Friday 20 September 1940

Rare color photo showing the brand new 03 1081 Reichsbahn train at Bw Amstetten / Lower Danube. 20 September 1940.

Battle of Britain: Now that Operation Sealion has been cancelled, the weather on 20 September 1940 mocks the Germans by suddenly turning sunny. The Luftwaffe sends over fighter sweeps in the late morning from Calais. Some of these are Bf 109s on "Jabo" raids, carrying bombs and covered loosely by other fighters of JG 26. There are a few Junkers Ju 88s mixed in as well, but overall it is a fighter-bomber operation.

Fighter Command takes the raid seriously and offers battle, sending up fifteen squadrons. There is some confusion, as AVM Keith Park of No. 11 Group still has orders in place to avoid combat with fighters. However, since many of the fighters are carrying bombs, he keeps the defending fighters in the air.

The fighter-bombers attack east London and the surrounding vicinity, including RAF Biggin Hill, RAF Kenley, RAF Hornchurch, and points along the Thames Estuary. In London, there is damage near the docks in the London Bridge vicinity. There also are bombs dropped on Brighton.

This turns into one of the more successful daytime raids of the Blitz for the Luftwaffe. The fighter-bombers only lose one plane from 9,/JG 27, and the high escort of JG 26 is a premier formation. The RAF loses numerous Hurricanes and Spitfires as the attacking Luftwaffe fighters greatly outnumber the defenders. This action tends to support tactical arguments on both sides of the conflict:

• Luftwaffe fighters perform much better when not tied to bombers, which is Major Adolf Galland's refrain (along with many other pilots); and
• RAF Fighter Command should avoid dogfights with Luftwaffe fighters when there are no bombers involved (AVM Park's theory).

Overall, losses are about equal for both sides, in the high single digits. The RAF fares worse in the fighter actions, though, because five experienced pilots perish while the Luftwaffe only loses four planes. This is one of the better days for the Luftwaffe during the Battle of Britain.

Reichsmarschall Herman Goering, still keeping a close eye on developments, is excited at the day's successes. He immediately orders that each fighter group convert a full third of its fighters to carry bombs. This results in 200-250 fighter-bombers entering service over the next two weeks but seriously weakens the fighter force. The fighter pilots such as Galland are violently opposed to this change, but the OKL (Luftwaffe High Command) is living in a fantasy world where the RAF is virtually beaten and bombing cities is the path to victory. This is Luftwaffe military intelligence at its lowest ebb - well, maybe it does get lower, but this is pretty low.

Werner Mölders gets his 39th and 40th victories, two Spitfires of No. 92 Squadron, near Dungeness. He leads the Luftwaffe, followed closely by Adolf Galland who also gets a Spitfire for his 36th victory.

Dornier Do 17s over London, 20 September 1940.

European Air Operations: RAF Bomber Command continues pounding the invasion ports along the English Channel. At this point, it is obvious to all that the invasion is off, but the exposed barges present a tempting target before they rapidly get pulled back into Germany and the interior of France. Other targets include the Dortmund-Ems Canal, a train heading toward Münster, and railway installations at Ehrang-Quint (Trier), Hamm (northeastern Ruhr), Krefeld (northwest of Düsseldorf), Mannheim (southwest Germany) and Soest (near Lippstadt).

Battle of the Atlantic: Convoy HX 72, bound from Halifax to Liverpool with 43 ships, has been sailing uneventfully since 9 September. However, the closer it gets to Great Britain, the greater its danger. The Royal Navy, however, is pressed for ships, and detaches its ocean escort today, leaving the cargo ships unprotected until due to be met by local escorts late on the 21st.

Kapitänleutnant Günther Prien is out of torpedoes after a successful attack on Convoy SC 2, so his U-47 is acting as a "weather ship," spotting ships for other U-boats. He observes Convoy HX 72 and immediately reports the easy pickings to U-boat Control (BdU). It begins summoning every U-boat in the vicinity. BdU gathers U-99 (Kapitänleutnant Otto Kretschmer) and U-65 (K.Kapt. Hans-Gerrit von Stockhausen) first, and four others (U-32 (Oblt.z.S. Hans Jenisch), U-43 (Kptlt. Wilhelm Ambrosius), U-38, and U-100 (Kptlt. Joachim Schepke)) are on the way. This is like an assembly of all-time legendary U-boat commanders, the Woodstock of the Kriegsmarine. HX 72 is in big trouble, but it has no idea yet.

Elsewhere, another U-boat has a big day. U-138 (Oblt.z.S. Wolfgang Lüth) is on its first patrol, operating off western Scotland and 52 nautical miles (96 km; 60 mi) north-west of Rathlin Island. This is a prime area for U-boat successes, and U-138 gets off to a fast start. It spots Convoy OB 216. Between 21:20 and 21:26, Lüth fires three torpedoes and scores hits with all three. The attack is distinguished by the high tonnage sunk.

Then, U-138 torpedoes 13,801-ton British whale factory ship New Sevilla. The ship is taken in tow but sinks near the Mull of Kintyre. There are 282 survivors and 2 men perish.

Next, U-138 torpedoes and sinks 5560 ton Yugoslavian (Panamanian registry) collier Boka. There are 26 survivors and 8 men perish.

Then, U-138 torpedoes and sinks 10,138-ton British liner City of Simla. There are 3 dead (1 crew and 2 passengers) and 147 survivors (182 crew and 165 passengers).

Lüth is not yet done with the convoy but waits until early on the 21st to make his next move.

Separately, the Luftwaffe bombs and sinks 1057 ton Dutch collier Trito in the Channel southwest of the Isle of Portland, Dorset. There are three survivors.

British local 95-ton vessel Innisdhu hits a mine and sinks in the Thames Estuary. All four men on board perish, most likely in the initial explosion.

Convoy FN 286 departs from Southend, Convoys  MT 175 and FS 287 depart from Methil, Convoy FS 286 departs from the Tyne, and Convoy OG 43 departs from Liverpool.

British corvette HMS Gentian (K 90, Lt. Commander Roy O. Yeomans) is commissioned.

London anti-aircraft in operation, 20 September 1940.

Battle of the Mediterranean: The RAF bombs Italian airfields supporting the invasion troops at El-Menastir, Libya and the motor pool at Sidi Barrani. The RAF also operates further south, hitting Dire Dawa in Abyssinia, Berbera in British Somaliland and the Gura airfield in Eritrea.

At Malta, no air raid sirens sound, but a serious morale problem is growing worse because of a lack of mail. The start of the Blitz back home in England has magnified the worries of island troops and workers about the condition of family in London, Liverpool and elsewhere. Governor Dobbie writes to the War Office today noting that there have only been 2 letters per man delivered in the past two months and demanding the forwarding of backlogged mail in a timely fashion and regular mail service maintained thereafter.

Original caption: "With the suspicion typical of his species, this stray cat, picked up for adoption by a little boy, stared sharply at the cameraman who took this picture. September 20, 1940."

Battle of the Indian Ocean: While cruising in the deep Indian Ocean between Australia and Madagascar disguised as the Dutch freighter MV Tarifa, German raider Atlantis spots some smoke on the horizon just before midnight on the 19th. The Atlantis closes at full speed and approaches to within 3500 meters, shadowing a passenger liner operating under blackout conditions. It is the 10,061 ton French Services Contractuels des Messageries Maritimes liner Commissaire Ramel, traveling only with its crew and a cargo of various items including food and steel. Despite an apparent agreement requested by Fregattenkapitän (Captain) Bernhard Rogge on the Atlantis to maintain radio silence, the liner's radio operator begins sending distress calls due to confusion between the Australian Captain and French First Officer. Rogge opens fire and sets the ship on fire. However, the radio operator continues, forcing further destruction of the ship. Rogge then sends a boat over to take off the largely Australian crew. There are 63 men taken prisoner and three killed in the barrage.

The Royal Navy sends ships out to find the Atlantis, including cruisers HMAS Canberra and Westralia and HMS Capetown and Durban. However, Captain Rogge quickly clears the scene after sinking the blazing liner.

Elsewhere, the Regia Aeronautica finally finds Convoy BN 5, which local naval units have been unable to track down. They damage British freighter Bhima, which makes it under tow to be beached nearby. It can be refloated but is in very bad shape. The Italians lose one bomber.

French Indochina: The Japanese dispense with negotiating with the Vichy French in charge of French Indochina. They simply demand transit rights to China, the use of Haiphong Harbor and air bases there. Admiral Jean Decoux, Governor-General, with little choice, capitulates and signs a treaty giving the Japanese what they want. Decoux, a controversial figure, stays busy building support amongst the local Vietnamese, giving them a prominent role in the government.

Wondering what to see on this Friday night? Opening today, 20 September 1940, in Hagerstown Maryland: Warner Bros./RKO Radio's "Men Against The Sky."

Anglo/US Relations: More US destroyers arrive at Halifax for the Royal Navy pursuant to the destroyers-for-bases deal. This is the third group so far and includes USS Mackenzie, Haraden, Williams, Thatcher, McCook and Bancroft - all soon to be renamed and taken over by Royal Navy crews.

German Military: General von Bock opens Army Group B headquarters in Berlin to prepare for Operation Barbarossa.

Japanese Military: The carrier Akagi arrives at Kure.

Canadian Homefront:  The War Technical and Scientific Development Committee, after much consideration, approves Frederick Banting's request to begin bacterial warfare research.
American Homefront: A benefit is held in San Francisco's new artificial island Treasure Island for the British War Relief.

Universal picture "The Mummy's Hand" is released. It re-uses footage from James Whale's "Green Hell" and continues the "mummy" craze of the '30s and '40s.

"Vote for Wendell Willkie" - a page from the North Carolina newspaper The Pilot of 20 September 1940.

September 1940

September 1, 1940: RAF's Horrible Weekend
September 2, 1940: German Troopship Sunk
September 3, 1940: Destroyers for Bases
September 4, 1940: Enter Antonescu
September 5, 1940: Stukas Over Malta
September 6, 1940: The Luftwaffe Peaks
September 7, 1940: The Blitz Begins
September 8, 1940: Codeword Cromwell
September 9, 1940: Italians Attack Egypt
September 10, 1940: Hitler Postpones Sealion
September 11, 1940: British Confusion at Gibraltar
September 12, 1940: Warsaw Ghetto Approved
September 13, 1940: Zeros Attack!
September 14, 1940: The Draft Is Back
September 15, 1940: Battle of Britain Day
September 16, 1940: italians Take Sidi Barrani
September 17, 1940: Sealion Kaputt
September 18, 1940: City of Benares Incident
September 19, 1940: Disperse the Barges
September 20, 1940: A Wolfpack Gathers
September 21, 1940: Wolfpack Strikes Convoy HX-72
September 22, 1940: Vietnam War Begins
September 23, 1940: Operation Menace Begins
September 24, 1940: Dakar Fights Back
September 25, 1940: Filton Raid
September 26, 1940: Axis Time
September 27, 1940: Graveney Marsh Battle
September 28, 1940: Radio Belgique Begins
September 29, 1940: Brocklesby Collision
September 30, 1940: Operation Lena

2020

Saturday 20 July 1940

London schoolchildren during an air raid drill ordered by the London Board of Education, July 20, 1940. The rules are to go to the middle of the room, away from windows, and hold their hands over the backs of their necks.

Battle of Britain: There is good weather over the Channel on 20 July 1940, a big change from the last few days. The Luftwaffe continues to focus on shipping, which has the added benefit of drawing the RAF up for combat, which the Germans hope will wear the RAF out. There are several large dogfights during the day, but some produce no downed planes.

During the afternoon, the Luftwaffe attacks destroyer HMS Acheron off the Isle of Wight. It is damaged by near misses and proceeds to Portsmouth for repairs. The Luftwaffe loses two Bf 109s of II,/JG51, while the RAF loses three fighters of No. 32 Squadron. Joseph "Pips" Priller, one of the Luftwaffe's great aces, gets one of the kills.

Luftwaffe Stukas of II,/StG1 attacks Convoy CW 7 off Dover. They sink destroyer HMS Brazen (sinks on the 21st, one death) and 960 ton freighter Pulborough, while damaging 710 ton freighter Westown and Norwegian freighters Kollskegg and Nina Borthen. The Germans lose two planes from 3,/JG27. The RAF loses three fighters.

Losses for the day are roughly even. The British lose 5 Hurricanes, a Spitfire and a Blenheim bomber, and the Luftwaffe lose 6 fighters, a couple of bombers and a seaplane.

The Gruppenkommandeur of JG27, Major Helmut Riegel, is shot down over Sark, Dover by Hurricanes of RAF No. 501 Squadron. His replacement is Major Eduard Neumann.

S/L Aeneas RD "Don" MacDonell of No 64 Squadron RAF, one of the pilots fighting over the convoys in the Channel.

European Air Operations: During the day, RAF Bomber Command sends 24 aircraft against the German airfield at Flushing.

At night, RAF Bomber Command sends raids against Düsseldorf and Wismar. A force from Hemswell-Lincolnshire attacks battleship Tirpitz, under construction at Wilhelmshaven, but makes no hits.

The German night fighter force gets its first victory. Pilot Werner Streib of 2,/NJG1, in a prototype Do 17Z (one of a kind), shoots down a British Whitley bomber over the Ruhr without the use of radar. This kind of night visual interception will later be known as "Wild Boar." Streib himself becomes known as “The Father of Night Fighting.”

The Luftwaffe conducts minelaying operations off England, and the Germans lose an FW200C of 1,/KG40. The Luftwaffe bombs Stirling during the night, causing some damage to vehicles at the Royal Ordnance Factory in Forthside.

Reichsmarschall Goering orders Oberst (Colonel) Josef Kammhuber to follow up on the decisions made on 26 June and organize an expanded night fighter force. Kammhuber, a good organizer who briefly had been a prisoner of the French, will command the force. Kammhuber sets to work preparing a night fighter defensive line across Europe for Nachtverteidigung, or the protection of the skies. This becomes known as the Kammhuber Line, and Kammhuber effectively becomes the Night Fighter Czar with priority to get whatever equipment he needs.

3,/JG77 begins operating out of Tempelhof Airport in defense of Berlin.

Werner Streib (1911 - 1986).

Battle of the Atlantic: British 4886 ton Freighter Troutpool hits a mine and sinks near Bangor Pier. There are 11 deaths.

Destroyers HMS Havelock and Vanoc collide near Liverpool, but the damage is minor.

The British Home Fleet at Scapa Flow receives an erroneous report that German battlecruiser Gneisenau had left its port at Trondheim. It organizes its forces to intercept, but the report is proven false.

Convoy OA 187 departs from Methil, Convoy OB 186 departs from Liverpool, Convoy SL 40F departs from Freetown.

Battle of the Mediterranean: HMS Eagle launches airstrikes by Swordfish torpedo bombers on Tobruk, trying to finish off the damaged Italian cruiser Bande Nere. They sink Italian destroyers Ostro and Nembo in Tobruk Harbor, also damaging 2333 ton freighter Sereno. The British lose two planes. The Italians abandon Tobruk as a naval base, though of course, it remains a formidable fortress.

At Malta, there is an air raid at 02:42 by three airplanes which attacks the airbase at Hal Far and at Kalafrana. The raid causes extensive damage at Kalafrana, damaging a Sunderland Flying Boat and other assets. One of the Italian planes is damaged.

Morale at Malta is faltering, so the War Office plans a propaganda campaign to prop up the citizens' spirits.

German Military: Wehrmacht soldiers are warned to avoid too much mingling with the French in Paris and to patronize Wehrmacht coffee shops and canteens (which are being set up). France, particularly Paris, quickly is gaining a reputation as the favorite billet for Wehrmacht soldiers.

British Government: With Hitler having given his "Last Appeal to Reason" speech to the Reichstag on the 19th, there are some within the British government who at least want to open some kind of negotiations with the Reich. Churchill, however, remains adamantly opposed.

The Ministry of Home Security gives statistics on recent civilian casualties. During the month beginning 18 June 1940, there have been 336 civilian deaths and 476 other casualties.

Churchill continues to reshuffle the military top commands. He appoints Field Marshal John Standish Surtees Prendergast Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort, the former BEF commander, Inspector of Training and the Home Guard. Sir Alan Brooke, the new commander of the Home Guard, has full authority, so this is a meaningless post. However, Gort remains under consideration for posts with real authority, though not for anything critical.

New Zealand: The Chief of the General Staff and Chief of the Air Staff depart Auckland and head for Suva on HMS Achilles for conferences.

France: New Hebrides Islands residents vote to join Charles de Gaulle's "New France."

Vichy France installs Admiral Decoux as Governor-General of French Indochina in place of General Catroux. This solidifies Vichy France's control over this sensitive foreign possession.

Dutch Homefront: In retaliation for the refusal of Dutch colonies to surrender, the Germans arrest Dutch leaders.

Italian Homefront: The University of Rome seeks the return of the Mona Lisa from the Louvre.

British Homefront: New car sales are banned.

American Homefront: Glenn Miller tops the charts with "The Woodpecker."

The first Highland Park segment of the Arroyo Seco Parkway on its opening day, July 20, 1940. Courtesy of the Herald-Examiner Collection, Los Angeles Public Library.

July 1940

July 1, 1940: Vichy France
July 2, 1940: Arandora Star
July 3, 1940: Operation Catapult at Mers El Kébir
July 4, 1940: Romania In Crisis
July 5, 1940: The Five Freedoms
July 6, 1940: Hitler's High Point
July 7 1940: Dakar And Ringo
July 8, 1940: Tea Rationing in England
July 9, 1940: Battle of Calabria
July 10, 1940: Battle of Britain Begins
July 11, 1940: "Nous, Philippe Petain"
July 12, 1940: Enter Laval
July 13, 1940: German Surface Raiders Attack!
July 14, 1940: Bastille/Mourning Day
July 15, 1940: Tallest Man Dies
July 16, 1940: Plans for Sea Lion
July 17, 1940: Burma Road Closed
July 18, 1940: FDR Runs Again
July 19, 1940: Last Appeal To Reason
July 20, 1940: First Night Fighter Victory
July 21, 1940: Soviets Absorb Baltic States
July 22, 1940: First RAF Night Fighter Victory
July 23, 1940: Invasion False Alarm
July 24, 1940: The Meknés Incident
July 25, 1940: Black Thursday for RAF
July 26, 1940: Capture The Duke?
July 27, 1940: What's Up, Doc?
July 28, 1940: Destroyers Pulled From Dover
July 29, 1940: Barbarossa On The Burner
July 30, 1940: Hitler Delays Sealion
July 31, 1940: Bloody Wednesday of Olkusz

2020

Tuesday 25 June 1940

French surrendering (Ang, Federal Archive).

Western Front: The Franco/Italian armistice goes into effect at 00:35. The Italians have not advanced beyond Menton on the coast and had barely advanced at all further north. Italy has suffered 631 killed, 2,631 wounded and 4,494 missing/POWs. France has suffered virtually no casualties during the brief campaign on the Riviera.

Operation Ariel, the evacuation of people from France to England, concludes at 14:00 on 25 June 1940. Scattered evacuations, however, continue on the Mediterranean coast into August. There have been 214,000 people taken to England since the commencement of Operation Cycle (evacuations from Le Havre) and Operation Ariel (evacuations from Cherbourg and points south) since they began on 15 June. Among the last refugees evacuated is exiled King Zog of Albania, who departs with his family on British ship Ettrick.

Operation Collar, the commando raid near Boulogne, concludes with no British casualties and two German deaths.

The cease-fire in France goes into full effect. French Maginot Line fortresses surrender.

Hitler tours some of his old battlefields near the Somme with a couple of his Great War comrades. It is around this time when Hitler supposedly visits Charlotte Lobjoie. She is a Frenchwoman who lived near the battlefields with whom he is alleged to have had an affair in 1916 after she saw him sketching while she was cutting hay. While disputed by historians, this affair is claimed to have produced a son, Jean-Marie Loret. Hitler at around this time arranges regular payments to Lobjoie for the remainder of his time in power.

General der Infanterie Hermann Geyer (7 July 1882 – 10 April 1946) received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 25 June 1940 as General der Infanterie and commander of IX. Armeekorps.

Battle of the Atlantic: U-51 (Kapitänleutnant Dietrich Knorr) stalks Convoy OA-72 and finds some juicy targets starting at 15:45.

First, U-51 torpedoes and sinks 12,049-ton British tanker Saranac 270 miles southwest of Land's End. There are 40 survivors and 4 crew perish.

Then, U-51 torpedoes and sinks 5,395-ton coal freighter Windsorwood. All 40 crew survive.

The anti-aircraft cruiser HMS Calcutta in the Gironde estuary accidentally rams and sinks Canadian destroyer Fraser as Operation Ariel winds down. All but 45 of the crew are rescued by nearby ships, including her sister ship HMCS Restigouche.

Royal Navy submarine Snapper sinks Kriegsmarine patrol vessel V-1107 off Stavanger, Norway.

Convoy OA 174 departs from Southend, Convoy OB 174 departs from Liverpool, Convoy SL 37 departs from Freetown, Convoy HX 53 departs from Halifax.

The headline in the 25 June 1940 Los Angeles Times is "Hitler ends war in France."

Battle of the Mediterranean: An Italian convoy carrying 1727 Italian troops on the transports Esperia and Victoria departs from Naples for Tripoli. Auxiliary cruiser Ramb and torpedo boats Orsa and Procione form a protective screen.

European Air Operations: The Luftwaffe raids the British midlands. The RAF intercepts and loses two fighters.

The RAF sends 25 planes to attack German targets during the day, and 48 aircraft after dark.

Fifteen Bf 109 fighters intercept a Royal Air Force sweep over Abbeville.

US Government:  Congress abolishes the Construction Corps of the Navy and gives them line officer status designated for Engineering Duty Only (EDO). In addition, the status of those line officers who had previously had been designated for Aeronautical Engineering Duty Only (AEDO) was also redesignated EDO.

The US begins creating an airborne force, with its first commander Major William Lee.

British Government: Winston Churchill gives a speech to the House of Commons in which he expresses concern about the ultimate disposition of the French Navy.

Switzerland: Technically neutral, Switzerland's true sympathies are called into question when President Pilet-Golaz broadcasts that he feels "relief" about the "end of the war in Europe." He announces that there a "new order" in Europe and that it is time for Switzerland to join with its own Fuhrer (using the same word as in German). "The people should follow the government as a sure and devoted Fuhrer who will not always be able to explain, elaborate and give the reasons for his decisions." He partially demobilizes the army, since in his view there is no longer a threat to Swiss sovereignty. This speech is usually described as "Petainist" and an example of collaboration by another name.

China: Admiral Decoux, commanding French naval forces in the Far East, replaces Catroux as Governor-General of French Indochina (Vietnam). He comes in determined to create infrastructure and make development progress throughout the country.

German Homefront: Adolf Hitler announces more church bell ringing and other "joyous celebrations" for what he modestly characterizes as "the most glorious victory of all time." The bells will ring for a full week, and flags fly for ten days. Many ordinary Germans, including those in the Wehrmacht, believe that this means that the entire war is over.

French Homefront: As opposed to Hitler's required celebrations, the French government announces a day of mourning, with flags to be flown at half-mast.

Hitler orders the demolition of the French memorial to the end of the First World War at Compiegne. However, he brings Marshal Foch's railway carriage, the Alsace-Lorraine Monument depicting a German eagle impaled by a French sword, and the dedication tablet back to Berlin. All that is left at the site is a statue of Marshal Foch, staring out over nothing.

There remain 1.5 million French soldiers in German POW camps.

American Homefront: New taxes are imposed to add 2.2 million new taxpayers. This will partially pay for new armaments spending, with the balance paid by bonds and deficit spending.

Admiral Decoux, French Governor-General in French Indochina during World War II.

June 1940

June 1, 1940: Devastation at Dunkirk
June 2, 1940: Hitler Visits France
June 3, 1940: Operation Paula
June 4, 1940: We Shall Fight
June 5, 1940: Fall Rot
June 6, 1940: Weygand Line Crumbling
June 7, 1940: British Evacuating Narvik
June 8, 1940: Operation Juno
June 9, 1940: Norway Capitulates
June 10, 1940: Mussolini Throws Down
June 11, 1940: Paris an Open City
June 12, 1940: Rommel at St. Valery
June 13, 1940: France Goes Alone
June 14, 1940: Paris Falls
June 15, 1940: Soviets Scoop Up Lithuania
June 16, 1940: Enter Pétain
June 17, 1940: The Lancastria Sinks
June 18, 1940: A Day of Leaders
June 19, 1940: U-boats Run Wild
June 20, 1940: Pétain Wilts
June 21, 1940: Hitler's Happiest Day
June 22, 1940: France Is Done
June 23, 1940: Hitler in Paris
June 24, 1940: Six Million Jews
June 25, 1940: German Celebrations
June 26, 1940: USSR Being Belligerent
June 27, 1940: Malta in Peril
June 28, 1940: Channel Islands Bombed
June 29, 1940: Gandhi Insists on Independence
June 30, 1940: Channel Islands Occupied

2020