Monday 16 September 1940

President Roosevelt signs the Selective Service Act, reinstating the draft.

German Military: Pursuant to Adolf Hitler's statements that Operation Sealion could be set in motion with "four or five days" of a maximum Luftwaffe effort, Reichsmarschall Hermann Goering on 16 September 1940 holds a meeting with his top lieutenants to announce another change in strategy. The supposed coup de grace on the 15th did not go as planned, with little damage to London and huge losses to the Luftwaffe.

Everybody in the German High Command is confused because the RAF was supposed to be kaput. The bomber guys blame the fighter pilots for being late to their stations, while the fighter jocks point their fingers at the bombers for taking so long to get into formation, thereby giving the RAF plenty of warning

Goering rather belatedly comments that the change of strategy to bomb London was a poor idea. He issues new orders to his commanders to return to the earlier strategy of bombing RAF airfields while bombing London at night. At this point, however, the constant changes in objectives and advanced season are wearing on the Luftwaffe's morale, not to mention the staggering losses taken on the 15th of September, "Battle of Britain Day." The results of that day, though, pretty much seal the case that the Luftwaffe is not, in fact, winning the battle, so tinkering with strategy at this point is increasingly futile.


British Military: Air Vice Marshal Park of No. 11 Group also has a meeting. While everyone is happy with the turn in the battle, Park does some tinkering of his own:

• squadrons must focus on going to their assigned places;
• squadrons needed to gain higher altitude earlier (the Bf 109s maintain a high altitude and thereby have the advantage);
• squadrons operating together needed to stick together as intended.

Overall, things are going well for the RAF, but the Luftwaffe's numerical superiority remains.

Battle of Britain: The weather is poor, and Luftwaffe attacks are light. A raid at 07:30 toward London fizzles, with the bombers turning back after Fighter Command mounts a full-scale interception.

A later fighter sweep by Bf 109s of JG 51 achieves little, with RAF Fighter Command slow to intercept and getting in little combat (and the German fighters accomplishing little).

During the night, the Luftwaffe sends over heavy formations. The Germans drop 200+ tons of bombs on London's dock areas and the residential areas of Bethnal Green West Ham, East Ham, Hackney, and Shoreditch. The Bristol area takes damage, as do Liverpool and Manchester. In a typical incident of poor bombing accuracy, bombs fall on the golf course at Hebburn.

Otherwise, Luftwaffe raids are minimal and scattered. A Pirateneinsatze ("Pirate Raid") by a Heinkel He 111 targets the Bristol Aeroplane Company at Filton, a favorite Luftwaffe target, but the pilot apparently gets lost and returns to base.

There are few claims filed, with the score for the day generally considered to be in single digits for both sides, with an advantage for the RAF. Major Werner Mölders of JG 51 shoots down a Hurricane for his 38th victory.

The coastal guns at "Hellfire Corner" exchange salvoes in the morning without causing much damage.

On 16 September 1940, F/L Archibald A "Archie" McKellar of No 605 Squadrons RAF uses more tracer ammunition than usual in his Hurricane Mk I UP-A night fighter and shoots down a He 111 lit up by searchlight.

European Air Operations: The RAF focuses on the invasion ports, sending 155 bombers against Antwerp, Calais, Ostend, Dunkirk, and Veere. In addition, Bomber Command targets barge convoys at Ostend and Zeebrugge and the usual airfields in northwest Europe. During these raids, the British capture the Germans engaged in the practice of amphibious landings for Operation Sealion, causing casualties. The poor weather keeps the bombers on the ground after dark.

Battle of the Atlantic: The British continue their erratic approach toward Vichy French ships today. One day they fire on them, the next they allow French warships to pass by unopposed. Today, they resume attacking them.

South of Dakar, British cruiser HMS Cumberland - on patrol as part of Operation Menace - spots 4185 ton Vichy French freighter Poitiers heading for Dakar. After taking off the crew, the Cumberland sinks it with gunfire.

The British also seize 5135 ton Vichy French freighter Touareg near the Congo River.

U-99 (Kplt. Otto Kretschmer) continues to stalk Convoy SC 3. at 02:41, it torpedoes and sinks 1327 ton Norwegian freighter Lotos just northeast of Rockall (off the coast of Ireland). Everyone on board (17 men) survives.

U-59 (Kptlt. Joachim Matz), on her 12th patrol, torpedoes and sinks 4616-ton British collier Bibury in the Atlantic south of Iceland. All 39 onboard perish.

Dutch 5918 ton freighter Stad Schiedam (City of Schiedam) sinks south of Bermuda due to a suspicious explosion. While terrorism is suspected at the time, it now is believed that the old ship (launched in 1911) had mechanical issues that caused sparks, igniting its load of sulfur. Everyone survives, the 12-man crew spend five days in a life raft in the middle of the Atlantic before being picked up by a passing freighter (SS White Crest).

British 4098 ton freighter Incemore runs aground at East Cape on Anticosti Island, Quebec and is a total loss.

The Luftwaffe bombs and sinks 6588-ton freighter City of Mobile (formerly Kentucky) in the Irish Sea near Portaferry, County Down. Everybody on board survives.

The Luftwaffe also bombs and sinks 8323-ton troopship HMT Aska. There are about 300-600 survivors, while 30 people perish (sources vary because multiple ships picked up survivors and landed them at different places). The ship is loaded with French troops from West Africa. The ship burns and drifts for days before finally sinking near Gigha. While it sinks in shallow water, it is never re-floated.

British destroyers HMS Worcester and Wild Swan collide in Harwich Harbour, causing damage to the latter.

British destroyer HMS Holderness is damaged by a mine in the North Sea and requires repairs.

Convoys OA 215 and MT 171 depart from Methil, Convoy FN 282 departs from Southend, Convoy FS 283 departs from the Tyne.

Hauptmann Hermann-Friedrich Joppien (I./JG 51) receives the Ritterkreuz (Knight's Cross) on 16 September 1940, after his twenty-first victory.

Battle of the Mediterranean: The Italians complete their offensive. They send 50 tanks and supporting artillery toward Alam el Dab, near Sidi Barrani, in an attempt to outflank the British. The British continue withdrawing, this time from Alam Hamid to Alam el Dab. They engage in scorched earth demolitions as they go, suggesting they don't expect to be returning any time soon. The Italians (1st Blackshirt "23 Marzo" Division) occupy Sidi Barrani by sunset. The coast road in this area has an alternate route on cliffs overlooking the road, and the Italians advance on the road while the British retreat on the cliffs.

The Italians make various threats over Italian radio to continue their advance toward the railroad station at Mersa Matruh, 70 miles further down the coast road. In fact, they stop at Sidi Barrani and dig in. Eventually, they form a chain of fortified encampments in an arc reaching into the desert. They also occupy all the points they bypassed, such as Buq Buq and Sidi Omar, and repair the road and lay a water pipe (the Italians are awesome road-builders in the desert). The British set up a defensive line in front of Mersa Matruh and leave the 11th Hussars forward as a screening force.

While the media at the time claims that the Italians suffered thousands of casualties a day, in fact, their total casualties are about 550 men. The British, in turn, suffer very few casualties, retreating in good order to their railhead, and this time Churchill is more appreciative of an efficient withdrawal than he was in British Somaliland. Both sides engage in fighter sweeps on their enemy's advanced positions, to little effect.

The entire Italian offensive accomplishes little beyond occupying the worthless ground, but it fulfills Mussolini's desire to look like Hitler's partner. He has other projects in mind anyway, in Albania. However, Mussolini chafes at his army's inactivity and continually prods Marshal Graziani to resume the offensive toward Matruh, which is planned for December. As Mussolini tells Graziani, he just wants the army to attack, not occupy places:

Once again I repeat that there are no territorial objectives. It is not a question of aiming for Alexandria nor even Sallum. I am only asking that you attack the British forces facing you.

Graziani, however, is a cautious commander, is worried about his supply line and the size of the British forces opposing him, and goes no further.

The Royal Navy sallies from Alexandria. During the night, HMS Illustrious launches an air raid on the Italian base at Benghazi. The British also mine the harbor there. The Italian fleet there takes a beating, losing two destroyers and two cargo ships during the day. Cruiser HMS Kent independently shells Bardia and is badly damaged by torpedo planes.

At Malta, Governor Dobbie warns that the island is running out of food stores. The island does, however, have ample fuel stocks with strict rationing. Everything is vulnerable to bomber attack, so the government is building underground storage tanks.


Battle of the Indian Ocean: German raider Pinguin captures 4111-ton Norwegian freighter Nordvard. The Germans put a prize crew on board the Nordvard and send it off toward Bordeaux, where the captured Norwegian crew will be forwarded on to their country.

German/Soviet Relations: The Soviets take notice of the Wehrmacht troops using their new transit rights in Finland (they are en route to Narvik) and are concerned. Of course, they would be a lot more concerned if they knew what was going on in Fuehrer Headquarters.

German/Spanish Relations: Spanish Minister Serrano Suñer visits Berlin to discuss Germany's request for bases in the Canary Islands and elsewhere. He indicates that Spain would require a lot in return and, in effect, denies the request.

Free France: General Georges Albert Julien Catroux, recent commander of French Indochina, arrives in London. He joins the Free French movement, having met General Charles de Gaulle during World War I. Catroux is the most senior officer of the French Army to transfer allegiance (including de Gaulle) and becomes the commander-in-chief of the Free French forces (under de Gaulle).

New Caledonia pledges its allegiance to the Free French upon the appointment of Governor Henri Sautot of New Hebrides to replace Governor Pélicier.

US Military: Cruiser USS St. Louis, carrying the Greenslade Board, arrives in St. John, Newfoundland to inspect the new US base there (transferred as part of the destroyers-for-bases deal).

China: The Communist Chinese continue their offensive, with the New 4th Army capturing Jiangyan in Jiangsu Province.

Dutch Homefront: The SS actively recruits for the new Dutch SS formation.

American Homefront: President Roosevelt signs the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, reinstating the draft.

"Jessie Woods Starting Private Plane at Memphis Airport, Flight Across America," Life Magazine, September 16, 1940.

September 1940

September 1, 1940: RAF's Horrible Weekend
September 2, 1940: German Troopship Sunk
September 3, 1940: Destroyers for Bases
September 4, 1940: Enter Antonescu
September 5, 1940: Stukas Over Malta
September 6, 1940: The Luftwaffe Peaks
September 7, 1940: The Blitz Begins
September 8, 1940: Codeword Cromwell
September 9, 1940: Italians Attack Egypt
September 10, 1940: Hitler Postpones Sealion
September 11, 1940: British Confusion at Gibraltar
September 12, 1940: Warsaw Ghetto Approved
September 13, 1940: Zeros Attack!
September 14, 1940: The Draft Is Back
September 15, 1940: Battle of Britain Day
September 16, 1940: italians Take Sidi Barrani
September 17, 1940: Sealion Kaputt
September 18, 1940: City of Benares Incident
September 19, 1940: Disperse the Barges
September 20, 1940: A Wolfpack Gathers
September 21, 1940: Wolfpack Strikes Convoy HX-72
September 22, 1940: Vietnam War Begins
September 23, 1940: Operation Menace Begins
September 24, 1940: Dakar Fights Back
September 25, 1940: Filton Raid
September 26, 1940: Axis Time
September 27, 1940: Graveney Marsh Battle
September 28, 1940: Radio Belgique Begins
September 29, 1940: Brocklesby Collision
September 30, 1940: Operation Lena

2020

Tuesday 10 September 1940

The remains of a double-decker city bus in the City of London. September 10, 1940.

Overview: There is no question that Germany has the initiative on 10 September 1940. It has a free hand with Great Britain - Germany can attack it directly, or it can attack the Empire indirectly through its overseas possessions and military infrastructure. Since Italy now is taking on the latter task with its developing attack on Egypt from Libya, that presumably frees the Wehrmacht to make a maximum effort against England directly and finish it off once and for all.

However, the German high command is full of hopes and dreams, scattered objectives that have no coherent relationship to one another. Their own estimation of German power is sky-high - though only for land-based forces - and this leads to a situation akin to a child with too many toys with which to play. The plethora of choices induce a numbing effect which prevents success with any of the choices.

Recent successes in the field justify German confidence to a point: Germany has spent 20 years trying to defeat France, and now it is done. The army (Heer) always has been the heart of German military strength. However, Germany has gone from a standing start to its current military posture in just seven years due to the extreme restrictions of the Treaty of Versailles (and really less time than that, since Hitler only gradually ramped up his military effort over the several years after he took power in 1933). Thus, Germany is powerful, but its power is only relative to the countries it has defeated, which all to one extent or another have been easy prey due to the surprise of the German onslaught. There are other world powers remaining that far, far outclass Germany in military potential. In sports terms, the Wehrmacht has a strong starting team composed of recent acquisitions, but its bench is not deep. This fact, however, eludes the German elite, blinded by quick, cheap successes with its elite units.

The British also have wild-card advantages that will take time to play out, but eventually can trump any effort by Germany. For starters, the Americans are fast becoming de facto if not de jure allies. The United States military potential dwarfs anything that Germany ever can achieve. The Germans do not recognize any time pressure aside from the seasons, but time is their greatest enemy: the more threatening their posture toward US ally Great Britain, the sooner actual US intervention which would make a German victory over England impossible.

If Germany is to defeat Great Britain, it must do so quickly, taking advantage of the lingering effects of the surprise factor that led to its victories to date. In other words, it must attack before the US and Great Britain work through their diplomatic issues to pose a united - and unbeatable - front. Another factor in the balance is Vichy France, which is quite unstable in its political alliance with Germany and could at any time cause huge distractions for the Wehrmacht. A third factor is Italy, which is led by a regime whose rhetoric is not matched by military ability. Internal problems there also would greatly decrease Axis pressure on Great Britain's enormously important positions in the Mediterranean. The German position is powerful, but it is in large part built on an eroding edifice, not an expanding one as the German hierarchy sees it.

Thus, since it is still at war with powerful Great War enemy Great Britain, having it on the ropes should lead German leadership to the logical conclusion that the Wehrmacht's first priority is to finish the English off before taking on any new exertions, and do it now. That unquestionably should be the top military priority. An objective analysis suggests that this is achievable as of 10 September 1940 given proper focus and effort: Germany can defeat Great Britain, although it may take horrendous losses. However, from this point forward, there is a huge difference between an objectively wise military strategy and what Germany actually does.

Winston Churchill inspecting bomb crater in London, 10 September 1940 (Bridgeman Art Library).

German Military: Adolf Hitler previously has set 10 September 1940 as his date for deciding whether or not to approve Operation Sealion, the invasion of England. Now that the day has arrived, he postpones his decision until the 14th. Since Hitler has promised his service chiefs 10 days from his approval to the actual invasion date, that moves the earliest possible start date for Operation Sealion from 20 September to 24 September, with actual landings on the 25th.

Hitler's main requirement for approving Operation Sealion is that air superiority is achieved over England. The Luftwaffe came extremely close to achieving that by 6 September. However, the decision taken in early September to switch attacks from RAF infrastructure to major population centers, implemented as of 7 September, has degraded the Luftwaffe's burgeoning air superiority. By now, the Luftwaffe has had enough time to complete its mission against Great Britain according to the original timetable, but the RAF remains intact. The seasons are about to change, requiring a quick final decision on Operation Sealion.

Meanwhile, the Wehrmacht is busy increasing the number of panzer divisions. Hitler, obsessed with the Soviet Union, orders a doubling of the ten existing panzer divisions before the invasion of the USSR. The Wehrmacht does this in different ways: usually by taking units from existing divisions and building around them; and sometimes by converting infantry divisions into panzer divisions. For instance, around this time the 15th Panzer Regiment is taken from the 5th Panzer Division and forms the core of the new 11th Panzer Division, based in Poland; and the 2nd Infantry Division is reorganized completely and becomes the 12th Panzer Division, based at Stettin.

This process radically changes the Panzerwaffe. Whereas panzer divisions previously have had one tank regiment, one separate tank battalion, and one or two infantry regiments, the new structure of the typical panzer division (there are variations) is changed so that each now has one tank regiment and two motorized regiments. These changes are not all bad: in some ways, they make the panzer divisions more mobile and efficient. However, they show that the Wehrmacht is preparing, not for an invasion of England - there are plenty of panzers to cover that already - but for events in the East.

Reichsmarschall Hermann Goering appears at times to be the only member of the High Command actually interested in defeating Great Britain. Admiral Raeder, stating the obvious, writes that "There is no sign of the defeat of the enemy's Air Force over southern England or the Channel areas." Of course, Raeder has no faith in the Kriegsmarine's ability to support an invasion and would be happy to blame Goering's Luftwaffe for cancellation of Operation Sealion rather than attempt an invasion and have his entire fleet sunk out from under him.

Goering continues fine-tuning Luftwaffe operations on an almost daily basis. Today, he authorizes Pirateneinsatze, or Pirate Attacks, which involve solo or small-scale attacks by specially trained bomber crews in iffy weather conditions against British aircraft factories. Elite formations Epr.Gr 210 and ZG 26 are assigned this task and placed under the control of Sperrle at Luftflotte 3. However, Goering's ruinous (for the German side) attacks on London continue.

Winston Churchill inspecting bomb damage in Battersea, South London, 10 September 1940.

British Military: Faced with scores of ships lying half-sunk at London ports, the Admiralty bans all ocean-going vessels from London ports for the remainder of the year.

Italian Military: The Italian Commando Supremo begins transferring the Greek Expeditionary Corps (40,310 men, with 7728 horses, 701 vehicles, and 33,535 tons of material) from Brindisi to Albania. This is in preparation for an upcoming invasion of Greece, which Mussolini is keeping secret not only from the Allies but from his military partner Hitler.

Battle of Britain: It is around this time that Fleet Street newspaper writers - who came up with the term "Blitzkrieg" - shorten it to "Blitz" to describe the bombing campaign against London.

The day is rainy and overcast over much of northwestern Europe. It gives the RAF another day to recover, and the Luftwaffe only makes a few isolated penetrations during the day. Reconnaissance Dornier Do 215s operate sporadically, and there is an incident today where one fights with a Spitfire and both go down (the Spitfire to a forced landing).

After dark, the bombing raids resume. Aside from London, where 150 bombers drop bombs, the attacks focus on the western half of Great Britain, from Liverpool south to Wales and over to Bristol. Within London, the bombers damage the docks, the City of London (East Maternity Hospital burns), and Brentwood (hit by 1000 incendiaries), among other areas. Despite the rain, huge fires break out across the city.

Nurses salvage equipment from their hospital, September 1940.

A delayed-action bomb explodes in the northwest wing of Buckingham Palace, seriously damaging it. King George reveals later that his view at the time is that this is of tremendous benefit to the war effort because it shows shared sacrifice between the uppermost and lowest classes of society.

The Corpo Aereo Italiano (CAI), the Italian contribution to the Battle of Britain, forms in Belgium under the command of Generale sa (Air Marshal) Rino Corso-Fougier. The force includes both bombers and fighters, along with a large transport force of a dozen Caproni 133Ts, one Savoia-Marchetti S.75, and nine Ca164s. In all, the Italians have 200 aircraft ready to enter combat. The planes are largely obsolete and are limited to daylight operations due to limited crew training. The Luftwaffe establishes close liaison with the CAI, but it operates independently. The entire force is under the command of 1a Squadra Aerea di Milano.

It is fair to say that many recognize from the start that the Italian equipment is not up to the standards of the Channel Front, and the Luftwaffe really doesn't need the help. The planes would do much more good in the Mediterranean, particularly supporting Italian operations in North Africa. However, Mussolini wants to appear as an equal partner to Germany so that Italy will get a larger share of the (inevitable) war spoils.

The Manchester Guardian, 10 September 1940.

European Air Operations: RAF Bomber Command raids Berlin again. Hits are made on the Reichstag (still gutted and unusable since the 1933 fire which burnt it out) and Potsdamer Railway Station. Bomber Command makes other raids on barge concentrations all along the Channel coast, from France to Holland, against the German coastal guns at Cap Gris Nez, Brussels, rail installations in Duisberg, and north German ports Bremen and Wilhelmshaven. The major Luftwaffe field at Eindhoven receives a visit from Blenheims which destroys 8 Heinkel He 111s and damages three more.

Battle of the Atlantic: The Luftwaffe bombs and sinks the 4332-ton Norwegian freighter Eli about 12 miles (22km) off the Skerryvore Lighthouse in western Scotland. There are 28 survivors and 2 crew perish.

British submarine HMS Sturgeon spots U-43 (Kptlt. Wilhelm Ambrosius) transiting from its port in Bergen, Norway and fires torpedoes at it, but misses. British submarines have taken to lying in wait outside the harbor, knowing that U-boats transit the area on their way to and from their stations in the Atlantic.

German battleship Bismarck gets more target practice, firing off half a dozen 3.7cm anti-aircraft shells without hitting anything.

In the Channel, three British destroyers (HMS Malcolm, Wild Swan, and Veteran) depart Harwich for a patrol off Ostend, where there are reports of an enemy convoy. It is a fairly typical offensive sweep, and if the reports are true, there could be some action during the night.

A major British troop convoy, AP 3, departs from Liverpool. It consists of 8 transport ships (converted liners) carrying 6050 troops to the Middle East, along with two freighters. There is a large escort consisting of half a dozen destroyers. The first stop is Freetown. This is the last part of Operation Apology, reinforcement of the Middle East/Asian Command.

Convoy MT 165 departs from Methil, Convoy FS 277 departs from the Tyne, Convoy OB 211 departs from Liverpool, Convoys SC 4 and SHX 72 depart from Sydney, Canada, Convoy BN 5 departs from Bombay.

U-105 (Kapitänleutnant Georg Schewe) is commissioned.

Battle of the Mediterranean: The Italian 10th Army continues assembling and slowly slogging toward the Egyptian frontier, which it has not yet reached (accounts vary on when it actually crosses the frontier, and it really doesn't matter in the endless deserts anyway). The main striking force, the Maletti Group composed of the Italian armor, has great difficulty with the desert conditions, suffering numerous equipment breakdowns and getting lost in the desert. The Italian armor retreats, and the British sow mines in their path and do whatever else they can to harass them.

The Regia Aeronautica attacks Matruh and Khartoum, while the RAF attacks the Italian bases and harbors in eastern Libya where the Italian invasion force is massing. The RAF also attacks Massawa, Asmara, and Dessie.

The Vichy French flotilla which left Toulon on 9 September continues its journey to Dakar, which requires passage through the Straits of Gibraltar. The French finally inform the British Naval Attaché in Madrid that the ships are going to pass by Gibraltar, but still the British do nothing. During the night, the flotilla approaches Gibraltar, but the British do not know where they are yet. The presence of the three Vichy French cruisers in the Atlantic is not actually prohibited by any previous communications between London and Vichy - the two countries are not officially at war, and England previously has said that the French could keep their warships in the Caribbean since that would keep them out of the hands of the Germans - but it would seriously complicate the upcoming British Operation Menace if they head south to Dakar.

At Malta, a French crew takes General de Gaulle's representative Commandant Robert back to Tunisia. The day's poor weather extends all the way south to the Mediterranean, so the airmen barely make it back (and cause an air raid alert when they do). Otherwise, the foul weather prevents any attacks.

Damage to royal property, 10 September 1940.

Battle of the Pacific: Having completed an epic transit across the north of Russia with the help of Soviet icebreakers, German raider Komet is operational in the Pacific.

Spy Stuff: Danish citizen Wulf Schmidt parachutes into Oxon, England as a spy for the Abwehr. He is known to the Germans as Agent Leonhard. The German spy who had parachuted in a few days previously and been caught, Gösta Caroli, turned him in, and Schmidt is captured immediately. Schmidt quickly agrees to become a double agent (known to the British as Agent Tate) for MI5 under Operation Double Cross.

German/Hungarian Relations: Hitler meets with the Hungarian ambassador.

US Military: The cruiser USS Wichita departs Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for its last stop on its "Show the Flag" mission to Latin America.

The Greenslade Board, reviewing the new British bases in the Atlantic, makes port at Norfolk.

China: The Chinese Communists, operating independently of Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist regime, launches its "Hundred Regiments Offensive." This is a guerilla operation against infrastructure in Japanese-occupied Hebei and Shansi provinces.

The King and Queen pose in front of damage to Buckingham Palace, 10 September 1940.

September 1940

September 1, 1940: RAF's Horrible Weekend
September 2, 1940: German Troopship Sunk
September 3, 1940: Destroyers for Bases
September 4, 1940: Enter Antonescu
September 5, 1940: Stukas Over Malta
September 6, 1940: The Luftwaffe Peaks
September 7, 1940: The Blitz Begins
September 8, 1940: Codeword Cromwell
September 9, 1940: Italians Attack Egypt
September 10, 1940: Hitler Postpones Sealion
September 11, 1940: British Confusion at Gibraltar
September 12, 1940: Warsaw Ghetto Approved
September 13, 1940: Zeros Attack!
September 14, 1940: The Draft Is Back
September 15, 1940: Battle of Britain Day
September 16, 1940: italians Take Sidi Barrani
September 17, 1940: Sealion Kaputt
September 18, 1940: City of Benares Incident
September 19, 1940: Disperse the Barges
September 20, 1940: A Wolfpack Gathers
September 21, 1940: Wolfpack Strikes Convoy HX-72
September 22, 1940: Vietnam War Begins
September 23, 1940: Operation Menace Begins
September 24, 1940: Dakar Fights Back
September 25, 1940: Filton Raid
September 26, 1940: Axis Time
September 27, 1940: Graveney Marsh Battle
September 28, 1940: Radio Belgique Begins
September 29, 1940: Brocklesby Collision
September 30, 1940: Operation Lena

2020