Abstract
In the 1930s, Japan and Spain were two distinct and different countries, but had a long and shifting history of contacts, while both countries featured a distinct reputation in the world. Both real and imagined worlds influenced their ties and to understand them, this introduction starts with an account of four centuries of contacts, beginning with Francis Xavier’s arrival in Japan and the visit of some young Japanese noblemen with the Spanish king, Philip II. Since this relationship has been marked by abruptness, more attention needs to be given to the role of images in the contacts. It begins with a discussion of the theoretical approach to perceptions and their role in international relations, followed by an alternative description of Spain-Japan relations through perceptive changes, and ends with the figure who best explains the importance of this approach, Gen. Francisco Franco.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Bartolome Sopena, R. 2022. Una tormenta no tan lejana. La España post-98 ante la guerra ruso japonesa. Ph. Diss., Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona.
- 2.
Preston, P. 1999. Comrades: Portraits from the Spanish Civil War. London: HarperCollins, cap. 5. “A Quixote in Politics: Salvador de Madariaga”; Quintana, Fernando. 1993. España en Europa, 1931–1936, pp. 68–69. San Sebastián: Nerea.
- 3.
Rodao, F. 2009. Japan and the Axis, 1937–8: Recognition of the Franco Regime and Manchukuo. Journal of Contemporary History, 44,3: 431–447. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022009409104117. Hedinger, D. 2017. The Imperial Nexus: The Second World War and the Axis in Global Perspective. Journal of Global History, 12: 184–205.
- 4.
Herrmann, R. K. 2013. Perceptions and image theory in international relations. In The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, eds. Leonie Huddy, David O. Sears, and Jack S. Levy. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 348. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199760107.001.0001.
- 5.
Noya, J. 2004. La imagen de España en Japón, p. 43. Madrid: Instituto Cervantes, ICEX, SEEI, Real Instituto Elcano.
- 6.
Herrmann, R. K. 2013. Perceptions and image theory in international relations. In The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, eds. Leonie Huddy, David O. Sears, and Jack S. Levy. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 348. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199760107.001.0001.
- 7.
This introduction owes much to the seminal work of Jervis, R. 1976. Perception and Misconception in International Relations. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Also, Cottam, M. L. and Cottam, R. W. 2001. Nationalism and Politics: The Political Behaviour of Nation States. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
- 8.
Hatemi, P. K. and McDermott, R. 2011. Man Is by Nature a Political Animal. Evolution, Biology and Politics, p. 10. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
- 9.
Chong, D. 2013. Degrees of Rationality in Politics. In The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, eds. Leonie Huddy, David O. Sears and Jack S. Levy, p. 96. Oxford: Oxford University Press; Stein, Janice Gross. Threat Perception in International Relations. In The Oxford Handbook, op. cit., pp. 386–388.
- 10.
Levy, J. S. 2013. Psychology and Foreign Policy Decision-Making. In The Oxford Handbook… op. cit., pp. 319–323.
- 11.
Huddy, L.; Sears, D. O. and Levy, J. S. 2013. Introduction. Theoretical Foundations of Political Psychology. In The Oxford Handbook …. op. cit., pp. 1–23.
- 12.
Leupp, G. S. 1995. Images of Black People in Late Mediaeval and Early Modern Japan, 1543–1900. Japan Forum, 7-1: 1–13; Rubiés, J.-P. 2003. The Spanish Contribution to the Ethnology of Asia in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Renaissance Studies, 17-3: 418–448. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-4658.t01-1-00030.
- 13.
Geulen, C. 2007. The Common Grounds of Conflict: Racial Visions of World Order 1880–1940. Competing Visions of World Order Global Moments and Movements, 1880s–1930s, eds. Sebastian Conrad and Dominic Sachsenmaier, p. 76. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- 14.
Rodao, F. 2018. ‘The Salvational Currents of Emigration’: Racial Theories; and Social Disputes in the Philippines at the End of the Nineteenth Century. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 49-3: 426–444. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022463418000346.
- 15.
Rodao, F. and Almazán, D. 2006. Japonizar España: La imagen española de la modernización del Japón Meiji. In Modernizar España 1898–1914. Congreso Internacional: Comunicaciones, ed. Guadalupe Gómez-Ferrer Morant, pp. 13–14. Madrid: Depto. de Historia Contemporánea (UCM).
- 16.
Campoy-Cubillo, art. cit., p. 8.
- 17.
Conrad, S. and Sachsenmeier, D. 2007. Introduction. In Competing Visions of World Order Global Moments and Movements, 1880s–1930s, eds. Sebastian Conrad and Dominic Sachsenmaier, p. 15. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- 18.
Rodríguez-Navarro, M. T. and Beeby, A. 2010. “Self-Censorship and Censorship in Nitobe Inazo, Bushido: The Soul of Japan, and Four Translations of the Work”. TTR. Traduction, terminologie, redaction, 23-2: 74–78. https://doi.org/10.7202/1009160ar; Campoy-Cubillo, A. 2015. Oriental Ghosts: The Haunting Memory of Millan-Astray’s Bushido and Julian Besteiro’s Kokoro. Letras Hispanas, 11: 15.
- 19.
Campoy-Cubillo, ibid.: 7; Gaster, T. P. 2014. Exoticism in Enrique Gómez Carrillo’s Encounter with Japan. Arizona Journal of Hispanic Cultural Studies, 18: 248; De Moya, M. The image of Japan in Spain. Press, Propaganda and Culture (1890–1945). Ph. Diss., University of Cordoba (In Spanish).
- 20.
Tanaka, S. 1995. Japan’s Orient: Rendering Pasts into History, p. 77. Berkeley: University of California Press; Gayle, C. A. 2014. The World of Modern Japanese Historiography. Tribulations and Transformations in Historical Approaches. In A Companion to Global Historical Thought, eds. Prasenjit Duara, Viren Murthy and Andrew Sartori, p. 216. Sussex: John Willey & Sons; Conrad, S. 2010. The Quest for the Lost Nation, Writing History in Germany and Japan in the American Century, pp. 50–55. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- 21.
Suzuki S., 2014. Imagining “Asia”: Japan and “Asian” International Society in Modern History. Contesting International Society in East Asia, eds. Barry Buzan and Yongjin Zhang, p. 56. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- 22.
González Cuevas, P. C. 2008. Hispanidad. In Diccionario político y social del siglo XX español, coord. Juan Francisco Fuentes and Javier Fernández Sebastián, pp. 617–623. Madrid: Alianza; Marcilhazy, D. 2017. La Hispanidad bajo el franquismo. Americanismo al servicio de un proyecto nacionalista. In Imaginarios y representaciones de España durante el franquismo, dir. Stéphane Michonneau and Xosé M. Núñez-Seixas, pp. 73–102. Madrid: Casa de Velázquez. https://books.openedition.org/cvz/1161?lang=es.
- 23.
Murakami H. 1982. Japan: The Years of the Trial, 1919–1952, p. 78. Tokyo: Japan Culture Institut.
- 24.
Childers, T. 2017. The Third Reich. A History of Nazi Germany, esp. “The People’s Community”, pp. 266–302. New York: Simon & Schuster.
- 25.
Herrmann, 2013, art. cit, pp. 349–350.
- 26.
On Franco’s orientalism, see Moga Romero, V. 2007. El Mundo de la Edición-Reedición y el Protectorado: en torno a la cuestión hispano-marroquí. In Historia y memoria de las relaciones hispano-marroquíes. Un balance del cincuentenario de la Independencia de Marruecos, coords. Bernabé López and Miguel Hernando de Larramendi, p. 90. N.P.: Ediciones del Oriente y del Mediterráneo.
- 27.
Osterhammel, J. 1986. Semi-Colonialism and Informal Empire in Twentieth-Century China: Towards a Framework of Analysis. In Imperialism and After. Continuities and Discontinuities, eds. Wolfgang J. Mommsen and Jürgen Osterhammel, p. 303. London: Allen and Unwin.
- 28.
AMAE-R-3195, exp. 25. Head of Interpreting to Director for the Americas, Madrid, 24/IV/1945.
- 29.
Van der Putten, F.-P. 1996. Small Powers and Imperialism. The Netherlands in China, 1886–1905. Itinerario, 20–1: 116.
- 30.
Brasó Broggi, C., and Martínez-Robles, D. 2018. Beyond Colonial Dichotomies: The Deficits of Spain and the Peripheral Powers in Treaty-Port China. Modern Asian Studies, 52-6: 1246. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X17000154.
- 31.
Borao, J. E. 2017. Las Miradas entre España y China. Un siglo de relaciones entre los dos países (1864–1973), p. 364. Madrid: Miraguano.
References
Bartolomé Sopena, Rubén. 2022. Una tormenta no tan lejana. La España post-98 ante la guerra ruso japonesa. Ph. Diss., Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona.
Borao, José Eugenio. 2017. Las Miradas entre España y China. Un siglo de relaciones entre los dos países (1864–1973). Madrid: Miraguano.
Brasó Broggi, Carles; Martínez-Robles, David. 2018. Beyond Colonial Dichotomies: The deficits of Spain and the peripheral powers in Treaty-port China. Modern Asian Studies, 52-6: 1222–1247. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X17000154.
Campoy-Cubillo, Adolfo. 2015. Oriental Ghosts: The Haunting Memory of Millan-Astray’s Bushido and Julian Besteiro’s Kokoro. Letras Hispanas, 11: 5–18.
Childers, Thomas. 2017. The Third Reich. A History of Nazi Germany. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Chong, Dennis. 2013. Degrees of Rationality in Politics. In The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, eds. Leonie Huddy, David O. Sears and Jack S. Levy, pp. 96–129. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Conrad, Sebastian. and Sachsenmeier, Dominic. 2007. Introduction. In Competing Visions of World Order Global Moments and Movements, 1880s–1930s, eds. Sebastian Conrad and Dominic Sachsenmaier, pp. 1–26. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Conrad, Sebastian. 2010. The Quest for the Lost Nation, Writing History in Germany and Japan in the American Century. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Cottam, Martha, L. and Cottam, Richard W. 2001. Nationalism and politics: The political behaviour of nation states. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
De Moya, Manuel. The Image of Japan in Spain. Press, Propaganda and Culture (1890–1945). Ph. Diss., University of Cordoba (in Spanish).
Gaster, Timothy P. 2014. Exoticism in Enrique Gómez Carrillo’s Encounter with Japan. Arizona Journal of Hispanic Cultural Studies, 18: 247–258.
Gayle, Curtis Anderson. 2014. The World of Modern Japanese Historiography. Tribulations and Transformations in Historical Approaches. In A Companion to Global Historical Thought, eds. Prasenjit Duara, Viren Murthy and Andrew Sartori, pp. 213–227. Sussex: John Willey & Sons
Geulen, Christian. 2007. The Common Grounds of Conflict: Racial Visions of World Order 1880–1940. Competing Visions of World Order Global Moments and Movements, 1880s–1930s, eds. Sebastian Conrad and Dominic Sachsenmaier, pp. 69–96. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
González Cuevas, Pedro C. 2008. Hispanidad. In Diccionario político y social del siglo XX español, coord. Juan Francisco Fuentes and Javier Fernández Sebastián, pp. 617–623. Madrid: Alianza
Hatemi, Peter K. and McDermott, Rose. 2011. Man Is by Nature a Political Animal. Evolution, Biology and Politics, Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press
Hedinger, Daniel. 2017. The Imperial Nexus: The Second World War and the Axis in Global Perspective. Journal of Global History, 12: 184–205.
Herrmann, Richard K. 2013. Perceptions and image theory in international relations. In The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, eds. Leonie Huddy, David O. Sears, and Jack S. Levy. 2nd ed, p. 348. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199760107.001.0001.
Huddy, Leonie, Sears, David O., and Levy, Jack S. 2013. Introduction. Theoretical foundations of political psychology. In The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, eds. Leonie Huddy, David O. Sears, and Jack S. Levy, pp. 1–23. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jervis, Robert. 1976. Perception and Misconception in International Relations. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Leupp, Gary S. 1995. Images of Black People in Late Mediaeval and Early Modern Japan, 1543–1900. Japan Forum, 7-1: 1–13.
Levy, Jack S. 2013. Psychology and foreign policy decision-making. In The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, eds. Leonie Huddy, David O. Sears, and Jack S. Levy, pp. 301–333. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lottaz, Pascal and Ottosson, Ingemar. 2022. Sweden, Japan, and the Long Second World War, 1931–1945, pp. 39–44. New York: Routledge.
Marcilhazy, David. 2017. La Hispanidad bajo el franquismo. Americanismo al servicio de un proyecto nacionalista. In Imaginarios y representaciones de España durante el franquismo, dir., Stéphane Michonneau & Xosé M. Núñez-Seixas, pp. 73–102. Madrid: Casa de Velázquez. https://books.openedition.org/cvz/1161?lang=es.
Moga Romero, Vicente. 2007. El Mundo de la Edición-Reedición y el Protectorado: en torno a la cuestión hispano-marroquí. In Historia y memoria de las relaciones hispano-marroquíes. Un balance del cincuentenario de la Independencia de Marruecos, coords. Bernabé López, Miguel Hernando de Larramendi, pp. 77–152. N.P.: Ediciones del Oriente y del Mediterráneo.
Murakami, Hyoe. 1982. Japan: The Years of the Trial, 1919–1952. Tokyo: Japan Culture Institut.
Noya, Javier. 2004. La imagen de España en Japón, p. 43. Madrid: Instituto Cervantes, ICEX, SEEI, Real Instituto Elcano.
Osterhammel, Jürgen. 1986. Semi-Colonialism and Informal Empire in Twentieth-Century China: Towards a Framework of Analysis. In Imperialism and After. Continuities and Discontinuities, eds., Mommsen, Wolfgang J. and Osterhammel, Jürgen, pp. 290–314. London: Allen and Unwin.
Preston, Paul. 1999. Comrades: Portraits from the Spanish Civil War. London: HarperCollins.
Quintana, Francisco. 1993. España en Europa, 1931–1936. San Sebastián: Nerea.
Rodao, Florentino, and Almazán, David. 2006. Japonizar España: La imagen española de la modernización del Japón Meiji. Modernizar España 1898–1914. Congreso Internacional: Comunicaciones, ed. Guadalupe Gómez-Ferrer Morant, pp. 1–20. Madrid: Depto. de Historia Contemporánea (UCM). Format: CD.
Rodao, Florentino. 2009. Japan and the Axis, 1937–8: Recognition of the Franco Regime and Manchukuo. Journal of Contemporary History 44-3: 431–447. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022009409104117.
———. 2018. ‘The salvational currents of emigration’: Racial theories; and social disputes in the Philippines at the end of the nineteenth century. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 49-3: 426–444. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022463418000346.
Rodríguez-Navarro, María Teresa, and Beeby, Allison. 2010. “Self-Censorship and Censorship in Nitobe Inazo, Bushido: The Soul of Japan, and Four Translations of the Work”. TTR. Traduction, terminologie, redaction, 23-2 (2010): 74–78. https://doi.org/10.7202/1009160ar.
Rubiés, Joan-Pau. 2003. The Spanish Contribution to the Ethnology of Asia in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Renaissance Studies, 17-3: 418–448. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-4658.t01-1-00030.
Stein, Janice Gross. 2013. Threat perception in international relations. In The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, eds. Leonie Huddy, David O. Sears, and Jack S. Levy, pp. 364–394. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Suzuki, Shogo. 2014. Imagining ‘Asia’: Japan and ‘Asian’ international society in modern history. In Contesting International Society in East Asia, eds. Barry Buzan and Yongjin Zhang, pp. 51–72. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tanaka, Stefan. 1993. Japan’s Orient. Rendering past into history. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Van der Putten, Frans-Paul. 1996. Small Powers and Imperialism. The Netherlands in China, 1886–1905. Itinerario, 20-1: 115–131.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rodao, F. (2023). Introduction: Distance and Difference. In: From Allies to Enemies. New Directions in East Asian History. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8473-0_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8473-0_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-8472-3
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-8473-0
eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)