Saturday 6 December 1941

Aboard Japanese aircraft carrier Kaga northwest of Hawaii, pilots and aircrew receive a final briefing on 6 December 1941. Note the map drawn on the deck.

December 6, 1941, is the last day of the old world, where wars between great powers are isolated geographically and containable. World affairs already, however, are hurtling in the direction that they will after that date, just not as quickly. For instance, the Red Army on 6 December 1941 is counterattacking at Moscow and, soon, all across the Eastern Front. The Wehrmacht is in retreat, though that retreat has barely begun. The United States is re-arming at a furious pace and is arming all of the current belligerents is soon to join. Taken in its broadest context, the events that follow 6 December 1941 accelerate the pace of change but do not change a direction that already is well established. But it is still a last goodbye to a world where the starkest confrontations that will bedevil the world for decades have yet to be made.

Bulgarian Arado Ar-196 aircraft operating with submarine chasers Belomorets and Chernomorets sink Soviet submarine ShCh-204 (Captain Gricenko) on or about 6 December 1941 (exact date presumed) off the Bulgarian coast 20 miles south-southeast of Varna and near Cape Emine. There are no survivors of the crew of about 38 men. The wreck is rediscovered in 1984.

US Government: President Roosevelt drafts a last-minute personal appeal to Emperor Hirohito requesting a time to restart negotiations. The United States, however, does not make any new substantive proposals.

Fighter pilots aboard Japanese aircraft carrier Zuikaku pose for ceremonial final portraits, 6 December 1941. Flight leader Lt. Masao Sato is in the second row, third from right. This group will be in the first wave of the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Japanese Government: The Japanese government Liaison Conference in Tokyo directs Ambassador to the United States Nomura to deliver Japan's final statement on the state of relations with the United States to US Secretary of State Cordell Hull. This is to be done precisely at 13:00 local time. The Japanese note is in 14 long sections and only begins arriving for decoding and translation late today. The Japanese embassy staff works late into the night on this massive project but falls behind schedule quickly in its efforts to retype the message in English on the appropriate stationery. The Imperial Navy attack on Pearl Harbor is scheduled to begin at 13:30 local time, so timing is critical to get the note into the hands of US authorities as scheduled, before the attack. The note does not contain an explicit declaration of war, but its tone is extremely hostile. Japanese representatives in Washington are burning official documents.

Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi, battleship Hiei, and battleship Kirishima on their way to Hawaii, on or about 6 December 1941.

Japanese Military: Kido Butai, the main Japanese carrier strike force heading for Hawaii, finishes refueling and turns southeast toward Pearl Harbor on the last leg of its journey. The fleet ends the day (east coast time) roughly 600 miles north of Oahu and the plan is to park about 200 miles from it. It is on schedule and there have been no security breaches during the long journey from Japan.

"Nakajima B5N aircrews pose in front of one of their aircraft on the Imperial Japanese Navy aircraft carrier Kaga the day before the Pearl Harbor attack in December 1941. In the first row, the fourth position is PO3c Akamatsu Yuji; the second row, the third position is Lieutenant Ichiro Kitajima; the fourth position is Lieutenant Fukuda Minoru; the fifth position is WO Morinaga Takayoshi. The fourth row, the sixth position is PO2c Takeshi Maeda." 6 December 1941 (Werneth, Ron, Beyond Pearl Harbor: The Untold Stories of Japan's Naval Airmen, Schiffer Military History, Atglen, PA, 2008, p. 265. Werneth's book states that the photo is from the Yoshino Collection.).

On Formosa, Imperial Japanese Air Force planes prepare for an attack on the US Army Air Force bases on the Philippines. Troop transports are heading toward the Philippines from Formosa and the Pescadores. Another invasion force is making final preparations on the island of Rota to invade the US fleet base at Guam, while another is preparing on Kwajalein to invade Wake Island. Troop transports are heading south from Hainan, China and French Indochina for landing beaches in Thailand and Kota Baru in British Malaya.

"Motorcyclists of 59th Battalion, Reconnaissance Corps at Ballykinlar in Northern Ireland, 6 December 1941." © IWM (H 16470).

Eastern Front: The Soviet counteroffensive that began on 5 December with an isolated attack on German forces near Kalinin broadens to encompass the entire Moscow perimeter on the 6th. In the morning, the temperature bottoms out around -38 °F, which is cold even for the frigid conditions on the front to date. Field Marshal Fedor von Bock approves General Guderian's request to withdraw from the Tula salient before dawn, and he also tells the commanders of the other two Panzer Armies on the Moscow front, 3rd (Reinhardt) and 4th (Hoepner), that they are free to "adjust" their deployments in a westerly direction. Von Bock also directs General der Panzertruppen Rudolf Schmidt to stop Second Army's advance toward Yelets because, if current events continue, Schmidt will be left with no flank protection. Still, Second Army advances just enough to take Yelets, perhaps the final German advance of Operation Typhoon.

British 1281-ton freighter SS Greenland (note name on the bow) hits a mine and sinks after striking a German mine while traveling from London to Grangemouth. There are 8-10 casualties, no survivors.

The Soviet offensive gets off to a ragged start. At Third Panzer Army northwest of Moscow, the Soviet 30th Army scores a breakthrough on the German right flank northeast of Klin and advances eight miles. Soviet Twentieth Army makes a small gain at Krasnaya Polyana near Yakhroma, but attacks nearby by First Shock and Twentieth Army are stopped cold.

Conductor Hermann Abendroth of the Paris Conservatory arrives for a Mozart concert, 6 December 1941 (Fulgur (Pala), Federal Archive Picture 183-10820-0041).

The initial results of the Soviet offensive are not overwhelming. However, they are just enough to leverage the Wehrmacht out of its front-line positions. Once on the move, with no prepared defenses, the freezing German soldiers with their balky equipment are much more vulnerable. General Reinhardt informs von Bock during the day that he will begin pulling Third Panzer Army back on his southern flank to try to concentrate his forces against the dangerous thrust by Soviet 30th Army. This will necessarily uncover the flank of German 4th Panzer to its south - requiring it to withdrawal as well. While the pace of the Soviet attack slackens a bit in the afternoon, the German generals only view this as an opportunity to save more of their equipment and forces during the retreat. Thus, a chain reaction begins on the 6th, with small German withdrawals requiring others that have the possibility of snowballing into a massive retreat unless the Soviet counteroffensive is brought to a quick halt.

Dive-bomber Pilots aboard Zuikaku posing for a ceremonial last portrait before their Pearl Harbor attack, 6 December 1941.

Battle of the Mediterranean: German General Crüwell, commander of the Afrika Korps, spends most of the day trying to decide which way to attack with his leading forces. To his credit, Crüwell does not needlessly expose his men to further danger, but he also misses some nearby British vulnerability. General Rommel, commander of Panzergroup Africa and Crüwell's superior, begins to see the extreme danger to Crüwell's forces of the massive British Eighth Army armored formations to his south and orders a retreat westward. This decision saves the panzers but abandons the Italian Savona Division in the border area around Bardia, Halfaya, and Sollum. The British 70th Division takes advantage of the German withdrawal and occupies the German "Walter" and "Freddy" strong points. The Italians fight with desperation and inflict heavy casualties on the 2nd Durham Light Infantry before surrendering around midnight. The events of 6 December 1941 basically decide the outcome of Operation Crusader as a British victory, but it has come at a very heavy cost (to both sides). Still to be decided is exactly how far the Axis forces will be pushed back, but Tobruk's relief is confirmed and further actions in the vicinity of the port mostly involve British mopping up Axis remnants.

British submarine HMS Perseus strikes a mine and sinks five miles off the coast of the Greek island of Cephalonia. It comes to rest in 171 feet of water. All 61 men aboard immediately perish except for four men who manage to exit through an escape hatch. Only one of the men, a passenger named John Capes, successfully reaches the surface. Badly afflicted with the bends, Capes swims to the island, where he is found on the beach by Greek fishermen. Capes spends the next 18 months hiding on the island from its occupying Italian troops before being smuggled to Alexandria. While Capes is awarded a medal for his heroism, many doubt his story, and he passes away in obscurity in 1985. In 1997, a diving party finds the Perseus and verifies every aspect of Capes' story.

Author Dale Carnegie ("How to Win Friends and Influence People") arrives in New York City after flying from Toronto on a Trans Canada Air Lines flight, 6 December 1941.

December 1941

December 1, 1941: Hitler Fires von Rundstedt
December 2, 1941: Climb Mount Niitaka
December 3, 1941: Hints of Trouble in the Pacific
December 4, 1941: Soviets Plan Counteroffensive
December 5, 1941: Soviets Counterattack at Kalinin
December 6, 1941: Soviet Counterattack at Moscow Broadens
December 7, 1941: Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor
December 8, 1941: US Enters World War II
December 9, 1941: German Retreat At Moscow
December 10, 1941: HMS Prince of Wales and Repulse Sunk
December 11, 1941: Hitler Declares War on the US
December 12, 1941: Japanese in Burma
December 13, 1941: Battle of Cape Bon
December 14, 1941: Hitler Forbids Withdrawals
December 15, 1941: The Liepaja Massacre
December 16, 1941: Japan Invades Borneo
December 17, 1941: US Military Shakeup
December 18, 1941: Hitler Lays Down the Law
December 19, 1941: Brauchitsch Goes Home
December 20, 1941: Flying Tigers in Action
December 21, 1941: The Bogdanovka Massacre
December 22, 1941: Major Japanese Landings North of Manila
December 23, 1941: Wake Island Falls to Japan
December 24, 1941: Atrocities in Hong Kong
December 25, 1941: Japan Takes Hong Kong
December 26, 1941: Soviets Land in the Crimea
December 27, 1941: Commandos Raid Norway
December 28, 1941: Operation Anthropoid Begins
December 29, 1941: Soviet Landings at Feodosia
December 30, 1941: Race for Bataan
December 31, 1941: Nimitz in Charge

2020

Monday 17 November 1941

Troops in winter camouflage on the march in Russia, 17 November 1941 (Vorphal, Federal Archive Picture 146-2005-0078A).

Eastern Front: Marshal Mannerheim and General Hjalmar Siilasvuo of the Finnish high command on 17 November 1941 directs its forces to cease active offensive operations and dig in for the winter where they stood. This includes forces pursuing Operation Silver Fox, the advance toward the Murmansk Railway at Loukhi, and Operation Arctic Fox, the offensive in the far north toward Murmansk. Since operations out of Finland have been led by Finnish forces and the performance of German units has been decidedly mediocre, this independent decision must be accepted by the Germans as a fait accompli. The German leaders are not happy about this decision and continually attempt to reverse it, with only occasional and minimal success. Thus, in the largest sense, 17 November 1941 marks the end of Finnish attempts to advance into the Soviet Union during World War II.

"A torpedo being secured to a Fairey Swordfish for a practice flight." This is for a practice flight from Royal Naval Air Station Crail, Scotland on 17 November 1941. © IWM (A 6277).

The Finns have several different reasons for halting operations. They have been receiving intense diplomatic pressure from the United States and Great Britain to stop advancing, using the argument that further advances would imperil Lend-Lease supplies to the Soviet Union. The Wehrmacht troops in Finland have performed poorly, being unused to the forests and marshes that characterize the front, and have no prospects for being reinforced. This has put the main military burden on the Finns, who have been fighting hard and losing dozens of men every day and sometimes many more.

"A Wren parachute packer carefully arranging the parachute for packing." Royal Naval Air Station Crail, Scotland, 17 November 1941. © IWM (A 6286).

Having the most effective troops under their control has given the Finns leverage to make whatever decisions they want without regard to German desires. In addition, and perhaps most importantly, Mannerheim always has taken the position that he never wants to create the impression that Finland is a threat to the Soviet Union. Mannerheim knows that his country could never survive such a relationship in the long run. Recovering lost territory is one thing, but attempting to conquer all of Russia is completely out of the question. Thus, ending operations makes more sense than aggravating further Finland's already tense relations with the USSR, Great Britain, and the United States.

Gerhard Pleiß (20 April 1915 – 17 November 1941). An ordinary soldier, Pleiß stood on a mine and lost both his legs, and died on the way to the hospital. An officer in the Leibstandart SS Adolf Hitler, 1st Company, Pleiß compiled a photo album that chronicles the early actions of his unit. KIA 17 November 1941.

The halt in activities leaves the Finnish front on the outskirts of Leningrad, on the Svir River, and running up parallel to the Murmansk Railway all the way to Petsamo. In the Arctic Fox area, Siilasvuo has waited until the Finnish 3rd Division west of Loukhi has killed 3,000 Soviet soldiers and captures 2,600, leaving them with a secure front and no Soviet remnants in the rear. The Murmansk Railway remains about 30 km (19 miles) to the east. Further north, in the Silver Fox sector, the front already has been stable for about two months, and the Finnish decision merely codifies the actual state of operations. Here, the German Mountain Corps Norway at least has occupied the Petsamo area and its extremely valuable nickel mines. However, the true prize, the port of Murmansk, remains far over the horizon. Supply difficulties all but rule out any resumption of the offensive in either sector without full Finnish cooperation which is not forthcoming.

Ernst Udet. Despite his unassuming looks, he was an outstanding stunt pilot.

German Military: World War I flying ace Generalluftzeugmeister Generaloberst Ernst Udet, German Director General of Air Armament, commits suicide in Berlin. He shoots himself in the head while on the telephone with his girlfriend after expressing deep unhappiness with the actions of Reichsmarschall Hermann Goering, yelling as his final words, "Man of iron (Goering's nickname), why have you abandoned me!" (some sources claim he wrote this on the headboard of his bed in red). Udet has been in lingering disfavor with both Hitler and Goering due to the failures of the Luftwaffe during the Battle of Britain. Blaming Udet is unfair, as he never intruded on strategy, but the alternative is to blame Goering himself for the failure (and where the true blame does lie) and that is not acceptable. The fault did lie somewhat in aircraft procurement, as the Luftwaffe's medium bombers were inadequate to the strategic bombing tasks asked of them, but Goering had the final say in those decisions during the 1930s. Udet's death is an ill omen for the future course of the war, and the events surrounding the Udet funeral set in motion changes that will drastically affect the Luftwaffe's future.

The back of this postcard image is dated 17 November 1941 with the inscription: "On the Eastern Front. A combat patrol operation is planned. The Pioneers have put up rounds of ammunition to break a path into the wire entanglement. Their work is covered from enemy view with smoke candles." Photo: Berliner Verlag/Archiv - Image ID: D9TKC3.

Japanese Military: Kido Butai, the Pearl Harbor Carrier Striking Force, assembles at the mouth of the Inland Sea. It comprises six aircraft carriers, two modern battleships (Hiei and Kirishima) with 14-inch guns, two heavy cruisers (Chikuma and Tone), and numerous other ships. All told, the carriers have 360 planes, including 81 fighters, 135 dive bombers, 104 horizontal (high-level) bombers, and 40 torpedo bombers. The torpedo bombers' Type 91 Model 2 torpedoes have been specially modified to account for the shallow depths of Pearl Harbor. After dark, the ships of Kido Butai leave their anchorages and head north to a rendezvous point a thousand miles north of Tokyo. Admiral Yamamoto, who is remaining behind aboard a battleship, has had all senior commanders briefed on the mission. However, diplomatic efforts continue in Washington in a last-ditch effort to prevent the outbreak of hostilities, so the next step is subject to final orders from Tokyo.

Future History: Tove Træsnæs is born in Oslo, Norway. At the age of 8, she emigrates with her mother to the United States. During the 1960s, she becomes very interested in makeup and opens her own makeup center. At some point, she anglicizes her name to Tova. On February 24, 1973, Tove marries motion picture and television star Ernest Borgnine. In the mid-1970s, Tova expands her business by buying the rights to a cactus-based face cream made from a formula by a Mexican family. Tova pioneers the sale of fragrances and cremes on the QVC network, which buys her out in 2002. Her fragrance, Tova Signature, ultimately becomes QVC's top-selling perfume. As of 2021, Tova Borgnine, now widowed, remains active in the marketing field.

"A workman is using an acetylene burner on the Duke of Bedford's railings in Rusell Square, London. The metal was to be used to make airplanes." © Daily Herald Archive / National Science & Media Museum / Science & Society Picture Library 10313734.

November 1941

November 1, 1941: Finns Attack Toward Murmansk Railway
November 2, 1941: Manstein Isolates Sevastopol
November 3, 1941: Japan Prepares to Attack
November 4, 1941: German Advances in the South
November 5, 1941: Last Peace Effort By Japan
November 6, 1941: Stalin Casts Blame in an Unexpected Direction
November 7, 1941: Stalin's Big Parade
November 8, 1941: Germans Take Tikhvin
November 9, 1941: Duisburg Convoy Destruction
November 10, 1941: Manstein Attacks Sevastopol
November 11, 1941: Finland's Double Game Erupts
November 12, 1941: T-34 Tanks Take Charge
November 13, 1941: German Orsha Conference
November 14, 1941: German Supply Network Breaking Down
November 15, 1941: Operation Typhoon Resumes
November 16, 1941: Manstein Captures Kerch
November 17, 1941: Finland Halts Operations
November 18, 1941: British Operation Crusader
November 19, 1941: Sydney vs. Kormoran Duel
November 20, 1941: The US Rejects Final Japanese Demand
November 21, 1941: Germans Take Rostov
November 22, 1941: Kleist in Trouble at Rostov
November 23, 1941: Germans Take Klin, Huge Battle in North Africa
November 24, 1941: Rommel Counterattacks
November 25, 1941: HMS Barham Sunk
November 26, 1941: Japanese Fleet Sails
November 27, 1941: British Relieve Tobruk
November 28, 1941: Rostov Evacuated, German Closest Approach to Moscow
November 29, 1941: Hitler Furious About Retreat
November 30, 1941: Japan Sets the Date for its Attack

2020