Abstract
Interest in asteroids is currently high in view of their scientific importance, the impact hazard, and the in situ resource opportunities they offer. They are also a case study of the intimate relationship between science and exploration. A detailed review of the twelve asteroids that have been visited by eight robotic spacecraft is presented here. While the twelve explored asteroids have many features in common, like their heavily cratered and regolith covered surfaces, they are a remarkably diverse group. Some have low-eccentricity orbits in the main belt, while some are potentially hazardous objects. They range from dwarf planets to primary planetesimals to fragments of larger precursor objects to tiny shards. One has a moon. Their surface compositions range from basaltic to various chondrite-like compositions. Here their properties are reviewed and what was confirmed and what was newly learned is discussed, and additionally the explored asteroids are compared with comets and meteorites. Several topics are developed. These topics are the internal structure of asteroids, water distribution in the inner solar system and its role in shaping surfaces, and the meteoritic links.
It is suggested, that asteroid-scale grooves, ridges, and catenas on several explored asteroids argue against these asteroids having rubble pile interiors, i.e. interiors made when impact fragments reaccumulate. The only body for which this is not true is the tiny Itokawa and it is argued that this asteroid is a regolith breccia. The discovery of water on Vesta, fluidization textures on comets and possibly Eros, and the relatively large number of active asteroids inside the purported snowline, suggests that significant subsurface water may be present on asteroids in the inner solar system and may partly account for their low densities. The explored asteroids have also confirmed the linkage of the HED meteorites with Vesta and Itokawa with the ordinary chondrite meteorites, Eros is somewhat problematical. So while diversity, and the range of sizes, histories, and surface compositions, is the hall mark of the explored asteroids, the number of explored asteroids is small compared with the diversity of material expected on the basis of asteroid astronomy and meteorite geochemistry. The exploration of the solar system’s asteroids has only just begun.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S. Abe, T. Mukai, N. Hirata, O.S. Barnouin-Jha, A.F. Cheng, H. Demura, R.W. Gaskell, T. Hashimoto, K. Hiraoka, T. Honda, T. Kubota, M. Matsuoka, T. Mizuno, R. Nakamura, D.J. Scheeres, M. Yoshikawa, Mass and local topography measurements of Itokawa by Hayabusa. Science 312, 1344–1347 (2006a)
M. Abe, Y. Takagi, K. Kitazato, S. Abe, T. Hiroi, F. Vilas, B.E. Clark, P.A. Abell, S.M. Lederer, K.S. Jarvis, T. Nimura, Y. Ueda, A. Fujiwara, Near-infrared spectral results of asteroid Itokawa from the Hayabusa spacecraft. Science 312, 1334–1338 (2006b)
P.A. Abell, F. Vilas, K.S. Jarvis, M.J. Gaffey, M.S. Kelley, Mineralogical composition of (25143) Itokawa 1998 SF36 from visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy: Evidence for partial melting. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 42, 2165–2177 (2007)
M.H. Acuña, B.J. Anderson, C.T. Russell, P. Wasilewski, G. Kletetshka, L. Zanetti, N. Omidi, NEAR magnetic field observations at 433 Eros: First measurements from the surface of an asteroid. Icarus 155, 220–228 (2002)
M.F. A’Hearn, P.D. Feldman, Water vaporization on Ceres. Icarus 98, 54–60 (1992)
M.F. A’Hearn, M.J.S. Belton, W.A. Delamere, J. Kissel, K.P. Klaasen, L.A. McFadden, K.J. Meech, H.J. Melosh, P.H. Schultz, J.M. Sunshine, P.C. Thomas, J. Veverka, D.K. Yeomans, M.W. Baca, I. Busko, C.J. Crockett, S.M. Collins, M. Desnoyer, C.A. Eberhardy, C.M. Ernst, T.L. Farnham, L. Feaga, O. Groussin, D. Hampton, S.I. Ipatov, J.-Y. Li, D. Lindler, C.M. Lisse, N. Mastrodemos, W.M. Owen Jr., J.E. Richardson, D.D. Wellnitz, R.L. White, Deep impact: Excavating comet Tempel 1. Science 310, 258–264 (2005)
D.G. Akridge, D.W.G. Sears, Regolith and megaregolith formation of H-chondrites: Thermal constraints on the parent body. Icarus 132, 185–195 (1998)
D.G. Akridge, D.W.G. Sears, The gravitational and aerodynamic sorting of meteoritic chondrules and metal: Experimental results with implications for chondritic meteorites. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 11,853–11,864 (1999)
E. Ammannito, M.C. De Sanctis, E. Palomba, A. Longobardo, D.W. Mittlefehldt, H.Y. McSween, S. Marchi, M.T. Capria, F. Capaccioni, A. Frigeri, C.M. Pieters, O. Ruesch, F. Tosi, F. Zambon, F. Carraro, S. Fonte, H. Hiesinger, G. Magni, L.A. McFadden, C.A. Raymond, C.T. Russell, J.M. Sunshine, Olivine in an unexpected location on Vesta’s surface. Nature 504, 122–125 (2013a)
E. Ammannito, M.C. De Sanctis, F. Capaccioni, M.T. Capria, F. Carraro, J.-P. Combe, S. Fonte, A. Frigeri, S.P. Joy, A. Longobordo, G. Magni, S. Marchi, T. McCord, L.A. McFadden, H.Y. McSween, E. Palomba, C.M. Pieters, C.A. Polanskey, C.A. Raymond, J.M. Sunshine, F. Tosi, F. Zambon, C.T. Russell, Vestan lithologies mapped by the visual and infrared spectrometer on Dawn. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 48, 2185–2198 (2013b). doi:10.1111/maps.12192
B. Anderson, M. Acuña, Observations of asteroid-solar wind interactions, in 34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly, the Second World Space Congress, Houston, TX, USA 10–19 October (2002). Meeting abstract
E. Asphaug, Impact origin of the Vesta family. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 32, 965–980 (1997)
E. Asphaug, J.M. Moore, D. Morrison, W. Benz, M.C. Nolan, R.J. Sullivan, Mechanical and geological effects of impact cratering on Ida. Icarus 120, 158–184 (1996)
E. Asphaug, S.J. Ostro, R.S. Hudson, D.J. Scheeres, W. Benz, Disruption of kilometre-sized asteroids by energetic collisions. Nature 393, 437–440 (1998)
E. Asphaug, E.V. Ryan, M.T. Zuber, Asteroid interiors, in Asteroids III, ed. by W.F. Bottke, A. Cellino, P. Paolicchi, R.P. Binzel (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 2002), pp. 426–484
E. Asphaug, M.J.S. Belton, A. Cangahuala, L. Keith, K. Klaasen, L. McFadden, G. Neumann, S.J. Ostro, R. Reinert, A. Safaeinili, D.J. Scheeres, D.K. Yeomans, Exploring asteroid interiors: The Deep Interior mission concept, in Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIV (2003). Abstract #1906
H.U. Auster, I. Richter, K.H. Glassmeier, G. Berghofer, C.M. Carr, U. Motschmann, Magnetic field investigations during ROSETTA’s 2867 Šteins flyby. Planet. Space Sci. 58, 1124–1128 (2010)
M.A. Barucci, A. Cellino, C. De Sanctis, M. Fulchignoni, K. Lumme, V. Zappala, P. Magnusson, Ground-based Gaspra modelling—comparison with the first Galileo image. Astron. Astrophys. 266, 385–394 (1992)
M.A. Barucci, M. Fulchignoni, A. Rossei, Rosetta asteroid targets: 2867 Steins and 21 Lutetia. Space Sci. Rev. 128, 67–78 (2007). doi:10.1007/s11214-006-9029-6
M.A. Barucci, S. Fornasier, E. Dotto, P. Lamy, Asteroids Steins and Lutetia: Surface composition from far infrared observations with the Spitzer space telescope. Astron. Astrophys. 477, 665–670 (2008)
J.F. Bell III, N.I. Izenberg, P.G. Lucey, B.E. Clark, C. Peterson, M.J. Gaffey, J. Joseph, B. Carcich, A. Harch, M.E. Bell, J. Warren, P.D. Martin, L.A. McFadden, D. Wellnitz, S. Murchie, M. Winter, J. Veverka, P. Thomas, M.S. Robinson, M. Malin, A. Cheng, Near-IR reflectance spectroscopy of 433 Eros from the NIS instrument on the NEAR mission I. Low phase angle observations. Icarus 155, 119–144 (2002). doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6752
M.J.S. Belton, J. Melosh, Fluidization and multiphase transport of particulate cometary material as an explanation of the smooth terrains and repetitive outbursts on 9P/Tempel 1. Icarus 200, 280–291 (2009)
M.J.S. Belton, J. Veverka, P. Thomas, P. Helfenstein, D. Simonelli, C. Chapman, M.E. Davies, R. Greeley, R. Greenberg, J. Head, Galileo encounter with 951 Gaspra—first pictures of an asteroid. Science 257, 1647–1652 (1992)
M.J.S. Belton, C.R. Chapman, K.P. Klaasen, A.P. Harch, P.C. Thomas, J. Veverka, A.S. McEwen, R.T. Pappalardo, Galileo’s encounter with 243 Ida: An overview of the imaging experiment. Icarus 120, 1–19 (1996a)
M.J.S. Belton, B.E.A. Mueller, L.A. D’Amario, D.V. Byrnes, K.P. Klaasen, S. Synnott, H. Breneman, T.V. Johnson, P.C. Thomas, J. Veverka, A.P. Harch, M.E. Davies, W.J. Merline, C.R. Chapman, D. Davis, T. Denk, G. Neukum, J.-M. Petit, R. Greenberg, A. Storrs, B. Zellner, The discovery and orbit of 1993 (243)1 Dactyl. Icarus 120, 185–199 (1996b)
M.J.S. Belton, T.H. Morgan, N.H. Samarasinha, D.K. Yeomans, Mitigation of Hazardous Comets and Asteroids (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004). ISBN 0-521-82764-7
L.A.M. Benner, M.C. Nolan, S.J. Ostro, J.D. Giorgini, D.P. Pray, A.W. Harris, C. Magri, J.-L. Margo, Near-Earth Asteroid 2005 CR37: Radar images and photometry of a candidate contact binary. Icarus 182, 474–481 (2006)
S. Besse, P. Lamy, L. Jorda, S. Marchi, C. Barbieri, Identification and physical properties of craters on Asteroid (2867) Steins. Icarus 221, 1119–1129 (2012)
R.P. Binzel, S. Xu, Chips off asteroid 4 Vesta: Evidence for the parent body of basaltic achondrite meteorites. Science 260, 186–191 (1993)
R.P. Binzel, S.M. Slivan, P. Magnusson, W.Z. Wisniewski, J. Drummond, K. Lumme, M.A. Barucci, E. Dot, Asteroid 243 Ida: Groundbased photometry and a pre-Galileo physical model. Icarus 105, 310–325 (1993)
R.P. Binzel, T.H. Burbine, S.J. Bus, Groundbased reconnaissance of Asteroid 253 Mathilde: Visible wavelength spectrum and meteorite comparison. Icarus 119, 447–449 (1996)
R.P. Binzel, A.W. Harris, S.J. Bus, T.H. Burbine, Spectral properties of near-Earth objects: Palomar and IRTF results for 48 objects including spacecraft targets 9969 Braille and (10302) 1989 ML. Icarus 151, 139–149 (2001a)
R.P. Binzel, A.S. Rivkin, S. Bus, J. Sunshine, T.S. Burbin, MUSES-C target asteroid (25143) 1998 SF36: A reddened ordinary chondrite. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 36, 1167–1172 (2001b)
R.P. Binzel, A. Morbidelli, S. Merouane, F.E. DeMeo, M. Birlan, P. Vernazza, C.A. Thomas, A.S. Rivkin, S.J. Bus, A.T. Tokunaga, Earth encounters as the origin of fresh surfaces on near-Earth asteroids. Nature 463, 331–334 (2010)
A. Bischoff, A.E. Rubin, K. Keil, D. Stöffler, Lithification of gas-rich chondrite regolith breccias by grain boundary and localized shock melting. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 66, 1–10 (1983)
C. Blanco, S. Catalano, UBV photometry of Vesta. Icarus 40, 359–363 (1979)
X. Blanco-Cano, N. Omidi, C.T. Russell, Hybrid simulations of solar wind interaction with magnetized asteroids: Comparison with Galileo observations near Gaspra and Ida. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A5), 1216 (2003), 13 pages. doi:10.1029/2002JA009618
J. Blue, L.R. Gaddis, R. Schulz, K. Aksnes, G. Burba, G. Consolmagno, R. Lopes, P. Masson, M. McGrath, B.A. Smith, G. Valsecchi, G. Williams, C. Wood, Planetary nomenclature: an overview, in 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, TX, March 18–22 (2013). LPI Contribution No. 1719, p. 2178
W.F. Bottke Jr., D. Vokrouhlický, D.P. Rubincam, D. Nesvorný, The Yarkovsky and Yorp effects: Implications for asteroid dynamics. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 34, 157–191 (2006)
E. Bowell, B. Hapke, D. Domingue, K. Lumme, J. Peltoniemi, A.W. Harris, Application of photometric models to asteroids, in Asteroids II (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1989), pp. 524–556
J.M. Boyce, L. Wilson, P.J. Mouginis-Mark, C.W. Hamilton, L.L. Tornabene, Origin of small pits in martian impact craters. Icarus 221, 262–275 (2012)
V.J. Bray, P.M. Schenk, Pristine impact crater morphology on Pluto—Expectations for New Horizons. Icarus 246, 156–164 (2015)
S. Breiter, P. Bartczak, M. Czekaj, B. Oczujda, D. Vokrouhlický, The YORP effect on 25143 Itokawa. Astron. Astrophys. 507, 1073–1081 (2009). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912543
D. Britt, D.J. Tholen, J.F. Bell, C.M. Pieters, Comparison of asteroid and meteorite spectra: Classification by principle component analysis. Icarus 99, 153–166 (1992)
D.T. Britt, D. Yeomans, K. Housen, G. Consolmagno, Asteroid density, porosity, and structure, in Asteroids III, ed. by W.F. Bottke, A. Cellino, P. Paolicchi, R.P. Binzel (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 2002), pp. 485–500
L.B. Browning, H.Y. McSween, M.E. Zolensky, Correlated alteration effects in CM carbonaceous chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 2621–2633 (1996)
D.E. Brownlee, P. Tsou, J.D. Anderson, M.S. Hanner, R.L. Newburn, Z. Sekanina, B.C. Clark, F. Hörz, M.E. Zolensky, J. Kissel, J.A.M. McDonnell, S.A. Sandford, A.J. Tuzzolino, Stardust: Comet and interstellar dust sample return mission. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 8111 (2003), 15 pages. doi:10.1029/2003JE002087
D. Brownlee, P. Tsou, J. Aléon, C.M.O’D. Alexander, T. Araki, S. Bajt, G.A. Baratta, R. Bastien, P. Bland, P. Bleuet, J. Borg, J.P. Bradley, A. Brearley, F. Brenker, S. Brennan, J.C. Bridges, N.D. Browning, J.R. Brucato, E. Bullock, M.J. Burchell, H. Busemann, A. Butterworth, M.J. Chaussidon, A. Cheuvront, M.J. Chi, M.J. Cintala, B.C. Clark, S.J. Clemett, G. Cody, L. Colangeli, G. Cooper, P. Cordier, C. Daghlian, Z. Dai, L. D’Hendecourt, Z. Djouadi, G. Dominguez, T. Duxbury, J.P. Dworkin, D.S. Ebel, T.E. Economou, S. Fakra, S.A.J. Fairey, S. Fallon, G. Ferrini, T. Ferroir, H. Fleckenstein, C. Floss, G. Flynn, I.A. Franchi, M. Fries, Z. Gainsforth, J.-P. Gallien, M. Genge, M.K. Gilles, P. Gillet, J. Gilmour, D.P. Glavin, M. Gounelle, M.M. Grady, G.A. Graham, P.G. Grant, S.F. Green, F. Grossemy, L. Grossman, J.N. Grossman, Y. Guan, K. Hagiya, R. Harvey, P. Heck, G.F. Herzog, P. Hoppe, F. Hörz, J. Huth, I.D. Hutcheon, K. Ignatyev, H. Ishii, M. Ito, D. Jacob, C. Jacobsen, S. Jacobsen, S. Jones, D. Joswiak, A. Jurewicz, A.T. Kearsley, L.P. Keller, H. Khodja, A.L.D. Kilcoyne, J. Kissel, A. Krot, F. Langenhorst, A. Lanzirotti, L. Le, L.A. Leshin, J. Leitner, L. Lemelle, H. Leroux, M.-C. Liu, K. Luening, I. Lyon, G. MacPherson, M.A. Marcus, K. Marhas, B. Marty, G. Matrajt, K. McKeegan, A. Meibom, V. Mennella, K. Messenger, S. Messenger, T. Mikouchi, S. Mostefaoui, T. Nakamura, T. Nakano, M. Newville, L.R. Nittler, I. Ohnishi, K. Ohsumi, K. Okudaira, D.A. Papanastassiou, R. Palma, M.E. Palumbo, R.O. Pepin, D. Perkins, M. Perronnet, P. Pianetta, W. Rao, F.J.M. Rietmeijer, F. Robert, D. Rost, A. Rotundi, R. Ryan, S.A. Sandford, C.S. Schwandt, T.H. See, D. Schlutter, J. Sheffield-Parker, A. Simionovici, S. Simon, I. Sitnitsky, C.J. Snead, M.K. Spencer, F.J. Stadermann, A. Steele, T. Stephan, R. Stroud, J. Susini, S.R. Sutton, Y. Suzuki, M. Taheri, S. Taylor, N.D. Teslich, K. Tomeoka, N. Tomioka, A. Toppani, J.M. Trigo-Rodríguez, D. Troadec, A. Tsuchiyama, A.J. Tuzzolino, T. Tyliszczak, K. Uesugi, M. Velbel, J. Vellenga, E. Vicenzi, L. Vincze, J. Warren, I. Weber, M. Weisberg, A.J. Westphal, S. Wirick, D. Wooden, B. Wopenka, P. Wozniakiewicz, I. Wright, H. Yabuta, H. Yano, E.D. Young, R.N. Zare, T. Zega, K. Ziegler, L. Zimmerman, E. Zinner, Z. Zolensky, Comet 81P/Wild 2 under a microscope. Science 314, 1711–1716 (2006)
D.L. Buczkowski, D.Y. Wyrick, K.A. Iyer, E.G. Kahn, J.E.C. Scully, A. Nathues, R.W. Gaskell, T. Roatsch, F. Preusker, P.M. Schenk, L. Le Corre, V. Reddy, R.A. Yingst, S. Mest, D.A. Williams, W.B. Garry, O.S. Barnouin, R. Jaumann, C.A. Raymond, C.T. Russell, Large-scale troughs on Vesta: A signature of planetary tectonics. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, L18205 (2012)
B.J. Buratti, D.T. Britt, L.A. Soderblom, M.D. Hicks, D.C. Boice, R.H. Brown, R. Meier, R.M. Nelson, J. Oberst, T.C. Owen, A.S. Rivkin, B.R. Sandel, S.A. Stern, N. Thomas, R.V. Yelle, 9969 Braille: Deep Space 1 infrared spectroscopy, geometric albedo, and classification. Icarus 167, 129–135 (2004)
T.H. Burbine, T.J. McCoy, A. Meibom, B. Gladman, K. Keil, Meteorite parent bodies: Their number and identification, in Asteroids III, ed. by W.F. Bottke, A. Cellino, P. Paolicchi, R.P. Binzel (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 2002), pp. 653–667
S.J. Bus, R.P. Binzel, Phase II of the small main-belt asteroid spectroscopic survey. The Observations. Icarus 158, 106–145 (2002). doi:10.1006/icar.2002.6857
S.J. Bus, F. Vilas, M.A. Barucci, Visible-wavelength spectroscopy of asteroids, in Asteroids III, ed. by W.F. Bottke, A. Cellino, P. Paolicchi, R.P. Binzel (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 2002), pp. 169–182
M.W. Busch, S.J. Ostro, L.A.M. Benner, M. Brozovic, J.D. Giorgini, J.S. Jao, D.J. Scheeres, C. Magri, M.C. Nolan, E.S. Howell, P.A. Taylor, J.-L. Margot, W. Brisken, Radar observations and the shape of near-Earth asteroid 2008 EV5. Icarus 212(2), 649–660 (2011)
D.B.J. Bussey, M.S. Robinson, K. Edwards, P.C. Thomas, J. Joseph, S. Murchie, J. Veverka, A.P. Harch, 433 Eros global basemap from NEAR Shoemaker MSI images. Icarus 155, 38–50 (2002)
W.M. Calvin, T.V.V. King, Spectral characteristics of iron-bearing phyllosilicates: Comparison to Orgueil (CI1), Murchison and Murray (CM2). Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 32, 693–701 (1997)
H. Campins, K. Hargrove, N. Pinilla-Alonso, E.S. Howell, M.S. Kelley, J. Licandro, T. Mothé-Diniz, Y. Fernández, J. Ziffer, Water ice and organics on the surface of the asteroid 24 Themis. Nature 464, 1320–1321 (2010)
F. Capaccioni, G. Filacchione, M.C. De Sanctis, F. Tosi, M.T. Capria, E. Ammannito, S. Erard, A. Barucci, G. Arnold, Photometric properties of the asteroid 21 Lutetia from VIRTIS-Rosetta observations, in 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2013). Abs. # 2229
M.H. Carr, R.L. Kirk, A. McEwen, J. Veverka, P. Thomas, J.W. Head, S. Murchie, The geology of Gaspra. Icarus 107, 61–71 (1994)
B. Carry, Density of asteroids. Planet. Space Sci. 73, 98–118 (2012)
B. Carry, P. Vernazza, C. Dumas, W.J. Merline, O. Mousis, P. Rousselot, E. Jehin, J. Manfroid, M. Fulchignoni, J.-M. Zucconi, The remarkable surface homogeneity of the Dawn mission target (1) Ceres. Icarus 217, 20–26 (2012)
J.C. Castillo-Rogez, T.B. McCord, Ceres’ evolution and present state constrained by shape data. Icarus 205, 443–459 (2010)
M.A. Chamberlain, M.V. Sykes, G.A. Esquerdo, Ceres lightcurve analysis—period determination. Icarus 188, 451–456 (2007)
C.R. Chapman, Asteroids as meteorite parent-bodies: The astronomical perspective. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 40, 701–709 (1976)
C.R. Chapman, S-type asteroids, ordinary chondrites, and space weathering: The evidence from Galileo’s fly-bys of Gaspra and Ida. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 31, 699–725 (1996)
C.R. Chapman, D. Morrison, JHK photometry of 433 Eros and other asteroids. Icarus 28, 91–94 (1976)
C.R. Chapman, J. Veverka, P.C. Thomas, K. Klaasen, M.J.S. Belton, A. Harch, A. McEwen, T.V. Johnson, P. Helfenstein, M.E. Davies, M.J. Merlin, T. Denk, Discovery and physical properties of Dactyl, a satellite of 243 Ida. Nature 374, 783–785 (1995)
C.R. Chapman, E.V. Ryan, W.J. Merline, G. Neukum, R. Wagner, P.C. Thomas, J. Veverka, R.A. Sullivan, Cratering on Ida. Icarus 120, 77–86 (1996a)
C.R. Chapman, J. Veverka, M.J.S. Belton, G. Neukum, D. Morrison, Cratering on Gaspra. Icarus 120, 231–245 (1996b)
C.R. Chapman, W.J. Merline, P. Thomas, Cratering in Mathilde. Icarus 140, 28–33 (1999)
C.R. Chapman, W.J. Merline, P.C. Thomas, J. Joseph, A.F. Cheng, N. Izenberg, Impact history of Eros: Craters and boulders. Icarus 155, 104–118 (2002). doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6744
G.Q. Chen, T.J. Ahrens, R. Hide, Theory of shock magnetization of asteroids Gaspra and Ida, in AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 370 (1996), p. 929. doi:10.1063/1.50597
A.F. Cheng, G. Santo, K.J. Heeres, J.A. Landshof, R.W. Farquhar, R.E. Gold, S.C. Lee, Near-Earth asteroid rendezvous: Mission overview. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 23,695–23,708 (1997)
A. Cheng, N. Izenberg, C.R. Chapman, M.T. Zuber, Ponded deposits on asteroid 433 Eros. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 37, 1095–1105 (2002)
N.S. Chernykh, L.I. Chernykh, History of minor planet observations at the Crimean astrophysical observatory. Mem. Soc. Astron. Ital. 73, 626 (2002)
M.J. Cintala, K.M. McBride, Block distributions on the lunar surface: A comparison between measurements obtained from surface and orbital photography, in The Twenty-Fifth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Part 1: A-G (1994), pp. 261–262
M.J. Cintala, J.W. Head, J. Veverka, Characteristics of the cratering process on small satellites and asteroids, in Proceedings of the 9 th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (1978), pp. 3803–3830
M.J. Cintala, J.W. Head, L. Wilson, The nature and effects of impact cratering on small bodies, in Asteroids, ed. by T. Gehrels, Tucson, AZ (University of Arizona Press, Tuscon, 1979), pp. 579–600. NASA-supported research
B.E. Clark, J. Veverka, P. Helfenstein, P.C. Thomas, J.F. Bell, A. Harch, M.S. Robinson, S.L. Murchie, L.A. McFadden, C.R. Chapman, NEAR photometry of Asteroid 253 Mathilde. Icarus 140, 53–65 (1999)
B.E. Clark, P. Helfenstein, J.F. Bell III, C. Peterson, J. Veverka, N.I. Izenberg, D. Domingue, D. Wellnitz, L. McFadden, NEAR infrared spectrometer photometry of Asteroid 433 Eros. Icarus 155, 189–204 (2002a)
B.E. Clark, B. Hapke, C. Pieters, D. Britt, Asteroid space weathering and regolith evolution, in Asteroids III, ed. by W.F. Bottke Jr., A. Cellino, P. Paolicchi, R.P. Binzel (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 2002b), pp. 585–599
A.L. Cochran, F. Vilas, A.S. Jarvis, M.S. Kelley, Investigating the Vesta–vestoid–HED connection. Icarus 167, 360–368 (2004)
A. Coradini, F. Capaccioni, S. Erard, G. Arnold, M.C. De Sanctis, G. Filacchione, F. Tosi, M.A. Barucci, M.T. Capria, E. Ammannito, D. Grassi, G. Piccioni, S. Giuppi, G. Bellucci, J. Benkhoff, J.P. Bibring, A. Blanco, M. Blecka, D. Bockelee-Morvan, F. Carraro, R. Carlson, U. Carsenty, P. Cerroni, L. Colangeli, M. Combes, M. Combi, J. Crovisier, P. Drossart, E.T. Encrenaz, C. Federico, U. Fink, S. Fonti, L. Giacomini, W.H. Ip, R. Jaumann, E. Kuehrt, Y. Langevin, G. Magni, T. McCord, V. Mennella, S. Mottola, G. Neukum, V. Orofino, P. Palumbo, U. Schade, B. Schmitt, F. Taylor, D. Tiphene, G. Tozzi, The surface composition and temperature of asteroid 21 Lutetia as observed by Rosetta/VIRTIS. Science 334, 492–494 (2011)
D.P. Cruikshank, W.K. Hartmann, D.J. Tholen, Colour, albedo, and nucleus size of Halley’s comet. Nature 315, 122–124 (1985)
C. Darwin, The Origin of Species: 150th Anniversary Edition (Dover, New York, 2006)
B.J.R. Davidsson, P.J. Gutiérrez, Estimating the nucleus density of Comet 19P/Borrelly. Icarus 168, 392–408 (2004)
M.E. Davies, T.R. Colvin, M.S. Belton, J. Veverka, P.C. Thomas, The direction of the north pole and the control network of Asteroid 243 Ida. Icarus 120, 33–37 (1996)
J.K. Davies, A.W. Harris, A.S. Rivkin, S.D. Wolters, S.F. Green, N. McBride, R.K. Mann, T.H. Kerr, Near-infrared spectra of 12 near-Earth objects. Icarus 186, 111–125 (2007)
M.C. De Sanctis, E. Ammannito, M.T. Capria, F. Tosi, F. Capaccioni, F. Zambon, F. Carraro, S. Fonte, A. Frigeri, R. Jaumann, G. Magni, S. Marchi, T.B. McCord, L.A. McFadden, H.Y. McSween, D.W. Mittlefehldt, A. Nathues, E. Palomba, C.M. Pieters, C.A. Raymond, C.T. Russell, M.J. Toplis, D. Turrini, Spectroscopic characterization of mineralogy and its diversity across Vesta. Science 336, 697–700 (2012a). doi:10.1126/science.1219270
M.C. De Sanctis, J.-P. Combe, E. Ammannito, E. Palomba, A. Longobardo, T.B. McCord, S. Marchi, F. Capaccioni, M.T. Capria, D.W. Mittlefehldt, C.M. Pieters, J. Sunshine, F. Tosi, F. Zambon, F. Carraro, S. Fonte, A. Frigeri, G. Magni, C.A. Raymond, C.T. Russell, D. Turrini, Detection of widespread hydrated materials on Vesta by the VIR-imaging spectrometer on board the Dawn mission. Astrophys. J. Lett. 758, L36 (2012b) (5 pp). doi:10.1088/2041-8205/758/2/L36
M.C. De Sanctis, E. Ammannito, M.T. Capria, F. Capaccioni, J.-P. Combe, A. Frigeri, A. Longobordo, G. Magni, S. Marchi, T. McCord, E. Palomba, F. Tosi, F. Zambon, F. Carraro, S. Fonte, L.A. McFadden, D.W. Mittlefehdt, C.M. Pieters, R. Jaumann, K. Stephan, C.A. Raymond, C.T. Russell, Vesta’s mineralogical composition as revealed by the visible and infrared spectrometer on Dawn. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 48, 2166–2184 (2013). doi:10.1111/maps.12138
F.E. DeMeo, R.P. Binzel, S.M. Slivan, S.J. Bus, An extension of the Bus asteroid taxonomy into the near-infrared. Icarus 202, 160–180 (2009)
H. Demura, S. Kobayashi, E. Nemoto, N. Matsumoto, M. Furuya, A. Yukishita, N. Muranaka, H. Morita, K. Shirakawa, M. Maruya, H. Ohyama, M. Uo, T. Kubota, T. Hashimoto, J. Kawaguchi, A. Fujiwara, J. Saito, S. Sasaki, H. Miyamoto, N. Hirata, Science 312, 1347–1349 (2006)
B.W. Denevi, D.T. Blewett, D.L. Buczkowski, F. Capaccioni, M.T. Capria, M.C. De Sanctis, W.B. Garry, R.W. Gaskell, L. Le Corre, J.-Y. Li, S. Marchi, T.J. McCoy, A. Nathues, D.P. O’Brien, N.E. Petro, C.M. Pieters, F. Preusker, C.A. Raymond, V. Reddy, C.T. Russell, P. Schenk, J.E.C. Scully, J.M. Sunshine, F. Tosi, D.A. Williams, D. Wyrick, Pitted terrain on Vesta and implications for the presence of volatiles. Science 338, 246–249 (2012)
B. Dermawan, T. Nakamura, H. Fukushima, H. Sato, F. Yoshida, Y. Sato, CCD photometry of the MUSES-C mission target: Asteroid (25143) 1998 SF36. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 54, 635–664 (2002)
A.J. Dombard, O.S. Barnouin, L.M. Prockter, P.C. Thomas, Boulders and ponds on the Asteroid 433 Eros. Icarus 210, 713–721 (2010)
D.L. Domingue, M. Robinson, B. Carcich, J. Joseph, P. Thomas, B.E. Clark, Disk-integrated photometry of 433 Eros. Icarus 155, 205–219 (2002)
E. Dotto, M.A. Barucci, M. Fulchignoni, M. di Martino, A. Rotundi, R. Burchi, A. di Paolantonio, M-type asteroids—rotational properties of 16 objects. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 95, 195–211 (1992)
M.J. Drake, The eucrite/Vesta story. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 36, 501–513 (2001)
M.J. Drake, D.S. Lauretta, OSIRIS-Rex asteroid sample return mission, in Solar System Sample Return Mission (2011). Abstract #5012
J.D. Drummond, S.J. Weidenschilling, C.R. Chapman, D.R. Davis, Photometric geodesy of main-belt asteroids. II. Analysis of lightcurves for poles, periods, and shapes. Icarus 76, 19–77 (1988)
J. Drummond, J. Christou, Triaxial ellipsoid dimensions and rotational poles of seven asteroids from Lick Observatory adaptive optics images, and of Ceres. Icarus 197, 480–496 (2008)
D.D. Durda, C.R. Chapman, W.J. Merline, B.L. Enkse, Detecting crater ejecta-blanket boundaries and constraining source crater regions for boulder tracks and elongated secondary craters on Eros. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 47, 1087–1097 (2012). doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2012.01380.x
J. Ďurech, D. Vokrouhlický, M. Kaasalainen, P. Weissman, S.C. Lowry, E. Beshore, D. Higgins, Y.N. Krugly, V.G. Shevchenko, N.M. Gaftonyuk, Y.-J. Choi, R.A. Kowalski, S. Larson, B.D. Warner, A.L. Marshalkina, M.A. Ibrahimov, I.E. Molotov, T. Michałowski, K. Kitazato, New photometric observations of asteroids (1862) Apollo and (25143) Itokawa—an analysis of YORP effect. Astron. Astrophys. 488, 345–350 (2008). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200809663
T.C. Duxbury, R.L. Newburn, C.H. Acton, E. Carranza, T.P. McElrath, R.E. Ryan, S.P. Synnott, Y.T. Han, D.E. Brownlee, A.R. Cheuvront, W.R. Adams, S.L. Toro-Allen, S. Freund, K.V. Gilliland, K.J. Irish, C.R. Love, J.G. McAllister, S.J. Mumaw, T.H. Oliver, D.E. Perkins, Asteroid 5535 Annefrank size, shape, and orientation: Stardust first results. J. Geophys. Res., Planets 109, E02002 (2004a)
T.C. Duxbury, R.L. Newburn, D.E. Brownlee, Comet 81P/Wild 2 size, shape, and orientation. J. Geophys. Res. 109, E12S02 (2004b). doi:10.1029/2004JE002316
M. Ebihara, S. Sekimoto, N. Shirai, Y. Hamajima, M. Yamamoto, K. Kumagai, Y. Oura, T.R. Ireland, F. Kitajima, K. Nagao, T. Nakamura, H. Naraoka, T. Noguchi, R. Okazaki, A. Tsuchiyama, M. Uesugi, H. Yurimoto, M.E. Zolensky, M. Abe, A. Fujimura, T. Mukai, Y. Yada, Neutron activation analysis of a particle returned from asteroid Itokawa. Science 333, 1119–1121 (2011)
L.T. Elkins-Tanton, B.P. Weiss, M.T. Zuber, Chondrites as samples of differentiated planetesimals. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 305, 1–10 (2011)
S. Erard, O. Forni, M. Ollivier, E. Dotto, T. Roush, F. Poulet, T. Müller, The 2004 opposition of Ceres observed with adaptive optics on the VLT, in Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI (2005), abstract 1388
O. Eugster, Cosmic-ray exposure ages of meteorites and lunar rocks and their significance. Chem. Erde 63, 3–30 (2003)
F.S. Fanale, J.R. Salval, The water regime on asteroid (1) Ceres. Icarus 82, 97–110 (1989)
D. Farnocchia, S.R. Chesley, D. Vokrouhlický, A. Milani, F. Spoto, W.F. Bottke, Near Earth asteroids with measurable Yarkovsky effect. Icarus 224, 1–13 (2013)
S. Fornasier, F. Marzari, E. Dotto, M.A. Barucci, A. Migliorini, Are the E-type Asteroids (2867) Steins, a target of the Rosetta mission, and NEA (3103) Eger remnants of an old asteroid family? Astron. Astrophys. 474, L29–L32 (2007)
S. Fornasier, A. Migliorini, E. Dotto, M.A. Barucci, Visible and near infrared spectroscopic investigation of E-type asteroids, including 2867 Steins, a target of the Rosetta mission. Icarus 196, 119–134 (2008)
S. Fornasier, S. Mottola, M.A. Barucci, H. Sierks, S. Hviid, Photometric observations of asteroid 4 Vesta by the OSIRIS cameras onboard the Rosetta spacecraft. Astron. Astrophys. 533, L9 (2011). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/2011176
G. Forster, A voyage round the world, in His Britannic Majesty’s sloop, Resolution, commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the years 1772, 3, 4, and 5. In two volumes. Gale ECCO (2010)
A. Fujiwara, J. Kawaguchi, D.K. Yeomans, M. Abe, T. Mukai, T. Okada, J. Saito, H. Yano, M. Yoshikawa, D.J. Scheeres, O. Barnouin-Jha, A.F. Cheng, H. Demura, R.W. Gaskell, N. Hirata, H. Ikeda, T. Kominato, H. Miyamoto, A.M. Nakamura, R. Nakamura, S. Sasaki, a. Uesugi, The rubble-pile Asteroid Itokawa as observed by Hayabusa. Science 312, 1330–1334 (2006)
M.J. Gaffey, J.F. Bell, R.H. Brown, T.H. Burbine, J.L. Piatek, K.L. Reed, D.A. Chaky, Mineralogic variations within the S-type asteroid class. Icarus 106, 573–602 (1993a)
M.J. Gaffey, T.H. Burbine, R.P. Binzel, Asteroid spectroscopy: Progress and perspective. Meteoritics 28, 161–187 (1993b)
W.B. Garry, M.V. Sykes, D.L. Buczkowski, D.A. Williams, R.A. Yingst, S.C. Mest, R. Jaumann, C.M. Pieters, H. Hiesinger, T. Roatsch, F. Preusker, C.T. Russell, C.A. Raymond, Geologic mapping of Av-10 Oppia quadrangle of asteroid 4 Vesta. Geophys. Res. Abstr. 14, EGU2012-5711-1 (2012)
T. Gehrels (ed.), Asteroids (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1979), 1191 pp.
P. Geissler, J.-M. Petit, D.D. Durda, R. Greenberg, W. Bottke, M. Nolan, J. Moore, Erosion and ejecta reaccretion on 243 Ida and its moon. Icarus 120, 140–157 (1996)
A. Ghosh, S.J. Weidenschilling, H.Y. McSween Jr., A. Rubin, Asteroidal heating and thermal stratification of the Asteroidal Belt, in Meteorites and the Early Solar System II, ed. by D.S. Lauretta, H.Y. McSween Jr. (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 2006), pp. 555–566, 943 pp.
K.M. Gietzen, C.H.S. Lacy, D.R. Ostrowski, D.W.G. Sears, IRTF observations of S complex and other asteroids: Implications for surface compositions, the presence of clinopyroxenes, and their relationship to meteorites. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 47, 1789–1808 (2012)
K.-H. Glassmeier, H. Boehnhardt, D. Koschny, E. Kürhrt, I. Richter, Space Sci. Rev. 128, 1–21 (2007). doi:10.1007/s11214-006-9140-8
J.D. Goldader, D.J. Tholen, D.P. Cruikshank, W.K. Hartmann, Galileo support observations of asteroid Gaspra. Astron. J. 102, 1503–1509 (1991)
H. Goldschmidt, Discovery of Lutetia Nov. 15. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 12, 213 (1852)
R. Greenberg, Eros’ Rahe Dorsum: Implications for internal structure. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 43, 435–449 (2008)
R. Greenberg, M. Noland, W. Bottke, R. Kolvoord, J. Veverka, Collisional history of Gaspra. Icarus 107, 84–97 (1994)
R.E. Grimm, H.Y. McSween, Heliocentric zoning of the asteroid belt by aluminum-26 heating. Science 259, 653–655 (1993)
O. Groussin, P. Lamy, S. Fornasier, L. Jorda, The properties of asteroid (2867) Steins from Spitzer Space Telescope observations and OSIRIS shape reconstruction. Astronomy and Astrophysics 529(A73), 8 pages (2011)
B. Hapke, Bidirectional reflectance spectroscopy. I—Theory. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 3039–3054 (1981)
B. Hapke, Bidirectional reflectance spectroscopy. III—Correction for macroscopic roughness. Icarus 59, 41–59 (1984)
B. Hapke, Bidirectional reflectance spectroscopy. IV—The extinction coefficient and the opposition effect. Icarus 67, 264–280 (1986)
A.W. Harris, Tumbling asteroids. Icarus 107, 209–211 (1994)
W.K. Hartmann, Moons and Planets, 2nd edn. (Wadsworth, Belmont, 1983)
W.K. Hartmann, D.J. Tholen, D.P. Cruikshank, The relationship of active comets, “extinct” comets, and dark asteroids. Icarus 69, 33–50 (1987)
S. Hasegawa, K. Murakawa, M. Ishiguro, H. Nonaka, T. Naruhisa, C.J. Davis, M. Ueno, T. Hiroi, Evidence of hydrated and/or hydroxylated minerals on the surface of asteroid 4 Vesta. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30(21), 2123 (2003). doi:10.1029/2003GL018627
S. Hasegawa, S. Miyasaka, N. Tokimasa, A. Sogame, M.A. Ibrahimov, F. Yoshida, M. Abe, D. Kuroda, BRz’ phase function of asteroid 4 Vesta during the 2006 opposition, in 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (Lunar and Planetary Science XL), The Woodlands, TX, March 23–27 (2009)
C. Hayashi, Structure of the solar nebula, growth and decay of magnetic fields and effects of magnetic and turbulent viscosities on the nebula. Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. 70, 35–53 (1981)
E. Heggy, P. Paillou, G. Ruffie, J.M. Malezieux, F. Costard, G. Grandjean, On water detection in the Martian subsurface using sounding radar. Icarus 154, 244–257 (2001)
P. Helfenstein, J. Veverka, Physical characterization of asteroid surfaces from photometric analysis, in Asteroids II; Proceedings of the Conference, Tucson, AZ, March 8–11 (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1989), pp. 557–593 (A90-27001 10-91)
P. Helfenstein, J. Veverka, P.C. Thomas, D.P. Simonelli, P. Lee, K. Klaasen, T.V. Johnson, H. Breneman, J.W. Head, S. Murchie, Galileo photometry of Asteroid 951 Gaspra. Icarus 107, 37–60 (1994)
P. Helfenstein, P.J. Veverka, P.C. Thomas, D.P. Simonelli, K. Klaasen, T.V. Johnson, F. Fanale, A.S. Granahan, A.S. McEwen, M. Belton, C. Chapman, Galileo photometry of Asteroid 243 Ida. Icarus 120, 48–65 (1996)
A.R. Hendrix, F. Vilas, M.C. Festouc, Vesta’s UV lightcurve: Hemispheric variation in brightness and spectral reversal. Icarus 162, 1–9 (2003)
J.K. Hillier, J.M. Bauer, B.J. Buratti, Photometric modeling of Asteroid 5535 Annefrank from Stardust observations. Icarus 211, 546–552 (2011)
J.L. Hilton, Asteroid masses and densities, in Asteroids III, ed. by W.F. Bottke Jr., A. Cellino, P. Paolicchi, R.P. Binzel (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 2002), pp. 103–112
L.L. Hood, Z. Huang, Formation of magnetic anomalies antipodal to lunar impact basins—two-dimensional model calculations. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 9837–9846 (1991)
K.C. Horstman, H.J. Melosh, Drainage pits in cohesionless materials: Implications for the surface of Phobos. J. Geophys. Res., Solid Earth 94, 12433–12441 (1989). doi:10.1029/JB094iB09p12433
M. Horstmann, A. Bischoff, The Almahata Sitta polymict breccia and the late accretion of asteroid 2008 TC3. Chem. Erde 74, 149–183 (2014)
F. Hörz, R.B. Schaal, Asteroid agglutinate formation and implications for asteroid surfaces. Icarus 46, 337–353 (1981)
K.R. Housen, L.L. Wilkening, C.R. Chapman, R. Greenberg, Asteroidal regoliths. Icarus 39, 317–351 (1979)
E.S. Howell, D.T. Britt, J.F. Bell, R.P. Binzel, L.A. Lebofsky, Visible and near-Infrared spectral observations of 4179 Toutatis. Icarus 111, 468–474 (1994)
H.H. Hsieh, D. Jewitt, A population of comets in the Main Asteroid Belt. Science 312, 561–563 (2006)
S. Huang, G. Akridge, D.W.G. Sears, Metal-silicate fractionation in the surface dust layers of accreting planetesimals: Implications for the formation of ordinary chondrites and the nature of asteroid surfaces. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 29373–29385 (1996)
J. Huang, J. Ji, P. Ye, X. Wang, J. Yan, L. Meng, S. Wang, C. Li, Y. Li, D. Qiao, W. Zhao, Y. Zhao, T. Zhang, P. Liu, Y. Jiang, W. Rao, S. Li, C. Huang, W.-H. Ip, S. Hu, M. Zhu, L. Yu, Y. Zou, X. Tang, J. Li, H. Zhao, H. Huang, X. Jiang, J. Bai, The ginger-shaped Asteroid 4179 Toutatis: New observations from a successful flyby of Chang’e-2. Sci. Rep. 3, 3411 (2013). arXiv:1312.4329 [astro-ph.EP], doi:10.1038/srep03411
R.S. Hudson, S.J. Ostro, Shape and non-principal axis spin state of Asteroid 4179 Toutatis. Science 270, 84–86 (1995)
R.S. Hudson, S.J. Ostro, Photometric properties of Asteroid 4179 Toutatis from lightcurves and a radar-derived physical model. Icarus 135, 451–457 (1998)
R. Jaumann, D.A. Williams, D.L. Buczkowski, R.A. Yingst, F. Preusker, H. Hiesinger, N. Schmedemann, T. Kneissl, J.B. Vincent, D.T. Blewett, B.J. Buratti, U. Carsenty, B.W. Denevi, M.C. De Sanctis, W.B. Garry, H.U. Keller, E. Kersten, K. Krohn, J.-Y. Li, S. Marchi, K.D. Matz, T.B. McCord, H.Y. McSween, S.C. Mest, D.W. Mittlefehldt, S. Mottola, A. Nathues, G. Neukum, D.P. O’Brien, C.M. Pieters, T.H. Prettyman, C.A. Raymond, T. Roatsch, C.T. Russell, P. Schenk, B.E. Schmidt, F. Scholten, K. Stephan, M.V. Sykes, P. Tricarico, R. Wagner, M.T. Zuber, H. Sierks, Vesta’s shape and morphology. Science 336, 687–690 (2012)
R. Jaumann, J.-P. Bibring, K.-H. Glassmeier, M. Grott, T.-M. Ho, S. Ulamec, N. Schmitz, H.-U. Auster, J. Biele, H. Kuninaka, T. Okada, M. Yoshikawa, S. Watanabe, M. Fujimoto, T. Spohn, A Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout (MASCOT) for the Hayabusa 2 Mission to 1999 JU3: The scientific approach, in 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, TX, March 18–22 (2013), LPI Contribution No. 1719, p. 1500
R. Jaumann, A. Nass, K. Otto, K. Krohn, K. Stephan, T.B. McCord, D.A. Williams, C.A. Raymond, D.T. Blewett, H. Hiesinger, R.A. Yingst, M.C. De Sanctis, E. Palomba, T. Roatsch, K.-D. Matz, F. Preusker, F. Scholten, C.T. Russell, The geological nature of dark material on Vesta and implications for the subsurface structure. Icarus 240, 3–19 (2014)
P. Jenniskens, M.H. Shaddad, D. Numan, S. Elsir, A.M. Kudoda, M.E. Zolensky, L. Le, G.A. Robinson, J.M. Friedrich, D. Rumble, A. Steele, S.R. Chesley, A. Fitzsimmons, S. Duddy, H.H. Hsieh, G. Ramsay, P.G. Brown, W.N. Edwards, E. Tagliaferri, M.B. Boslough, R.E. Spalding, R. Dantowitz, M. Kozubal, P. Pravec, J. Borovicka, Z. Charvat, J. Vaubaillon, J. Kuiper, J. Albers, J.L. Bishop, R.L. Mancinelli, S.A. Sandford, S.N. Milam, M. Nuevo, S.P. Worden, The impact and recovery of asteroid 2008 TC3. Nature 458, 485–488 (2009)
D. Jewitt, The active asteroids. Astron. J. 143, 66 (2012), 14 pages. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/143/3/66
D. Jewitt, H. Weaver, J. Agarwal, M. Mutchler, M. Drahus, A recent disruption of the main-belt asteroid P/2010 A2. Nature 467, 817–819 (2010)
T.V. Johnson, F.P. Fanale, Optical properties of carbonaceous chondrites and their relationship to asteroids. J. Geophys. Res. 78, 8507–8518 (1973)
L. Jorda, P.L. Lamy, R.W. Gaskell, M. Kaasalainen, O. Groussin, S. Besse, G. Faury, Asteroid (2867) Steins: Shape, topography and global physical properties from OSIRIS observations. Icarus 221, 1089–1100 (2012)
M. Jutzi, E. Asphaug, Mega-ejecta on asteroid Vesta. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, L01102 (2011). doi:10.1029/2010GL045517
M. Jutzi, N. Thomas, W. Benz, M.R. El Maarry, L. Jorda, E. Kührt, F. Preusker, The influence of recent major crater impacts on the surrounding surfaces of (21) Lutetia. Icarus 226, 89–100 (2013)
M. Kaasalainen, J. Torppa, Optimization methods for asteroid lightcurve inversion I. Shape determination. Icarus 153, 24–36 (2001). doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6673
M. Kaasalainen, T. Kwiatkowski, M. Abe, J. Piironen, T. Nakamura, Y. Ohba, B. Dermawan, T. Farnham, F. Colas, S. Lowry, P. Weissman, R.J. Whiteley, D.J. Tholen, S.M. Larson, M. Yoshikawa, I. Toth, F.P. Velichko, CCD photometry and model of MUSES-C target (25143) 1998 SF36. Astron. Astrophys. 405, L29–L32 (2003)
J. Kawaguchi, A. Fujiwara, T. Uesugi, Hayabusa—its technology and science accomplishment summary and Hayabusa-2. Acta Astronaut. 62, 639–647 (2008)
K. Keil, Geological history of asteroid 4 Vesta: The “smallest terrestrial planet”, in Asteroids III, ed. by W. Bottke, A. Cellino, P. Paolicchi, R.P. Binzel (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 2002), pp. 573–584
H.U. Keller, R. Kramm, N. Thomas, Surface features on the nucleus of Comet Halley. Nature 331, 227–231 (1988)
H.U. Keller, C. Barbieri, D. Koschny, P. Lamy, H. Rickman, R. Rodrigo, H. Sierks, M.F. A’Hearn, F. Angrilli, M.A. Barucci, J.-L. Bertaux, G. Cremonese, V. Da Deppo, B. Davidsson, M. De Cecco, S. Debei, S. Fornasier, M. Fulle, O. Groussin, P.J. Gutierrez, S.F. Hviid, W.-H. Ip, L. Jorda, J. Knollenberg, J.R. Kramm, E. Kührt, M. Küppers, L.-M. Lara, M. Lazzarin, J. Lopez Moreno, F. Marzari, H. Michalik, G. Naletto, L. Sabau, N. Thomas, K.-P. Wenzel, I. Bertini, S. Besse, F. Ferri, M. Kaasalainen, S. Lowry, S. Marchi, S. Mottola, W. Sabolo, S.E. Schröder, S. Spjuth, P. Vernazza, E-type asteroid (2867) Steins as imaged by OSIRIS on board Rosetta. Science 327, 190–193 (2010)
R.M. Killen, Depletion of sulfur on the surface of asteroids and the Moon. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 38, 383–388 (2003)
T.V.V. King, R.N. Clark, W.M. Calvin, D.M. Sherman, R.H. Brown, Evidence for ammonium-bearing minerals on Ceres. Science 255, 1551–1553 (1992)
K. Kirsimäe, G.R. Osinsky, Impact-induced hydrothermal activity, in Impact Cratering, Processes and Products, ed. by G.R. Osinsky, E. Pierazzo (Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, 2013), pp. 76–89
KISS Report, Asteroid retrieval feasibility study (Keck Institute for Space Studies, Californian Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 2012)
M.G. Kivelson, L.F. Bargatze, K.K. Khurana, D.J. Southwood, R.J. Walker, P.J. Coleman Jr., Magnetic field signatures near Galileo’s closest approach to Gaspra. Science 261, 331–334 (1993)
R.L. Klima, C.M. Pieters, M.D. Darby, Spectroscopy of synthetic Mg-Fe pyroxenes I: Spin-allowed and spin-forbidden crystal field bands in the visible and near-infrared. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 42, 235–253 (2007)
R.L. Klima, M.D. Dyar, C.M. Pieters, Near-infrared spectra of clinopyroxenes: Effects of calcium content and crystal structure. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 46, 379–395 (2011)
T. Kneiss, N. Schmedemann, V. Reddy, D.A. Williams, S.H.G. Walter, A. Neesemann, G.G. Michael, R. Jaumann, K. Krohn, F. Preusker, T. Roatsch, L. Le Corre, A. Nathues, M. Hoffmann, M. Schäfer, D. Buczkowski, W.B. Garry, R.A. Yingst, S.C. Mest, C.T. Russell, C.A. Raymond, Morphology and formation ages of mid-sized post-Rheasilvia craters – Geology of quadrangle Tuccia, Vesta. Icarus 244, 133–157 (2014)
A.S. Konopliv, S.W. Asmar, B.G. Bills, N. Mastrodemos, R.S. Park, C.A. Raymond, D.E. Smith, M.T. Zuber, The Dawn gravity investigation at Vesta and Ceres. Space Sci. Rev. 163, 461–486 (2011)
A.S. Konopliv, S.W. Asmar, R.S. Park, B.G. Bills, F. Centinello, A.B. Chamberlin, A. Ermakov, The Vesta gravity field, spin pole and rotation period, landmark positions, and ephemeris from the Dawn tracking and optical data. Icarus 240, 103–117 (2014)
A. Kracher, D.W.G. Sears, Space weathering and the low sulfur abundance of Eros. Icarus 174, 36–45 (2005)
N.V. Krivova, E.I. Yagudina, V.A. Shor, The orbit determination of (4179) Toutatis from optical and radar data. Planet. Space Sci. 42, 741–745 (1994)
K. Krohn, R. Jaumann, K. Otto, T. Hoogenboom, R. Wagnera, D.L. Buczkowski, B. Garry, D.A. Williams, R.A. Yingst, J. Scully, M.C. De Sanctis, T. Kneissl, N. Schmedemann, E. Kersten, K. Stephana, K.-D. Matza, C.M. Pieters, F. Preusker, T. Roatsch, P. Schenk, C.T. Russell, C.A. Raymond, Mass movement on Vesta at steep scarps and crater rims. Icarus 244, 120–132 (2014)
M. Küppers, L. O’Rourke, D. Bockelé-Morvan, V. Zakharov, S. Lee, P. von Allmen, B. Carry, D. Teyssier, A. Marston, T. Müller, J. Crovisier, M.A. Barucci, R. Moreno, Localized sources of water vapour on the dwarf planet (1) Ceres. Nature 505, 525–527 (2014)
F. La Forgia, S. Magrin, I. Bertini, M. Lazzarin, M. Pajola, C. Barbieri, Photometric analysis of asteroid (2867) Steins from Rosetta OSIRIS images. Mem. Soc. Astron. Ital. Suppl. 20, 15–21 (2012)
C.-I. Lagerkvist, A. Erikson, H. Debehogne, L. Festin, P. Magnusson, S. Mottola, T. Oja, G. de Angelis, I.N. Belskaya, M. Dahlgren, M. Gonano-Beurer, J. Lagerros, K. Lumme, S. Pohjolainen, Physical studies of asteroids. XXIX. Photometry and analysis of 27 asteroids. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 113, 115–129 (1995)
J.S. Lambert, D.J. Tholen, Rotational studies of MUSES-C target asteroid (25143) 1998 SF36. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 33, 1402 (2001). American Astronomical Society, 199th AAS Meeting, #63.03
P.L. Lamy, M. Kaasalainen, S. Lowry, P. Weissman, M.A. Barucci, J. Carvano, Y.-J. Choi, F. Colas, G. Faury, S. Fornasier, O. Groussin, M.D. Hicks, L. Jorda, A. Kryszczynska, S. Larson, I. Toth, B. Warner, Asteroid 2867 Steins II. Multi-telescope visible observations, shape reconstruction, and rotational state. Astron. Astrophys. 487, 1179–1185 (2008). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078995
H.P. Larson, M.A. Feierberg, L.A. Lebofsky, The composition of 2 Pallas and its relation to primitive meteorites. Icarus 56, 398–408 (1983)
D.S. Lauretta (The OSIRIS-REx Team), An overview of the OSIRIS_REX asteroid sample return mission, in 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2012). Abstract #2491
M. Lazzarin, S. Fornasier, M.A. Barucci, M. Birlan, Groundbased investigation of Asteroid 9969 Braille, target of the spacecraft mission Deep Space 1. Astron. Astrophys. 375, 281–284 (2001)
M. Lazzarin, S. Marchi, S. Magrin, C. Barbieri, Visible spectral properties of asteroid 21 Lutetia, target of Rosetta Mission. Astron. Astrophys. 425, L25–L28 (2004). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200400054
L. Le Corre, V. Reddy, N. Schmedemann, K.J. Becker, D.P. O’Brien, N. Yamashita, P.N. Peplowski, T.H. Prettyman, J.-Y. Li, E.A. Cloutis, B.W. Denevi, T. Kneissl, E. Palmer, R.W. Gaskell, A. Nathues, M.J. Gaffey, D.W. Mittlefehldt, W.B. Garry, H. Sierks, C.T. Russell, C.A. Raymond, M.C. De Sanctis, E. Ammanito, Olivine or impact melt: Nature of the “Orange” material on Vesta from Dawn. Icarus 226, 1568–1594 (2013)
L.A. Lebofsky, M.A. Feierberg, H.P. Larson, A.T. Tokunaga, The 1.7- to 4.2-micron spectrum of Asteroid 1 Ceres—Evidence for structural water in clay minerals. Icarus 48, 453–459 (1981)
S.M. Lederer, D.L. Domingue, F. Vilas, M. Abe, T.L. Farnham, K.S. Jarvis, S.C. Lowry, Y. Ohba, P.R. Weissman, L.M. French, H. Fukai, S. Hasegawa, M. Ishiguro, S.M. Larson, Y. Takagi, Physical characteristics of Hayabusa target Asteroid 25143 Itokawa. Icarus 173, 153–165 (2005)
T. Lee, D.A. Papanastassiou, G.J. Wasserburg, Demonstration of 26Mg excess in Allende and evidence for 26Al. Geophys. Res. Lett. 3, 41–44 (1976)
P. Lee, J. Veverka, P.C. Thomas, P. Helfenstein, M.J.S. Belton, C.R. Chapman, R. Greeley, R.T. Pappalardo, R. Sullivan, J.W. Head, Ejecta blocks on 243 Ida and on other asteroids. Icarus 120, 87–105 (1996)
J.S. Lewis, The temperature gradient in the solar nebula. Science 186, 440–443 (1974)
J.S. Lewis, Mining the Sky (Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1996), 274 pp.
M. Lewis, W. Clark, The Journals of Lewis and Clark (Kessinger Publishing, Whitefish, 2004), p. 312
J.-Y. Li, R.P. Binzel, S.M. Slivan, P. Magnusson, W.Z. Wisniewski, J. Drummond, K. Lumme, M.A. Barucci, E. Dotto, C. Angeli, D. Lazzaro, S. Mottola, M. Gonano-Beurer, T. Michałowski, G. De Angelis, D.J. Tholen, M. Di Martino, M. Hoffmann, E.H. Geyer, F. Velichko, Asteroid 243 Ida: Groundbased photometry and a pre-Galileo physical model. Icarus 105, 310–325 (1993)
J.-Y. Li, L.A. McFadden, J.W. Parker, E.F. Young, A.S. Stern, P.C. Thomas, C.T. Russell, M.V. Sykes, Photometric analysis of 1 Ceres and surface mapping from HST observations. Icarus 182, 143–160 (2006)
Y. Li, Z.Z. Wang, J.S. Jiang, Simulations on the influence of lunar surface brightness temperature profiles on CE-1 lunar microwave sounder brightness temperature. Sci. China Earth Sci. 53, 1379–1391 (2010)
J.-Y. Li, P.C. Thomas, B. Carcich, M.J. Mutchler, L.A. McFadden, C.T. Russell, S.S. Weinstein-Weiss, M.D. Rayman, C.A. Raymond, Improved measurement of Asteroid (4) Vesta’s rotational axis orientation. Icarus 211, 528–534 (2011)
J.-Y. Li, L. Le Corre, S.E. Schröder, V. Reddy, B.W. Denevi, B.J. Buratti, S. Mottola, M. Hoffmann, P. Gutierrez-Marques, A. Nathues, C.T. Russell, C.A. Raymond, Global photometric properties of Asteroid (4) Vesta observed with Dawn Framing Camera. Icarus 226, 1252–1274 (2013)
J.-Y. Li, B.J. Buratti, C.M. De Sanctis, B.W. Denevi, M. Hoffmann, A. Longobardo, S. Mottola, A. Nathues, V. Reddy, C.T. Russell, S.E. Schröder, The photometric properties of Vesta and the implications, in Workshop on Vesta in the Light of Dawn: First Exploration of a Protoplanet in the Asteroid Belt (2014). Abstract # 2032
J. Licandro, H. Campins, M. Kelley, K. Hargrove, N. Pinilla-Alonso, D. Cruikshank, A.S. Rivkin, J. Emery, (65) Cybele: detection of small silicate grains, water-ice, and organics. Astron. Astrophys. 525, A34 (2010) (7 pages)
L.F. Lim, L.R. Nittler, Elemental composition of 433 Eros: New calibration of the NEAR-Shoemaker XRS data. Icarus 200, 129–146 (2009)
M.J. Loeffler, C.A. Dukes, W.Y. Chang, L.A. McFadden, R.A. Baragiola, Laboratory simulations of sulfur depletion at Eros. Icarus 195, 622–629 (2008)
A. Longobardo, F. Capaccioni, E. Palomba, M.C. De Sanctis, F. Tosi, S.E. Schroeder, J.-Y. Li, M.T. Capria, E. Ammannito, C.A. Raymond, C.T. Russell, Retrieval of disk-resolved phase functions of Vesta and comparison with other asteroids, in Workshop on Vesta in the Light of Dawn: First Exploration of a Protoplanet in the Asteroid Belt (2014). Abstract # 2028
S.G. Love, T.J. Ahrens, Catastrophic impacts on gravity dominated asteroids. Icarus 124, 141–155 (1996)
S.C. Lowry, P.R. Weissman, M.D. Hicks, CCD observations of Asteroid 1998 SF36 (25143). Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 33, 1150 (2001). American Astronomical Society, DPS Meeting #33, #59.09
S.C. Lowry, P.R. Weissman, M.D. Hicks, R.J. Whiteley, S. Larson, Physical properties of Asteroid (25143) Itokawa—target of the Hayabusa sample return mission. Icarus 176, 408–417 (2005)
S.C. Lowry, P.R. Weissman, S.R. Duddy, B. Rozitis, A. Fitzsimmons, S.F. Green, M.D. Hicks, C. Snodgrass, S.D. Wolters, S.R. Chesley, J. Pittichová, P. van Oers, The internal structure of asteroid (25143) Itokawa as revealed by detection of YORP spin-up. Astron. Astrophys. 562, A48 (2014), 9 pages
K. Lumme, E. Bowell, Radiative transfer in the surfaces of atmosphereless bodies. I—Theory. Astron. J. 86, 1694–1704 (1981a)
K. Lumme, E. Bowell, Radiative transfer in the surfaces of atmosphereless bodies. I—Theory. II—Interpretation of phase curves. Astron. J. 86, 1705–1721 (1981b)
D.F. Lupishko, S.V. Vasilyev, S. Efimov Ju, N.M. Shakhovskoj, UBVRI-polarimetry of asteroid 4179 Toutatis. Icarus 113, 200–205 (1995)
W.T. Lynn, The discovery of Vesta. Observatory 30, 103–105 (1907)
P. Magnusson, M.A. Barucci, R.P. Binzel, C. Blanco, M. Di Martino, J.D. Goldader, M. Gonano-Beurer, A.W. Harris, T. Micha-Lowski, S. Mottola, D.J. Tholen, W.Z. Wisniewski, Asteroid 951 Gaspra: Pre-Galileo physical model. Icarus 97, 124–129 (1992)
C. Magri, S.J. Ostro, K.D. Rosema, M.L. Thomas, D.L. Mitchell, D.B. Campbell, J.F. Chandler, I.I. Shapiro, J.D. Giorgini, D.J. Yeomans, Mainbelt asteroids: Results of Arecibo and Goldstone Radar observations of 37 objects during 1980–1995. Icarus 140, 379–407 (1999)
S. Marchi, C. Barbieri, M. Küppers, F. Marzari, B. Davidsson, H.U. Keller, S. Besse, P. Lamy, S. Mottola, M. Massironi, G. Cremonese, The cratering history of asteroid (2867) Steins. Planet. Space Sci. 58, 1116–1123 (2010)
S. Marchi, H.Y. McSween, D.P. O’Brien, P. Schenk, M.C. De Sanctis, R. Gaskell, R. Jaumann, S. Mottola, F. Preusker, C.A. Raymond, T. Roatsch, C.T. Russell, The violent collisional history of Asteroid 4 Vesta. Science 336, 690–694 (2012)
R.G. Martin, M. Livio, On the evolution of the snow line in protoplanetary discs. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 425, L6–L9 (2012)
F. Marzari, D. Davis, V. Vanzani, Collisional evolution of asteroid families. Icarus 113, 168–187 (1995)
T.B. McCord, M.J. Gaffey, Asteroids—surface composition from reflection spectroscopy. Science 186, 352–355 (1974)
T.B. McCord, C. Sotin, Ceres: Evolution and current state. J. Geophys. Res. 110, E05009 (2005). doi:10.1029/2004JE002244
T.B. McCord, J.B. Adams, T.V. Johnson, Asteroid Vesta: Spectral reflectivity and compositional implications. Science 168, 1445–1447 (1970)
T.B. McCord, J.-Y. Li, J.-P. Combe, H.Y. McSween, R. Jaumann, V. Reddy, F. Tosi, D.A. Williams, D.T. Blewett, D. Turrini, E. Palomba, C.M. Pieters, M.C. De Sanctis, E. Ammannito, M.T. Capria, L. Le Corre, A. Longobardo, A. Nathues, D.W. Mittlefehldt, S.E. Schröder, H. Hiesinger, A.W. Beck, F. Capaccioni, U. Carsenty, H.U. Keller, B.W. Denevi, J.M. Sunshine, C.A. Raymond, C.T. Russell, Dark material on Vesta from the infall of carbonaceous volatile-rich material. Nature 491, 83–86 (2012)
D.S. McKay, T.D. Swindle, R. Greenberg, Asteroidal regoliths—what we do not know, in Asteroids II, ed. by R.P. Binzel, T. Gehrels, M.S. Matthews (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1989), pp. 921–945
H.Y. McSween Jr., Are carbonaceous chondrites primitive or processed? A review. J. Geophys. Space Phys. 17, 1059–1078 (1979)
H.Y. McSween, R.P. Binzel, M.C. De Sanctis, E. Ammannito, T.H. Prettyman, A.W. Beck, V. Reddy, L. Le Corre, M.J. Gaffey, T.B. McCord, C.A. Raymond, C.T. Russell (The Dawn Science Team), Dawn: The Vesta–HED connection and the geologic context for eucrites, diogenites, and howardites. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 48, 2090–2104 (2013)
A.J. Meadows, Remanent magnetization in meteorites. Nature 237, 274 (1972). doi:10.1038/237274a0
H.J. Melosh, Impact Cratering: A Geologic Process (Oxford University Press, London, 1989)
G.G. Michael, Planetary surface dating from crater size-frequency distribution measurements: Multiple resurfacing episodes and differential isochron fitting. Icarus 226, 885–890 (2013)
J.K. Miller, A.S. Konopliv, P.G. Antreasian, J.J. Bordi, S. Chesley, C.E. Helfrich, W.M. Owen, T.C. Wang, B.G. Williams, D.K. Yeomans, D.J. Scheeres, Determination of shape, gravity, and rotational state of Asteroid 433 Eros. Icarus 155, 3–17 (2002)
R.E. Milliken, A.S. Rivkin, Brucite and carbonate assemblages from altered olivine-rich materials on Ceres. Nat. Geosci. 2, 258–261 (2009)
R.L. Millis, L.H. Wasserman, O.G. Franz, R.A. Nye, R.C. Oliver, T.J. Kreid, S.E. Jones, W. Hubbard, L. Lebofsky, R. Goff, R. Marcialis, M. Sykes, J. Frecker, D. Hunten, B. Zellner, H. Reitsema, G. Schneider, E. Dunham, J. Klavetter, K. Meech, T. Oswalt, J. Rafert, E. Strother, J. Smith, H. Povenmire, B. Jones, D. Kornbluh, L. Reed, K. Izor, M.F. A’Hearn, R. Schnurr, W. Osborn, D. Parker, W.T. Douglas, J.D. Beish, A.R. Klemola, M. Rios, A. Sanchez, J. Piironen, M. Mooney, R.S. Ireland, D. Leibow, The size, shape, density, and albedo of Ceres from its occultation of BD+8 deg 471. Icarus 72, 507–518 (1987)
H. Miyamoto, H. Yano, D.J. Scheeres, S. Abe, O. Barnouin-Jha, A.F. Cheng, H. Demura, R.W. Gaskell, N. Hirata, M. Ishiguro, T. Michikami, A.M. Nakamura, R. Nakamura, J. Saito, S. Sasaki, Regolith migration and sorting on asteroid Itokawa. Science 316, 1011–1014 (2007)
A. Morbidelli, W.F. Bottke Jr., Ch. Froeschlé, P. Michel, Origin and evolution of near-Earth objects, in Asteroids III, ed. by W.F. Bottke Jr., A. Cellino, P. Paolicchi, R.P. Binzel (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 2002), pp. 409–422
J. Morden, D.W. Collison, The implications of the magnetism of ordinary chondrite meteorites. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 109, 185–204 (1992)
S. Mottola, M. Di Martino, M. Gonano-Beurer, H. Hoffmann, G. Neukum, Ground-based observations of 951 Gaspra: CCD lightcurves and spectrophotometry with the Galileo filters, in Asteroids, Comets and Meteors 1991 (Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, 1993), pp. 421–424
S. Mottola, W.D. Sears, A. Erikson, A.W. Harris, J.W. Young, G. Hahn, M. Dahlgren, B.E.A. Mueller, W. Owen, G.-H. Ricardo, J. Licandro, M.A. Barucci, C. Angeli, G. Neukum, C.-I. Lagerkvist, L.J. Felix, The slow rotation of 253 Mathilde. Planet. Space Sci. 43, 1609–1613 (1995)
M. Mueller, A.W. Harris, S.J. Bus, J.L. Hora, M. Kassis, J.D. Adams, The size and albedo of Rosetta fly-by target 21 Lutetia from new IRTF measurements and thermal modeling. Astron. Astrophys. 447, 1153–1158 (2006). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053742
S.L. Murchie, C.M. Pieters, Spectral properties and rotational spectral heterogeneity of 433 Eros. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 2201–2214 (1996)
S. Murchie, M. Robinson, B. Clark, P. Thomas, J. Joseph, B. Bussey, D. Domingue, J. Veverka, N. Izenberg, C. Chapman, Color variations on Eros from NEAR multispectral imaging. Icarus 155, 145–168 (2002)
K. Nagao, R. Okazaki, T. Nakamura, Y.N. Miura, T. Osawa, K. Bajo, S. Matsuda, M. Ebihara, T.R. Ireland, F. Kitajima, H. Naraoka, T. Noguchi, A. Tsuchiyama, H. Yurimoto, M.E. Zolensky, M. Uesugi, K. Shirai, M. Abe, T. Yada, Y. Ishibashi, A. Fujimura, T. Mukai, M. Ueno, T. Okada, M. Yoshikawa, J. Kawaguchi, Irradiation history of Itokawa regolith material deduced from noble gases in the Hayabusa samples. Science 333, 1128–1131 (2011)
T. Nakamura, T. Noguchi, M. Tanaka, M.E. Zolensky, M. Kimura, A. Tsuchiyama, A. Nakato, T. Ogami, H. Ishida, M. Uesugi, T. Yada, K. Shirai, A. Fujimura, R. Okazaki, S.A. Sandford, Y. Ishibashi, M. Abe, T. Okada, M. Ueno, T. Mukai, M. Yoshikawa, J. Kawaguchi, Itokawa dust particles: A direct link between S-type asteroids and ordinary chondrites. Science 333, 1113–1116 (2011)
T. Nakamura, A. Nakato, H. Ishida, S. Wakita, T. Noguchi, M.E. Zolensky, M. Tanaka, M. Kimura, A. Tshuchakahitoiyama, T. Ogami, T. Hashimoto, M. Konno, M. Uesugi, T. Yada, K. Shirai, A. Fujimura, R. Okazaki, S.A. Sandford, Y. Ishibashi, M. Abe, T. Okada, M. Ueno, J. Kawaguchi, Mineral chemistry of MUSES-C Regio inferred from analysis of dust particles collected from the first- and second-touchdown sites on asteroid Itokawa. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 49, 215–227 (2014)
A. Nathues, M.V. Sykes, I. Büttner, D.L. Buczkowski, U. Carsenty, J. Castillo-Rogez, U. Christensen, P. Gutierrez-Marques, I. Hall, M. Hoffmann, R. Jaumann, S. Joy, H.U. Keller, E. Kersten, K. Krohn, J.-Y. Li, S. Marchi, K.-D. Matz, T.B. McCord, L.A. McFadden, K. Mengel, V. Mertens, S. Mottola, W. Neumann, N. Mastrodemos, D.P. O’Brien, K. Otto, C. Pieters, S. Pieth, C. Polanskey, F. Preusker, M.D. Rayman, C. Raymond, V. Reddy, J. Ripken, C. Roatsch, T. Russel, M. Schäfer, T. Schäfer, P. Schenk, N. Schmedemann, F.T. Scholten, S.E. Schröder, F. Schulzeck, H. Sierks, D. Smith, K. Stephan, G. Thangjam, M. Weiland, D. Williams, M. Zuber, Dawn framing camera clear filter imaging on Ceres approach, in 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, TX, 16–20 March (2015), pp. 16–20. Abstract #2069
D. Nesvorný, A. Morbidelli, D. Vokrouhlický, W.F. Bottke, M. Brož, The Flora family: A case of the dynamically dispersed collisional swarm? Icarus 157, 155–172 (2002)
R.L. Newburn, T.C. Duxbury, M. Hanner, B.V. Semenov, E.E. Hirst, R.S. Bhat, S. Bhaskaran, T.-C.M. Wang, P. Tsou, D.E. Brownlee, A.R. Cheuvront, D.E. Gingerich, G.R. Bollendonk, J.M. Vellinga, K.A. Parham, S.J. Mumaw, Phase curve and albedo of asteroid 5535 Annefrank. J. Geophys. Res. 108 (3–1) 5117 (2003). doi:10.1029/2003JE002106
M.M. Nieto, Titius-Bode Law of Planetary Distances: Its History and Theory. Monographs in Natural Philosophy (Pergamon, Elmsford, 1972), 168 pp.
S. Nishihara, M. Abe, S. Hasegawa, M. Ishiguro, K. Kitazato, N. Miura, H. Nonaka, Y. Ohba, M. Okyudo, T. Ozawa, Y. Sarugaku, M. Ueno, Ground-based lightcurve of (25143) Itokawa, 2001–2004, in Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI (2005). Abstract # 1833
L.R. Nittler, R.D. Starr, L. Lim, T.J. McCoy, T.H. Burbine, R.C. Reedy, J.I. Trombka, P. Gorenstein, S.W. Squyres, W.V. Boynton, T.P. McClanahan, J.S. Bhangoo, P.E. Clark, M.E. Murphy, R. Killen, X-ray fluorescence measurements of the surface elemental composition of asteroid 433 Eros. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 36, 1673–1695 (2001)
T. Noguchi, T. Nakamura, M. Kimura, M.E. Zolensky, M. Tanaka, T. Hashimoto, M. Konno, A. Nakato, T. Ogami, A. Fujimura, M. Abe, T. Yada, T. Mukai, M. Ueno, T. Okada, K. Shirai, Y. Ishibashi, R. Okazaki, Incipient space weathering observed on the surface of Itokawa dust particles. Science 333, 1121–1125 (2011)
T. Noguchi, M. Kimura, T. Hashimoto, M. Konno, T. Nakamura, M.E. Zolensky, R. Okazaki, M. Tanaka, A. Tsuchiyama, A. Nakato, T. Ogami, H. Ishida, R. Sagae, S. Tsujimoto, T. Matsumoto, J. Matsuno, A. Fujimura, M. Abe, T. Yada, T. Mukai, M. Ueno, T. Okada, K. Shirai, Y. Ishibashi, Space weathered rims found on the surfaces of the Itokawa dust particles. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 49, 188–214 (2014)
J. Oberst, S. Mottola, M. Di Martino, M. Hicks, B. Buratti, L. Soderblom, N. Thomas, A model for rotation and shape of Asteroid 9969 Braille from ground-based observations and images obtained during the Deep Space 1 (DS1) flyby. Icarus 153, 16–23 (2001)
J. Oberst, B. Giese, E. Howington-Kraus, R. Kirk, L. Soderblom, B. Buratti, M. Hicks, R. Nelson, D. Britt, The nucleus of Comet Borrelly: A study of morphology and surface brightness. Icarus 167, 70–79 (2004)
D.P. O’Brien, The Yarkovsky effect is not responsible for small crater depletion on Eros and Itokawa. Icarus 203, 112–118 (2009). 2009
Y. Ohba, M. Abe, S. Hasegawa, M. Ishiguro, T. Kwiatkowski, F. Colas, B. Dermawan, A. Fujiwara, Pole orientation and triaxial ellipsoid shape of (25143) 1998 SF36, a target asteroid of the MUSES-C∗ mission. Earth Planets Space 55, 341–347 (2003)
T. Okamoto, A.M. Nakamura, S. Hasegawa, K. Kurosawa, K. Ikezaki, A. Tsuchiyama, Impact experiments of exotic dust grain capture by highly porous primitive bodies. Icarus 224, 209–217 (2013)
W.H. Olbers, Wiederum ein neuer Planet. Ann. Phys. 25, 344 (1807)
G.R. Osinsky, E. Pierazzo, Impact Cratering: Processes and Products (Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, 2013), 316 pages. ISBN 978-1-4051-9829-5
S.J. Ostro, K.D. Rosema, R.F. Jurgens, The shape of Eros. Icarus 84, 334–351 (1990). 1990
S.J. Ostro, R.S. Hudson, R.F. Jurgens, K.D. Rosema, D.B. Campbell, D.K. Yeomans, J.F. Chandler, J.D. Giorgini, R. Winkler, R. Rose, S.D. Howard, M.A. Slade, P. Perillat, I.I. Shapiro, Radar images of Asteroid 4179 Toutatis. Science 270, 80–83 (1995)
S. Ostro, J.-L. Margot, L.A.M. Benner, J.D. Giorgini, D.J. Scheeres, E.G. Fahnestock, S.B. Broschart, J. Bellerose, M.C. Nolan, C. Magri, P. Pravec, P. Scheirich, R. Rose, R.F. Jurgens, E.M. De Jong, S. Suzuki, Radar imaging of binary near-Earth Asteroid (66391) 1999 KW4. Science 314, 1276–1280 (2006)
P.S. Pallas, Reisen durch verschiedene Provinze des Russichen, volume III. St. Petersburg (1776)
J.W. Parker, S.A. Stern, P.C. Thomas, M.C. Festou, J.W. Merline, E.F. Young, R.P. Binzel, L.A. Lebofsky, Analysis of the first disk-resolved images of Ceres from ultraviolet observations with the Hubble Space Telescope. Astron. J. 123, 549–557 (2002)
M. Pätzold, T.P. Andert, S.W. Asmar, J.D. Anderson, J.-P. Barriot, M.K. Bird, B. Häusler, M. Hahn, S. Tellmann, H. Sierks, P. Lamy, B.P. Weiss, Asteroid 21 Lutetia: Low mass, high density. Science 334, 491–492 (2011)
P.N. Peplowski, D. Bazell, L.G. Evans, J.O. Goldstein, D.J. Lawrence, L.R. Nittler, Hydrogen and major element concentrations on 433 Eros: Evidence for an L- or LL-chondrite-like surface composition. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 50, 353–367 (2015)
D. Perna, E. Dotto, M. Lazzarin, S. Magrin, M. Fulchignoni, M.A. Barucci, S. Fornasier, S. Marchi, C. Barbieri, Inhomogeneities on the surface of 21 Lutetia, the asteroid target of the Rosetta mission. Ground-based results before the Rosetta fly-by. Astron. Astrophys. 513, L4 (2010). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014051
L. Pesonen, M. Terho, I.T. Kukkonen, Physical properties of 368 meteorites: Implications for meteorite magnetism and planetary geophysics, in Proceedings of the NIPR Symposium of Antarctic Meteorites, vol. 6 (1993), pp. 401–416
C.M. Pieters, E. Ammannito, D.T. Blewett, B.W. Denevi, M.C. De Sanctis, M.J. Gaffey, L. Le Corre, J.-Y. Li, S. Marchi, T.B. McCord, L.A. McFadden, D.W. Mittlefehldt, A. Nathues, E. Palmer, V. Reddy, C.A. Raymond, C.T. Russell, Distinctive space weathering on Vesta from regolith mixing processes. Nature 491, 79–82 (2012)
M. Podolak, S. Zucker, A note on the snow line in protostellar accretion disks. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 39, 1859–1868 (2004)
P. Pravec, A.W. Harris, Fast and slow rotation of asteroids. Icarus 148, 12–20 (2000). doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6482
P. Pravec, A.W. Harris, P. Scheirich, P. Kušniráka, L. Šarounová, C.W. Hergenrother, S. Mottola, M.D. Hicks, G. Masi, Y.N. Krugly, V.G. Shevchenko, M.C. Nolan, E.S. Howell, M. Kaasalainen, A. Galád, P. Brown, D.R. DeGraff, J.V. Lambert, W.R. Cooney Jr., S. Foglia, Tumbling asteroids. Icarus 173, 108–131 (2005)
T.H. Prettyman, D.W. Mittlefehldt, N. Yamashita, D.J. Lawrence, A.W. Beck, W.C. Feldman, T.J. McCoy, H.Y. McSween, M.J. Toplis, T.N. Titus, P. Tricarico, R.C. Reedy, J.S. Hendricks, O. Forni, L. Le Corre, J.-Y. Li, H. Mizzon, R. Vishnu, C.A. Raymond, C.T. Russell, Elemental mapping by Dawn reveals exogenic H in Vesta’s regolith. Science 338, 242–246 (2012)
T.H. Prettyman, D.W. Mittlefeldt, N.Y. Yamashita, A.W. Beck, W.C. Feldman, J.S. Hendricks, D.J. Lawrence, T.J. McCoy, H.Y. McSween, P.N. Peplowski, R.C. Reedy, M.J. Toplis, L. Le Corre, H. Mizzon, V. Reddy, T.N. Titus, C.A. Raymond, C.T. Russell, Neutron absorption constraints on the composition of 4 Vesta. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 48, 2211–2236 (2013)
D. Preusker, F. Scholten, R. Jaumann, C.A. Raymond, C.T. Russell, High resolution Vesta High Altitude Mapping Orbit (HAMO) Atlas derived from Dawn framing camera images. Planet. Space Sci. 73, 283–286 (2012)
L. Procter, P. Thomas, M. Robinson, J. Joseph, A. Milne, B. Bussey, J. Veverka, A. Cheng, Surface expressions of structural features on Eros. Icarus 155, 75–93 (2002). 2002
H. Raab, Johann Palisa, the most successful visual discoverer of asteroids (2002). As of April 2014 available at http://www.astrometrica.at/Papers/Palisa.pdf
M.D. Rayman, P.A. Chadbourne, J.S. Culwell, S.N. Williams, Mission design for Deep Space 1: A low-thrust technology validation mission. Acta Astronaut. 45, 381–388 (1999)
M.D. Rayman, T.C. Fraschetti, C.A. Raymond, C.T. Russell, Dawn: A mission in development for exploration of main belt asteroids Vesta and Ceres. Acta Astronaut. 58, 605–616 (2006)
C.A. Raymond, R.S. Park, S.W. Asmar, A.S. Konopliv, D.L. Buczkowski, M.C. De Sanctis, H.Y. McSween, C.T. Russell, R. Jaumann, F. Preusker, V. Terra, An ancient mascon in the southern hemisphere of Vesta, in 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, TX, March 18–22 (2013), LPI Contribution No. 1719, p. 2882
C.A. Raymond, R. Park, S.W. Asmar, A.S. Konopliv, M.C. De Sanctis, R. Jaumann, H.Y. McSween, C.T. Russell, D.E. Smith, M. Toplis, M.T. Zuber, Constraints on Vesta’s interior evolution from Dawn geophysical data, in Workshop on “Vesta in the Light of Dawn: First Exploration of a Protoplanet in the Asteroid Belt” (2014). Abstract # 2051
V. Reddy, J.A. Sanchez, M.J. Gaffey, P.A. Abell, L. Le Corre, P.S. Hardersen, Composition of near-Earth Asteroid (4179) Toutatis. Icarus 221, 1177–1179 (2012)
V. Reddy, J.-Y. Lia, L. Le Correa, J.E.C. Scully, R. Gaskell, C.T. Russell, R.S. Park, A. Nathues, C. Raymond, M.J. Gaffey, H. Sierks, K.J. Becker, L.A. McFadden, Comparing Dawn, Hubble Space Telescope, and ground-based interpretations of (4) Vesta. Icarus 226, 1103–1114 (2013)
D.C. Richardson, W.F. Bottke, G. Love Stanley, Tidal distortion and disruption of Earth-crossing asteroids. Icarus 134(1), 47–76 (1998)
I. Richter, D.E. Brinza, M. Cassel, K.-H. Glassmeier, F. Kuhnke, G. Musmann, C. Othmer, K. Schwingenschuh, B.T. Tsurutani, First direct magnetic field measurements of an asteroidal magnetic field: DS1 at Braille. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 1913–1916 (2001)
H. Richter, U. Auster, K.H. Glassmeier, C. Koenders, C.M. Carr, U. Motschmann, J. Müller, S. McKenna-Lawlor, Magnetic field measurements during the ROSETTA flyby at asteroid (21) Lutetia. Planet. Space Sci. 66, 155–164 (2012)
H. Rickman, The nucleus of comet Halley: Surface structure, mean density, gas and dust production. Adv. Space Res. 9, 59–71 (1989)
A.S. Rivkin, J.P. Emery, Detection of ice and organics on an asteroidal surface. Nature 464, 1322–1323 (2010)
A.S. Rivkin, E.L. Volquardsen, Rotationally-resolved spectra of Ceres in the \(3\mbox{-}\upmu\mbox{m}\) region. Icarus 206, 327–333 (2010)
A.S. Rivkin, E.S. Howell, F. Vilas, L.A. Lebofsky, Hydrated minerals on asteroids: The astronomical record, in Asteroids III, ed. by W.F. Bottke Jr., A. Cellino, P. Paolicchi, R.P. Binzel (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 2002), pp. 235–253
A.S. Rivkin, J.K. Davies, J.R. Johnson, S.L. Ellison, D.E. Trilling, R.H. Brown, L.A. Lebofsky, Hydrogen concentrations on C-class asteroids derived from remote sensing. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 38, 1383–1398 (2003)
A.S. Rivkin, E.L. Volquardsen, B.E. Clark, The surface composition of Ceres: Discovery of carbonates and iron-rich clays. Icarus 185, 563–567 (2006)
A.S. Rivkin, B.E. Clark, M. Ockert-Bell, E. Volquardsen, E.S. Howell, S.J. Bus, C.A. Thomas, M. Shepard, Asteroid 21 Lutetia at \(3~\upmu\mbox{m}\): Observations with IRTF SpeX. Icarus 216, 62–68 (2011a)
A.S. Rivkin, C.A. Thomas, D.E. Trilling, M.-T. Enga, J.A. Grier, Ordinary chondrite-like colors in small Koronis family members. Icarus 211, 1294–1297 (2011b)
F.E. Roach, A composite light curve for Eros. Astrophys. J. 95, 310–313 (1942)
Th. Roatsch, E. Kersten, K.-D. Matz, F. Preusker, F. Scholten, R. Jaumann, C.A. Raymond, C.T. Russell, High resolution Vesta High Altitude Mapping Orbit (HAMO) Atlas derived from Dawn framing camera images. Planet. Space Sci. 73, 283–286 (2012)
J.H. Roberts, E.G. Kahn, O.S. Barnouin, C.M. Ernst, L.M. Prockter, R.W. Gaskell, Origin and flatness of ponds on asteroid 433 Eros. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 49, 1735–1748 (2014a)
J.H. Roberts, O.S. Barnouin, E.G. Kahn, L.M. Prockter, Observational bias and the apparent distribution of ponds on Eros. Icarus 241, 160–164 (2014b)
M.S. Robinson, P.C. Thomas, J. Veverka, S. Murchie, B. Carcich, The nature of ponded deposits on Eros. Nature 413, 396–400 (2001)
M.S. Robinson, P.C. Thomas, J. Veverka, S.L. Murchie, B.B. Wilcox, The geology of 433 Eros. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 37, 1651–1684 (2002)
P. Rousselot, E. Jehin, J. Manfroid, O. Mousis, C. Dumas, B. Carry, U. Marboeuf, J.-M. Zucconi, A search for water vaporization on Ceres. Astron. J. 142, 125 (2011) (6 pp.)
A.E. Rubin, J.M. Trigo-Rodríguez, H. Heinz, J.T. Wasson, Progressive aqueous alteration of CM carbonaceous chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 71, 2361–2382 (2007)
D.P. Rubincam, Radiative spin-up and spin-down of small asteroids. Icarus 148, 2–11 (2000)
C.T. Russell, C.A. Raymond, The Dawn mission to Vesta and Ceres. Space Sci. Rev. 163, 3–23 (2011)
C.T. Russell, C.A. Raymond, A. Coradini, H.Y. McSween, M.T. Zuber, A. Nathues, M.C. De Sanctis, R. Jaumann, A.S. Konopliv, F. Preusker, S.W. Asmar, R.S. Park, R. Gaskell, H.U. Keller, S. Mottola, T. Roatsch, J.E.C. Scully, D.E. Smith, P. Tricarico, M.J. Toplis, U.R. Christensen, W.C. Feldman, D.J. Lawrence, T.J. McCoy, T.H. Prettyman, R.C. Reedy, M.E. Sykes, T.N. Titus, Dawn at Vesta: Testing the protoplanetary paradigm. Science 336, 684–686 (2012)
C.T. Russell, C.A. Raymond, R. Jaumann, H.Y. McSween, M.C. De Sanctis, A. Nathues, T.H. Prettyman, E. Ammannito, V. Reddy, F. Preusker, D.P. O’Brien, S. Marchi, B.W. Denevi, D.L. Buczkowski, C.M. Pieters, T.B. McCord, J.-Y. Li, D.W. Mittlefehldt, J.-P. Combe, D.A. Williams, H. Hiesinger, R.A. Yingst, C.A. Polanskey, S.P. Joy, Dawn completes its mission at 4 Vesta. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 48, 2076–2089 (2013). doi:10.1111/maps.12091
C.T. Russell, C.A. Raymond, A. Nathues, P. Gutierrez-Marquez, M.C. De Sanctis, C.T.E. Ammannito, T.H. Prettyman, A. Konopliv, R. Park, H.Y. McSween, R. Jaumann, S. Joy, C.A. Polanskey, M. Rayman (Dawn Science Team), Dawn arrives at Ceres: Better than Hubble resolution. Presented at the 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, TX, March 16–20 (2015). Abstract #1131
O. Saint-Pé, M. Combes, F. Rigaut, Ceres surface properties by high-resolution imaging from earth. Icarus 105, 271–281 (1993)
J. Saito, H. Miyamoto, R. Nakamura, M. Ishiguro, T. Michikami, A.M. Nakamura, H. Demura, S. Sasaki, N. Hirata, C. Honda, A. Yamamoto, Y. Yokota, T. Fuse, F. Yoshida, D.J. Tholen, R.W. Gaskell, T. Hashimoto, T. Kubota, Y. Higuchi, T. Nakamura, P. Smith, K. Hiraoka, T. Honda, S. Kobayashi, M. Furuya, N. Matsumoto, E. Nemoto, A. Yukishita, K. Kitazato, B. Dermawan, A. Sogame, J. Terazono, C. Shinohara, H. Akiyama, Detailed images of Asteroid 25143 Itokawa from Hayabusa. Science 312, 1341–1344 (2006)
P.S. Sanchez, D.J. Scheeres, The strength of regolith and rubble pile asteroids. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 49, 788–811 (2014). doi:10.1111/maps.12293
D.J. Scheeres, R.W. Gaskell, Effect of density inhomogeneity on YORP: The case of Itokawa. Icarus 198, 125–129 (2008)
D.J. Scheeres, S.J. Ostro, R.S. Hudson, E.M. DeJong, S. Suzuki, Dynamics of orbits close to Asteroid 4179 Toutatis. Icarus 132, 53–79 (1998)
D.J. Scheeres, S.J. Ostro, R.A. Werner, E. Asphaug, R.S. Hudson, Effects of gravitational interactions on asteroid spin states. Icarus 147, 106–118 (2000)
D.J. Scheeres, E.G. Fahnestock, S.J. Ostro, J.-L. Margot, L.A.M. Benner, S.B. Broschart, J. Bellerose, J.D. Giorgini, M.C. Nolan, C. Magri, P. Pravec, P. Scheirich, R. Rose, R.F. Jurgens, E.M. De Jong, S. Suzuki, Dynamical configuration of binary near-Earth Asteroid (66391) 1999 KW4. Science 314, 1280–1283 (2006)
D.J. Scheeres, M. Abe, M. Yoshikawa, R. Nakamura, R.W. Gaskell, P.A. Abell, The effect of YORP on Itokawa. Icarus 188, 425–429 (2007)
P. Schenk, D.P. O’Brien, S. Marchi, R. Gaskell, F. Preusker, T. Roatsch, R. Jaumann, D. Buczkowski, T. McCord, H.Y. McSween, D. Williams, A. Yingst, C. Raymond, C. Russell, The geologically recent giant impact basins at Vesta’s south pole. Science 336, 694–697 (2012)
B.E. Schmidt, J. Bauer, B.J. Buratti, C.T. Russell, Rotational light curve and rotation period of 5535 Annefrank, in Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVIII (2007). Abstract #1859
B. Schmitz, B. Peucker-Ehrenbrink, M. Lindström, M. Tassinari, Accretion rates of meteorites and cosmic dust in the early Ordovician. Science 278, 88–90 (1997)
N. Schorghofer, The lifetime of ice on main belt asteroids. Astrophys. J. 682, 697–705 (2008)
J. Schubart, D.L. Matson, Masses and densities of asteroids, in Asteroids, ed. by T. Gehrels (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1979), pp. 84–97
P.H. Schultz, D.E. Gault, Seismic effects from major basin formations on the Moon and Mercury. Moon 12, 159–177 (1975)
J.E.C. Scully, A. Yin, C.T. Russell, B.W. Denevi, V. Reddy, Potential transient liquid water flow features in fresh craters on Vesta, in Fall AGU Meeting, December 3–7 (2012)
J.E.C. Scully, C.T. Russell, A. Yin, R. Jaumann, H.Y. McSween, C.A. Raymond, V. Reddy, L. Le Corre, Gullies on Vesta, related geological features and possible formation mechanisms, in 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, TX, 18–22 March (2013), pp. 18–22. LPI Contribution No. 1578, abstract #1796
J.E.C. Scully, C.T. Russell, A. Yin, R. Jaumann, E. Carey, H.Y. McSween, J. Castillo-Rogez, C.A. Raymond, V. Reddy, L. Le Corre, Sub-curvilinear gullies interpreted as evidence for transient water flow on Vesta, in 45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, TX, 17–21 March (2014), pp. 17–21. LPI Contribution No. 1777, abstract #1796
D.W. Sears, The Nature and Origin of Meteorites (Oxford University Press, London, 1978)
D.W.G. Sears, The Origin of Chondrules and Chondrites (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005)
D.W.G. Sears, H. Kochan, W.F. Huebner, Simulation experiments and surface processes on comets. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 34, 497–525 (1999)
D.W.G. Sears, C.C. Allen, D.T. Britt, D.E. Brownlee, A.F. Cheng, C.R. Chapman, B.C. Clark, B.G. Drake, R.A. Fevig, I.A. Franchi, A. Fujiwara, S.P. Gorevan, H. Kochan, J.S. Lewis, M.M. Lindstrom, K. Nishiizumi, M.S. Race, D.J. Scheeres, E.R.D. Scott, G.J. Taylor, H. Yano, Near-Earth Asteroid Sample Return, in The Future of Solar System Exploration (2003–2013)—Community Contributions to the NRC Solar System Exploration Decadal Survey, ed. by M.V. Sykes. ASP Conference Proceedings, vol. 272 (Astronomical Society of the Pacific, San Francisco, 2002), pp. 111–140. 2002
D. Sears, M. Franzen, S. Moore, S. Nichols, M. Kareev, P. Benoit, Mission operations in low-gravity regolith and dust, in Mitigation of Hazardous Comets and Asteroids, ed. by M. Belton, T.H. Morgan, N. Samarasinha, D.K. Yeomans (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004), pp. 337–352. 2004. ISBN 0-521-82764-7
D.W.G. Sears, L.L. Tornabene, G.R. Osinsky, S.S. Hughes, J.L. Heldmann, Formation of the “ponds” on asteroid (433) Eros by fluidization. Planet. Space Sci. (2015 in press)
Z. Sekanina, D.E. Brownlee, T.E. Economou, A.J. Tuzzolino, S.F. Green, Modeling the nucleus and jets of comet 81P/Wild 2 based on the Stardust encounter data. Science 304, 1769–1774 (2004)
M.K. Shepard, P. Helfenstein, A test of the Hapke photometric model. J. Geophys. Res. 112(E3), E03001 (2007)
E.M. Shoemaker, R.M. Batson, H.E. Holt, E.C. Morris, J.J. Rennilson, E.A. Whitaker, Television observations from Surveyor 3. J. Geophys. Res. 73, 3989–4043 (1968). doi:10.1029/JB073i012p03989
H. Sierks, P. Lamy, C. Barbieri, D. Koschny, H. Rickman, R. Rodrigo, M.F. A’Hearn, F. Angrilli, M.A. Barucci, J.-L. Bertaux, I. Bertini, S. Besse, B. Carry, G. Cremonese, V. Da Deppo, B. Davidsson, S. Debei, M. De Cecco, J. De Leon, F. Ferri, S. Fornasier, M. Fulle, S.F. Hviid, R.W. Gaskell, O. Groussin, P. Gutierrez, W. Ip, L. Jorda, M. Kaasalainen, H.U. Keller, J. Knollenberg, R. Kramm, E. Kührt, M. Küppers, L. Lara, M. Lazzarin, C. Leyrat, J.J. Moreno, M.S. Lopez, S. Marchi, F. Marzari, M. Massironi, H. Michalik, R. Moissl, G. Naletto, F. Preusker, L. Sabau, W. Sabolo, F. Scholten, C. Snodgrass, N. Thomas, C. Tubiana, P. Vernazza, J.-B. Vincent, K.-P. Wenzel, T. Andert, M. Põtzold, B.P. Weiss, Images of Asteroid 21 Lutetia: A remnant planetesimal from the early solar system. Science 334, 487–490 (2011)
D.P. Simonelli, J. Veverka, P.C. Thomas, P. Helfenstein, B.T. Carcich, M.J.S. Belton, Ida lightcurves: Consistency with Galileo shape and photometric models. Icarus 120, 38–47 (1996)
S. Siregar, E. Soegiartini, Orbital evolution of 4179 Toutatis, in Proceedings of the 4 th Southeast Astronomy Network Meeting, Bandung, 10–11 October, 2010 (2012)
C. Snodgrass, C. Tubiana, J.-V. Vincent, H. Sierks, S. Hviid, R. Moiss, H. Boehnhardt, C. Barbieri, D. Koschny, P. Lamy, H. Rickman, R. Rodrigo, B. Carry, S.C. Lowry, R.J.M. Laird, P.R. Weissman, A. Fitzsimmons, S. Marchi (the OSIRIS team), A collision in 2009 as the origin of the debris trail of asteroid P/2010 A2. Nature 467, 814–816 (2010)
J. Souchay, H. Kinoshita, H. Nakai, S. Roux, A precise modeling of Eros 433 rotation. Icarus 166, 285–296 (2003)
J.R. Spencer, L.A. Akimov, C. Angeli, P. Angelini, M.A. Barucci, P. Birch, C. Blanco, M.W. Buie, A. Caruso, V.G. Chiornij, F. Colas, P. Dentchev, N.I. Dorokhov, M.C. De Sanctis, E. Dotto, O.B. Ezhkova, M. Fulchignoni, S. Green, A.W. Harris, E.S. Howell, T. Hudecek, A.V. Kalashnikov, V.V. Kobelev, Z.B. Korobova, N.I. Koshkin, V.P. Kozhevnikov, Y.N. Krugly, D. Lazzaro, J. Lecacheux, J. MacConnell, S.Y. Mel’nikov, T. Michalowski, B.E.A. Mueller, T. Nakamura, C. Neese, M.C. Nolan, W. Osborn, P. Pravec, D. Riccioli, V.S. Shevchenko, V.G. Shevchenko, D.J. Tholen, F.P. Velichko, C. Venditti, R. Venditti, W. Wisniewski, J. Young, B. Zellner, The lightcurve of 4179 Toutatis: Evidence for complex rotation. Icarus 117, 71–89 (1995)
C.B. Stephenson, The light-curve and the color of Vesta. Astrophys. J. 114, 500–504 (1951)
D. Stöffler, N.A. Artemieva, K. Wünnemann, W.U. Reimold, J. Jacob, B.K. Hansen, I.A.T. Summerson, Ries crater and suevite revisited—observations and modeling. Part I: Observations. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 48, 515–589 (2013). doi:10.1111/maps.12086
G.H. Stokes, J.B. Evans, S.M. Larson, Near-Earth asteroid search programs, in Asteroids III, ed. by W.F. Bottke Jr., A. Cellino, P. Paolicchi, R.P. Binzel (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 2002), pp. 45–54
R. Sullivan, R. Greeley, P. Pappalardo, E. Asphaug, J.M. Moore, D. Morrsion, M.J.S. Belton, M. Carr, C.R. Chapman, P. Geissler, R. Greenberg, Geology of 243 Ida. Icarus 120, 119–139 (1996)
J.M. Sunshine, J. Bus Schelte, T.J. McCoy, T.H. Burbine, C.M. Corrigan, R.P. Binzel, High-calcium pyroxene as an indicator of igneous differentiation in asteroids and meteorites. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 39, 1343–1357 (2004)
J.M. Sunshine, M.F. A’Hearn, O. Groussin, J.-Y. Li, M.J.S. Belton, W.A. Delamere, J. Kissel, K.P. Klaasen, L.A. McFadden, K.J. Meech, H.J. Melosh, P.H. Schultz, P.C. Thomas, J. Veverka, D.K. Yeomans, I.C. Busko, M. Desnoyer, T.L. Farnham, L.M. Feaga, D.L. Hampton, D.J. Lindler, C.M. Lisse, D.D. Wellnitz, Exposed water ice deposits on the surface of Comet 9P/Tempel. Science 311, 1453–1455 (2006)
M.S. Syal, P.H. Schultz, J.M. Sunshine, M.F. A’Hearn, T.L. Farnham, D.S.P. Dearborn, Geologic control of jet formation on Comet 103P/Hartley 2. Icarus 222, 610–624 (2013)
M. Tanaka, T. Nakamura, T. Noguchi, A. Nalakto, H. Ishida, T. Yada, K. Shirai, A. Fujimura, Y. Ishibashi, M. Abe, T. Okada, M. Ueno, T. Mukai, Crystallization temperature determination of Itokawa particles by plagioclase thermometry with X-ray diffraction data obtained by a high-resolution synchrotron Gandolfi camera. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 49(2), 237–244 (2014)
G.J. Taylor, P. Maggiore, E.R.D. Scott, A.E. Rubin, K. Keil, Original structures, and fragmentation and reassembly histories of asteroids: Evidence from meteorites. Icarus 69, 1–13 (1987)
E.F. Tedesco, P.V. Noah, M. Noah, S.D. Price, IRAS Minor Planet Survey. IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0. NASA Planetary Data System (2004)
D.J. Tholen, Asteroid taxonomic classifications, in Asteroids II (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1989), pp. 1139–1150
P.C. Thomas, J. Veverka, D. Simonelli, P. Helfenstein, B. Carcich, M.J.S. Belton, M.E. Davies, C. Chapman, The shape of Gaspra. Icarus 107, 23–36 (1994)
P.C. Thomas, M.J.S. Belton, B. Carcich, C.R. Chapman, M.E. Davies, R. Sullivan, J. Veverka, The shape of Ida. Icarus 120, 20–32 (1996)
P.C. Thomas, R.P. Binzel, M.J. Gaffey, B.H. Zellner, A.D. Storrs, E. Wells, Vesta: Spin pole, size, and shape from HST images. Icarus 128, 88–94 (1997)
P.C. Thomas, J. Veverka, J.F. Bell III, B.E. Clark, B. Carcich, J. Joseph, M. Robinson, L.A. McFadden, M.C. Malin, C.R. Chapman, W. Merline, S. Murchie, Mathilde: Size, shape, and geology. Icarus 140, 17–27 (1999)
P.C. Thomas, J. Veverka, M.S. Robinson, S. Murchie, Shoemaker crater as the source of most ejecta blocks on the asteroid 433 Eros. Nature 413, 394–396 (2001)
P.C. Thomas, L. Prockter, M. Robinson, J. Joseph, J. Veverka, Global structure of asteroid 433 Eros. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 46-1 (2002a). doi:10.1029/2001GL014599
P.C. Thomas, J. Joseph, B. Carcich, J. Veverka, B.E. Clark, J.F. Bell III, A.W. Byrd, R. Chomko, M. Robinson, S. Murchie, L. Prockter, A. Cheng, N. Izenberg, M. Malin, C. Chapman, L.A. McFadden, R. Kirk, M. Gaffey, P.G. Lucey, Eros: Shape, topography, and slope processes. Icarus 155, 18–37 (2002b)
P.C. Thomas, J.W. Parker, L.A. McFadden, C.T. Russell, S.S. Stern, M.V. Sykes, E.F. Young, Differentiation of the asteroid Ceres as revealed by its shape. Nature 437, 224–226 (2005). doi:10.1038/nature03938
P.C. Thomas, M.F. A’Hearn, J. Veverka, M.J.S. Belton, J. Kissel, K.P. Klaasen, L.A. McFadden, H.J. Melosh, P.H. Schultz, S. Besse, B.T. Carcich, T.L. Farnham, O. Groussin, B. Hermalyn, Y.-J. Li, D.J. Lindler, C.M. Lisse, K. Meech, J.E. Richardson, Shape, density, and geology of the nucleus of Comet 103P/Hartley 2. Icarus 222, 550–558 (2013)
N. Thomas, H. Sierks, C. Barbieri, P.L. Lamy, R. Rodrigo, H. Rickman, D. Koschny, U.W. Keller, J. Agarwal, M.F. A’Hearn, F. Angrilli, A.-T. Auger, M.A. Barucci, J.-L. Bertaux, I. Bertini, S. Besse, D. Bodewits, G. Cremonese, V. Da Deppo, B. Davidsson, M. De Cecco, S. Debei, M.R. El-Maarry, F. Ferri, S. Fornasier, M. Fulle, L. Giacomini, O. Groussin, P.J. Gutierrez, C. Güttler, S.F. Hviid, W.-H. Ip, L. Jorda, J. Knollenberg, J.-R. Kramm, E. Kührt, M. Küppers, F. La Forgia, L.M. Lara, M. Lazzarin, J.J.L. Moreno, S. Magrin, S. Marchi, F. Marzari, M. Massironi, H. Michalik, R. Moissl, S. Mottola, G. Naletto, N. Oklay, M. Pajola, A. Pommerol, F. Preusker, L. Sabau, F. Scholten, C. Snodgrass, C. Tubiana, J.-B. Vincent, K.-P. Wenzel, The morphological diversity of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Science 347, 6220 (2015). doi:10.1126/science.aaa0440
C.W. Thomson, Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76: Under the command of Captain George S. Nares, R.N., F.R.S. and Captain Frank Turle Thomson, R.N. Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London (1880)
L.L. Tornabene, G.R. Osinski, A.S. McEwen, J.M. Boyce, V.J. Bray, C.M. Caudill, J.A. Grant, C.W. Hamilton, S. Mattson, P.J. Mouginis-Mark, Widespread crater-related pitted materials on Mars: Further evidence for the role of target volatiles during the impact process. Icarus 220, 348–368 (2012)
J. Torppa, M. Kaasalainen, T. Michałowski, T. Kwiatkowski, A. Kryszczyńska, P. Denchev, R. Kowalski, Shapes and rotational properties of thirty asteroids from photometric data. Icarus 164, 346–383 (2003)
A.H. Treiman, A. Lanzirotti, D. Xirouchakis, Ancient water on asteroid 4 Vesta: Evidence from a quartz veinlet in the Serra de Mage eucrite meteorite. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 219, 189–199 (2004)
J.I. Trombka, S.W. Squyres, P.C. Thomas, R.P. Binzel, M.J. Gaffey, B.H. Zellner, A.D. Storrs, E. Wells, Vesta: Spin pole, size, and shape from HST images. Icarus 128, 88–94 (1997)
J.I. Trombka, S.W. Squyres, J. Brückner, W.V. Boynton, R.C. Reedy, T.J. McCoy, P. Gorenstein, L.G. Evans, J.R. Arnold, R.D. Starr, L.R. Nittler, M.E. Murphy, I. Mikheeva, R.L. McNutt Jr., T.P. McClanahan, E. McCartney, J.O. Goldsten, R.E. Gold, S.R. Floyd, P.E. Clark, T.H. Burbine, J.S. Bhangoo, S.H. Bailey, M. Petaev, The elemental composition of Asteroid 433 Eros: Results of the NEAR-Shoemaker X-ray spectrometer. Science 289, 2102–2105 (2000)
W.R. Van Schmus, J.A. Wood, A chemical-petrologic classification for the chondritic meteorites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 31, 747–765 (1967)
P. Vernazza, T. Mothé-Diniz, M.A. Barucci, M. Birlan, J.M. Carvano, G. Strazzulla, M. Fulchignoni, A. Migliorini, Analysis of near-IR spectra of 1 Ceres and 4 Vesta, targets of the Dawn mission. Astron. Astrophys. 436, 1113–1121 (2005)
P. Vernazza, R.P. Binzel, C.A. Thomas, F.E. DeMeo, S.J. Bus, A.S. Rivkin, A.T. Tokunaga, Compositional differences between meteorites and near-Earth asteroids. Nature 454, 858–860 (2008). doi:10.1038/nature07154
P. Vernazza, R. Brunetto, R.P. Binzel, C. Perrond, D. Fulvio, G. Strazzulla, M. Fulchignoni, Plausible parent bodies for enstatite chondrites and mesosiderites: Implications for Lutetia’s fly-by. Icarus 202, 477–486 (2009)
P. Vernazza, P. Lamy, O. Groussin, T. Hiroi, L. Jorda, P.L. King, M.R.M. Izawa, F. Marchis, M. Birlan, R. Brunetto, Asteroid (21) Lutetia as a remnant of Earth’s precursor planetesimals. Icarus 216, 650–659 (2011)
J. Veverka, P. Helfenstein, P. Lee, P. Thomas, A. McEwen, M. Belton, K. Klaasen, T.V. Johnson, J. Granahan, F. Fanale, P. Geissler, J.W. Head III, Ida and Dactyl: Spectral reflectance and color variations. Icarus 120, 66–76 (1996)
J. Veverka, M. Belton, K. Klaasen, C. Chapman, Galileo’s encounter with 951 Gaspra: Overview. Icarus 107, 2–17 (1994)
J. Veverka, P. Thomas, A. Harch, B. Clark, J.F. Bell III, B. Carcich, J. Joseph, S. Murchie, N. Izenberg, C. Chapman, W. Merline, M. Malin, L. McFadden, M. Robinson, NEAR encounter with Asteroid 253 Mathilde: Overview. Icarus 140, 3–16 (1999a)
J. Veverka, P.C. Thomas, J.F. Bell, M. Bell III, B. Carcich, B. Clark, A. Harch, J. Joseph, P. Martin, M. Robinson, S. Murchie, N. Izenberg, E. Hawkins, J. Warren, R. Farquhar, A. Cheng, D. Dunham, C. Chapman, W.J. Merline, L. McFadden, D. Wellnitz, M. Malin, W.M. Owen Jr., J.K. Miller, B.G. Williams, D.K. Yeomans, Imaging of asteroid 433 Eros during NEAR’s flyby reconnaissance. Science 285, 562–564 (1999b)
J. Veverka, M. Robinson, P. Thomas, S. Murchie, J.F. Bell III, N. Izenberg, C. Chapman, A. Harch, M. Bell, B. Carcich, A. Cheng, B. Clark, D. Domingue, D. Dunham, R. Farquhar, M.J. Gaffey, E. Hawkins, J. Joseph, R. Kirk, H. Li, P. Lucey, M. Malin, P. Martin, L. McFadden, W.J. Merline, J.K. Miller, W.M. Owen Jr., C. Peterson, L. Prockter, J. Warren, D. Wellnitz, B.G. Williams, D.K. Yeomans, NEAR at Eros: Imaging and spectral results. Science 289, 2088–2097 (2000)
J. Veverka, B. Farquhar, M. Robinson, P. Thomas, S. Murchie, A. Harch, P.G. Antreasian, S.R. Chesley, J.K. Miller, W.M. Owen, B.G. Williams, D. Yeomans, D. Dunham, G. Heyler, M. Holdridge, R.L. Nelson, K.E. Whittenburg, J.C. Ray, B. Carcich, A. Cheng, C. Chapman, J.F. Bell, M. Bell, B. Bussey, B. Clark, D. Domingue, M.J. Gaffey, E. Hawkins, N. Izenberg, J. Joseph, R. Kirk, P. Lucey, M. Malin, L. McFadden, W.J. Merline, C. Peterson, L. Prockter, J. Warren, D. Wellnitz, The landing of the NEAR-Shoemaker spacecraft on asteroid 433 Eros. Nature 413, 390–393 (2001)
B. Viateau, M. Rapaport, Mass and density of asteroids (4) Vesta and (11) Parthenope. Astron. Astrophys. 370, 602–609 (2001)
F. Vilas, A cheaper, faster, better way to detect water of hydration on Solar System bodies. Icarus 111, 456–467 (1994)
F. Vilas, M.J. Gaffey, Phyllosilicate absorption features in main-belt and outer-belt asteroid reflectance spectra. Science 246, 790–792 (1989)
F. Vilas, L.A. McFadden, CCD reflectance spectra of selected asteroids. I. Presentation and data analysis considerations. Icarus 100, 85–94 (1992)
J.-.B. Vincent, S. Besse, S. Marchi, H. Sierks, M. Massironi, Physical properties of craters on asteroid (21) Lutetia. Planet. Space Sci. 66, 79–86 (2012)
A. Von Humboldt, Personal Narrative of a Journey to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent. Penguin Classics (Penguin, Baltimore, 1996). Abridged edition
S. Wakita, T. Nakamura, T. Ikeda, H. Yurimoto, Thermal modeling for a parent body of Itokawa. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 49, 228–236 (2013)
K.J. Walsh, A. Morbidelli, The effect of an early planetesimal-driven migration of the giant planets on terrestrial planet formation. Astron. Astrophys. 526, A126 (2011) (8 pages)
Z.Z. Wang, Y. Li, X.H. Zhang, J.S. Jiang, C.D. Xu, D.H. Zhang, W.G. Zhang, Calibration and brightness temperature algorithm of CE-1 Lunar Microwave Sounder. Sci. China Earth Sci. 53, 1392–1406 (2010)
J.T. Wasson, Vesta and extensively melted asteroids: Why HED meteorites are probably not from Vesta. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 381, 138–146 (2013)
S.J. Weidenschilling, The origin of comets in the solar nebula: A unified model. Icarus 127, 290–306 (1997)
M.K. Weisberg, T.M. McCoy, A.N. Krot, Systematics and evaluation of meteorite classification, in Meteorites and the Early Solar System II, ed. by D. Lauretta, H.Y. McSween (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 2006), pp. 19–52
P.R. Weismann, W.F. Bottke, H.F. Levison, Evolution of comets into asteroids, in Asteroids III, ed. by W.F. Bottke, A. Cellino, P. Paolicchi, R.P. Binzel (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 2002), pp. 669–686
B.P. Weiss, L.T. Elkins-Tanton, Differentiated planetesimals and the parent bodies of chondrites. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 41, 529–560 (2013)
B.P. Weiss, E.-T. Linda, M.A. Barucci, H. Sierks, C. Snodgrass, J.-B. Vincent, S. Marchi, P.R. Weissman, M. Pätzold, I. Richter, M. Fulchignoni, R.P. Binzel, R. Schulz, Possible evidence for partial differentiation of asteroid Lutetia from Rosetta. Planet. Space Sci. 66, 137–146 (2012)
B.B. Wilcox, M.S. Robinson, P.C. Thomas, Regolith thickness, distribution, and processes examined at sub-meter resolution, in The Moon Beyond 2002: Next Steps in Lunar Science and Exploration (2002), p. 66
L. Wilkening, Foreign inclusions in stony meteorites I. Carbonaceous chondritic zenoliths in the Kapoeta howardite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 37, 1955–1989 (1973)
W.Z. Wisniewski, M.A. Barucci, M. Fulchignoni, C. De Sanctis, E. Dotto, A. Rotundi, R.P. Binzel, C.D. Madras, S.F. Green, M.L. Kelly, P.J. Newman, A.W. Harris, J.W. Young, C. Blanco, M. di Martino, W. Ferreri, M. Gonano-Beurer, S. Mottola, D.J. Tholen, J.D. Goldader, M. Coradini, P. Magnusson, Ground-based photometry of asteroid 951 Gaspra. Icarus 101, 213–222 (1993)
H. Yano, T. Kubota, H. Miyamoto, T. Okada, D. Scheeres, Y. Takagi, K. Yoshida, M. Abe, S. Abe, O. Barnouin-Jha, A. Fujiwara, S. Hasegawa, T. Hashimoto, M. Ishiguro, M. Kato, J. Kawaguchi, T. Mukai, J. Saito, S. Sasaki, M. Yoshikawa, Touchdown of the Hayabusa spacecraft at the Muses Sea on Itokawa. Science 312, 1350–1353 (2006)
D.K. Yeomans, Asteroid 433 Eros: The target body of the NEAR mission (undated). As of April 2014 available at http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/31429/1/95-1108.pdf?origin=publication_detail
J. Yeomans, D.K.P. Barriot, D.W. Dunham, R.W. Farquhar, J.D. Giorgini, C.E. Helfrich, A.S. Konopliv, J.V. McAdams, J.K. Miller, W.M. Owen Jr., D.J. Scheeres, S.P. Synnott, B.G. Williams, Estimating the mass of Asteroid 253 Mathilde from tracking data during the NEAR flyby. Science 278, 2106–2109 (1997)
D.K. Yeomans, P.G. Antreasian, J.-P. Barriot, S.R. Chesley, D.W. Dunham, R.W. Farquhar, J.D. Giorgini, C.E. Helfrich, A.S. Konopliv, J.V. McAdams, J.K. Miller, W.M. Owen, D.J. Scheeres, P.C. Thomas, J. Veverka, B.G. Williams, Radio science results during the NEAR-Shoemaker a spacecraft rendezvous with Eros. Science 289, 2085–2088 (2000)
M. Yoshikawa, The next asteroid sample return mission of Japan—Hayabusa-2, in The Importance of Solar System Sample Return Missions to the Future of Planetary Science, The Woodlands, March 5–6 (2011). LPI Contribution No. 1611, 2011, id. 5046.
M.Yu. Zolotov, On the composition and differentiation of Ceres. Icarus 204, 183–193 (2009)
F. Zambon, M.C. De Sanctis, F. Tosi, A. Longobardo, E. Palomba, F. Capaccioni, E. Ammannito, A. Frigeri, M.T. Capria, M. Ciarniello, A. Raponi, C.T. Russell, C.A. Raymond (The Dawn/VIR Team), Identification of homogeneous units on Ceres. First results by Dawn. Presented at the 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, TX, March 16–20 (2015). Abstract #1365
V. Zappala, M. di Martino, Z. Knezevic, G. Djurasevic, New evidence for the effect of phase angle on asteroid lightcurve shape—21 Lutetia. Astron. Astrophys. 130, 208–210 (1984)
A.F. Zausaev, A.N. Pushkarev, Evolution of the orbit of asteroid 4179 Toutatis over 11,550 years. Sol. Syst. Res. 27, 585–587 (1994)
B. Zellner, D.J. Tholen, E.F. Tedesco, The eight-color asteroid survey: Results for 589 minor planets. Icarus 61, 355–416 (1985)
M.E. Zolensky, T.J. Zega, H. Yano, S. Wirick, A.J. Westphal, M.K. Weisberg, I. Weber, J.L. Warren, M.A. Velbel, A. Tsuchiyama, P. Tsou, A. Toppani, N. Tomioka, K. Tomeoka, N. Teslich, M. Taheri, J. Susini, R. Stroud, T. Stephan, F.J. Stadermann, C.J. Snead, S.B. Simon, A. Simionovici, T.H. See, F. Robert, F.J.M. Rietmeijer, W. Rao, M.C. Perronnet, D.A. Papanastassiou, K. Okudaira, K. Ohsumi, I. Ohnishi, K. Nakamura-Messenger, T. Nakamura, S. Mostefaoui, T. Mikouchi, A. Meibom, G. Matrajt, M.A. Marcus, H. Leroux, L. Lemelle, L. Le, A. Lanzirotti, F. Langenhorst, A.N. Krot, L.P. Keller, A.T. Kearsley, D. Joswiak, D. Jacob, H. Ishii, R. Harvey, K. Hagiya, J.N. Grossman, G.A. Graham, M. Gounelle, P. Gillet, M.J. Genge, G. Flynn, T. Ferroir, S. Fallon, S. Fakra, D.S. Ebel, Z.R. Dai, P. Cordier, B. Clark, M. Chi, A.L. Butterworth, D.E. Brownlee, J.C. Bridges, S. Brennan, A. Brearley, J.P. Bradley, P. Bleuet, P.A. Bland, R. Bastien, Mineralogy and petrology of Comet 81P/Wild 2 nucleus samples. Science 314, 1735–1739 (2006)
X. Zou, C. Li, J. Liu, W. Wang, H. Li, J. Ping, The preliminary analysis of the 4179 Toutatis snapshots of the Chang’E-2 flyby. Icarus 229, 348–354 (2014)
M.T. Zuber, D.E. Smith, A.F. Cheng, J.B. Garvin, O. Aharonson, T.D. Cole, P.J. Dunn, Y. Guo, G. Lemoine, G.A. Neumann, D.D. Rowlands, M.H. Torrence, The shape of 433 Eros from the NEAR-Shoemaker Laser Rangefinder. Science 289, 2097–2101 (2000)
Acknowledgements
The author is grateful to Chris McKay and Jennifer Heldmann, NASA Ames Research Center, for their support and encouragement and to Jen’s SSERVI project (FINESSE) for financial support. He is also grateful to Robin Roggio and her colleagues at the University of Arkansas for essential help with the literature, to to Philip J. Stooke, University of Western Ontario, for help with maps of Eros and Vesta, to Maria Zuber, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, for supplying Fig. 8, and to those persons who maintain the on-line databases he has frequently referred to (JPL’s asteroid database—http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi—the USGS/IAU’s database of maps and names—http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/Images—and the SAO/NASA Astrophysical Data System—http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html). Finally, the author thanks Hazel Sears, Chris Russell, Rick Binzel, and Carle Pieters for very constructive comments, and Hazel for proofing this article. Nevertheless, the errors that remain are entirely the author’s and any corrections would be appreciated.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sears, D.W.G. The Explored Asteroids: Science and Exploration in the Space Age. Space Sci Rev 194, 139–235 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-015-0202-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-015-0202-7