Wednesday 19 February 1941

HMS Salisbury (British Town Class), one of the destroyers acquired in the September 1940 destroyers-for-bases deal (formerly USS Claxton). 19 February 1941 © IWM (A 3162).

Italian/Greek Campaign: The Greeks stage a minor attack west of Klisura on 19 February 1941. However, the Epirus Army makes little progress against the Italian 11th Army.

While the front remains locked in the status quo, the British are furiously working on plans to help Greece and break the stalemate. Secretary of State Anthony Eden and Chief of the Imperial General Staff Field Marshall Sir John Dill, both in Cairo to help with this project, meet with General Alan Cunningham (brother of the Admiral) and Middle East Commander General Archibald Wavell (American observer "Wild Bill" Donovan also is in town). Bowing to the inevitable, Wavell expresses the willingness and ability to start transferring troops.

British Prime Minister Churchill sends a memo to Permanent Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs Alexander Cadogan in which he writes that it is "impossible" for the British Army to both advance into Tripoli and assist Greece at the same time. Churchill expresses doubt that Greece actually will accept aid, but vows to send "whatever troops we can get there in time." Further advances in North Africa, he says, "may well happen," but only after Greece makes some kind of arrangement with Italy and Germany.

East African Campaign: In Abyssinia, deposed Emperor Haile Selassie arrives at Dangilla in the northwestern region. This is his first appearance in a major town. He is protected by Brigadier Orde Wingate's Gideon Force. As expected, he proves wildly popular among the native population.

Gold Coast troops find a crossing of the Juba River at Mabungo. After furious bridge-building before dawn (it is known as "Union Bridge"), "A" Company of 1st Transvaal Scottish break out of a small bridgehead toward the Jumbo-Jelib road. Before they reach the road, however, the Italians (193rd Colonial Infantry Battalion) open fire, supported by artillery (four light field guns). The British get half a dozen armored cars across the river and disperse the native troops. The British take two wounded, while the Italians lose four officers and forty dead native troops. This opens the crossing completely, and during the afternoon the British cross the river in strength. Jumbo lies just ahead, and many Italian troops flee during the night. This leaves it easy prey for the British troops. Other British troops also cross the Juba and head towards Mogadishu.

The port of Kismayu, previously captured, opens to Allied shipping.

Swansea, 1941 (National Library of Wales, 875B, ).

European Air Operations: After a long period without any apparent strategy, the Luftwaffe resumes its campaign against particular moderate-sized cities. This is despite snowstorms during the day which largely keeps RAF Bomber Command grounded. Weather conditions over England and the Continent can be dramatically different.

Just as cities like Coventry and Bristol have borne the brunt of concentrated Luftwaffe attacks, now it is Swansea's turn. This becomes known as "The Three Nights' Blitz." The bombers appear at 19:30 and target 41 acres around the city center - there is no subtlety about this attack. The historic heart of the city is destroyed.

British 204 tug Queenforth is damaged and sinks during the Swansea attacks. It comes to rest in shallow water and is refloated in 1942.

RAF Coastal Command bombs Brest and Calais.

Another view of HMS Salisbury, 19 February 1941. © IWM (A 3161).

Battle of the Atlantic: Winston Churchill is outraged that the U-boats were able to pick off 8456-ton tanker Siamese Prince on the 18th (sunk by U-69). He directs that ships carrying important war material be monitored and given special escorts on their final approaches to Great Britain. Since there were no survivors of the ship, it is somewhat surprising that he has received concrete news of its dispatch this quickly - but, as a former First Lord of the Admiralty, Churchill keeps a very close eye on all naval matters.

Admiral Lütjens in command of Operation Berlin, with two heavy cruisers (Gneisenau and Scharnhorst) prowling the North Atlantic shipping lanes, is frustrated. He can't find any targets on the most heavily traveled route to Great Britain. He decides to turn west to see what turns up.

The Admiralty considers a way to beef up the convoy escorts, perhaps in light of the looming presence of the German heavy cruisers. One resource that has not been tapped recently is submarines as escorts. They order submarines to Halifax to begin covering HX convoys. They include HMS Severn, HMS Thunderbolt (which departs from Holy Loch today), HMS Talisman, Dutch submarine O.15, and French submarine Surcouf. They also send submarine depot ship HMS Forth.

The Germans have multiple ways to enforce their blockade of Great Britain. Torpedo boats are an oft-overlooked means of ship sinkings. Today, the 1st MTB Flotilla sends S-28, S-101, and S-102 on a patrol on the British side of the English Channel. S-102 sinks 1355 ton British freighter Algarve near Sheringham Light Float. Everybody aboard perishes.

The Luftwaffe attacks Convoy OB-287 in the Northwest Approaches. They sink 5642-ton British freighter Gracia and 5559-ton British tanker Housatonic. Everybody on the latter perishes, while everyone on the Gracia survives. It easily could have been the reverse. That's just the luck of the draw on the convoys.

The Luftwaffe also bombs 395-ton Dutch freighter Karanan about six miles off the Lizard. The ship is towed to Falmouth, while three men are lost.

The Luftwaffe bombs and damages 8882-ton British tanker Athelsultan off May Island. The damage does not disable or threaten the ship, which makes it to an anchorage at Methil Roads.

U-69 (Kptlt. Jost Metzler) and U-103 (Viktor Schütze) continue their very successful patrols. They have been lurking in the shipping lanes and picking off convoy stragglers.

U-69 at 08:18 torpedoes and sinks 5693-ton British freighter Empire Blanda. Empire Blanda is a straggler behind Convoy HX 107, and stragglers are easy prey.

U-103 at 22:22 torpedoes and sinks 7034-Norwegian freighter Benjamin Franklin. It also is a straggler from Convoy HX 107. Carrying 1700 barrels of acetone, the Benjamin Franklin blows up in a fireball when a second torpedo ignites them. The Benjamin Franklin survivors are picked up by Egyptian freighter Memphis, but 29 never see port again when the Memphis sinks on the way home on 28 February. That is another luck of the draw in the North Atlantic.

Royal Navy submarine HMS Tigris (Commander Howard Bone) has a big day while operating in the Bay of Biscay. It torpedoes and sinks 523-ton French cargo ship Jacobsen off Bayonne and 3181-ton French freighter Guilvinec off St. Nazaire.

German tug Enak hits a mine and sinks in the River Ems.

Royal Navy sloop HMS Pelican hits a mine off Harwich. It must be towed into Sheerness and will be out of action until December.

British 1596-ton freighter Fulham II hits a mine off Type Piers, killing a crewman. The captain beaches the ship at Frenchman's Point, and it later is refloated and taken to Jarrow for repairs.

British 4099-ton freighter Jessmore collides with another ship West of Ireland (it is heading south for the Mediterranean). The crew fights to save her, but finally gives up on the 20th, abandons ship, and the ship sinks.

Convoy HX 110 departs from Halifax.

Norwegian freighter Benjamin Franklin, a victim of U-103 today.

Battle of the Mediterranean: German radio crows about the Luftwaffe's recent successful mining of the Suez Canal on two occasions. Its information is surprisingly accurate, noting the shipping losses that have closed down sections of the canal. While hardly a surprise, this shows they have good agents in the vicinity, most likely among the Arab population which throughout the war shows an affinity for the German cause.

The Luftwaffe engages in a dogfight involving Bf 110s of III,/ZG 26 and Hurricanes of Australian No. 3 Squadron. The Germans lose a Zerstörer but shoot down two Hurricanes for their first two victories in North Africa.

General Rommel begins sending patrols out of Tripoli to look for the British - who are more interested in Greece than they are in the Afrika Korps.

It is time for another convoy run to Malta, MC 8. The Mediterranean Fleet at Alexandria is divided into Forces A and B and leaves port at 17:30.

The Luftwaffe attacks Benghazi. Australian destroyer HMAS Stuart suffers damage from a near miss, but the damage is negligible.

Convoy AC 1 leaves Benghazi. This is an unscheduled convoy, composed of ships fleeing the Luftwaffe and Italian air attacks on the port. Corvettes HMS Gloxinia and Hyacinth have been damaged while clearing mines in the harbor and lead the convoy out. The two damaged ships head for Tobruk. Monitor HMS Terror remains in Tobruk to provide antiaircraft support.

Royal Navy submarine HMS Upholder (Lieutenant-Commander Malcolm David Wanklyn) takes a potshot at an Italian Freighter in the Gulf of Gabes but misses.

The Free French Army under Colonel Leclerc continues to invest the El Tag fortress at Kufra. The French are bombarding the fortress with a 74 mm field gun and several mortars.

At Malta, Governor Lt. General Dobbie telegrams a proposal to the War Office to impose compulsory conscription.

US/Japanese Relations: New Japanese Ambassador Nomura gives his first press conference in Washington. He tries to be reassuring, saying that there need not be war in the Pacific if the US does not want it.

British/Irish Relations: Prime Minister Winston Churchill memos Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs Viscount Cranborne about Cranborne's proposed visit to Eire. Churchill clearly feels the visit would be pointless and notes that Cranborne either would have to lie, or "make many inconvenient admissions" about "the hard policy which it is our duty to pursue." Churchill concludes that Cranborne can raise the issue of a visit to Ireland with the Cabinet - which of course Churchill controls completely.

British Government: Churchill expresses outrage that the author of a pamphlet expressing positions antithetical to those of the government (meaning Churchill) has not been disciplined under Defence Regulation 18B. The Duke of Bedford, Churchill writes, should be treated "with severity." Bedford espouses such heretical notions as negotiating peace with Hitler. By reference to Sir Oswald Mosley, Churchill makes clear that he believes Bedford belongs in prison. Throughout the war, Churchill takes a very dim view of anything that criticizes him or the progress of the war.

New Zealand Home Guard, 19 February 1941, Sir George Grey Special Collections, Auckland Libraries, AWNS-19410219-32-1.

Australian Government: Prime Minister Robert Menzies flies from Freetown to Lisbon en route to London. He notes that Lisbon recently suffered a hurricane, which sank one of the two flying boats that had been available to transport him. He meets with local Ambassador Sir Ronald Campbell, who urges him to look with favor on Marshal Petain, who "has done well" after an unavoidably rocky beginning.

Burma: The American Volunteer Group under Claire Chennault is going to be based in Rangoon. The first shipment of P-40s leaves New Jersey for Burma.

Dutch Homefront: The tensions remain high in Amsterdam. Rebels from the Jewish Action Group have taken control of some portions of the city, but the Germans are fighting back. German Grüne Polizei attack a rebel strongpoint on the Van Woustraat. The police take the Koco ice-cream parlor, owned by Ernst Cahn and Alfred Kohn, but suffer several casualties. The Germans regroup and plan their revenge.

Future History: David Jonathan Gross is born in Washington, D.C. He becomes a top physicist, wins numerous awards including the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics (shared) for the discovery of asymptotic freedom.

Magda Schneider, Heinz Engelmann, Filmwoche Magazine [Germany] (19 February 1941).

February 1941

February 1, 1941: US Military Reorganization
February 2, 1941: Wehrmacht Supermen
February 3, 1941: World Will Hold Its Breath
February 4, 1941: USO Forms
February 5, 1941: Hitler Thanks Irish Woman
February 6, 1941: Operation Sunflower
February 7, 1941: Fox Killed in the Open
February 8, 1941: Lend Lease Passes House
February 9, 1941: Give Us The Tools
February 10, 1941: Operation Colossus
February 11, 1941: Afrika Korps
February 12, 1941: Rommel in Africa
February 13, 1941: Operation Composition
February 14, 1941: Nomura in Washington
February 15, 1941: Churchill's Warning
February 16, 1941: Operation Adolphus
February 17, 1941: Invade Ireland?
February 18, 1941: Panzerwaffe Upgrade
February 19, 1941: Three Nights Blitz
February 20, 1941: Prien's Farewell
February 21, 1941: Swansea Blitz Ends
February 22, 1941: Amsterdam Pogrom
February 23, 1941: OB-288 Convoy Destruction
February 24, 1941: Okuda Spies
February 25, 1941: Mogadishu Taken
February 26, 1941: OB-290 Convoy Destruction
February 27, 1941: Operation Abstention
February 28, 1941: Ariets Warns Stalin

2020

Saturday 15 February 1941

Camp Barkeley, Texas is activated on 13 February 1941.

Italian/Greek Campaign: The new Greek Epirus Army (I and II Corps) fights hard in the Klisura Pass area on 15 February 1941. However, the front has stabilized everywhere despite both sides desperately trying to push the enemy back.

East African Campaign: The British remain stuck before Keren, Eritrea. However, they continue advancing slowly in other areas in East Africa.

Convoy WS 5B (a Winston Special troop convoy) departs from Durban. It has nine troopships.

European Air Operations: RAF Bomber Command sends 35 bombers against oil installations at Hamburg. For various reasons, only 26 appear over the target. It also sends 43 aircraft to bomb Boulogne. Other bombers mount a propaganda mission to Poland, dropping leaflets over Cracow and Katowice. Coastal Command bombs the docks at Calais, and the RAF mounts Rhubarb raids during the day.

The Luftwaffe attacks the Northumberland mining district. About 130 bombers appear over the coastal area. While it is not a major raid by London standards (which also receives some attention today), it is large by local standards and causes numerous casualties. The Luftwaffe loses a Heinkel He 111P from 6./KG 4 (5J+GP) which crashes at South Shields. There are several deaths, and a land mine that the Heinkel was carrying explodes and causes devastation.

The Marguerite, lost today in a collision with the Robert.

Battle of the Atlantic: German battlecruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau continue refueling from tankers Esso Hamburg and Schlettstadt. Admiral Lütjens is contemplating his next move south toward the shipping lanes.

German heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper makes port at Brest (some sources say 14 February). It has sunk 8 ships of 34,042 tons. The Royal Navy is aware of its presence and sends out four destroyers from Plymouth to stop it, but they get there too late. The ship also attracts unwanted RAF attention. German authorities immediately begin considering whether to send the ship back to Germany.

German raider Pinguin, operating in the mid-Atlantic north of the island of Tristan da Cunha, meets with tanker Nordmark. Pinguin still has several captured Norwegian whalers that need prize crews. Nordmark itself has the captured "floating delicatessen" refrigerated ship Duquesa, renamed as Herzogin. The ships hook up for several days.

U-123 (Kptlt. Karl-Heinz Moehle), on her third patrol, torpedoes and sinks 6573-ton British freighter Alnmoor about 750 km southwest of Rockall in the North Atlantic shipping lanes. Everyone on board perishes, either 45 or 55 men.

The Luftwaffe bombs and damages 983-ton British freighter Stock Force in the Humber.

A sequence of odd collisions takes place in roughly the same place which results in the loss of three ships. British 286 ton freighter Marguerite, in a convoy, collides with freighter Robert off Flamborough Head, Yorkshire. The Marguerite sinks and there are two deaths, with Robert picking up the survivors. British 958 ton collier Woodstock then is involved in a sequence of incidents in Robin Hood's Bay which results in a lot of damage. It collides with British 1509 ton freighter Paris, causing Paris to sink (it is beached but written off). It then collides with French freighter André Thomé, and the Woodstock sinks quickly from a huge tear below the waterline. It is unclear exactly what went on in this sequence of incidents. Three collisions in such a short period of time and involving the same ships, well, that is unusual.

Portuguese tug Furão sinks at the mouth of the Sado River. Seven crewmen perish.

Royal Navy submarine HMS Cachalot lays 50 mines off Norway in minefield FD 30.

Convoy OG 53 departs from Liverpool.

Royal Navy corvettes HMS Laforey are launched and Fritillary and Genista are laid down.

U-78 (Kapitänleutnant Adolf Dumrese) is commissioned, U-256, U-660, and U-765 are laid down.

"Sister Trotter and Sister Gee help patients with their lunch in a ward at Park Prewitt Hospital in Basingstoke in February 1941." This is the American Hospital. © IWM (D 2072)

Battle of the Mediterranean: In one of those "firsts," there is the first skirmish between British XIII Corps at Sirte, where General Rommel has sent advance troops.

The RAF bombs Lindos Harbor, Rhodes.

US/Anglo Relations: President Roosevelt sends a mission headed by Harvard University President James Bryant Conant to Great Britain to facilitate the sharing of technology. Also included in the mission are  Frederick L. Hovde from Purdue University and Carroll L. Wilson from MIT. This follows on the Tizard Mission from Great Britain that brought the United States cutting edge technology. One of Roosevelt's biggest successes during the war is his focus on advanced technology, though he chooses different areas to concentrate on than the Axis does.

Winston Churchill writes a letter to President Roosevelt about the situation in the Pacific in which he warns about a Japanese attack in the Pacific. He begins by noting that

Many drifting straws seem to indicate Japanese intention to make war on us or do something that would force us to make war on them in the next few weeks or months.

He later states:

But the attack which I fear the most would be by raiders, including possibly battle-cruisers, upon our trade routes and communications across the Pacific and Indian Oceans.

Churchill concludes:

Some believe that Japan in her present mood would not hesitate to court or attempt to wage war both against Great Britain and the United States. Personally I think the odds are definitely against that, but no one can tell.

He asks Roosevelt to impress upon the Japanese that any war against Great Britain would involve the United States as well - something that Roosevelt already has broadly hinted to Japanese Ambassador Nomura.

Canadian Lieutenant Roland Gravel of the Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal, Farmborough, England, 15 February 1941.

US/Italian Relations: Responding to Italian demands, presumably based on safety concerns following the Royal Navy attack on Genoa, the US closes its consulates in Naples and Palermo.

US Military: Chief of naval operations Admiral Stark writes a letter to Admiral Kimmel, CINCPAC. Stark states in the letter that torpedo nets are unnecessary at Pearl Harbor because the depth of the harbor is only 75 feet, which Stark believes is insufficient for air-launched torpedoes (90 feet being the assumed minimum). The Japanese are aware of this issue and are working to find a way around this limitation.

Omar Bradley is promoted from lieutenant colonel to brigadier general, bypassing the rank of colonel, and sent to command Fort Benning. Bradley has been Assistant Secretary, General Staff since July 1939.

The US Marine Corps 1st Defense Battalion embarks from San Diego, California on USS Enterprise to take up positions on Johnston Island and Palmyra Atoll. They will first stop at Pearl Harbor.

Naval Air Station (NAS) Kaneohe Bay is established on Oahu. Its commander is Harold M. Martin.

Camp Barkeley, Texas is activated. It is an infantry training post in Taylor County Texas. Construction began on 17 December 1940, and it will be declared surplus on 21 March 1945.

Congress authorizes the construction of a US Marine Corps base at New River, North Carolina.

Japanese Government: There is at least one spy in the Japanese consulate in Honolulu. The Japanese vice-consul in Honolulu, Otohiro Okuda, sends a message to Tokyo warning that the US is planning to declare war on Japan by the end of the first week of March. Where he gets this erroneous information, or rather what the original source was, is unclear.

Rigging on water well number 5 at Camp Polk, Louisiana on 15 February 1941 (National WWII Museum).

Australian Government: Prime Minister Robert Menzies is in Khartoum, and records in his diary that he visits a memorial today to the 21st Lancers during a past border war. Among the names inscribed on it is that of Winston Churchill, who he is on the way to see.

Holocaust: The German government in Austria (Arthur Seyss-Inquart) begins deporting Austrian Jews to Polish ghettos. The first 1000 Jews are sent to a ghetto in Opole, Poland.

Spanish Homefront: There is a large fire in the city of Santander. There are 115 deaths.

Dutch Homefront: Tensions remain high. German sympathizers (the WA and German Grüne Polizei) and opponents continue to engage in scuffles throughout the city. The enclosure of the Jewish Ghetto has been a prime factor in stirring up demonstrations.

Michael Maltese.

American Homefront: Duke Ellington and his orchestra record "Take the 'A' Train" at RCA Victor's studio in Hollywood Studio. The tune is written by Billy Strayhorn. This is only the first of several commercial recordings, but the most famous and enduring. The song has been under development since 1939 when Ellington wrote down travel instructions for Strayhorn to his house which included the directive "Take the A Train."

Warner Bros. releases "The Haunted Mouse," a Looney Tunes production by Tex Avery (animation by Sid Sutherland). It features the voices of Mel Blanc as the Black Cat (if you have a mouse, you need a cat!) and Walter Tetley as the Haunted Mouse. This is the first writing credit for Michael "Mike" Maltese, who some consider the greatest cartoon writer of all time for his plays on words and original stories. It is Avery's first black and white cartoon in four years as Warners spreads out the work to different directors - Tex leaves the story shortly after.



February 1941

February 1, 1941: US Military Reorganization
February 2, 1941: Wehrmacht Supermen
February 3, 1941: World Will Hold Its Breath
February 4, 1941: USO Forms
February 5, 1941: Hitler Thanks Irish Woman
February 6, 1941: Operation Sunflower
February 7, 1941: Fox Killed in the Open
February 8, 1941: Lend Lease Passes House
February 9, 1941: Give Us The Tools
February 10, 1941: Operation Colossus
February 11, 1941: Afrika Korps
February 12, 1941: Rommel in Africa
February 13, 1941: Operation Composition
February 14, 1941: Nomura in Washington
February 15, 1941: Churchill's Warning
February 16, 1941: Operation Adolphus
February 17, 1941: Invade Ireland?
February 18, 1941: Panzerwaffe Upgrade
February 19, 1941: Three Nights Blitz
February 20, 1941: Prien's Farewell
February 21, 1941: Swansea Blitz Ends
February 22, 1941: Amsterdam Pogrom
February 23, 1941: OB-288 Convoy Destruction
February 24, 1941: Okuda Spies
February 25, 1941: Mogadishu Taken
February 26, 1941: OB-290 Convoy Destruction
February 27, 1941: Operation Abstention
February 28, 1941: Ariets Warns Stalin

2020