Friday 6 February 1942

RAF reconnaissance photo showing Graf Zeppelin at Gotenhafen (Gdynia), 6 February 1942 (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command NH 78306).

Battle of the Pacific: A Carley float is spotted near Flying Fish Cove, Christmas Island and recovered on 6 February 1942. This island is run by employees of the Christmas Island Phosphate Company, Lt. The float contains a body clothed in a white boiler suit which is buried but not identified, as the staff is preparing to evacuate (which is done by 23 February 1942). This random occurrence begins a mystery that continues into the 21st Century, as some people believe that the float and body came from lost Australian cruiser HMAS Sydney, sunk on 19 November 1941. Since there were no survivors of that ship's encounter with German raider Kormoran and no bodies were ever recovered, this would be the only remains ever found from the doomed ship. The body is exhumed and examined in 2006 with inconclusive results. This remains under review by the Australian government and a great deal of effort, time, and thought has been expended on the human remains. They also have been the foundation of various conspiracy theories, such as that the German machine-gunned any survivors of the Sydney (there is no proof of this aside from interpretations about the state of the remains). This is one of the longest-lasting investigations stemming from World War II.

On 6 February 2021, the Australian government announced that DNA testing has proven that the body was, in fact, a deceased crewman from HMAS Sydney. His name was Able Seaman (AB) Thomas Welsby Clark, a native of Brisbane.

"HMS UTMOST alongside the depot ship HMS FORTH." 6 February 1942 (© IWM (A 7726)).

General Tomoyuki Yamashita, General Office Commanding 25th Army, is safely ensconced in the royal palace directly across the strait from Singapore. The British know he is there, but do not shell the palace out of respect for the feelings of the local people. Yamashita's presence there serves multiple purposes, including suggesting to the British that the major Japanese invasion of Singapore will come in the eastern portion of the strait near the destroyed causeway. Yamashita summons his officers at 11:00 and gives them the plan of attack. He plans a feint in the northeast on the night of 7 February, when he will have the ceremonial Imperial Guards Division take Palau Ubin Island opposite Chang in the northeast of Singapore. On the 8th, the 5th and 18th Divisions will mount the main invasion in northwest Singapore. The more perceptive British strategists in Singapore, such as British chief engineer Brigadier Ivan Simson, divine this plan and warn Lieutenant General Ernest Percival, General Officer Commanding Malaya Command, that the danger lies in the northwest. Percival, however, is convinced that the attack will occur in the east, which provides a more direct route to the heart of Singapore, and continues reinforcing that area.

After dark, the Australian 22nd Brigade sends three small patrols across the strait to Johor. The Japanese spot one of them, sinking its ship and kill the commander. The other patrols manage to gather intelligence about Japanese troop concentrations. The Overseas Chinese Anti-Japanese Volunteer Army, supported by Australian troops, sink and kill a Japanese patrol that was attempting to cross the Strait for similar purposes.

The New York Times of 6 February 1942 provides on page 2 a helpful map of Singapore. The caption to the map begins, "In heavy shelling of Japanese position at Johore Bahru, Singapore's guns silenced some enemy batteries," which tells you straight off that we are dealing with fantasy.

Local Singapore workers do not want their home to become a battleground and have been causing labor issues to hamper the British. This has included demanding pay increases and a distinct lack of enthusiasm for any work directly related to the war. They take this passive-aggressive protest further today when local stevedores refuse to unload 16 tanks and 2000 tons of ammunition from freighter Empire Star. The ship's crew has to do the work themselves. Suspiciously, the lines holding the ship to the dock keep getting cast off without orders during Japanese air raids, causing it to drift off and delaying the unloading. Meanwhile, other ships depart as quickly as they can be unloaded and then embark on refugees. HMS Danae, Sutlej, and HMAS Yarra having escorted in Convoy BM-12 recently, quickly turn around and escort departing Convoy EMU to India. This includes ships Devonshire and Felix Roussel heading for India and the City of Canterbury heading for Batavia. At the end of the day, around midnight, HMAS Woolongong sails under cover of darkness. It is the last Allied ship to leave Singapore for years.

In the Philippines, the Japanese attack the US Army I Corps sector in the western half of the Bataan Peninsula. Their aim is to relieve two dwindling Japanese pockets just south of the Allied Main Line of Resistance (MLR). The Japanese attack gets within 800 years (meters) of the main pocket but then are stopped by elements of the 11th Division, Philippine Army. This Japanese wedge in the MLR becomes known as the "Upper Pocket," though this is a misnomer because it is not technically a pocket (though it is isolated by the river at its back). Further north, in Manila Bay, the US continues to hold isolated islands where Fort Drum and Fort Frank are located. The Japanese begin shelling these islands today from artillery positioned along the south shore of the Bay in the vicinity of Ternate.

The New York Times publishes on page 8 what it describes as the "First Pictures of Japanese Entering Manila."

The Allies continue to believe that the Bataan Peninsula can be held indefinitely. There is little sense of urgency, though everyone understands the seriousness of the battles underway. Thus, staff officers worry more about supplies and reinforcements there rather than an evacuation. Today, the Engineer, United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE), submits to G-4 (logistics), USAFFE, a detailed list of requested supplies for Bataan to be shipped "to whatever supply point may be most advantageous." This includes, among other things, camouflage nets, truck radiators, barbed wire, chemicals, paper, mapping and aerial reconnaissance supplies, construction supplies such as acetylene bottles, paintbrushes, and explosives for demolition work. The Engineer recommends that the supplies be sent on three ships so that some get through despite losses. There is nothing wrong with the list and it certainly comports with the army's basic requirements. However, its underlying premise is that the US presence on Bataan is stable and likely to last for a long time since, even if approved, these items would take months to procure and ship.

USS Downes (DD-375). "Being floated out of Pearl Harbor Navy Yard's Drydock # 1, while under salvage on 6 February 1942. Light-colored patches cover areas of severe damage to her hull. She had been bombed and burned out during the Japanese attack on 7 December 1941. U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command Photograph." NH 54557.

Fierce air battles continue over Burma. At about 10:00, the American Volunteer Group (AVG) destroys four Nakajima Ki-27, Army Type 97 Fighters near Rangoon. Japanese forces are infiltrating across the Salween River but are not yet in a position to mount a major attack to dislodge the Indian defenders there.

The gradual Japanese occupation of the Netherlands East Indies continues as a detachment lands at Gorontalo on Minahassa Peninsula, west of Menado, on Celebes Island. Japanese bombers attack Palembang P1 Airfield on Sumatra at 1100 hours. During the attack, they shoot down two Blenheim bombers and four Hawker Hurricanes and destroy two Buffaloes on the ground. The Dutch receive reconnaissance reports of Japanese naval forces concentrating near the Anambas Islands. Agents in French Indochina report the presence of a Japanese airborne division which is prepared for action.

Reich Organization Leader Robert Ley speaks at a rally at the Berlin Sports Palace to employees of the Siemens company on 6 February 1942. Behind him is a propaganda poster that reads, "He fights harder! We increase our performance." The Winter Relief is in full swing, a little late but better late than never (Hoffmann, Federal Archive Fig. 183-J00340).

Eastern Front: The Germans have avoided disaster by reopening supply lines to the Fourth Army and other large formations that were isolated by the Soviet counteroffensive around Moscow in December and January 1942. However, large forces remain surrounded at Kholm and Demyansk and there are no plans to relieve them anytime soon. Instead, the Germans have decided to supply them by air in the first sustained airlift in military history. Hitler is solidly behind this idea, though his underlings sometimes advise him that the planes could be better used elsewhere and the pockets are unsustainable. The airlift is hampered by the absence of airfields, so many of the supply efforts must be made by airdrops. These drops are not always accurate, and fierce battles develop as both sides attempt to recover the crates in the contested fringe areas. Overall, though, the airlift idea works, though life inside the pockets is grim and the defenses barely hold. The Red Army also has troops behind German lines, most notably south of Rzhev, and they, too, survive only with airlifts. There Germans are astonished to see the Red Air Force transports landing within view and in all kinds of weather.

European Air Operations: The RAF resumes operations after a mid-winter break. During the day, it sends 33 Hampden and 13 Manchester bombers to lay mines in the Frisian Islands. The British lose one Hampden.

RAF Bomber Command also sends 57 Wellington and 3 Stirling bombers to attack the German naval base at Brest. The cloudy weather prevents precision bombing and only 21 bombers report dropping their bombs on the target. If the raid has any significance, it is to stimulate German plans for Operation Cerberus, the Channel Dash scheduled for four days before the new moon on 11 February 1942.

"Officers and members UTMOST's crew at their action stations in the interior of the submarine. The Commanding Officer, Lieut Cdr R D Cayley, is at the periscope." Taken upon HMS Utmost's arrival at Holy Loch on 6 February 1942 after a year of service in the Mediterranean. © IWM (A 7721).

Battle of the Atlantic: Operation Paukenschlag (Drumbeat) continues off the east coast of the United States with the arrival of the second wave of U-boats. The first wave of the operation sank 25 Allied ships in 25 days. The most successful U-boat was U-123, which sank nine ships. This next wave of the attack will, when it is completed, replace the original six U-boats with 15 submarines. The US Navy is overstretched and has not yet established a convoy system along the coast. The U-boats throughout the war enjoy their greatest success against "independents" and thus find great success with unescorted freighters and tankers which often are illuminated by cities behind them along the shore which are brightly lit.

U-82, sunk in the North Atlantic on 6 February 1942.

U-82 (Kptlt. Siegfried Rollmann), on its third patrol out of La Pallice, France, has sunk three ships of 19,307 tons on this patrol in the western Atlantic and is returning to France when it runs out of luck. After spotting Convoy OS-18 northeast of the Azore Islands (Rollmann informs his superiors of this and he is ordered to shadow the convoy), Rollmann is spotted by Royal Navy escorts sloop Rochester (L50) and corvette Tamarisk. They combine to sink U-82, and there are no survivors of the crew of 34 to add further details. With a total of 51,859 tons of cargo shipping sunk and one warship of 1190 tons sunk, along with damaging a 1999-ton freighter, U-82 is one of the more successful U-boats of World War II.

SS Major Wheeler, sunk on 6 February 1942.

U-107 (Kptlt. Harald Gelhaus), on its fifth patrol out of Lorient, torpedoes and sinks 3431-ton US freighter Major Wheeler in the Atlantic while en route from Fajardo, Puerto Rico to Philadelphia carrying 4,611 pounds of sugar. The ship sinks by the stern within two minutes. All 35 men aboard perished.

10,107-ton cargo liner MV Opawa, sunk on 6 February 1942.

U-106 torpedoes, shells, and sinks 10,107-ton refrigerated cargo liner Opawa MV about 400 miles northeast of Bermuda. There are 56 deaths and 15 survivors, including master Captain W.G. Evans.

In an incident that is sometimes reported as happening on either 5 or 6 February 1942, U-109 (Kptlt Bleichrodt) torpedoes and sinks 3530-ton Panamian freighter SS Halcyon. Search and rescue take place on 6 February 1942. A search plane finds the wreckage and directs British tanker British Prestige to the area. It spends the day hunting down and rescuing 27 survivors, one 73 years old.

British tanker British Prestige (courtesy of Eric Wiberg).

Battle of the Mediterranean: On land, the two sides settle down to garrison duties, the British on the Gazala Line and the Axis forces around Mechili.The Afrika Korps under Lieutenant General Erwin Rommel advance of 350 miles past Benghazi has been a bonanza for the Wehrmacht, as the British have not only abandoned their own supplies but also previously abandoned German supplies such as ammunition that the British did not have time to remove.

On Malta, planes of RAF No. 21 Squadron (Blenheim IV) is flying off the island of Filfla when some Bf 109s of JG 53 appear and shoot down three Blenheims. Lt. Hans, Oblt. Wittmeyer, Lt. Herbert Soukup, and Oblt. Helmut Belser all claim victories.

"The crew of a Crusader tank cleaning the barrel of the 2-pdr gun, 6 February 1942." © IWM (E 8078).

Arab/Axis Relations: Amin al-Husseini, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, travels from Germany to Italy and confers with Benito Mussolini in Rome. Husseini, who previously has conferred with Hitler and other top German leaders, feels that they have a common enemy in the British, who he sees as protecting the Jewish people in the Middle East. It is a very fine point and perhaps a point without much of a distinction, but while Hitler and his cronies want to exterminate the Jewish people, Husseini only wants to destroy Zionism and expel all Jewish people from what he considers to be Arab lands. The Axis powers hope that Husseini can raise troops against the Allies and rise up in a giant Jihad against them throughout the Middle East. Husseini is willing to do this, but he has virtually no military power, only somewhat shaky moral authority and popular influence.

Allied Relations: The first meeting of the military leaders of the United Kingdom and the United States, the Combined Chief of Staff, takes place in Washington, D.C.

On page 4 of the 6 February 1942 New York Times, the headline screams, "Surabaya, Unawed, Awaits Japanese Invasion Attempt." The piece begins, "Eastern Java, of which the big naval base of Surabaya is the political and industrial center, is set to meet a Japanese attack." Well, how "set" they actually are remains to be seen, and very shortly. They could stand to be a bit awed.

US Military: The U.S. Navy designates certain areas as Naval Coastal Frontiers. This includes the Eastern, Gulf, Caribbean, Panama, Hawaiian, Northwest, Western, and Philippine Sea Frontiers.

A USAAF P-40 Kittyhawk piloted by 2nd Lieutenant Oscar W. A. Handy (0-425080) of the 3rd Pursuit Squadron (Provisional) crashes at Darwin, Northern Territory. Handy survives.

The 178th Signal Company is constituted at Camp Shelby, Mississippi. It will serve with distinction in the Rhineland in 1944 and Vietnam in the 1960s.

British Military: In a typical wartime accident, a Bristol Blenheim on a training mission crashes into a tree after taking off from Hinton-in-the-Hedges. The only man aboard, Sgt William Everard-Smith of 13 OTU RAF, is buried at Chorley (St. Gregory) Roman Catholic Churchyard nearby. These crashes happen through pilot error, strained maintenance servicing, poor visibility, and other factors that are not as pronounced during peacetime.

The New York Times, 6 February 1942. When the going gets tough, the media gets positive even when there isn't really anything positive to report. The main headline reads, "Singapore Silences Foe's Guns in Duel; U.S. Fighters over Java Bag 2 Planes; Japanese Span the Salween in Burma," almost all of which is nonsense.

German Military: Adolf Hitler orders Minister of Armaments Fritz Todt to chair a committee that will organize the chaotic armaments situation. German industry had cut back on munitions production during 1941 when it appeared that the Soviet Union would be quickly conquered, but the fierce winter fighting was not expected and supplies which were thought would be restocked during this period instead continue to be drawn down. There also are many different fiefdoms within the government which control different aspects of the war effect, such as Hermann Goering's position as plenipotentiary of the Four Year Plan, which destroy attempts at coordination toward efficiency. While Goering continues in this position and is allowed to continue building his personal empire primarily centered in Austria and the Balkans, Todt is given sweeping new powers over the wartime economy. This is a tacit recognition by Hitler that final victory is going to take more time than originally thought and the Reich has to prepare for a long and arduous war.

The crew of HMS Utmost hoists the Jolly Roger showing their victories while on patrol after arriving in port at Holy Loch, Scotland, 6 February 1942.

Egypt: Under intense pressure from the British (British ambassador Sir Miles Lampson has surrounded the royal palace with tanks in the "Abdeen Palace incident"), King Farouk organizes a new Wafd (nationalist) government. He appoints Mostafa El-Nahas to the position of Prime Minister. Nahas has a reputation for being corrupt (as just one example, he is accused of forcing landowners to sell him prime property), but he is acceptable to the British because his pecuniary motivations outweigh any pro-Axis sympathies that he may or may not have. He also was one of the signers of the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936, which indicates some willingness to work with the British, though (long after the war) he later denounces that treaty during a low-point in Egyptian-British relations.

Korvettenkapitän (later Fregattenkapitän) Klaus Scholtz, commander of U-108, ends a period of fruitless hunting off the New England coast on 6 February 1942 and heads south, where he will find plentiful targets.

Australian Homefront: The Minister for the Army, Frank Forde, writes to Prime Minister John Curtin:

The attitude of those with near relatives in our Garrison at Rabaul is becoming bitter and hostile at the lack of any news of their sons, brothers and husbands, and of the feeling that is being created that although something could be done to assist them, nothing is being attempted. [NAA A2684/3 Item 749]

There indeed are many survivors of the invasion of Rabaul, but little is known about their fate and the vast majority simply disappear without a trace. It is worthwhile to note that Japanese soldiers in some other places at this time of the war (perhaps most notoriously at Hong Kong) have been proven to be torturing and killing prisoners and then burning the bodies to hide their crimes.

American Homefront: Monogram Pictures releases "Law of the Jungle" (1942), a wartime thriller directed by Jean Yarbrough about German spies in British Rhodesia, Africa.

"Doc Savage," Volume 18, No. 6, February 1942.

February 1942

February 1, 1942: The US Navy Strikes Back
February 2, 1942: Germans Recovering in Russia
February 3, 1942: Japanese Shell and Bomb Singapore
February 4, 1942: Battle of Makassar Strait
February 5, 1942: Empress of Asia Sunk
February 6, 1942: The Christmas Island Body
February 7, 1942: The Double-V Campaign
February 8, 1942: Japan Invades Singapore
February 9, 1942: French Liner Normandie Capsizes
February 10, 1942: US Car Production Ends
February 11, 1942: Tomforce Fails on Singapore
February 12, 1942: The Channel Dash
February 13, 1942: Japanese Paratroopers In Action
February 14, 1942: RAF Orders Terror Raids
February 15, 1942: Japan Takes Singapore
February 17, 1942: Indian Troops Defect to Japanese
February 18, 1942: Battle of Badung Strait
February 19, 1942: FDR Authorizes Internment Camps
February 20, 1942: O'Hare the Hero
February 21, 1942: Crisis in Burma
February 22, 1942: Bomber Harris Takes Over
February 23, 1942: Bombardment of Ellwood, California
February 24, 1942: US Raid on Wake Island
February 25, 1942: Battle of Los Angeles
February 26, 1942: Gneisenau Eliminated
February 27, 1942: Battle of Java Sea
February 28, 1942: Battle of Sunda Strait

2020

Wednesday 19 November 1941

German raider Kormoran. Australian War Memorial 053867.

Battle of the Indian Ocean: Some people question whether World War II was actually a "world" war due to lack of military action in certain areas. The events of 19 November 1941 prove conclusively that major military actions took place in the Indian Ocean (there were many others). The sea duel between German raider Kormoran and Australian light cruiser HMAS Sydney just off the west coast of Australia was one of the most devastating events in the entire history of the Royal Navy, let alone World War II, and its repercussions continue well into the 21st Century.

Starboard side view of the cruiser HMAS Sydney (D48), August 1941. Australian War Memorial 301407.

German converted auxiliary cruiser Kormoran (HSK-8, Fregattenkapitän (Commander) Theodor Detmers) is nearing the end of a year-long cruise primarily in the Indian Ocean on 19 November 1941when it is sighted by the Sydney (D48, sometimes referred to as Syndey II, Captain Joseph Burnett) roughly 106 nautical miles (196 km; 122 mi) off Dirk Hartog Island (southwest of Carnarvon). Detmers tries to flee, but the Kormoran has temporary engine issues and, in any event, cannot outrun the faster cruiser. The Kormoran is disguised as the Dutch freighter Straat Malakka, which is known to be operating in these waters, but Detmers knows that this disguise cannot withstand scrutiny. After some inconclusive back-and-forth between the two ships that arouses his interest enough to investigate further, Captain Burnett follows standing Admiralty orders to seize all suspected enemy merchantmen and approaches the Kormoran and stops approximately 1,300 meters (4,300 ft) from Kormoran.

"Men of No. 1 Commando scrambling up a hillside during training at Glencoe in Scotland, 19 November 1941."  © IWM (H 15661).

From this point forward, events are disputed. The official and most accepted version, supported by the overwhelming preponderance of the evidence, is that at around 17:30, in response to a Sydney signal to "Show your secret sign" (which Detmers did not know), the Kormoran suddenly runs up its Kriegsmarine ensign. A gun battle immediately breaks out. Detmers' crew has had the advantage of knowing that they may have to open fire and thus has the Sydney targeted, while it is unclear what Sydney's crew was thinking. The Kormoran's crew drops the false hull plates hiding its 5.9-inch (15-cm) guns, raises other guns on hydraulic lifts, and launches two torpedoes. Sydney's crew opens fire at roughly the same time.

"A soldier from No. 1 Commando, armed with a 'Tommy gun', climbs up a steep rock face during training at Glencoe in Scotland, 19 November 1941." © IWM (H 15667).

The battle lasts for roughly half an hour. The Kormoran's fire is more accurate and quickly smashes Sydney's bridge and disables some of its 6-inch (152 mm) main guns. In addition, at least one of Kormoran's torpedoes hits Sydney near the bow and assures that it will sink. Sydney's fire, while ineffective at defending the ship, scores enough hits to disable Kormoran and assure that it will sink as well. With Korman unable to follow, Sydney sails away at a very slow speed in a cloud of smoke, with Kormoran's crew continue to score some hits. Both ships sink at around midnight, though nobody is exactly when Sydney goes under.

USS Hornet (CV-8) in drydock after its commissioning at Norfolk Navy Yard, Portsmouth, Virginia, 19 November 1941.

While Kormoran sinks, it suffers much less damage than Sydney and its crew is able to abandon ship about a half-hour before it explodes in a fireball due to exploding mines that it is carrying. There are 317 survivors, including Detmers, and total Kormoran casualties are six officers, 75 German sailors, and one Chinese laundryman. The survivors are picked up over the next week by Australian ships and land patrols after two of the lifeboats make landfall at a sheep station at 17-Mile Well and Red Bluff. There is not a single survivor of the Australian cruiser and only a very few remnants (some disputed as being from Sydney at all). A total of 645 men perish on Sydney, making it the largest loss of life in the history of the Royal Australian Navy and the largest Allied warship lost with all hands during World War II. The 645 lives lost represent over 35% of all RAN personnel killed during World War II.

WC-4 truck and 37 mm Gun M3 of US 30th Division in exercise south of Peedee River, Cheraw, South Carolina, 19 November 1941.

While the Kriegsmarine learns about the Kormoran's loss fairly quickly, it is unable to turn the sinking of Sydney into an immediate propaganda coup because nobody is sure what happened to the other ship, the Sydney. Australian Prime Minister John Curtin finally announces the cruiser's loss on 30 November 1941, but there are few details to share. While in prison camps, the entire crew of Kormoran receives decorations, with Detmers being awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz), three others being awarded the Iron Cross First Class, and the remainder of the crew receiving the Iron Cross Second Class.

Alfred Rosenberg, Leader of the Foreign Policy Office of the NSDAP, giving a press conference on 19 November 1941 upon his official appointment as Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories. Also visible are (to his left) Gauleiter Alfred Meyer, Rosenberg's permanent deputy, and (to his right) R. Hauptschriftleiter Weiss, head of the Association of German Press (Federal Archive Picture 183-B05926).

Sydney's story does not end during World War II despite its sinking. It eventually enters a twilight zone of conjecture, conspiracy theories, paranoia, and outright fiction which finally is contradicted by tangible evidence after the wreck is located in March 2008. There are many unanswered questions, including the possible recovery of the remains of a temporary Sydney survivor after they washed ashore on Christmas Island in February 1942. There are many memorials to the crews of Sydney and Kormoran, the most prominent being one for Sydney's crew on Mount Scott at Geraldton, Australia and one for the dead among Kormoran's crew in the Laboe Naval Memorial. Disputes and investigations continue, making the battle between HMAS Sydney and auxiliary cruiser Kormoran one of the most enduring mysteries of World War II.

On 19 November 2021, the Australian government announces that DNA testing of the sailor's remains on Christmas Island established that the corpse was, in fact, a sailor of HMAS Sydney - the only body recovered. He was Able Seaman Thomas Welsby Clark.

Men of frigate HMS Sutherland pay their respects to the men of HMAS Sydney.

November 1941

November 1, 1941: Finns Attack Toward Murmansk Railway
November 2, 1941: Manstein Isolates Sevastopol
November 3, 1941: Japan Prepares to Attack
November 4, 1941: German Advances in the South
November 5, 1941: Last Peace Effort By Japan
November 6, 1941: Stalin Casts Blame in an Unexpected Direction
November 7, 1941: Stalin's Big Parade
November 8, 1941: Germans Take Tikhvin
November 9, 1941: Duisburg Convoy Destruction
November 10, 1941: Manstein Attacks Sevastopol
November 11, 1941: Finland's Double Game Erupts
November 12, 1941: T-34 Tanks Take Charge
November 13, 1941: German Orsha Conference
November 14, 1941: German Supply Network Breaking Down
November 15, 1941: Operation Typhoon Resumes
November 16, 1941: Manstein Captures Kerch
November 17, 1941: Finland Halts Operations
November 18, 1941: British Operation Crusader
November 19, 1941: Sydney vs. Kormoran Duel
November 20, 1941: The US Rejects Final Japanese Demand
November 21, 1941: Germans Take Rostov
November 22, 1941: Kleist in Trouble at Rostov
November 23, 1941: Germans Take Klin, Huge Battle in North Africa
November 24, 1941: Rommel Counterattacks
November 25, 1941: HMS Barham Sunk
November 26, 1941: Japanese Fleet Sails
November 27, 1941: British Relieve Tobruk
November 28, 1941: Rostov Evacuated, German Closest Approach to Moscow
November 29, 1941: Hitler Furious About Retreat
November 30, 1941: Japan Sets the Date for its Attack

2020