#lakesidepottery
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Heatwork Chart: Transformation of Ceramic Materials by Heat |
Kiln Color |
Cone |
°F |
°C |
Description |
white |
14 |
2552° |
1400° |
Porcelain: cone 10-13 |
yellow |
10 |
2380° |
1300° |
High-fire/Stoneware: cone 8-10, average=cone10 |
|
6 |
2192° |
1200° |
Mid-range glaze: cone 2-7 |
|
04 |
1950° |
1100° |
Low-fire/Earthenware:
cone 015-1, average=cone 04 |
yellow- orange |
|
|
1000° |
|
|
010 |
1650° |
900° |
Clay particles beginning to vitrify; the lowest BISQUE temperature (cone 010-04) |
|
|
1450° |
800° |
Vitrification begins, carbonaceous material is burned off. |
red |
018 |
1292° |
700° |
RED HEAT |
dull red |
|
|
600° |
|
|
|
1060° |
500° |
573° C, quartz inversion in both heating and cooling stages. |
|
|
|
400° |
From 480-700° C, chemical water
(water smoking) occurs. |
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300° |
From 300-800° C, carbonaceous material burns off. |
. |
|
439° |
200° |
220° C, cristobalite expansion (heating), squeeze (cooling) |
dark |
|
212° |
100° |
Water converts to steam (expands). |
Temperature Ranges
Low-fire / Earthenware
- Average is Cone 04 (1950° F / 1100° C)
- Ranges from Cone 015 - 1 (up to 2109° F / 1154° C)
- a relatively soft, porous clay body, and a clearly separate glaze layer.
- Glaze colors are generally more varied and bright than stoneware.
Mid-range
- Ranges from Cone 2 - 7 (2124-2264° F / 1162-1240° C)
- a relatively soft, porous clay body, and a clearly separate glaze layer.
- Glaze colors are generally more varied and brighter than stoneware.
- A common temperature range for industrial ceramics.
High-fire / Stoneware
- Average is Cone 10 (2381° F / 1305° C)
- Cone 8 -12 range (2305-22419° F / 1263-1326° C)
- a hard, vitrified, non-absorbent clay body
- a body-glaze layer that forms between the clay body and glaze.
Very High-fire / Porcelain
- Cone 10 -13 range (2381-2455° F / 1305-1346° C)
- a hard, vitrified, non-absorbent clay body
- a body-glaze layer that forms between the clay body and glaze
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