low-cost biosorbent for the removal of azo dyes from contaminated waters.
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  16. 16
    Manan, S.; Ullah, M. W.; Ul-Islam, M.; Atta, O. M.; Yang, G. Synthesis and Applications of Fungal Mycelium-based Advanced Functional Materials. J. Bioresour. Bioprod. 2021, 6, 1– 10,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jobab.2021.01.001
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    Synthesis and applications of fungal mycelium-based advanced functional materials
    Manan, Sehrish; Ullah, Muhammad Wajid; Ul-Islam, Mazhar; Atta, Omar Mohammad; Yang, Guang
    Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts (2021), 6 (1), 1-10CODEN: JBBOKT; ISSN:2369-9698. (Elsevier B.V.)
    A review. Over the last couple of decades, the introduction of living systems to material science for the synthesis of functional materials from biol. resources is receiving immense consideration. This is also in accordance with the need for green and sustainable development of new materials. For example, the growing concerns of the degrdn. of synthetic plastics are shifting the direction of materials-related research to the use of polymeric materials acquired from renewable resources. For example, the fungal mycelium-based materials are produced by growing the vegetative part of mushroom-forming fungi on different org. substrates. Such fungi are known for their ability to degrade agricultural wastes such as straws and sawdust. The mycelium-based composites having tailored structural, phys., chem., mech., and biol. properties are relying on the strain, feeding substrate, and the manufg. process. The mycelium cell wall mainly contains the chitin, glucans, proteins, and lipids, whose concns. depend upon the feeding substrate that ultimately defines the final properties of the synthesized materials. The mycelium-based functional materials with tunable properties are synthesized by selecting the desired components and the synthesis method. The pure and composites of stiff, elastic, porous, less dense, fast-growing, and low-cost mycelium-derived materials with efficient antimicrobial, antioxidant, and skin whitening properties pave their way in various applications such as construction, packaging, medicine, and cosmetics. This review describes the synthesis and structural organization of mycelium-based materials. It further discusses the effect of different factors on the material properties. Finally, it summarizes different applications of mycelium-based materials in medicine, cosmetics, packaging, and construction fields.
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    Aksu, Z.; Karabayır, G. Comparison of biosorption properties of different kinds of fungi for the removal of Gryfalan Black RL metal-complex dye. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99, 7730– 7741,  DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.01.056
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    Comparison of biosorption properties of different kinds of fungi for the removal of Gryfalan Black RL metal-complex dye
    Aksu, Zuemriye; Karabayir, Goeknur
    Bioresource Technology (2008), 99 (16), 7730-7741CODEN: BIRTEB; ISSN:0960-8524. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Three kinds of filamentous fungi (Rhizopus arrhizus, Trametes versicolor, Aspergillus niger) were tested for their ability to adsorb Gryfalan Black RL metal-complex dye as a function of pH, temp., and dye concn. R. arrhizus and T. versicolor exhibited the max. dye uptake at pH 2.0 and at 25° while A. niger performed the highest dye biosorption at pH 1.0 and at 35°. Sorption capacity of each biosorbent increased with increasing initial dye concn. Among the 3 fungi, R. arrhizus was the most effective biosorbent showing a max. dye uptake of 666.7 mg g-1. The Langmuir model described the equil. data of each dye-fungus system accurately in the concn. and temp. ranges studied. Kinetic anal. indicated that both adsorption kinetics and internal diffusion played an important role on controlling the overall adsorption rate for each fungus. Thermodn. anal. verified that A. niger biosorption was endothermic while the others were exothermic.
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    Ankamwar, B. Edible Inonotus dryadeus Fungi with Quick Separation of Water Pollutant Oils and Methylene Blue Dye. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 2016, 2, 707– 711,  DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00559
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    18
    Edible Inonotus dryadeus Fungi with Quick Separation of Water Pollutant Oils and Methylene Blue Dye
    Ankamwar, Balaprasad
    ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering (2016), 2 (5), 707-711CODEN: ABSEBA; ISSN:2373-9878. (American Chemical Society)
    Dry Inonotus dryadeus (DID) fungi is reported as a rapid separator of engine oil, used engine oil, and λ-cyhalothrin pesticide with adsorption capacities up to 7.15, 8.40, and 5.75 times mass of DID, resp. The high adsorption of Methylene Blue dye at equil. (137 mg/g) is significantly higher than recently reported Fe amended activated C (10.30 mg/g), tea fruit activated C (21.37 mg/g), and titanate nanotubes (94.15 mg/g). This study with plausible mechanisms authenticates an economically viable model for water body cleaning technol. and oil, using oil-adsorbed cakes of DID as a source of energy.
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    Chander, M.; Arora, D. S.; Bath, H. K. Biodecolourisation of some industrial dyes by white-rot fungi. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2004, 31, 94– 97,  DOI: 10.1007/s10295-004-0116-y
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    Biodecolourisation of some industrial dyes by white-rot fungi
    Chander, M.; Arora, D. S.; Bath, H. K.
    Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2004), 31 (2), 94-97CODEN: JIMBFL; ISSN:1367-5435. (Springer-Verlag)
    Eight white-rot fungal strains were screened for biodecolorization of eight dyes com. employed in various industries. Decolorization of Poly R 478 was used as a std. to ascertain the dye-decolorization potential of various fungi. All the fungi tested significantly decolorised Poly R 478 on solid agar medium. When tested in a nitrogen-limited broth medium, Dichomitus squalens, Irpex flavus, Phlebia spp. and Polyporus sanguineus were better industrial dye decolorizers than Phanerochaete chrysosporium.
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    Maurya, N. S.; Mittal, A. K. Selection of biosorbent: a case of cationic dyes sorption. Natl. Acad. Sci. Lett. 2008, 31, 221– 227
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    Selection of biosorbent: a case of cationic dyes sorption
    Maurya, Nityanand Singh; Mittal, Atul Kumar
    National Academy Science Letters (India) (2008), 31 (7 & 8), 221-227CODEN: NASLDX; ISSN:0250-541X. (National Academy of Sciences, India)
    Expts. are conducted to compare sorption capacity of two bisorbents namely KL and BM prepd. from wood rotting dead macro fungus, Fomitopsis carnea and Fomes fomentarius resp., for the sorption of 10 cationic dyes. Results indicate that biosorbent KL has high sorption potential than BM for all dyes. To understand difference in dye sorption potential, FT-IR of the biosorbents are conducted. The FT-IR reveals that presence of the acetamide groups of chitin mol. in KL is responsible for high sorption capacity.
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  21. 21
    Maurya, N. S.; Mittal, A. K.; Cornel, P.; Rother, E. Biosorption of dyes using dead macro fungi: effect of dye structure, ionic strength and pH. Bioresour. Technol. 2006, 97, 512– 521,  DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.02.045
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    Biosorption of dyes using dead macro fungi: effect of dye structure, ionic strength and pH
    Maurya Nityanand Singh; Mittal Atul Kumar; Cornel Peter; Rother Elmar
    Bioresource technology (2006), 97 (3), 512-21 ISSN:0960-8524.
    Biosorbents prepared from dead macro fungi, namely Fomes fomentarius and Phellinus igniarius, were applied for the uptake of Methylene Blue (MB) and Rhodamine B (RB). Equilibrium isotherm data could be well described by the Langmuir and Freundlich models. Methylene Blue was found to be more adsorbable than Rhodamine B. Langmuir monolayer coverage was determined as 204.38-232.73 mg/g and 25.12-36.82 mg/g for MB and RB, respectively. Molecular structure and ionic radius of dyes were found to be responsible for differences in their uptakes. Results showed that sorption of MB increased while that of RB decreased as pH of respective dye solutions changed from 3 to 11. An increase in ionic strength also exhibited an adverse effect on dye sorption capacity. Ionic strength and pH affected the sorption of MB more as compared to the sorption of RB. The presence of carboxylic (-ve) and amino (+ve) groups in RB could explain the lower sorption of RB compared to MB.
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  22. 22
    Puchana-Rosero, M. J.; Lima, E. C.; Ortiz-Monsalve, S.; Mella, B.; Da Costa, D.; Poll, E.; Gutterres, M. Fungal biomass as biosorbent for the removal of Acid Blue 161 dye in aqueous solution. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2017, 24, 4200– 4209,  DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8153-4
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    Fungal biomass as biosorbent for the removal of Acid Blue 161 dye in aqueous solution
    Puchana-Rosero, Mayerly Johana; Lima, Eder C.; Ortiz-Monsalve, Santiago; Mella, Bianca; da Costa, Dimitrius; Poll, Eduardo; Gutterres, Mariliz
    Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2017), 24 (4), 4200-4209CODEN: ESPLEC; ISSN:0944-1344. (Springer)
    Phys. and thermal treatment was used to inactivate Trametes sp. SC-10 fungus. The resulting biomass was named BTV, characterized by anal. techniques such as SEM, EDX, FTIR, BET, and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) model. pH, kinetic, and equil. adsorption studies with the Acid Blue 161 (AB-161) dye were investigated at 303.15 K. The kinetics of the biosorption process were examd. at 600.00 and 1300 mg L-1, using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Avrami fractional-order models. The max. biosorption capacity of BTV for AB-161 dye was 221.6 mg g-1. Considering the biosorption data and the functional groups of BTV, it can be inferred that the sorption mechanism of AB-161 is regulated by electrostatic interactions between ionized dye mols. and neg. charges on BTV in an aq. soln. Finally, the BTV was tested with a simulated effluent with 89.47% efficiency, presenting the BTV as a biosorbent for real effluents polluted with dyes.
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  23. 23
    Kabbout, R.; Taha, S. Biodecolorization of Textile Dye Effluent by Biosorption on Fungal Biomass Materials. Phys. Procedia 2014, 55, 437– 444,  DOI: 10.1016/j.phpro.2014.07.063
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    Biodecolorization of Textile Dye Effluent by Biosorption on Fungal Biomass Materials
    Kabbout, Rana; Taha, Samir
    Physics Procedia (2014), 55 (), 437-444CODEN: PPHRCK; ISSN:1875-3892. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Colored industrial effluents have become a vital source of water pollution, and because water is the most important natural source; its treatment is a responsibility. Usually colored wastewater is treated by phys. and chem. processes. But these technologies are ineffective in removing dyes, expensive and not adaptable to a wide range of colored water. Biosorption was identified as the preferred technique for bleaching colored wastewater by giving the best results. This treatment was based on the use of dead fungal biomass as new material for treating industrial colored effluents by biosorption. We studied the ability of biosorption of methylene blue (MB) by Aspergillus fumigatus and optimize the conditions for better absorption. Biosorption reaches 68% at 120 min. Similarly, the biosorbed amt. increases up to 65% with pH from 4 to 6, and it's similar and around 90% for pH from 7 to 13. At ambient temp. 20-22 °C, the percentage of biosorption of methylene blue was optimal. The kinetic of biosorption is directly related to the surface of biosorbent when the particle size is also an important factor affecting the ability of biosorption. Also the biosorption of methylene blue increases with the dose of biosorbent due to an augmentation of the adsorption surface. In this study, for an initial concn. of 12 mg/L of MB (biosorbent/soln. ratio=2g/L) buffered to alk. pH, and a contact time of 120 min, biosorption takes place at an ambient temp. and reaches 93.5% under these conditions.
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    Rizqi, H. D.; Purnomo, A. S. The ability of brown-rot fungus Daedalea dickinsii to decolorize and transform methylene blue dye. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2017, 33, 92,  DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2256-z
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    24
    The ability of brown-rot fungus Daedalea dickinsii to decolorize and transform methylene blue dye
    Rizqi Hamdan Dwi; Purnomo Adi Setyo
    World journal of microbiology & biotechnology (2017), 33 (5), 92 ISSN:.
    The ability of Daedalea dickinsii to decolorize and transform methylene blue (MB) dye was investigated. MB was decolorized in potato dextrose agar medium after adding MB at concentrations of 50, 75, and 100 mg L(-1). D. dickinsii decolorized MB with decolorization index values of 0.92, 0.90, and 0.88 at MB concentrations of 50, 75, and 100 mg L(-1), respectively. The 100 mg L(1) MB concentration was selected for biotransformation in liquid potato dextrose broth medium. D. dickinsii transformed approximately 54% of the MB after a 14-day incubation. 3-(Dimethylamino)-7-(methylamino) phenothiazine (C15H16N3S), 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)-4aH-phenothiazin-5-one (C16H19N3SO), and 4-(dimethylamino)-2-[m(dimethylamino) phenylsulfinyl] benzenamine (C16H21N3SO) were detected as MB metabolic products. This is the first report of MB transformation by the brown-rot fungi D. dickinsii. These results indicate that D. dickinsii can be used to decolorize and biotransform MB dye.
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    Senthilkumar, S.; Perumalsamy, M.; Janardhana Prabhu, H. Decolourization potential of white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium on synthetic dye bath effluent containing Amido black 10B. J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 2014, 18, 845– 853,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2011.10.010
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    Faraco, V.; Pezzella, C.; Giardina, P.; Piscitelli, A.; Vanhulle, S.; Sannia, G. Decolourization of textile dyes by the white-rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Pleurotus ostreatus. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 2009, 84, 414– 419,  DOI: 10.1002/jctb.2055
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    Decolourization of textile dyes by the white-rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Pleurotus ostreatus
    Faraco, V.; Pezzella, C.; Giardina, P.; Piscitelli, A.; Vanhulle, S.; Sannia, G.
    Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology (2009), 84 (3), 414-419CODEN: JCTBED; ISSN:0268-2575. (John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
    The ability of the fungi Pleurotus ostreatus and Phanerochaete chrysosporium to decolorize and detoxify 11 (mono-, dis-, poly- azo, and anthraquinonic type) dyes, widely used across the textile and leather industries, was tested. Different substrate specificities were revealed between P. ostreatus and P. chrysosporium in decolorization expts. P. chrysosporium provided almost complete decolorization of the tested azo dyes ≤600 ppm and disazo dyes ≤1000 ppm, and 80% decolorization of the tris-azo dye DBU1L38 at 1000 ppm, after 6 days. P. ostreatus provided almost total decolorization of the anthraquinone type dye ABU62 (1000 ppm) after just 1 day. P. ostreatus also showed the ability to decolorize the tested dis-azo and tris-azo dyes, giving the best performances against the dis-azo DBU1U1 (600 ppm) dye, which was 100% decolorized after 6 days. Laccases proved to be the main enzymic activities acting in P. ostreatus decolorization. The potential of the fungi P. ostreatus and P. chrysosporium as efficient bio-systems for decolorization and detoxification of several toxic industrial dyes was demonstrated. The role of laccases in the decolorization of dis-azo dyes by P. ostreatus was demonstrated for the first time.
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    Bouras, H. D.; Isik, Z.; Arikan, E. B.; Yeddou, A. R.; Bouras, N.; Chergui, A.; Favier, L.; Amrane, A.; Dizge, N. Biosorption characteristics of methylene blue dye by two fungal biomasses. Int. J. Environ. Stud. 2021, 78, 365– 381,  DOI: 10.1080/00207233.2020.1745573
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    Biosorption characteristics of methylene blue dye by two fungal biomasses
    Bouras, Hadj Daoud; Isik, Zelal; Arikan, Ezgi Bezirhan; Yeddou, Ahmed Reda; Bouras, Noureddine; Chergui, Abdelmalek; Favier, Lidia; Amrane, Abdeltif; Dizge, Nadir
    International Journal of Environmental Studies (2021), 78 (3), 365-381CODEN: IJEVAW; ISSN:0020-7233. (Taylor & Francis Ltd.)
    A novel approach has been tried to use both Aspergillus carbonarius (AC) and Penicillium glabrum (PG) fungi for the first time to remove methylene blue (MB) from aq. solns. The biosorption was favored using a biosorbent concn. of 0.33 g/L at pH 8.2. Biosorption kinetics were evaluated for different dye concns. (5-25 mg/L). The resulting biosorbent was characterised by SEM (SEM), X-ray diffractometer and Fourier transformer IR spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The max. biosorption capacities of AC and PG for MB were 21.88 mg/g and 16.67 mg/g, resp. at 30°C. The results suggested that A. carbonarius and P. glabrum could be used as biosorbents for the effective removal of methylene blue from dye wastewater in terms of biosorption capacity, availability and low cost.
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  28. 28
    Bouras, H. D.; Yeddou, A. R.; Bouras, N.; Hellel, D.; Holtz, M. D.; Sabaou, N.; Chergui, A.; Nadjemi, B. Biosorption of Congo red dye by Aspergillus carbonarius M333 and Penicillium glabrum Pg1: Kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 2017, 80, 915– 923,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.08.002
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    Biosorption of Congo red dye by Aspergillus carbonarius M333 and Penicillium glabrum Pg1: Kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies
    Bouras, Hadj Daoud; Yeddou, Ahmed Reda; Bouras, Noureddine; Hellel, Djamila; Holtz, Michael D.; Sabaou, Nasserdine; Chergui, Abdelmalek; Nadjemi, Boubekeur
    Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers (2017), 80 (), 915-923CODEN: JTICA8; ISSN:1876-1070. (Elsevier B.V.)
    The biosorption of the anionic dye Congo red from aq. soln. onto the novel biosorbents Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium glabrum was studied. Optimum sorption conditions were identified by varying soln. pH, initial dye concn., contact time and temp. The obtained results showed that BET surface area of Penicillium glabrum biosorbent (6.31 m2/g) was larger than that of Aspergillus carbonarius biomass (5.07 m2/g). The microstructures of the fungi were obsd. with scanning electron micrographs. Chem. characterization of both micro-fungi was carried out by Fourier Transform IR Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The biosorption data have been analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich and Sips isotherms. Based on R2, the equil. sorption data was better fitted to Langmuir isotherm model than any other model. The biosorption processes conformed to the pseudo-second-order rate kinetics. Maximum biosorption capacity was found to be 99.01 mg/g for Aspergillus carbonarius and 101.01 mg/g for Penicillium glabrum at pH 4.5, 0.33 g/L sorbent dosage, 180 min contact time and 303 K for dye initial concn. of 50 mg/L. Thermodn. parameters of the biosorption (ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS°) were also detd. and it was found that the biosorption of dye by Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium glabrum was a spontaneous process and endothermic in nature.
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  29. 29
    Saraf, S.; Vaidya, V. K. Comparative Study of Biosorption of Textile Dyes Using Fungal Biosorbents. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 2015, 2, 357– 365
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    Vršanská, M.; Voběrková, S.; Jiménez Jiménez, A. M.; Strmiska, V.; Adam, V. Preparation and Optimisation of Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates Using Native Isolate White Rot Fungi Trametes versicolor and Fomes fomentarius for the Decolourisation of Synthetic Dyes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 15, 23,  DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010023
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    Brown, A. J. P.; Brown, G. D.; Netea, M. G.; Gow, N. A. R. Metabolism impacts upon Candida immunogenicity and pathogenicity at multiple levels. Trends Microbiol. 2014, 22, 614– 622,  DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.07.001
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    Metabolism impacts upon Candida immunogenicity and pathogenicity at multiple levels
    Brown, Alistair J. P.; Brown, Gordon D.; Netea, Mihai G.; Gow, Neil A. R.
    Trends in Microbiology (2014), 22 (11), 614-622CODEN: TRMIEA; ISSN:0966-842X. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    A review. Metab. is integral to the pathogenicity of Candida albicans, a major fungal pathogen of humans. As well as providing the platform for nutrient assimilation and growth in diverse host niches, metabolic adaptation affects the susceptibility of C. albicans to host-imposed stresses and antifungal drugs, the expression of key virulence factors, and fungal vulnerability to innate immune defences. These effects, which are driven by complex regulatory networks linking metab., morphogenesis, stress adaptation, and cell wall remodelling, influence commensalism and infection. Therefore, current concepts of Candida-host interactions must be extended to include the impact of metabolic adaptation upon pathogenicity and immunogenicity.
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  32. 32
    Gow, N. A. R.; Latge, J.-P.; Munro, C. A. The Fungal Cell Wall: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Function. Microbiol. Spectr. 2017, 5, 1– 23,  DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.funk-0035-2016
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    Kwon, M. J.; Nitsche, B. M.; Arentshorst, M.; Jørgensen, T. R.; Ram, A. F. J.; Meyer, V. The transcriptomic signature of RacA activation and inactivation provides new insights into the morphogenetic network of Aspergillus niger. PLoS One 2013, 8, e68946  DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068946
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    The transcriptomic signature of RacA activation and inactivation provides new insights into the morphogenetic network of Aspergillus niger
    Kwon, Min Jin; Nitsche, Benjamin M.; Arentshorst, Mark; Jorgensen, Thomas R.; Ram, Arthur F. J.; Meyer, Vera
    PLoS One (2013), 8 (7), e68946CODEN: POLNCL; ISSN:1932-6203. (Public Library of Science)
    RacA is the main Rho GTPase in Aspergillus niger regulating polarity maintenance via controlling actin dynamics. Both deletion and dominant activation of RacA (RacG18V) provoke an actin localization defect and thereby loss of polarized tip extension, resulting in frequent dichotomous branching in the ΔracA strain and an apolar growing phenotype for RacG18V. In the current study the transcriptomics and physiol. consequences of these morphol. changes were studied and compared with the data of the morphogenetic network model for the dichotomous branching mutant ramosa-1. This integrated approach revealed that polar tip growth is most likely orchestrated by the concerted activities of phospholipid signaling, sphingolipid signaling, TORC2 signaling, calcium signaling and CWI signaling pathways. The transcriptomic signatures and the reconstructed network model for all three morphol. mutants (ΔracA, RacG18V, ramosa-1) imply that these pathways become integrated to bring about different physiol. adaptations including changes in sterol, zinc and amino acid metab. and changes in ion transport and protein trafficking. Finally, the fate of exocytotic (SncA) and endocytic (AbpA, SlaB) markers in the dichotomous branching mutant ΔracA was followed, demonstrating that hyperbranching does not per se result in increased protein secretion.
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    Park, J.; Hulsman, M.; Arentshorst, M.; Breeman, M.; Alazi, E.; Lagendijk, E. L.; Rocha, M. C.; Malavazi, I.; Nitsche, B. M.; van den Hondel, C. A. M. J. J.; Meyer, V.; Ram, A. F. J. Transcriptomic and molecular genetic analysis of the cell wall salvage response of Aspergillus niger to the absence of galactofuranose synthesis. Cell Microbiol. 2016, 18, 1268– 1284,  DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12624
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    Transcriptomic and molecular genetic analysis of the cell wall salvage response of Aspergillus niger to the absence of galactofuranose synthesis
    Park, Joohae; Hulsman, Mark; Arentshorst, Mark; Breeman, Matthijs; Alazi, Ebru; Lagendijk, Ellen L.; Rocha, Marina C.; Malavazi, Iran; Nitsche, Benjamin M.; van den Hondel, Cees A. M. J. J.; Meyer, Vera; Ram, Arthur F. J.
    Cellular Microbiology (2016), 18 (9), 1268-1284CODEN: CEMIF5; ISSN:1462-5814. (Wiley-Blackwell)
    Summary : The biosynthesis of cell surface-located galactofuranose (Galf)-contg. glycostructures such as galactomannan, N-glycans and O-glycans in filamentous fungi is important to secure the integrity of the cell wall. UgmA encodes an UDP-galactopyranose mutase, which is essential for the formation of Galf. Consequently, the ΔugmA mutant lacks Galf-contg. mols. Our previous work in Aspergillus niger suggested that loss of function of ugmA results in activation of the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway which is characterized by increased expression of the agsA gene, encoding an α-glucan synthase. In this study, the transcriptional response of the ΔugmA mutant was further linked to the CWI pathway by showing the induced and constitutive phosphorylation of the CWI-MAP kinase in the ΔugmA mutant. To identify genes involved in cell wall remodeling in response to the absence of galactofuranose biosynthesis, a genome-wide expression anal. was performed using RNAseq. Over 400 genes were higher expressed in the ΔugmA mutant compared to the wild-type. These include genes that encode enzymes involved in chitin (gfaB, gnsA, chsA) and α-glucan synthesis (agsA), and in β-glucan remodeling (bgxA, gelF and dfgC), and also include several glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell wall protein-encoding genes. In silico anal. of the 1-kb promoter regions of the up-regulated genes in the ΔugmA mutant indicated over-representation of genes with RlmA, MsnA, PacC and SteA-binding sites. The importance of these transcription factors for survival of the ΔugmA mutant was analyzed by constructing the resp. double mutants. The ΔugmA/ΔrlmA and ΔugmA/ΔmsnA double mutants showed strong synthetic growth defects, indicating the importance of these transcription factors to maintain cell wall integrity in the absence of Galf biosynthesis.
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  35. 35
    Meyer, V.; Damveld, R. A.; Arentshorst, M.; Stahl, U.; van den Hondel, C. A. M. J. J.; Ram, A. F. J. Survival in the Presence of Antifungals. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282, 32935– 32948,  DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705856200
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    35
    Survival in the presence of antifungals: Genome-wide expression profiling of Aspergillus niger in response to sublethal concentrations of caspofungin and fenpropimorph
    Meyer, Vera; Damveld, Robbert A.; Arentshorst, Mark; Stahl, Ulf; van den Hondel, Cees A. M. J. J.; Ram, Arthur F. J.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry (2007), 282 (45), 32935-32948CODEN: JBCHA3; ISSN:0021-9258. (American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology)
    How yeast cells respond to cell wall stress is relatively well understood; however, how filamentous fungi cope with cell wall damage is largely unexplored. Here, the authors report the first transcriptome anal. of Aspergillus niger exposed to the antifungal compds. caspofungin, an inhibitor of β-1,3-glucan synthesis, and fenpropimorph, which inhibits ergosterol synthesis. The presence of sublethal drug concns. allowed A. niger to adapt to the stress conditions and to continue growth by the establishment of new polarity axes and formation of new germ tubes. By comparing the expression profile between caspofungin-exposed and nonexposed A. niger germlings, we identified a total of 172 responsive genes out of 14,509 open reading frames present on the Affymetrix microarray chips. Among 165 up-regulated genes, mainly genes predicted to function in (i) cell wall assembly and remodeling, (ii) cytoskeletal organization, (iii) signaling, and (iv) oxidative stress response were affected. Fenpropimorph modulated expression of 43 genes, of which 41 showed enhanced expression. Here, genes predicted to function in (i) membrane reconstruction, (ii) lipid signaling, (iii) cell wall remodeling, and (iv) oxidative stress response were identified. Northern analyses of selected genes were used to confirm the microarray analyses. The results further show that expression of the agsA gene encoding an α-1,3-glucan synthase is up-regulated by both compds. Using two PagsA-GFP reporter strains of A. niger and subjecting them to 16 different antifungal compds., including caspofungin and fenpropimorph, we could show that agsA is specifically activated by compds. interfering directly or indirectly with cell wall biosynthesis.
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  36. 36
    Paege, N.; Warnecke, D.; Zäuner, S.; Hagen, S.; Rodrigues, A.; Baumann, B.; Thiess, M.; Jung, S.; Meyer, V. Species-Specific Differences in the Susceptibility of Fungi to the Antifungal Protein AFP Depend on C-3 Saturation of Glycosylceramides. mSphere 2019, 4, e00741  DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00741-19
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    Species-specific differences in the susceptibility of fungi to the antifungal protein AFP depend on C-3 saturation of glycosylceramides
    Paege, Norman; Warnecke, Dirk; Zaeuner, Simone; Hagen, Silke; Rodrigues, Ana; Baumann, Birgit; Thiess, Melanie; Jung, Sascha; Meyer, Vera
    mSphere (2019), 4 (6), e00741-19/1-e00741-19/15CODEN: MSPHCI; ISSN:2379-5042. (American Society for Microbiology)
    AFP is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) produced by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus giganteus and is a very potent inhibitor of fungal growth that does not affect the viability of bacteria, plant, or mammalian cells. It targets chitin synthesis and causes plasma membrane permeabilization in many human- and plant-pathogenic fungi, but its exact mode of action is not known. After adoption of the "damage-response framework of microbial pathogenesis" regarding the anal. of interactions between AMPs and microorganisms, we have recently proposed that the cytotoxic capacity of a given AMP depends not only on the presence/absence of its target(s) in the host and the AMP concn. applied but also on other variables, such as microbial survival strategies. We show here using the examples of three filamentous fungi (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Fusarium graminearum) and two yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris) that the important parameters defining the AFP susceptibilities of these fungi are (i) the presence/ absence of glycosylceramides, (ii) the presence/absence of Δ3(E) desatn. of the fatty acid chain therein, and (iii) the (dis)ability of these fungi to respond to AFP inhibitory effects with the fortification of their cell walls via increased chitin and β-(1,3)-glucan synthesis. These observations support the idea of the adoption of the damage-response framework to holistically understand the outcome of AFP inhibitory effects.
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  37. 37
    Gáper, J.; Gáperová, S.; Pristas, P.; Naplavova, K. Medicinal Value and Taxonomy of the Tinder Polypore, Fomes fomentarius (Agaricomycetes): A Review. Int. J. Med. Mushrooms 2016, 18, 851– 859,  DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.v18.i10.10
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    Medicinal Value and Taxonomy of the Tinder Polypore, Fomes fomentarius (Agaricomycetes): A Review
    Gaper Jan; Gaperova Svetlana; Pristas Peter; Naplavova Katerina
    International journal of medicinal mushrooms (2016), 18 (10), 851-859 ISSN:.
    The tinder polypore, Fomes fomentarius, is a wood-decaying macrofungus well known for its potential use in a wide range of biotechnological applications. The existence of 3 distinct internal transcribed spacer lineages/sublineages among its strains has been clearly established. Sublineage A1 consists of strains isolated from North America, whereas sublineage A2 consists of strains only from Europe. Lineage B comprises strains from Europe and Asia. A better understanding of the biological features of F. fomentarius lineages/sublineages could lead to improved characterization, leading to better biotechnological applications. The medicinal value of F. fomentarius is discussed.
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  38. 38
    Meyer, V.; Schmidt, B.; Pohl, C.; Cerimi, K.; Schubert, B.; Weber, B.; Neubauer, P.; Junne, S.; Zakeri, Z.; Rapp, R.; de Lutz, C.; Schubert, T.; Peluso, F.; Volpato, A. Mind the Fungi; Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin: Berlin, 2020.
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    Yousefi, N.; Jones, M.; Bismarck, A.; Mautner, A. Fungal chitin-glucan nanopapers with heavy metal adsorption properties for ultrafiltration of organic solvents and water. Carbohydr. Polym. 2021, 253, 117273,  DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117273
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    Fungal chitin-glucan nanopapers with heavy metal adsorption properties for ultrafiltration of organic solvents and water
    Yousefi, Neptun; Jones, Mitchell; Bismarck, Alexander; Mautner, Andreas
    Carbohydrate Polymers (2021), 253 (), 117273CODEN: CAPOD8; ISSN:0144-8617. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Membranes and filters are essential devices, both in the lab. for sepn. of media, solvent recovery, org. solvent and water filtration purposes, and in industrial scale applications, such as the removal of industrial pollutants, e.g. heavy metal ions, from water. Due to their solvent stability, biol. sourced and renewable membrane or filter materials, such as cellulose or chitin, provide a low-cost, sustainable alternative to synthetic materials for org. solvent filtration and water treatment. Here, we investigated the potential of fungal chitin nanopapers derived from A. bisporus (common white-button mushrooms) as ultrafiltration membranes for org. solvents and aq. solns. and hybrid chitin-cellulose microfibril papers as high permeance adsorptive filters. Fungal chitin constitutes a renewable, easily isolated, and abundant alternative to crustacean chitin. It can be fashioned into solvent stable nanopapers with pore sizes of 10-12 nm, as detd. by mol. wt. cut-off and rejection of gold nanoparticles, that exhibit high org. solvent permeance, making them a valuable material for org. solvent filtration applications. Addn. of cellulose fibers to produce chitin-cellulose hybrid papers extended membrane functionality to water treatment applications, with considerable static and dynamic copper ion adsorption capacities and high permeances that outperformed other biol. derived membranes, while being simpler to produce, naturally porous, and not requiring crosslinking. The simple nanopaper prodn. process coupled with the remarkable filtration properties of the papers for both org. solvent filtration and water treatment applications designates them an environmentally benign alternative to traditional membrane and filter materials.
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  40. 40
    Nawawi, W. M. F. W.; Lee, K.-Y.; Kontturi, E.; Murphy, R. J.; Bismarck, A. Chitin Nanopaper from Mushroom Extract: Natural Composite of Nanofibers and Glucan from a Single Biobased Source. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2019, 7, 6492– 6496,  DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b00721
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    Janesch, J.; Jones, M.; Bacher, M.; Kontturi, E.; Bismarck, A.; Mautner, A. Mushroom-derived chitosan-glucan nanopaper filters for the treatment of water. React. Funct. Polym. 2020, 146, 104428,  DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.104428
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    Mushroom-derived chitosan-glucan nanopaper filters for treatment of water
    Janesch, Jan; Jones, Mitchell; Bacher, Markus; Kontturi, Eero; Bismarck, Alexander; Mautner, Andreas
    Reactive & Functional Polymers (2020), 146 (), 104428CODEN: RFPOF6; ISSN:1381-5148. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Contaminated water represents a significant threat to public health, with heavy metals present in industrial effluents constituting a particular hazard. Conventional heavy metal removal processes are often expensive and rely on synthetic materials. Renewable adsorbents or filters, such as chitosan, provide a low-cost, simple alternative for treatment of water. Fungal chitin and hence fungal chitosan is a cheap, renewable, easily isolated, and abundant alternative to crustacean chitin. This study investigated the water treatment potential of chitosan-glucan nanopapers derived from common white-button mushroom (A. bisporus) ext. as adsorptive filter. These nanopapers completely rejected 10 nm gold nanoparticles, indicating potential for virus filtration. They had copper ion (2 mM) adsorption capacities (up to 120 mg g-1) increasing with degree of deacetylation of fungal chitin on par with or even outperforming current chitosan membranes with the advantage of simpler prodn., not requiring further crosslinking. In order to improve the performance of fungal chitosan-glucan filters, hybrid filters with cellulose microfibres from fiber sludge were prepd. Hybrid nanopapers exhibited significantly increased copper ion adsorption (162 mg g-1) in conjunction with high water permeances (63,000 to 121,000 L h-1 m-2 MPa-1). The simple manufg. process and impressive filtration/adsorbent properties of these renewable filters make them a viable option for water treatment helping to reduce the ecol. impact of traditional water treatment processes.
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  42. 42
    Girometta, C.; Dondi, D.; Baiguera, R. M.; Bracco, F.; Branciforti, D. S.; Buratti, S.; Lazzaroni, S.; Savino, E. Characterization of mycelia from wood-decay species by TGA and IR spectroscopy. Cellulose 2020, 27, 6133– 6148,  DOI: 10.1007/s10570-020-03208-4
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    42
    Characterization of mycelia from wood-decay species by TGA and IR spectroscopy
    Girometta, C.; Dondi, D.; Baiguera, R. M.; Bracco, F.; Branciforti, D. S.; Buratti, S.; Lazzaroni, S.; Savino, E.
    Cellulose (Dordrecht, Netherlands) (2020), 27 (11), 6133-6148CODEN: CELLE8; ISSN:0969-0239. (Springer)
    Wood-decay fungi have been mainly studied for their medicinal or nutraceutical properties, lignocellulolytic enzymes as well as their pathol. role in plants. Recently they have also been recognized as a potential source of biocomposite materials due to the features of mycelial mats in several species. Chem., phys.-morphol. and biol. properties are affected by interspecific and intraspecific differences in compn. of the cell wall regarding both major and minor constituents; thus, a preliminary characterization can optimize the strain selection for applied and research purposes. In the present study, 52 strains from 18 wood-decay fungal species were considered to build a general descriptive model based on the cell wall in the light of interspecific variability. Pure-cultured mycelia were dried and examd. by thermogravimetric anal. (TGA) and Fourier transformed IR spectroscopy (FTIR) to highlight the main different characteristics of each species. TGA profiles resulted more functional for a qual.-quant. description of major constituents (above all, β-glucans and chitin), whereas FTIR spectra are only qual. and more difficult to analyze. Principal component anal. and cluster anal. confirmed the general descriptive model and allow interspecific comparison beyond intraspecific variability. In conclusion, TGA provides a simpler tool for screening of wood decay fungal strains and selection based on major cell wall constituents, namely chitin and glucans.
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    Sun, W.; Tajvidi, M.; Howell, C.; Hunt, C. G. Functionality of Surface Mycelium Interfaces in Wood Bonding. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 57431– 57440,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18165
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    Functionality of Surface Mycelium Interfaces in Wood Bonding
    Sun, Wenjing; Tajvidi, Mehdi; Howell, Caitlin; Hunt, Christopher G.
    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2020), 12 (51), 57431-57440CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
    Filamentous fungi have been considered as candidates to replace petroleum-based adhesives and plastics in novel composite material prodn. particularly those contg. lignocellulosic materials. However, the nature of the role of surface mycelium in the adhesion between lignocellulosic composite components is not well-known. The current study investigated the functionality of surface mycelium for wood bonding by incubating Trametes versicolor on yellow birch veneers and compared the lap-shear strengths after hot-pressing to evaluate if the presence of surface mycelium can improve the interface between two wood layers and consequently improve bonding. We found that the lap shear strength of the samples was enhanced by the increase of surface mycelium coverage up to 8 days of incubation (up to 1.74 MPa) without a significant wood wt. loss. We provide evidence that the bottom surface of the mycelium layer is more hydrophilic, contains more small-scale filamentous structure and contains more functional groups resulting in better bonding with wood than the top surface. These observations confirm and highlight the functionality of the surface mycelium layer for wood bonding and provide useful information for future developments in fully biobased composites manufg.
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    Nada, A. A.; Bekheet, M. F.; Roualdes, S.; Gurlo, A.; Ayral, A. Functionalization of MCM-41 with titanium oxynitride deposited via PECVD for enhanced removal of methylene blue. J. Mol. Liq. 2019, 274, 505– 515,  DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.10.154
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    Functionalization of MCM-41 with titanium oxynitride deposited via PECVD for enhanced removal of methylene blue
    Nada, Amr A.; Bekheet, Maged F.; Roualdes, Stephanie; Gurlo, Aleksander; Ayral, Andre
    Journal of Molecular Liquids (2019), 274 (), 505-515CODEN: JMLIDT; ISSN:0167-7322. (Elsevier B.V.)
    TiON and TiO2 were grafted onto the surfaces of mesoporous silica MCM-41 by plasma enhanced chem. vapor deposition (PECVD). The results of small-angle X-ray diffraction (SAXRD), X-ray diffraction, XPS, transmission electron microscopy, and nitrogen physisorption revealed that the mesoporous structure of MCM-41 was retained and the pore size reduced from 2.46 nm to 2.19 nm and 2.18 nm after grafting of amorphous TiO2 and TiON, resp. In consequence, the pore vol. and BET surface area decreased. These results indicate the deposition of TiO2 and TiON particles on the surface of MCM-41, leading to partial blockage of its pores. The grafted materials were found to be effective adsorbents for methylene blue dye. The results of batch adsorption expts. at pH 7 demonstrated that TiON@mSiO2 nanocomposite showed the highest adsorption capacity in comparison with MCM-41 and TiO2@mSiO2, which is due to its highly neg. zeta potential at neutral conditions. The equil. adsorption process fits well with the Langmuir isotherm model and the calcd. max. adsorbed quantity qmax was found to be 129 mg/g. The pseudo-second order model best represents the adsorption kinetics data. Accordingly, the TiON@mSiO2 nanocomposite can be used for the purifn. of wastewater from toxic org. dyes such as methylene blue.
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    Bensalah, H.; Bekheet, M. F.; Younssi, S. A.; Ouammou, M.; Gurlo, A. Removal of cationic and anionic textile dyes with Moroccan natural phosphate. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2017, 5, 2189– 2199,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2017.04.021
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    Removal of cationic and anionic textile dyes with Moroccan natural phosphate
    Bensalah, Hiba; Bekheet, Maged F.; Younssi, Saad Alami; Ouammou, Mohamed; Gurlo, Aleksander
    Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering (2017), 5 (3), 2189-2199CODEN: JECEBG; ISSN:2213-3437. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Moroccan natural phosphate was tested as an effective adsorbent for the removal of cationic dye rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) as well as anionic dye congo red (CR) from wastewater. The X-ray diffraction, FTIR and EDX characterizations reveal that the sample contains 98 wt% fluoroapatite (Ca5(PO4)3F) with 1 wt% quartz (SiO2) and 1 wt% calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Nitrogen sorption anal. shows that the BET sp. surface area (SBET) and BJH pore vols. of the sample are 18.8 m2/g and 0.1 cm3/g, resp. Batch adsorption expts. of the dyes from aq. soln. were conducted, taking into account the influence of initial dye concn. (100-400 mg/L), adsorbent dosage (1-20 g/L), contact time (5-300 min) and soln. pH (3-12). The Langmuir isotherm model best represents the equil. adsorption process of the two dyes. The calcd. max. adsorbed quantity qmax of CR and Rh6G at dosage 20 g/L and pH value of 5.2 were found 19.81 and 6.84 mg/g, resp. The adsorption of Rh6G and CR on natural phosphate was found to follow the pseudo-second-order model. Natural phosphate was also tested as an effective adsorbent for a simulated dye effluent under industrial conditions of temp. and pH. Desorption studies were conducted using HCl as an eluent and the highest elution efficiency for both dyes was obtained with a 0.1 M soln. Accordingly, it is demonstrated in this work that natural phosphate is a very efficient adsorbent for both cationic and anionic dyes from contaminated water, and represents a great low-cost alternative to com. adsorbents due to its abundance as a natural resource in Morocco.
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    Azo dye adsorption on an industrial waste-transformed hydroxyapatite adsorbent: Kinetics, isotherms, mechanism and regeneration studies
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    Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering (2020), 8 (3), 103807CODEN: JECEBG; ISSN:2213-3437. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Nanocryst. hydroxyapatite (HAp) with high surface area was synthesized by surfactant-assistant hydrothermal method from an industrial waste phosphogypsum. XRD, TEM and nitrogen sorption characterizations revealed that HAp crystals grow as needle-like particles along the c direction with surface area of 86 and 135 m2/g for the samples synthesized without and with Brij-93 surfactant, resp. Adsorption of anionic azo dye Congo Red (CR) were conducted on both samples, taking into account the influence of initial dye concn. (100-500 mg/L), adsorbent dosage (0.5-30 g/L), contact time (5-180 min) and soln. pH (2-12). Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption of CR followed pseudo-second-order model, i.e., chemisorption is the rate controlling step. Freundlich isotherm was found to be most suitable model for the adsorption of CR, i.e. adsorption is multilayer process. The calcd. max. adsorption capacity of synthesized B93-HAp adsorbent using Brij-93 surfactant was found to be 139 mg/g at pH 5.5 and dosage of 2 g/L. Two predominant mechanisms were obsd. for CR adsorption, electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding as revealed by FTIR and XPS. The multi-cycle sorption/desorption tests indicated that waste-transformed adsorbent could be regenerated and reused up to 6 cycles. Therefore, this work shows that the conversion of waste materials into adsorbents has a two-fold environmental benefit for both waste management and wastewater treatment.
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    Removal of azo dye from aqueous solution by a new biosorbent prepared with Aspergillus nidulans cultured in tobacco wastewater
    Xi, Yu; Shen, YongFang; Yang, Fan; Yang, GaoJu; Liu, Chang; Zhang, Zheng; Zhu, DaHeng
    Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers (2013), 44 (5), 815-820CODEN: JTICA8; ISSN:1876-1070. (Elsevier B.V.)
    A new biosorbent was prepd. from the dead biomass of fungus Aspergillus nidulans G, which was capable of using tobacco wastewater (TWW) as a sole substrate. The characterization of the biosorbent surfaces, biosorption kinetics, isotherm models and the effects of various exptl. factors were studied. The kinetics and equil. biosorption were well-described by pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm model, resp. According to the Langmuir model, the max. biosorption capacity of Congo red (CR) was 357.14 mg/g at 30° and pH 6.8, which competed well with other biosorbents reported. Probably this low-cost, environmentally friendly and efficient biosorbent may should be useful for the removal of azo dyes from aq. soln.
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    Yang, Y.; Wang, G.; Wang, B.; Li, Z.; Jia, X.; Zhou, Q.; Zhao, Y. Biosorption of Acid Black 172 and Congo Red from aqueous solution by nonviable Penicillium YW 01: kinetic study, equilibrium isotherm and artificial neural network modeling. Bioresour. Technol. 2011, 102, 828– 834,  DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.08.125
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    Biosorption of Acid Black 172 and Congo Red from aqueous solution by nonviable Penicillium YW 01: Kinetic study, equilibrium isotherm and artificial neural network modeling
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    Bioresource Technology (2011), 102 (2), 828-834CODEN: BIRTEB; ISSN:0960-8524. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    We investigated the biosorption performance of nonviable Penicillium YW 01 biomass for removal of Acid Black 172 metal-complex dye (AB) and Congo Red (CR) in solns. Maximum biosorption capacities of 225.38 and 411.53 mg g-1 under initial dye concn. of 800 mg L-1, pH 3.0, and 40° conditions were obsd. for AB and CR, resp. Biosorption data were successfully described with Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The Weber-Morris model anal. indicated that intraparticle diffusion was the limiting step for biosorption of AB and CR onto biosorbent. Anal. based on the artificial neural network and genetic algorithms hybrid model indicated that initial dye concn. and temp. appeared to be the most influential parameters for biosorption process of AB and CR onto biosorbent, resp. Characterization of the biosorbent and possible dye-biosorbent interaction were confirmed by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy and SEM.
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    Native, iminodiacetic acid and triethylenetetraamine modified biomasses of Funalia trogii were used for removal of Congo Red dye (CRD) from aq. medium. The native and modified fungal biomasses were characterized using ATR-FTIR, Zeta potential, contact angle studies and anal. methods. FTIR studies of the native and chem. modified adsorbent prepns. show that amine, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups are involved in the adsorption of the model dye (i.e., Congo Red). The max. adsorption of the CRD on the native, carboxyl and amine groups modified fungal biomasses was obtained at pH 5.0. The amt. of adsorbed dye on the adsorbent samples increased as the initial concn. of CRD in the soln. increased to 200mg/L. The adsorption capacities of native, carboxyl groups and amine modified fungal prepns. were 90.4, 153.6 and 193.7mg/g dry adsorbents, resp. The data was fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model, and followed the pseudo-second-order equations. Thermodn. parameters (ΔG0, ΔH0 and ΔS0) were also calcd. The results showed that triethylenetetraamine (TETA) modified biomass of F. trogii presented an excellent dye removal performance and can be used in various environmental applications such as various micro-pollutants removal from aq. medium.
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    Bioresource Technology (2008), 99 (5), 1080-1088CODEN: BIRTEB; ISSN:0960-8524. (Elsevier Ltd.)
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    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2020), 12 (41), 46045-46056CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
    Amorphous polymer-derived silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) is an attractive candidate for Li-ion battery anodes, as an alternative to graphite, which is limited to a theor. capacity of 372 mAh/g. However, SiOC tends to exhibit poor transport properties and cycling performance as a result of sparsely distributed carbon clusters and inefficient active sites. To overcome these limitations, we designed and fabricated a layered graphene/SiOC heterostructure by solvent-assisted infiltration of a polymeric precursor into a modified three-dimensional (3D) graphene aerogel skeleton. The use of a high-melting-point solvent facilitated the precursor's freeze drying, which following pyrolysis yielded SiOC as a layer supported on the surface of nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide aerogels. The fabrication method employed here modifies the compn. and microstructure of the SiOC phase. Among the studied materials, the highest levels of performance were obtained for a sample of moderate SiOC content, in which the graphene network constituted 19.8 wt % of the system. In these materials, a stable reversible charge capacity of 751 mAh/g was achieved at low charge rates. At high charge rates of 1480 mA/g, the capacity retention was ~ 95% (352 mAh/g) after 1000 consecutive cycles. At all rates, Coulombic efficiencies >99% were maintained following the first cycle. Performance across all indicators was majorly improved in the graphene aerogel/SiOC nanocomposites, compared with unsupported SiOC. The performance was attributed to mechanisms across multiple length scales. The presence of oxygen-rich SiO4-xCx tetrahedral units and a continuous free-carbon network within the SiOC provides sites for reversible lithiation, while high ionic and electronic transport is provided by the layered graphene/SiOC heterostructure.
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    Abstr.: Bracket fungi such as Fomes fomentarius ("tinder fungus"), have strong, light and tough fruit bodies that make them interesting role-models for bio-inspired, biodegradable applications. So far, little is known about the relation between their microstructure and mech. properties, information needed for designing novel composites. The fruit bodies (mycelia) of tinder fungus are hierarchically structured honeycomb foams. The mycelium has a transversely isotropic microstructure with open porosity on the nano- and micro-length scales. The lowest resoln. porosity appears as elongated tubes that extend from beneath the woody upper surface down towards the lower side that faces the ground. The tube walls are made of a network of hollow, fibrous cells (hyphae), mainly consisting of chitin. When tested mech., the material shows the typical compressive stress/strain curve of foams, where an initially linear course is followed by an extended plateau region. The as-harvested material exhibits pronounced viscoelastic recovery, but the tube walls are visibly damaged. Compared with the transverse direction, the load-bearing capability and energy absorption parallel to the tube long axis are ∼ 5 and ∼ 10 times higher, resp. Unexpectedly however, the energy absorption efficiency is similar for both loading directions. Buckling of the tubes and cracking of their walls are the main damage mechanisms, and the damage zones coalesce into deformation bands as it is typical for foams. Drying leads to ∼ 7 times higher plateau stresses, damage becomes extensive, and the mycelium loses its viscoelastic recovery capability. Interestingly, rehydration restores the properties of the wet state. It is compelling to imagine an adaptive role to natural dry/wet conditions.
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This article is cited by 4 publications.

  1. Liudmila Kalitukha, Alvaro Galiano, Francisco Harrison. Medicinal Potential of the Insoluble Extracted Fibers Isolated from the Fomes fomentarius (Agaricomycetes) Fruiting Bodies: A Review. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 2023, 25 (3) , 21-35. https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2022047222
  2. Ugochukwu Ewuzie, Oluwaseyi D. Saliu, Kanika Dulta, Samuel Ogunniyi, Abdulhafiz Onipe Bajeh, Kingsley O. Iwuozor, Joshua O. Ighalo. A review on treatment technologies for printing and dyeing wastewater (PDW). Journal of Water Process Engineering 2022, 50 , 103273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103273
  3. Carsten Pohl, Bertram Schmidt, Tamara Nunez Guitar, Sophie Klemm, Hans-Jörg Gusovius, Stefan Platzk, Harald Kruggel-Emden, Andre Klunker, Christina Völlmecke, Claudia Fleck, Vera Meyer. Establishment of the basidiomycete Fomes fomentarius for the production of composite materials. Fungal Biology and Biotechnology 2022, 9 (1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s40694-022-00133-y
  4. Soumen Dey, Riya Chakraborty, Jhilirani Mohanta, Banashree Dey. Tricosanthes cucumerina : a potential biomass for efficient removal of methylene blue from water. Bioremediation Journal 2022, 9 , 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10889868.2022.2086530
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  • Abstract

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    Figure 1

    Figure 1. SEM images from (a) FF-SM, (b) FF-LM, and (c) FF-FB. Scale bars shown are 100 and 10 μm for the image and inset, respectively.

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    Figure 2

    Figure 2. FTIR–ATR spectra of FF-SM, FF-LM, and FF-FB, showing a higher relative absorbance of amide bands in FF-LM which might be indicative of higher chitin levels.

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    Figure 3

    Figure 3. Removal efficiency Re of MB and CR for FF-SM, FF-LM, and FF-FB. Adsorption conditions were a dosage of 5 g L–1, 100 mg L–1 MB and CR, pH values of 5.7 (MB) and 7.6 (CR), and 120 min.

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    Figure 4

    Figure 4. Effect of the adsorbent dosage on the removal efficiency Re and adsorption capacity qe of CR on (a) FF-LM and (b) FF-SM. Adsorption conditions were pH 7.6, a Ci of 100 mg L–1, and 120 min.

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    Figure 5

    Figure 5. (a) Effect of the dye solution pH on the equilibrium adsorption capacity qe of CR on FF-LM and FF-SM. Adsorption conditions were a dosage of 5 g L–1, a Ci of 100 mg L–1, and 120 min. (b) Zeta potential of FF-LM, FF-SM, and FF-FB and its pH dependence.

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    Figure 6

    Figure 6. (a) Nonlinear Langmuir, Freundlich, and Redlich–Peterson isotherm models for the adsorption of CR on FF-LM and FF-SM. Adsorption conditions were pH 7.6, a dosage of 5 g L–1, and 120 min. (b) Nonlinear pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich kinetic fittings for the adsorption of CR on FF-LM and FF-SM. Adsorption conditions were pH 7.6, a dosage of 5 g L–1, and a Ci of 100 mg L–1.

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    Figure 7

    Figure 7. (a) Effect of simulated dye effluent conditions on the removal efficiency Re of CR on FF-LM and FF-SM. Adsorption conditions were 80 °C, pH 7.6, a dosage of 5 g L–1, Ci = 100 mg L–1, and 120 min. (b) Desorption of CR from FF-LM and FF-SM with DIW, ethanol, 0.1 M sodium hydroxide, 0.1 M acetic acid, 0.1 M hydrochloric acid, and concentrated hydrochloric acid.

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    Figure 8

    Figure 8. Normalized XPS for FF-SM, FF-LM, and FF-FB before and after (MB* and CR*) adsorption for O 1s (a–c), N 1s (d–f), C 1s (g–i), and S 2p (j–l).

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  • References

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      Daedalea africana and Phellinus adamantinus fungi were evaluated for methylene blue (MB) dye uptake. Various factors (pH range, exposure time, dye concn., adsorbed quantity, etc.) were examd. for the uptake. Adsorption isotherms included Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The Langmuir isotherm has been long known to be an adsorption process best fit. The max. monolayer adsorption capacity for D. africana was 0.5210 mol/kg and 1.8387 mol/kg for P. adamantinus at 298° K. N values (0.8748 and 0.9524) indicated the dye is favorably adsorbed by both adsorbents. A kinetic data anal. showed fungal sorbed MB was pseudo-second-order chemisorption with film and intraparticle diffusion. Results showed these fungi are good sorbents for the MB dye uptake.
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      Tkaczyk, Angelika; Mitrowska, Kamila; Posyniak, Andrzej
      Science of the Total Environment (2020), 717 (), 137222CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
      A review. In recent years interest in the fate of chem. compds. in the aquatic environment has increased. There are many reports of the presence of chem. compds. such as pesticides, steroid hormones or antibiotics in the aquatic environment. At present, little is known about synthetic org. dyes as contaminants of water bodies. These dyes are omnipresent in many application areas from the textile, tannery, cosmetic and food industries to human and veterinary medicine. Their large-scale prodn. and widespread applications have caused synthetic org. dyes to permeate into different compartments of water and soil environment. So far, dyes have been detd. in environmental samples such as water, suspended particulate matters, sediment and wild fish. For this reason, they are considered micropollutants of aquatic ecosystems. Due to the toxicol. properties and pharmacol. activity of some synthetic org. dyes their occurrence in water bodies should be monitored. The hazard potential of synthetic org. dyes should be assessed, esp. their influence on aquatic biota, not least because dyes in water ecosystems may pose a threat to animal or human health as higher-order consumers. This review collects scientific data considering application areas, toxicity, sources, environmental occurrence and the fate of synthetic org. dyes and the ecol. implications of synthetic org. dyes presence in the total environment. Moreover, anal. methods for dye detn. and methods for dye removal from wastewater are described.
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    5. 5
      Prasad, R. Mycoremediation and Environmental Sustainability; Springer International Publishing, 2017.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    6. 6
      Muthu, S. S.; Khadir, A. Novel Materials for Dye-Containing Wastewater Treatment; Springer: Singapore, 2021.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    7. 7
      Henning, L. M.; Simon, U.; Gurlo, A.; Smales, G. J.; Bekheet, M. F. Grafting and stabilization of ordered mesoporous silica COK-12 with graphene oxide for enhanced removal of methylene blue. RSC Adv. 2019, 9, 36271– 36284,  DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05541j
      7
      Grafting and stabilization of ordered mesoporous silica COK-12 with graphene oxide for enhanced removal of methylene blue
      Henning, Laura M.; Simon, Ulla; Gurlo, Aleksander; Smales, Glen J.; Bekheet, Maged F.
      RSC Advances (2019), 9 (62), 36271-36284CODEN: RSCACL; ISSN:2046-2069. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
      Large-pore ordered mesoporous silica (OMS) COK-12, analogous to the well-known SBA-15, but synthesized in a more environmentally friendly way and exhibiting a shorter plate-like structure, was grafted with different amts. of graphene oxide (GO) for the first time in an inexpensive and rapid process, that was successfully upscaled. Samples were examd. with nitrogen sorption anal., SAXS, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, and zeta potential anal. Adsorption expts. with the cationic dye methylene blue (MB) were conducted on the grafted materials and on pure COK-12, taking into account the influence of initial dye concn. (30-600 mg L-1), adsorbent dosage (0.2-14 g L-1), contact time (0.3-300 min), soln. pH (4-10), and influence of salts and temp. (0-1 M NaCl, 80°C) to simulate industrial dye effluent. The adsorption process was found to be represented best by the Langmuir isotherm model, i.e., adsorption is a monolayer process. The calcd. max. adsorption capacities were found to be 20.2 and 197.5 mg g-1 at dosages of 5 and 0.5 g L-1 for pure COK-12 and COK-12 grafted with 50 wt% GO, resp., at pH 5.65 and MB concn. of 100 mg L-1. Adsorption kinetics were found to follow the pseudo-second order model, i.e., chemisorption is the rate controlling step. The adsorption performances could be well preserved at simulated dye effluent. Desorption was found to be most effective with hydrochloric acid.
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    8. 8
      Rashid, R.; Shafiq, I.; Akhter, P.; Iqbal, M. J.; Hussain, M. A state-of-the-art review on wastewater treatment techniques: the effectiveness of adsorption method. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2021, 28, 9050– 9066,  DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12395-x
      8
      A state-of-the-art review on wastewater treatment techniques: the effectiveness of adsorption method
      Rashid, Ruhma; Shafiq, Iqrash; Akhter, Parveen; Iqbal, Muhammad Javid; Hussain, Murid
      Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2021), 28 (8), 9050-9066CODEN: ESPLEC; ISSN:0944-1344. (Springer)
      A review. The world's water supplies have been contaminated due to large effluents contg. toxic pollutants such as dyes, heavy metals, surfactants, personal care products, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals from agricultural, industrial, and municipal resources into water streams. Water contamination and its treatment have emerged out as an escalating challenge globally. Extraordinary efforts have been made to overcome the challenges of wastewater treatment in recent years. Various techniques such as chem. methods like Fenton oxidn. and electrochem. oxidn., phys. procedures like adsorption and membrane filtration, and several biol. techniques have been recognized for the treatment of wastewater. This review communicates insights into recent research developments in different treatment techniques and their applications to eradicate various water contaminants. Research gaps have also been identified regarding multiple strategies for understanding key aspects that are important to pilot-scale or large-scale systems. Based on this review, it can be detd. that adsorption is a simple, sustainable, cost-effective, and environmental-friendly technique for wastewater treatment, among all other existing technologies. However, there is a need for further research and development, optimization, and practical implementation of the integrated process for a wide range of applications.
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    9. 9
      Zeydanli, D.; Akman, S.; Vakifahmetoglu, C. Polymer-derived ceramic adsorbent for pollutant removal from water. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2018, 101, 2258– 2265,  DOI: 10.1111/jace.15423
      9
      Polymer-derived ceramic adsorbent for pollutant removal from water
      Zeydanli, Damla; Akman, Suleyman; Vakif Ahmetoglu, Cekdar
      Journal of the American Ceramic Society (2018), 101 (6), 2258-2265CODEN: JACTAW; ISSN:0002-7820. (Wiley-Blackwell)
      Polymer-derived ceramic components (SiOC, sample W) were produced from preceramic polymer mixt. and a catalyst. After curing and pyrolysis, some of the samples etched by hydrofluoric acid to obtain carbonaceous SiOC (C-rich SiOC, sample W-HF). W and W-HF were tested as an adsorbent material to remove both heavy-metal ions (Cr (III), Pb (III), and Cd (II)) and cationic dyes (Methylene Blue (MB), Rhodamine B (RB), and Crystal Violet (CV)) from aq. solns. HF-treated high surface area SiOC samples had quite high adsorption affinity for cationic dyes. According the Langmuir isotherm model the max. dye uptake values were ∼50 mg/g for sample W, whereas those for sample W-HF ranged 104-186 mg/g. Regeneration studies were conducted both by heat treatment and leaching, high recovery yields (always >97%) of MB adsorption were obtained.
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    10. 10
      Yagub, M. T.; Sen, T. K.; Afroze, S.; Ang, H. M. Dye and its removal from aqueous solution by adsorption: a review. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2014, 209, 172– 184,  DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2014.04.002
      10
      Dye and its removal from aqueous solution by adsorption: A review
      Yagub, Mustafa T.; Sen, Tushar Kanti; Afroze, Sharmeen; Ang, H. M.
      Advances in Colloid and Interface Science (2014), 209 (), 172-184CODEN: ACISB9; ISSN:0001-8686. (Elsevier B.V.)
      A review. In this review article the authors presented up to-date development on the application of adsorption in the removal of dyes from aq. soln. This review article provides extensive literature information about dyes, its classification and toxicity, various treatment methods, and dye adsorption characteristics by various adsorbents. One of the objectives of this review article is to organize the scattered available information on various aspects on a wide range of potentially effective adsorbents in the removal of dyes. Therefore, an extensive list of various adsorbents such as natural materials, waste materials from industry, agricultural byproducts, and biomass based activated carbon in the removal of various dyes has been compiled here. Dye bearing waste treatment by adsorption using low cost alternative adsorbent is a demanding area as it has double benefits i.e. water treatment and waste management. Further, activated carbon from biomass has the advantage of offering an effected low cost replacement for non-renewable coal based granular activated carbon provided that they have similar or better adsorption on efficiency. The effectiveness of various adsorbents under different physico-chem. process parameters and their comparative adsorption capacity towards dye adsorption has also been presented. This review paper also includes the affective adsorption factors of dye such as soln. pH, initial dye concn., adsorbent dosage, and temp. The applicability of various adsorption kinetic models and isotherm models for dye removal by wide range of adsorbents is also reported here. Conclusions have been drawn from the literature reviewed and few suggestions for future research are proposed.
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    11. 11
      Argun, Y.; Karacali, A.; Karacali, A.; Calisir, U.; Kilinc, N.; Irak, H. Biosorption Method and Biosorbents for Dye Removal from Industrial Wastewater: A Review. Int. J. Adv. Res. 2017, 5, 707– 714,  DOI: 10.21474/ijar01/5110
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    12. 12
      Fu, Y.; Viraraghavan, T. Fungal decolorization of dye wastewaters: a review. Bioresour. Technol. 2001, 79, 251– 262,  DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8524(01)00028-1
      12
      Fungal decolorization of dye wastewaters: a review
      Fu, Y.; Viraraghavan, T.
      Bioresource Technology (2001), 79 (3), 251-262CODEN: BIRTEB; ISSN:0960-8524. (Elsevier Science Ltd.)
      A review, with 64 refs., examines various fungi, living or dead cells, which are capable of decolorizing dye wastewaters; discusses various mechanisms involved; reports some elution and regeneration methods for fungal biomass; summarizes the present pretreatment methods for increasing the biosorption capacity of fungal biomass; and discusses the effect of various factors on decolorization.
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    13. 13
      Srinivasan, A.; Viraraghavan, T. Decolorization of dye wastewaters by biosorbents: a review. J. Environ. Manage. 2010, 91, 1915– 1929,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.05.003
      13
      Decolorization of dye wastewaters by biosorbents: A review
      Srinivasan, Asha; Viraraghavan, Thiruvenkatachari
      Journal of Environmental Management (2010), 91 (10), 1915-1929CODEN: JEVMAW; ISSN:0301-4797. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      A review. Dye wastewater is one of the most difficult to treat. There has been exhaustive research on biosorption of dye wastewater. It is evolving as an attractive option to supplement conventional treatment processes. This paper examines various biosorbents such as fungi, bacteria, algae, chitosan and peat, which are capable of decolorizing dye wastewaters; discusses various mechanism involved, the effects of various factors influencing dye wastewater decolorization and reviews pretreatment methods for increasing the biosorption capacity of the adsorbents. The paper examines the mismatch between strong scientific progress in the field of biosorption and lack of commercialization of research.
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    14. 14
      Yadav, A. N.; Singh, S.; Mishra, S.; Gupta, A. Recent Advancement in White Biotechnology through Fungi; Springer International Publishing, 2019.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    15. 15
      Pecková, V.; Legerská, B.; Chmelová, D.; Horník, M.; Ondrejovič, M. Comparison of efficiency for monoazo dye removal by different species of white-rot fungi. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021, 18, 21– 32,  DOI: 10.1007/s13762-020-02806-w
      15
      Comparison of efficiency for monoazo dye removal by different species of white-rot fungi
      Peckova, V.; Legerska, B.; Chmelova, D.; Hornik, M.; Ondrejovic, M.
      International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (2021), 18 (1), 21-32CODEN: IJESHU; ISSN:1735-1472. (Springer)
      The aim of this study was to det. the potential of white-rot fungi, namely Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes hirsuta, for the mono azo dye Allura Red AC (AR) removal from aq. solns. AR belongs to the hardly degradable xenobiotic assocd. with a neurotoxic effect on humans and animals. Our results suggested that degrdn. processes driven by the activity of laccases were not involved in the process of AR removal and the predominant mechanism of dye elimination was biosorption. The surface of fungal biomass was analyzed by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR) and Langmuir and Freundlich models of absorption isotherms were applied to describe the biosorption isotherms. Langmuir model fitted the equil. data better than Freundlich isotherm according to the cor. Akaike Information Criterion (AICc). From Langmuir model, dead biomass of P. ostreatus modified by heat was the most suitable biosorbent with the max. sorption capacity of 118.3 ± 9.9 mg/g dried biomass. Obtained results suggest that biomass of white-rot fungi can be used as a suitable and low-cost biosorbent for the removal of azo dyes from contaminated waters.
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    16. 16
      Manan, S.; Ullah, M. W.; Ul-Islam, M.; Atta, O. M.; Yang, G. Synthesis and Applications of Fungal Mycelium-based Advanced Functional Materials. J. Bioresour. Bioprod. 2021, 6, 1– 10,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jobab.2021.01.001
      16
      Synthesis and applications of fungal mycelium-based advanced functional materials
      Manan, Sehrish; Ullah, Muhammad Wajid; Ul-Islam, Mazhar; Atta, Omar Mohammad; Yang, Guang
      Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts (2021), 6 (1), 1-10CODEN: JBBOKT; ISSN:2369-9698. (Elsevier B.V.)
      A review. Over the last couple of decades, the introduction of living systems to material science for the synthesis of functional materials from biol. resources is receiving immense consideration. This is also in accordance with the need for green and sustainable development of new materials. For example, the growing concerns of the degrdn. of synthetic plastics are shifting the direction of materials-related research to the use of polymeric materials acquired from renewable resources. For example, the fungal mycelium-based materials are produced by growing the vegetative part of mushroom-forming fungi on different org. substrates. Such fungi are known for their ability to degrade agricultural wastes such as straws and sawdust. The mycelium-based composites having tailored structural, phys., chem., mech., and biol. properties are relying on the strain, feeding substrate, and the manufg. process. The mycelium cell wall mainly contains the chitin, glucans, proteins, and lipids, whose concns. depend upon the feeding substrate that ultimately defines the final properties of the synthesized materials. The mycelium-based functional materials with tunable properties are synthesized by selecting the desired components and the synthesis method. The pure and composites of stiff, elastic, porous, less dense, fast-growing, and low-cost mycelium-derived materials with efficient antimicrobial, antioxidant, and skin whitening properties pave their way in various applications such as construction, packaging, medicine, and cosmetics. This review describes the synthesis and structural organization of mycelium-based materials. It further discusses the effect of different factors on the material properties. Finally, it summarizes different applications of mycelium-based materials in medicine, cosmetics, packaging, and construction fields.
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    17. 17
      Aksu, Z.; Karabayır, G. Comparison of biosorption properties of different kinds of fungi for the removal of Gryfalan Black RL metal-complex dye. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99, 7730– 7741,  DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.01.056
      17
      Comparison of biosorption properties of different kinds of fungi for the removal of Gryfalan Black RL metal-complex dye
      Aksu, Zuemriye; Karabayir, Goeknur
      Bioresource Technology (2008), 99 (16), 7730-7741CODEN: BIRTEB; ISSN:0960-8524. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Three kinds of filamentous fungi (Rhizopus arrhizus, Trametes versicolor, Aspergillus niger) were tested for their ability to adsorb Gryfalan Black RL metal-complex dye as a function of pH, temp., and dye concn. R. arrhizus and T. versicolor exhibited the max. dye uptake at pH 2.0 and at 25° while A. niger performed the highest dye biosorption at pH 1.0 and at 35°. Sorption capacity of each biosorbent increased with increasing initial dye concn. Among the 3 fungi, R. arrhizus was the most effective biosorbent showing a max. dye uptake of 666.7 mg g-1. The Langmuir model described the equil. data of each dye-fungus system accurately in the concn. and temp. ranges studied. Kinetic anal. indicated that both adsorption kinetics and internal diffusion played an important role on controlling the overall adsorption rate for each fungus. Thermodn. anal. verified that A. niger biosorption was endothermic while the others were exothermic.
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    18. 18
      Ankamwar, B. Edible Inonotus dryadeus Fungi with Quick Separation of Water Pollutant Oils and Methylene Blue Dye. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 2016, 2, 707– 711,  DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00559
      18
      Edible Inonotus dryadeus Fungi with Quick Separation of Water Pollutant Oils and Methylene Blue Dye
      Ankamwar, Balaprasad
      ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering (2016), 2 (5), 707-711CODEN: ABSEBA; ISSN:2373-9878. (American Chemical Society)
      Dry Inonotus dryadeus (DID) fungi is reported as a rapid separator of engine oil, used engine oil, and λ-cyhalothrin pesticide with adsorption capacities up to 7.15, 8.40, and 5.75 times mass of DID, resp. The high adsorption of Methylene Blue dye at equil. (137 mg/g) is significantly higher than recently reported Fe amended activated C (10.30 mg/g), tea fruit activated C (21.37 mg/g), and titanate nanotubes (94.15 mg/g). This study with plausible mechanisms authenticates an economically viable model for water body cleaning technol. and oil, using oil-adsorbed cakes of DID as a source of energy.
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    19. 19
      Chander, M.; Arora, D. S.; Bath, H. K. Biodecolourisation of some industrial dyes by white-rot fungi. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2004, 31, 94– 97,  DOI: 10.1007/s10295-004-0116-y
      19
      Biodecolourisation of some industrial dyes by white-rot fungi
      Chander, M.; Arora, D. S.; Bath, H. K.
      Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2004), 31 (2), 94-97CODEN: JIMBFL; ISSN:1367-5435. (Springer-Verlag)
      Eight white-rot fungal strains were screened for biodecolorization of eight dyes com. employed in various industries. Decolorization of Poly R 478 was used as a std. to ascertain the dye-decolorization potential of various fungi. All the fungi tested significantly decolorised Poly R 478 on solid agar medium. When tested in a nitrogen-limited broth medium, Dichomitus squalens, Irpex flavus, Phlebia spp. and Polyporus sanguineus were better industrial dye decolorizers than Phanerochaete chrysosporium.
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    20. 20
      Maurya, N. S.; Mittal, A. K. Selection of biosorbent: a case of cationic dyes sorption. Natl. Acad. Sci. Lett. 2008, 31, 221– 227
      20
      Selection of biosorbent: a case of cationic dyes sorption
      Maurya, Nityanand Singh; Mittal, Atul Kumar
      National Academy Science Letters (India) (2008), 31 (7 & 8), 221-227CODEN: NASLDX; ISSN:0250-541X. (National Academy of Sciences, India)
      Expts. are conducted to compare sorption capacity of two bisorbents namely KL and BM prepd. from wood rotting dead macro fungus, Fomitopsis carnea and Fomes fomentarius resp., for the sorption of 10 cationic dyes. Results indicate that biosorbent KL has high sorption potential than BM for all dyes. To understand difference in dye sorption potential, FT-IR of the biosorbents are conducted. The FT-IR reveals that presence of the acetamide groups of chitin mol. in KL is responsible for high sorption capacity.
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    21. 21
      Maurya, N. S.; Mittal, A. K.; Cornel, P.; Rother, E. Biosorption of dyes using dead macro fungi: effect of dye structure, ionic strength and pH. Bioresour. Technol. 2006, 97, 512– 521,  DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.02.045
      21
      Biosorption of dyes using dead macro fungi: effect of dye structure, ionic strength and pH
      Maurya Nityanand Singh; Mittal Atul Kumar; Cornel Peter; Rother Elmar
      Bioresource technology (2006), 97 (3), 512-21 ISSN:0960-8524.
      Biosorbents prepared from dead macro fungi, namely Fomes fomentarius and Phellinus igniarius, were applied for the uptake of Methylene Blue (MB) and Rhodamine B (RB). Equilibrium isotherm data could be well described by the Langmuir and Freundlich models. Methylene Blue was found to be more adsorbable than Rhodamine B. Langmuir monolayer coverage was determined as 204.38-232.73 mg/g and 25.12-36.82 mg/g for MB and RB, respectively. Molecular structure and ionic radius of dyes were found to be responsible for differences in their uptakes. Results showed that sorption of MB increased while that of RB decreased as pH of respective dye solutions changed from 3 to 11. An increase in ionic strength also exhibited an adverse effect on dye sorption capacity. Ionic strength and pH affected the sorption of MB more as compared to the sorption of RB. The presence of carboxylic (-ve) and amino (+ve) groups in RB could explain the lower sorption of RB compared to MB.
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    22. 22
      Puchana-Rosero, M. J.; Lima, E. C.; Ortiz-Monsalve, S.; Mella, B.; Da Costa, D.; Poll, E.; Gutterres, M. Fungal biomass as biosorbent for the removal of Acid Blue 161 dye in aqueous solution. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2017, 24, 4200– 4209,  DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8153-4
      22
      Fungal biomass as biosorbent for the removal of Acid Blue 161 dye in aqueous solution
      Puchana-Rosero, Mayerly Johana; Lima, Eder C.; Ortiz-Monsalve, Santiago; Mella, Bianca; da Costa, Dimitrius; Poll, Eduardo; Gutterres, Mariliz
      Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2017), 24 (4), 4200-4209CODEN: ESPLEC; ISSN:0944-1344. (Springer)
      Phys. and thermal treatment was used to inactivate Trametes sp. SC-10 fungus. The resulting biomass was named BTV, characterized by anal. techniques such as SEM, EDX, FTIR, BET, and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) model. pH, kinetic, and equil. adsorption studies with the Acid Blue 161 (AB-161) dye were investigated at 303.15 K. The kinetics of the biosorption process were examd. at 600.00 and 1300 mg L-1, using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Avrami fractional-order models. The max. biosorption capacity of BTV for AB-161 dye was 221.6 mg g-1. Considering the biosorption data and the functional groups of BTV, it can be inferred that the sorption mechanism of AB-161 is regulated by electrostatic interactions between ionized dye mols. and neg. charges on BTV in an aq. soln. Finally, the BTV was tested with a simulated effluent with 89.47% efficiency, presenting the BTV as a biosorbent for real effluents polluted with dyes.
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    23. 23
      Kabbout, R.; Taha, S. Biodecolorization of Textile Dye Effluent by Biosorption on Fungal Biomass Materials. Phys. Procedia 2014, 55, 437– 444,  DOI: 10.1016/j.phpro.2014.07.063
      23
      Biodecolorization of Textile Dye Effluent by Biosorption on Fungal Biomass Materials
      Kabbout, Rana; Taha, Samir
      Physics Procedia (2014), 55 (), 437-444CODEN: PPHRCK; ISSN:1875-3892. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Colored industrial effluents have become a vital source of water pollution, and because water is the most important natural source; its treatment is a responsibility. Usually colored wastewater is treated by phys. and chem. processes. But these technologies are ineffective in removing dyes, expensive and not adaptable to a wide range of colored water. Biosorption was identified as the preferred technique for bleaching colored wastewater by giving the best results. This treatment was based on the use of dead fungal biomass as new material for treating industrial colored effluents by biosorption. We studied the ability of biosorption of methylene blue (MB) by Aspergillus fumigatus and optimize the conditions for better absorption. Biosorption reaches 68% at 120 min. Similarly, the biosorbed amt. increases up to 65% with pH from 4 to 6, and it's similar and around 90% for pH from 7 to 13. At ambient temp. 20-22 °C, the percentage of biosorption of methylene blue was optimal. The kinetic of biosorption is directly related to the surface of biosorbent when the particle size is also an important factor affecting the ability of biosorption. Also the biosorption of methylene blue increases with the dose of biosorbent due to an augmentation of the adsorption surface. In this study, for an initial concn. of 12 mg/L of MB (biosorbent/soln. ratio=2g/L) buffered to alk. pH, and a contact time of 120 min, biosorption takes place at an ambient temp. and reaches 93.5% under these conditions.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXht1ylsLjO&md5=d1320c66ca69bcec280c6795f812601b
    24. 24
      Rizqi, H. D.; Purnomo, A. S. The ability of brown-rot fungus Daedalea dickinsii to decolorize and transform methylene blue dye. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2017, 33, 92,  DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2256-z
      24
      The ability of brown-rot fungus Daedalea dickinsii to decolorize and transform methylene blue dye
      Rizqi Hamdan Dwi; Purnomo Adi Setyo
      World journal of microbiology & biotechnology (2017), 33 (5), 92 ISSN:.
      The ability of Daedalea dickinsii to decolorize and transform methylene blue (MB) dye was investigated. MB was decolorized in potato dextrose agar medium after adding MB at concentrations of 50, 75, and 100 mg L(-1). D. dickinsii decolorized MB with decolorization index values of 0.92, 0.90, and 0.88 at MB concentrations of 50, 75, and 100 mg L(-1), respectively. The 100 mg L(1) MB concentration was selected for biotransformation in liquid potato dextrose broth medium. D. dickinsii transformed approximately 54% of the MB after a 14-day incubation. 3-(Dimethylamino)-7-(methylamino) phenothiazine (C15H16N3S), 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)-4aH-phenothiazin-5-one (C16H19N3SO), and 4-(dimethylamino)-2-[m(dimethylamino) phenylsulfinyl] benzenamine (C16H21N3SO) were detected as MB metabolic products. This is the first report of MB transformation by the brown-rot fungi D. dickinsii. These results indicate that D. dickinsii can be used to decolorize and biotransform MB dye.
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    25. 25
      Senthilkumar, S.; Perumalsamy, M.; Janardhana Prabhu, H. Decolourization potential of white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium on synthetic dye bath effluent containing Amido black 10B. J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 2014, 18, 845– 853,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2011.10.010
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    26. 26
      Faraco, V.; Pezzella, C.; Giardina, P.; Piscitelli, A.; Vanhulle, S.; Sannia, G. Decolourization of textile dyes by the white-rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Pleurotus ostreatus. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 2009, 84, 414– 419,  DOI: 10.1002/jctb.2055
      26
      Decolourization of textile dyes by the white-rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Pleurotus ostreatus
      Faraco, V.; Pezzella, C.; Giardina, P.; Piscitelli, A.; Vanhulle, S.; Sannia, G.
      Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology (2009), 84 (3), 414-419CODEN: JCTBED; ISSN:0268-2575. (John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
      The ability of the fungi Pleurotus ostreatus and Phanerochaete chrysosporium to decolorize and detoxify 11 (mono-, dis-, poly- azo, and anthraquinonic type) dyes, widely used across the textile and leather industries, was tested. Different substrate specificities were revealed between P. ostreatus and P. chrysosporium in decolorization expts. P. chrysosporium provided almost complete decolorization of the tested azo dyes ≤600 ppm and disazo dyes ≤1000 ppm, and 80% decolorization of the tris-azo dye DBU1L38 at 1000 ppm, after 6 days. P. ostreatus provided almost total decolorization of the anthraquinone type dye ABU62 (1000 ppm) after just 1 day. P. ostreatus also showed the ability to decolorize the tested dis-azo and tris-azo dyes, giving the best performances against the dis-azo DBU1U1 (600 ppm) dye, which was 100% decolorized after 6 days. Laccases proved to be the main enzymic activities acting in P. ostreatus decolorization. The potential of the fungi P. ostreatus and P. chrysosporium as efficient bio-systems for decolorization and detoxification of several toxic industrial dyes was demonstrated. The role of laccases in the decolorization of dis-azo dyes by P. ostreatus was demonstrated for the first time.
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    27. 27
      Bouras, H. D.; Isik, Z.; Arikan, E. B.; Yeddou, A. R.; Bouras, N.; Chergui, A.; Favier, L.; Amrane, A.; Dizge, N. Biosorption characteristics of methylene blue dye by two fungal biomasses. Int. J. Environ. Stud. 2021, 78, 365– 381,  DOI: 10.1080/00207233.2020.1745573
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      Biosorption characteristics of methylene blue dye by two fungal biomasses
      Bouras, Hadj Daoud; Isik, Zelal; Arikan, Ezgi Bezirhan; Yeddou, Ahmed Reda; Bouras, Noureddine; Chergui, Abdelmalek; Favier, Lidia; Amrane, Abdeltif; Dizge, Nadir
      International Journal of Environmental Studies (2021), 78 (3), 365-381CODEN: IJEVAW; ISSN:0020-7233. (Taylor & Francis Ltd.)
      A novel approach has been tried to use both Aspergillus carbonarius (AC) and Penicillium glabrum (PG) fungi for the first time to remove methylene blue (MB) from aq. solns. The biosorption was favored using a biosorbent concn. of 0.33 g/L at pH 8.2. Biosorption kinetics were evaluated for different dye concns. (5-25 mg/L). The resulting biosorbent was characterised by SEM (SEM), X-ray diffractometer and Fourier transformer IR spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The max. biosorption capacities of AC and PG for MB were 21.88 mg/g and 16.67 mg/g, resp. at 30°C. The results suggested that A. carbonarius and P. glabrum could be used as biosorbents for the effective removal of methylene blue from dye wastewater in terms of biosorption capacity, availability and low cost.
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    28. 28
      Bouras, H. D.; Yeddou, A. R.; Bouras, N.; Hellel, D.; Holtz, M. D.; Sabaou, N.; Chergui, A.; Nadjemi, B. Biosorption of Congo red dye by Aspergillus carbonarius M333 and Penicillium glabrum Pg1: Kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 2017, 80, 915– 923,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.08.002
      28
      Biosorption of Congo red dye by Aspergillus carbonarius M333 and Penicillium glabrum Pg1: Kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies
      Bouras, Hadj Daoud; Yeddou, Ahmed Reda; Bouras, Noureddine; Hellel, Djamila; Holtz, Michael D.; Sabaou, Nasserdine; Chergui, Abdelmalek; Nadjemi, Boubekeur
      Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers (2017), 80 (), 915-923CODEN: JTICA8; ISSN:1876-1070. (Elsevier B.V.)
      The biosorption of the anionic dye Congo red from aq. soln. onto the novel biosorbents Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium glabrum was studied. Optimum sorption conditions were identified by varying soln. pH, initial dye concn., contact time and temp. The obtained results showed that BET surface area of Penicillium glabrum biosorbent (6.31 m2/g) was larger than that of Aspergillus carbonarius biomass (5.07 m2/g). The microstructures of the fungi were obsd. with scanning electron micrographs. Chem. characterization of both micro-fungi was carried out by Fourier Transform IR Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The biosorption data have been analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich and Sips isotherms. Based on R2, the equil. sorption data was better fitted to Langmuir isotherm model than any other model. The biosorption processes conformed to the pseudo-second-order rate kinetics. Maximum biosorption capacity was found to be 99.01 mg/g for Aspergillus carbonarius and 101.01 mg/g for Penicillium glabrum at pH 4.5, 0.33 g/L sorbent dosage, 180 min contact time and 303 K for dye initial concn. of 50 mg/L. Thermodn. parameters of the biosorption (ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS°) were also detd. and it was found that the biosorption of dye by Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium glabrum was a spontaneous process and endothermic in nature.
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    29. 29
      Saraf, S.; Vaidya, V. K. Comparative Study of Biosorption of Textile Dyes Using Fungal Biosorbents. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 2015, 2, 357– 365
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    30. 30
      Vršanská, M.; Voběrková, S.; Jiménez Jiménez, A. M.; Strmiska, V.; Adam, V. Preparation and Optimisation of Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates Using Native Isolate White Rot Fungi Trametes versicolor and Fomes fomentarius for the Decolourisation of Synthetic Dyes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 15, 23,  DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010023
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    31. 31
      Brown, A. J. P.; Brown, G. D.; Netea, M. G.; Gow, N. A. R. Metabolism impacts upon Candida immunogenicity and pathogenicity at multiple levels. Trends Microbiol. 2014, 22, 614– 622,  DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.07.001
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      Metabolism impacts upon Candida immunogenicity and pathogenicity at multiple levels
      Brown, Alistair J. P.; Brown, Gordon D.; Netea, Mihai G.; Gow, Neil A. R.
      Trends in Microbiology (2014), 22 (11), 614-622CODEN: TRMIEA; ISSN:0966-842X. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      A review. Metab. is integral to the pathogenicity of Candida albicans, a major fungal pathogen of humans. As well as providing the platform for nutrient assimilation and growth in diverse host niches, metabolic adaptation affects the susceptibility of C. albicans to host-imposed stresses and antifungal drugs, the expression of key virulence factors, and fungal vulnerability to innate immune defences. These effects, which are driven by complex regulatory networks linking metab., morphogenesis, stress adaptation, and cell wall remodelling, influence commensalism and infection. Therefore, current concepts of Candida-host interactions must be extended to include the impact of metabolic adaptation upon pathogenicity and immunogenicity.
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    32. 32
      Gow, N. A. R.; Latge, J.-P.; Munro, C. A. The Fungal Cell Wall: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Function. Microbiol. Spectr. 2017, 5, 1– 23,  DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.funk-0035-2016
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    33. 33
      Kwon, M. J.; Nitsche, B. M.; Arentshorst, M.; Jørgensen, T. R.; Ram, A. F. J.; Meyer, V. The transcriptomic signature of RacA activation and inactivation provides new insights into the morphogenetic network of Aspergillus niger. PLoS One 2013, 8, e68946  DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068946
      33
      The transcriptomic signature of RacA activation and inactivation provides new insights into the morphogenetic network of Aspergillus niger
      Kwon, Min Jin; Nitsche, Benjamin M.; Arentshorst, Mark; Jorgensen, Thomas R.; Ram, Arthur F. J.; Meyer, Vera
      PLoS One (2013), 8 (7), e68946CODEN: POLNCL; ISSN:1932-6203. (Public Library of Science)
      RacA is the main Rho GTPase in Aspergillus niger regulating polarity maintenance via controlling actin dynamics. Both deletion and dominant activation of RacA (RacG18V) provoke an actin localization defect and thereby loss of polarized tip extension, resulting in frequent dichotomous branching in the ΔracA strain and an apolar growing phenotype for RacG18V. In the current study the transcriptomics and physiol. consequences of these morphol. changes were studied and compared with the data of the morphogenetic network model for the dichotomous branching mutant ramosa-1. This integrated approach revealed that polar tip growth is most likely orchestrated by the concerted activities of phospholipid signaling, sphingolipid signaling, TORC2 signaling, calcium signaling and CWI signaling pathways. The transcriptomic signatures and the reconstructed network model for all three morphol. mutants (ΔracA, RacG18V, ramosa-1) imply that these pathways become integrated to bring about different physiol. adaptations including changes in sterol, zinc and amino acid metab. and changes in ion transport and protein trafficking. Finally, the fate of exocytotic (SncA) and endocytic (AbpA, SlaB) markers in the dichotomous branching mutant ΔracA was followed, demonstrating that hyperbranching does not per se result in increased protein secretion.
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      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXht1ertrfL&md5=986e2b1e21669121c8cbabe8e1976807
    34. 34
      Park, J.; Hulsman, M.; Arentshorst, M.; Breeman, M.; Alazi, E.; Lagendijk, E. L.; Rocha, M. C.; Malavazi, I.; Nitsche, B. M.; van den Hondel, C. A. M. J. J.; Meyer, V.; Ram, A. F. J. Transcriptomic and molecular genetic analysis of the cell wall salvage response of Aspergillus niger to the absence of galactofuranose synthesis. Cell Microbiol. 2016, 18, 1268– 1284,  DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12624
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      Transcriptomic and molecular genetic analysis of the cell wall salvage response of Aspergillus niger to the absence of galactofuranose synthesis
      Park, Joohae; Hulsman, Mark; Arentshorst, Mark; Breeman, Matthijs; Alazi, Ebru; Lagendijk, Ellen L.; Rocha, Marina C.; Malavazi, Iran; Nitsche, Benjamin M.; van den Hondel, Cees A. M. J. J.; Meyer, Vera; Ram, Arthur F. J.
      Cellular Microbiology (2016), 18 (9), 1268-1284CODEN: CEMIF5; ISSN:1462-5814. (Wiley-Blackwell)
      Summary : The biosynthesis of cell surface-located galactofuranose (Galf)-contg. glycostructures such as galactomannan, N-glycans and O-glycans in filamentous fungi is important to secure the integrity of the cell wall. UgmA encodes an UDP-galactopyranose mutase, which is essential for the formation of Galf. Consequently, the ΔugmA mutant lacks Galf-contg. mols. Our previous work in Aspergillus niger suggested that loss of function of ugmA results in activation of the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway which is characterized by increased expression of the agsA gene, encoding an α-glucan synthase. In this study, the transcriptional response of the ΔugmA mutant was further linked to the CWI pathway by showing the induced and constitutive phosphorylation of the CWI-MAP kinase in the ΔugmA mutant. To identify genes involved in cell wall remodeling in response to the absence of galactofuranose biosynthesis, a genome-wide expression anal. was performed using RNAseq. Over 400 genes were higher expressed in the ΔugmA mutant compared to the wild-type. These include genes that encode enzymes involved in chitin (gfaB, gnsA, chsA) and α-glucan synthesis (agsA), and in β-glucan remodeling (bgxA, gelF and dfgC), and also include several glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell wall protein-encoding genes. In silico anal. of the 1-kb promoter regions of the up-regulated genes in the ΔugmA mutant indicated over-representation of genes with RlmA, MsnA, PacC and SteA-binding sites. The importance of these transcription factors for survival of the ΔugmA mutant was analyzed by constructing the resp. double mutants. The ΔugmA/ΔrlmA and ΔugmA/ΔmsnA double mutants showed strong synthetic growth defects, indicating the importance of these transcription factors to maintain cell wall integrity in the absence of Galf biosynthesis.
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    35. 35
      Meyer, V.; Damveld, R. A.; Arentshorst, M.; Stahl, U.; van den Hondel, C. A. M. J. J.; Ram, A. F. J. Survival in the Presence of Antifungals. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282, 32935– 32948,  DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705856200
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      Survival in the presence of antifungals: Genome-wide expression profiling of Aspergillus niger in response to sublethal concentrations of caspofungin and fenpropimorph
      Meyer, Vera; Damveld, Robbert A.; Arentshorst, Mark; Stahl, Ulf; van den Hondel, Cees A. M. J. J.; Ram, Arthur F. J.
      Journal of Biological Chemistry (2007), 282 (45), 32935-32948CODEN: JBCHA3; ISSN:0021-9258. (American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology)
      How yeast cells respond to cell wall stress is relatively well understood; however, how filamentous fungi cope with cell wall damage is largely unexplored. Here, the authors report the first transcriptome anal. of Aspergillus niger exposed to the antifungal compds. caspofungin, an inhibitor of β-1,3-glucan synthesis, and fenpropimorph, which inhibits ergosterol synthesis. The presence of sublethal drug concns. allowed A. niger to adapt to the stress conditions and to continue growth by the establishment of new polarity axes and formation of new germ tubes. By comparing the expression profile between caspofungin-exposed and nonexposed A. niger germlings, we identified a total of 172 responsive genes out of 14,509 open reading frames present on the Affymetrix microarray chips. Among 165 up-regulated genes, mainly genes predicted to function in (i) cell wall assembly and remodeling, (ii) cytoskeletal organization, (iii) signaling, and (iv) oxidative stress response were affected. Fenpropimorph modulated expression of 43 genes, of which 41 showed enhanced expression. Here, genes predicted to function in (i) membrane reconstruction, (ii) lipid signaling, (iii) cell wall remodeling, and (iv) oxidative stress response were identified. Northern analyses of selected genes were used to confirm the microarray analyses. The results further show that expression of the agsA gene encoding an α-1,3-glucan synthase is up-regulated by both compds. Using two PagsA-GFP reporter strains of A. niger and subjecting them to 16 different antifungal compds., including caspofungin and fenpropimorph, we could show that agsA is specifically activated by compds. interfering directly or indirectly with cell wall biosynthesis.
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    36. 36
      Paege, N.; Warnecke, D.; Zäuner, S.; Hagen, S.; Rodrigues, A.; Baumann, B.; Thiess, M.; Jung, S.; Meyer, V. Species-Specific Differences in the Susceptibility of Fungi to the Antifungal Protein AFP Depend on C-3 Saturation of Glycosylceramides. mSphere 2019, 4, e00741  DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00741-19
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      Species-specific differences in the susceptibility of fungi to the antifungal protein AFP depend on C-3 saturation of glycosylceramides
      Paege, Norman; Warnecke, Dirk; Zaeuner, Simone; Hagen, Silke; Rodrigues, Ana; Baumann, Birgit; Thiess, Melanie; Jung, Sascha; Meyer, Vera
      mSphere (2019), 4 (6), e00741-19/1-e00741-19/15CODEN: MSPHCI; ISSN:2379-5042. (American Society for Microbiology)
      AFP is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) produced by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus giganteus and is a very potent inhibitor of fungal growth that does not affect the viability of bacteria, plant, or mammalian cells. It targets chitin synthesis and causes plasma membrane permeabilization in many human- and plant-pathogenic fungi, but its exact mode of action is not known. After adoption of the "damage-response framework of microbial pathogenesis" regarding the anal. of interactions between AMPs and microorganisms, we have recently proposed that the cytotoxic capacity of a given AMP depends not only on the presence/absence of its target(s) in the host and the AMP concn. applied but also on other variables, such as microbial survival strategies. We show here using the examples of three filamentous fungi (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Fusarium graminearum) and two yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris) that the important parameters defining the AFP susceptibilities of these fungi are (i) the presence/ absence of glycosylceramides, (ii) the presence/absence of Δ3(E) desatn. of the fatty acid chain therein, and (iii) the (dis)ability of these fungi to respond to AFP inhibitory effects with the fortification of their cell walls via increased chitin and β-(1,3)-glucan synthesis. These observations support the idea of the adoption of the damage-response framework to holistically understand the outcome of AFP inhibitory effects.
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    37. 37
      Gáper, J.; Gáperová, S.; Pristas, P.; Naplavova, K. Medicinal Value and Taxonomy of the Tinder Polypore, Fomes fomentarius (Agaricomycetes): A Review. Int. J. Med. Mushrooms 2016, 18, 851– 859,  DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.v18.i10.10
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      Medicinal Value and Taxonomy of the Tinder Polypore, Fomes fomentarius (Agaricomycetes): A Review
      Gaper Jan; Gaperova Svetlana; Pristas Peter; Naplavova Katerina
      International journal of medicinal mushrooms (2016), 18 (10), 851-859 ISSN:.
      The tinder polypore, Fomes fomentarius, is a wood-decaying macrofungus well known for its potential use in a wide range of biotechnological applications. The existence of 3 distinct internal transcribed spacer lineages/sublineages among its strains has been clearly established. Sublineage A1 consists of strains isolated from North America, whereas sublineage A2 consists of strains only from Europe. Lineage B comprises strains from Europe and Asia. A better understanding of the biological features of F. fomentarius lineages/sublineages could lead to improved characterization, leading to better biotechnological applications. The medicinal value of F. fomentarius is discussed.
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    38. 38
      Meyer, V.; Schmidt, B.; Pohl, C.; Cerimi, K.; Schubert, B.; Weber, B.; Neubauer, P.; Junne, S.; Zakeri, Z.; Rapp, R.; de Lutz, C.; Schubert, T.; Peluso, F.; Volpato, A. Mind the Fungi; Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin: Berlin, 2020.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    39. 39
      Yousefi, N.; Jones, M.; Bismarck, A.; Mautner, A. Fungal chitin-glucan nanopapers with heavy metal adsorption properties for ultrafiltration of organic solvents and water. Carbohydr. Polym. 2021, 253, 117273,  DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117273
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      Fungal chitin-glucan nanopapers with heavy metal adsorption properties for ultrafiltration of organic solvents and water
      Yousefi, Neptun; Jones, Mitchell; Bismarck, Alexander; Mautner, Andreas
      Carbohydrate Polymers (2021), 253 (), 117273CODEN: CAPOD8; ISSN:0144-8617. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Membranes and filters are essential devices, both in the lab. for sepn. of media, solvent recovery, org. solvent and water filtration purposes, and in industrial scale applications, such as the removal of industrial pollutants, e.g. heavy metal ions, from water. Due to their solvent stability, biol. sourced and renewable membrane or filter materials, such as cellulose or chitin, provide a low-cost, sustainable alternative to synthetic materials for org. solvent filtration and water treatment. Here, we investigated the potential of fungal chitin nanopapers derived from A. bisporus (common white-button mushrooms) as ultrafiltration membranes for org. solvents and aq. solns. and hybrid chitin-cellulose microfibril papers as high permeance adsorptive filters. Fungal chitin constitutes a renewable, easily isolated, and abundant alternative to crustacean chitin. It can be fashioned into solvent stable nanopapers with pore sizes of 10-12 nm, as detd. by mol. wt. cut-off and rejection of gold nanoparticles, that exhibit high org. solvent permeance, making them a valuable material for org. solvent filtration applications. Addn. of cellulose fibers to produce chitin-cellulose hybrid papers extended membrane functionality to water treatment applications, with considerable static and dynamic copper ion adsorption capacities and high permeances that outperformed other biol. derived membranes, while being simpler to produce, naturally porous, and not requiring crosslinking. The simple nanopaper prodn. process coupled with the remarkable filtration properties of the papers for both org. solvent filtration and water treatment applications designates them an environmentally benign alternative to traditional membrane and filter materials.
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    40. 40
      Nawawi, W. M. F. W.; Lee, K.-Y.; Kontturi, E.; Murphy, R. J.; Bismarck, A. Chitin Nanopaper from Mushroom Extract: Natural Composite of Nanofibers and Glucan from a Single Biobased Source. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2019, 7, 6492– 6496,  DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b00721
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    41. 41
      Janesch, J.; Jones, M.; Bacher, M.; Kontturi, E.; Bismarck, A.; Mautner, A. Mushroom-derived chitosan-glucan nanopaper filters for the treatment of water. React. Funct. Polym. 2020, 146, 104428,  DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.104428
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      Mushroom-derived chitosan-glucan nanopaper filters for treatment of water
      Janesch, Jan; Jones, Mitchell; Bacher, Markus; Kontturi, Eero; Bismarck, Alexander; Mautner, Andreas
      Reactive & Functional Polymers (2020), 146 (), 104428CODEN: RFPOF6; ISSN:1381-5148. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Contaminated water represents a significant threat to public health, with heavy metals present in industrial effluents constituting a particular hazard. Conventional heavy metal removal processes are often expensive and rely on synthetic materials. Renewable adsorbents or filters, such as chitosan, provide a low-cost, simple alternative for treatment of water. Fungal chitin and hence fungal chitosan is a cheap, renewable, easily isolated, and abundant alternative to crustacean chitin. This study investigated the water treatment potential of chitosan-glucan nanopapers derived from common white-button mushroom (A. bisporus) ext. as adsorptive filter. These nanopapers completely rejected 10 nm gold nanoparticles, indicating potential for virus filtration. They had copper ion (2 mM) adsorption capacities (up to 120 mg g-1) increasing with degree of deacetylation of fungal chitin on par with or even outperforming current chitosan membranes with the advantage of simpler prodn., not requiring further crosslinking. In order to improve the performance of fungal chitosan-glucan filters, hybrid filters with cellulose microfibres from fiber sludge were prepd. Hybrid nanopapers exhibited significantly increased copper ion adsorption (162 mg g-1) in conjunction with high water permeances (63,000 to 121,000 L h-1 m-2 MPa-1). The simple manufg. process and impressive filtration/adsorbent properties of these renewable filters make them a viable option for water treatment helping to reduce the ecol. impact of traditional water treatment processes.
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    42. 42
      Girometta, C.; Dondi, D.; Baiguera, R. M.; Bracco, F.; Branciforti, D. S.; Buratti, S.; Lazzaroni, S.; Savino, E. Characterization of mycelia from wood-decay species by TGA and IR spectroscopy. Cellulose 2020, 27, 6133– 6148,  DOI: 10.1007/s10570-020-03208-4
      42
      Characterization of mycelia from wood-decay species by TGA and IR spectroscopy
      Girometta, C.; Dondi, D.; Baiguera, R. M.; Bracco, F.; Branciforti, D. S.; Buratti, S.; Lazzaroni, S.; Savino, E.
      Cellulose (Dordrecht, Netherlands) (2020), 27 (11), 6133-6148CODEN: CELLE8; ISSN:0969-0239. (Springer)
      Wood-decay fungi have been mainly studied for their medicinal or nutraceutical properties, lignocellulolytic enzymes as well as their pathol. role in plants. Recently they have also been recognized as a potential source of biocomposite materials due to the features of mycelial mats in several species. Chem., phys.-morphol. and biol. properties are affected by interspecific and intraspecific differences in compn. of the cell wall regarding both major and minor constituents; thus, a preliminary characterization can optimize the strain selection for applied and research purposes. In the present study, 52 strains from 18 wood-decay fungal species were considered to build a general descriptive model based on the cell wall in the light of interspecific variability. Pure-cultured mycelia were dried and examd. by thermogravimetric anal. (TGA) and Fourier transformed IR spectroscopy (FTIR) to highlight the main different characteristics of each species. TGA profiles resulted more functional for a qual.-quant. description of major constituents (above all, β-glucans and chitin), whereas FTIR spectra are only qual. and more difficult to analyze. Principal component anal. and cluster anal. confirmed the general descriptive model and allow interspecific comparison beyond intraspecific variability. In conclusion, TGA provides a simpler tool for screening of wood decay fungal strains and selection based on major cell wall constituents, namely chitin and glucans.
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    43. 43
      Sun, W.; Tajvidi, M.; Howell, C.; Hunt, C. G. Functionality of Surface Mycelium Interfaces in Wood Bonding. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 57431– 57440,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18165
      43
      Functionality of Surface Mycelium Interfaces in Wood Bonding
      Sun, Wenjing; Tajvidi, Mehdi; Howell, Caitlin; Hunt, Christopher G.
      ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2020), 12 (51), 57431-57440CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
      Filamentous fungi have been considered as candidates to replace petroleum-based adhesives and plastics in novel composite material prodn. particularly those contg. lignocellulosic materials. However, the nature of the role of surface mycelium in the adhesion between lignocellulosic composite components is not well-known. The current study investigated the functionality of surface mycelium for wood bonding by incubating Trametes versicolor on yellow birch veneers and compared the lap-shear strengths after hot-pressing to evaluate if the presence of surface mycelium can improve the interface between two wood layers and consequently improve bonding. We found that the lap shear strength of the samples was enhanced by the increase of surface mycelium coverage up to 8 days of incubation (up to 1.74 MPa) without a significant wood wt. loss. We provide evidence that the bottom surface of the mycelium layer is more hydrophilic, contains more small-scale filamentous structure and contains more functional groups resulting in better bonding with wood than the top surface. These observations confirm and highlight the functionality of the surface mycelium layer for wood bonding and provide useful information for future developments in fully biobased composites manufg.
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    44. 44
      Nada, A. A.; Bekheet, M. F.; Roualdes, S.; Gurlo, A.; Ayral, A. Functionalization of MCM-41 with titanium oxynitride deposited via PECVD for enhanced removal of methylene blue. J. Mol. Liq. 2019, 274, 505– 515,  DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.10.154
      44
      Functionalization of MCM-41 with titanium oxynitride deposited via PECVD for enhanced removal of methylene blue
      Nada, Amr A.; Bekheet, Maged F.; Roualdes, Stephanie; Gurlo, Aleksander; Ayral, Andre
      Journal of Molecular Liquids (2019), 274 (), 505-515CODEN: JMLIDT; ISSN:0167-7322. (Elsevier B.V.)
      TiON and TiO2 were grafted onto the surfaces of mesoporous silica MCM-41 by plasma enhanced chem. vapor deposition (PECVD). The results of small-angle X-ray diffraction (SAXRD), X-ray diffraction, XPS, transmission electron microscopy, and nitrogen physisorption revealed that the mesoporous structure of MCM-41 was retained and the pore size reduced from 2.46 nm to 2.19 nm and 2.18 nm after grafting of amorphous TiO2 and TiON, resp. In consequence, the pore vol. and BET surface area decreased. These results indicate the deposition of TiO2 and TiON particles on the surface of MCM-41, leading to partial blockage of its pores. The grafted materials were found to be effective adsorbents for methylene blue dye. The results of batch adsorption expts. at pH 7 demonstrated that TiON@mSiO2 nanocomposite showed the highest adsorption capacity in comparison with MCM-41 and TiO2@mSiO2, which is due to its highly neg. zeta potential at neutral conditions. The equil. adsorption process fits well with the Langmuir isotherm model and the calcd. max. adsorbed quantity qmax was found to be 129 mg/g. The pseudo-second order model best represents the adsorption kinetics data. Accordingly, the TiON@mSiO2 nanocomposite can be used for the purifn. of wastewater from toxic org. dyes such as methylene blue.
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    45. 45
      Bensalah, H.; Bekheet, M. F.; Younssi, S. A.; Ouammou, M.; Gurlo, A. Removal of cationic and anionic textile dyes with Moroccan natural phosphate. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2017, 5, 2189– 2199,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2017.04.021
      45
      Removal of cationic and anionic textile dyes with Moroccan natural phosphate
      Bensalah, Hiba; Bekheet, Maged F.; Younssi, Saad Alami; Ouammou, Mohamed; Gurlo, Aleksander
      Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering (2017), 5 (3), 2189-2199CODEN: JECEBG; ISSN:2213-3437. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Moroccan natural phosphate was tested as an effective adsorbent for the removal of cationic dye rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) as well as anionic dye congo red (CR) from wastewater. The X-ray diffraction, FTIR and EDX characterizations reveal that the sample contains 98 wt% fluoroapatite (Ca5(PO4)3F) with 1 wt% quartz (SiO2) and 1 wt% calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Nitrogen sorption anal. shows that the BET sp. surface area (SBET) and BJH pore vols. of the sample are 18.8 m2/g and 0.1 cm3/g, resp. Batch adsorption expts. of the dyes from aq. soln. were conducted, taking into account the influence of initial dye concn. (100-400 mg/L), adsorbent dosage (1-20 g/L), contact time (5-300 min) and soln. pH (3-12). The Langmuir isotherm model best represents the equil. adsorption process of the two dyes. The calcd. max. adsorbed quantity qmax of CR and Rh6G at dosage 20 g/L and pH value of 5.2 were found 19.81 and 6.84 mg/g, resp. The adsorption of Rh6G and CR on natural phosphate was found to follow the pseudo-second-order model. Natural phosphate was also tested as an effective adsorbent for a simulated dye effluent under industrial conditions of temp. and pH. Desorption studies were conducted using HCl as an eluent and the highest elution efficiency for both dyes was obtained with a 0.1 M soln. Accordingly, it is demonstrated in this work that natural phosphate is a very efficient adsorbent for both cationic and anionic dyes from contaminated water, and represents a great low-cost alternative to com. adsorbents due to its abundance as a natural resource in Morocco.
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    46. 46
      Bensalah, H.; Younssi, S. A.; Ouammou, M.; Gurlo, A.; Bekheet, M. F. Azo dye adsorption on an industrial waste-transformed hydroxyapatite adsorbent: Kinetics, isotherms, mechanism and regeneration studies. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2020, 8, 103807,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2020.103807
      46
      Azo dye adsorption on an industrial waste-transformed hydroxyapatite adsorbent: Kinetics, isotherms, mechanism and regeneration studies
      Bensalah, Hiba; Younssi, Saad Alami; Ouammou, Mohamed; Gurlo, Aleksander; Bekheet, Maged F.
      Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering (2020), 8 (3), 103807CODEN: JECEBG; ISSN:2213-3437. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Nanocryst. hydroxyapatite (HAp) with high surface area was synthesized by surfactant-assistant hydrothermal method from an industrial waste phosphogypsum. XRD, TEM and nitrogen sorption characterizations revealed that HAp crystals grow as needle-like particles along the c direction with surface area of 86 and 135 m2/g for the samples synthesized without and with Brij-93 surfactant, resp. Adsorption of anionic azo dye Congo Red (CR) were conducted on both samples, taking into account the influence of initial dye concn. (100-500 mg/L), adsorbent dosage (0.5-30 g/L), contact time (5-180 min) and soln. pH (2-12). Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption of CR followed pseudo-second-order model, i.e., chemisorption is the rate controlling step. Freundlich isotherm was found to be most suitable model for the adsorption of CR, i.e. adsorption is multilayer process. The calcd. max. adsorption capacity of synthesized B93-HAp adsorbent using Brij-93 surfactant was found to be 139 mg/g at pH 5.5 and dosage of 2 g/L. Two predominant mechanisms were obsd. for CR adsorption, electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding as revealed by FTIR and XPS. The multi-cycle sorption/desorption tests indicated that waste-transformed adsorbent could be regenerated and reused up to 6 cycles. Therefore, this work shows that the conversion of waste materials into adsorbents has a two-fold environmental benefit for both waste management and wastewater treatment.
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    47. 47
      Xi, Y.; Shen, Y.; Yang, F.; Yang, G.; Liu, C.; Zhang, Z.; Zhu, D. Removal of azo dye from aqueous solution by a new biosorbent prepared with Aspergillus nidulans cultured in tobacco wastewater. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 2013, 44, 815– 820,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2013.01.031
      47
      Removal of azo dye from aqueous solution by a new biosorbent prepared with Aspergillus nidulans cultured in tobacco wastewater
      Xi, Yu; Shen, YongFang; Yang, Fan; Yang, GaoJu; Liu, Chang; Zhang, Zheng; Zhu, DaHeng
      Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers (2013), 44 (5), 815-820CODEN: JTICA8; ISSN:1876-1070. (Elsevier B.V.)
      A new biosorbent was prepd. from the dead biomass of fungus Aspergillus nidulans G, which was capable of using tobacco wastewater (TWW) as a sole substrate. The characterization of the biosorbent surfaces, biosorption kinetics, isotherm models and the effects of various exptl. factors were studied. The kinetics and equil. biosorption were well-described by pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm model, resp. According to the Langmuir model, the max. biosorption capacity of Congo red (CR) was 357.14 mg/g at 30° and pH 6.8, which competed well with other biosorbents reported. Probably this low-cost, environmentally friendly and efficient biosorbent may should be useful for the removal of azo dyes from aq. soln.
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    48. 48
      Yang, Y.; Wang, G.; Wang, B.; Li, Z.; Jia, X.; Zhou, Q.; Zhao, Y. Biosorption of Acid Black 172 and Congo Red from aqueous solution by nonviable Penicillium YW 01: kinetic study, equilibrium isotherm and artificial neural network modeling. Bioresour. Technol. 2011, 102, 828– 834,  DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.08.125
      48
      Biosorption of Acid Black 172 and Congo Red from aqueous solution by nonviable Penicillium YW 01: Kinetic study, equilibrium isotherm and artificial neural network modeling
      Yang, Yuyi; Wang, Guan; Wang, Bing; Li, Zeli; Jia, Xiaoming; Zhou, Qifa; Zhao, Yuhua
      Bioresource Technology (2011), 102 (2), 828-834CODEN: BIRTEB; ISSN:0960-8524. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      We investigated the biosorption performance of nonviable Penicillium YW 01 biomass for removal of Acid Black 172 metal-complex dye (AB) and Congo Red (CR) in solns. Maximum biosorption capacities of 225.38 and 411.53 mg g-1 under initial dye concn. of 800 mg L-1, pH 3.0, and 40° conditions were obsd. for AB and CR, resp. Biosorption data were successfully described with Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The Weber-Morris model anal. indicated that intraparticle diffusion was the limiting step for biosorption of AB and CR onto biosorbent. Anal. based on the artificial neural network and genetic algorithms hybrid model indicated that initial dye concn. and temp. appeared to be the most influential parameters for biosorption process of AB and CR onto biosorbent, resp. Characterization of the biosorbent and possible dye-biosorbent interaction were confirmed by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy and SEM.
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    49. 49
      Ahmed, A. B.; Ebrahim, S. Removal of Methylene Blue and Congo Red Dyes by Pre-treated Fungus Biomass – Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies. J. Adv. Res. Fluid Mech. Therm. Sci. 2020, 66, 84– 100
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    50. 50
      Bayramoglu, G.; Arica, M. Y. Adsorption of Congo Red dye by native amine and carboxyl modified biomass of Funalia trogii: Isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics mechanisms. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 2018, 35, 1303– 1311,  DOI: 10.1007/s11814-018-0033-9
      50
      Adsorption of Congo Red dye by native amine and carboxyl modified biomass of Funalia trogii: Isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics mechanisms
      Bayramoglu, Gulay; Arica, Mehmet Yakup
      Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering (2018), 35 (6), 1303-1311CODEN: KJCHE6; ISSN:0256-1115. (Springer)
      Native, iminodiacetic acid and triethylenetetraamine modified biomasses of Funalia trogii were used for removal of Congo Red dye (CRD) from aq. medium. The native and modified fungal biomasses were characterized using ATR-FTIR, Zeta potential, contact angle studies and anal. methods. FTIR studies of the native and chem. modified adsorbent prepns. show that amine, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups are involved in the adsorption of the model dye (i.e., Congo Red). The max. adsorption of the CRD on the native, carboxyl and amine groups modified fungal biomasses was obtained at pH 5.0. The amt. of adsorbed dye on the adsorbent samples increased as the initial concn. of CRD in the soln. increased to 200mg/L. The adsorption capacities of native, carboxyl groups and amine modified fungal prepns. were 90.4, 153.6 and 193.7mg/g dry adsorbents, resp. The data was fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model, and followed the pseudo-second-order equations. Thermodn. parameters (ΔG0, ΔH0 and ΔS0) were also calcd. The results showed that triethylenetetraamine (TETA) modified biomass of F. trogii presented an excellent dye removal performance and can be used in various environmental applications such as various micro-pollutants removal from aq. medium.
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    51. 51
      Munagapati, V. S.; Wen, H.-Y.; Wen, J.-C.; Gutha, Y.; Tian, Z.; Reddy, G. M.; Garcia, J. R. Anionic Congo red dye removal from aqueous medium using Turkey tail (Trametes versicolor) fungal biomass: adsorption kinetics, isotherms, thermodynamics, reusability, and characterization. J. Dispersion Sci. Technol. 2021, 42, 1785– 1798,  DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2020.1789468
      51
      Anionic congo red dye removal from aqueous medium using Turkey tail (Trametes versicolor) fungal biomass: adsorption kinetics, isotherms, thermodynamics, reusability, and characterization
      Munagapati, Venkata Subbaiah; Wen, Hsin-Yu; Wen, Jet-Chau; Gutha, Yuvaraja; Tian, Zhong; Reddy, Guda Mallikarjuna; Garcia, Jarem Raul
      Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology (2021), 42 (12), 1785-1798CODEN: JDTEDS; ISSN:0193-2691. (Taylor & Francis, Inc.)
      Turkey tail (Trametes versicolor), cheap fungal biomass (TTFB), was used for the adsorption of CR from aq. medium. Batch studies conducted to study the effect of pH (2.0-10.0), agitation speed (50-400 rpm), contact time (0-180 min), adsorbate concn. (300 and 500 mg/L), and temp. (303-333 K). TTFB characterized by FTIR, BET, SEM, and pHpzc. The max. monolayer adsorption capacities of CR on TTFB were 318.1, 368.4, 394.8, and 415.7 mg/g at 303, 313, 323, and 333 K, resp. The adsorption of CR was pH-dependent and max. adsorption attained at pH 2.0 at all temps. Adsorption kinetic data evaluated by using the PFO and PSO non-linear equations. The kinetic data perfectly illustrated by the PSO model with R2 > 9935. The values of ΔG° (-3.4159 to -6.1149 kJ/mol), ΔH° (23.2 kJ/mol), and ΔS° (0.088 kJ/mol K) revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous, feasible and endothermic (ΔG° < 0, ΔS° > 0, and ΔH° > 0). The regeneration expts. indicated that the TTFB could successfully retain CR, even after five consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles. The binding of CR onto the TTFB surface was through electrostatic interactions. Therefore, TTFB considered as highly recyclable and efficient adsorbent material for CR as it can easily sep. from the aq. phase.
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    52. 52
      Binupriya, A. R.; Sathishkumar, M.; Swaminathan, K.; Kuz, C. S.; Yun, S. E. Comparative studies on removal of Congo red by native and modified mycelial pellets of Trametes versicolor in various reactor modes. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99, 1080– 1088,  DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.02.022
      52
      Comparative studies on removal of Congo red by native and modified mycelial pellets of Trametes versicolor in various reactor modes
      Binupriya, A. R.; Sathishkumar, M.; Swaminathan, K.; Kuz, C. S.; Yun, S. E.
      Bioresource Technology (2008), 99 (5), 1080-1088CODEN: BIRTEB; ISSN:0960-8524. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Aerated and rotated mode adsorption expts. were carried out for the removal of Congo red from aq. soln. using native and pre-treated mycelial pellets/biomass of Trametes versicolor. The effect of process parameters like contact time, dosage of adsorbent, adsorbate concn., and pH on adsorption was investigated. The higher the dye concn. the lower was the adsorption. Equil. time was attained at 90 min. Increase in biomass dosage increased the adsorption. Exptl. data were analyzed by the Langmuir and Temkin isotherms. Adsorption capacity (Qo) of autoclaved biomass was 51.81 mg/g, which was higher than other biomass studied. The second order kinetic model by Ho and Mckay described well the exptl. data. Acidic pH was favorable for the adsorption of Congo red. Studies on pH effect and desorption show that chemisorption seems to play a major role in the adsorption process. Among the native and pre-treated biomass studied, autoclaved biomass showed a better adsorption capacity. Utilization of autoclaved biomass is much safer as it does not pose any threat to environment. Aerated mode showed a better adsorption capacity when compared to rotated mode.
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    53. 53
      Shao, G.; Hanaor, D. A. H.; Wang, J.; Kober, D.; Li, S.; Wang, X.; Shen, X.; Bekheet, M. F.; Gurlo, A. Polymer-Derived SiOC Integrated with a Graphene Aerogel as a Highly Stable Li-Ion Battery Anode. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 46045– 46056,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12376
      53
      Polymer-Derived SiOC Integrated with a Graphene Aerogel As a Highly Stable Li-Ion Battery Anode
      Shao, Gaofeng; Hanaor, Dorian A. H.; Wang, Jun; Kober, Delf; Li, Shuang; Wang, Xifan; Shen, Xiaodong; Bekheet, Maged F.; Gurlo, Aleksander
      ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2020), 12 (41), 46045-46056CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
      Amorphous polymer-derived silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) is an attractive candidate for Li-ion battery anodes, as an alternative to graphite, which is limited to a theor. capacity of 372 mAh/g. However, SiOC tends to exhibit poor transport properties and cycling performance as a result of sparsely distributed carbon clusters and inefficient active sites. To overcome these limitations, we designed and fabricated a layered graphene/SiOC heterostructure by solvent-assisted infiltration of a polymeric precursor into a modified three-dimensional (3D) graphene aerogel skeleton. The use of a high-melting-point solvent facilitated the precursor's freeze drying, which following pyrolysis yielded SiOC as a layer supported on the surface of nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide aerogels. The fabrication method employed here modifies the compn. and microstructure of the SiOC phase. Among the studied materials, the highest levels of performance were obtained for a sample of moderate SiOC content, in which the graphene network constituted 19.8 wt % of the system. In these materials, a stable reversible charge capacity of 751 mAh/g was achieved at low charge rates. At high charge rates of 1480 mA/g, the capacity retention was ~ 95% (352 mAh/g) after 1000 consecutive cycles. At all rates, Coulombic efficiencies >99% were maintained following the first cycle. Performance across all indicators was majorly improved in the graphene aerogel/SiOC nanocomposites, compared with unsupported SiOC. The performance was attributed to mechanisms across multiple length scales. The presence of oxygen-rich SiO4-xCx tetrahedral units and a continuous free-carbon network within the SiOC provides sites for reversible lithiation, while high ionic and electronic transport is provided by the layered graphene/SiOC heterostructure.
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    54. 54
      Müller, C.; Klemm, S.; Fleck, C. Bracket fungi, natural lightweight construction materials: hierarchical microstructure and compressive behavior of Fomes fomentarius fruit bodies. Appl. Phys. A 2021, 127, 178,  DOI: 10.1007/s00339-020-04270-2
      54
      Bracket fungi, natural lightweight construction materials: hierarchical microstructure and compressive behavior of Fomes fomentarius fruit bodies
      Mueller, Cecilia; Klemm, Sophie; Fleck, Claudia
      Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing (2021), 127 (3), 178CODEN: APAMFC; ISSN:0947-8396. (Springer)
      Abstr.: Bracket fungi such as Fomes fomentarius ("tinder fungus"), have strong, light and tough fruit bodies that make them interesting role-models for bio-inspired, biodegradable applications. So far, little is known about the relation between their microstructure and mech. properties, information needed for designing novel composites. The fruit bodies (mycelia) of tinder fungus are hierarchically structured honeycomb foams. The mycelium has a transversely isotropic microstructure with open porosity on the nano- and micro-length scales. The lowest resoln. porosity appears as elongated tubes that extend from beneath the woody upper surface down towards the lower side that faces the ground. The tube walls are made of a network of hollow, fibrous cells (hyphae), mainly consisting of chitin. When tested mech., the material shows the typical compressive stress/strain curve of foams, where an initially linear course is followed by an extended plateau region. The as-harvested material exhibits pronounced viscoelastic recovery, but the tube walls are visibly damaged. Compared with the transverse direction, the load-bearing capability and energy absorption parallel to the tube long axis are ∼ 5 and ∼ 10 times higher, resp. Unexpectedly however, the energy absorption efficiency is similar for both loading directions. Buckling of the tubes and cracking of their walls are the main damage mechanisms, and the damage zones coalesce into deformation bands as it is typical for foams. Drying leads to ∼ 7 times higher plateau stresses, damage becomes extensive, and the mycelium loses its viscoelastic recovery capability. Interestingly, rehydration restores the properties of the wet state. It is compelling to imagine an adaptive role to natural dry/wet conditions.
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    55. 55
      Meyer, V.; Ram, A. F. J.; Punt, P. J. Genetics, Genetic Manipulation, and Approaches to Strain Improvement of Filamentous Fungi. In Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology; Baltz, R. H., Davies, J. E., Demain, A. L., Bull, A. T., Junker, B., Katz, L., Lynd, L. R., Masurekar, P., Reeves, C. D., Zhao, H., Eds.; ASM Press, 2012.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    56. 56
      Arentshorst, M.; Ram, A. F. J.; Meyer, V. Using Non-homologous End-Joining-Deficient Strains for Functional Gene Analyses in Filamentous Fungi. In Plant Fungal Pathogens: Methods and Protocols; Bolton, M. D., Thomma, B. P. H. J., Eds.; Springer Protocols; Humana Pr, 2012; Vol. 835, pp 133– 150.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.

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    • Photographs of supernatants after dye adsorption; photographs and UV–vis spectra of supernatants after the contact of F. fomentarius with aqueous solutions of varying pH; HPLC-MS results; and XPS chemical composition (PDF)


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