Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Molecular targets of opiate drug abuse in neuro AIDS

  • Part I HIV-1 Asociated Dementia (HAD)
  • Published:
Neurotoxicity Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Opiate drug abuse, through selective actions at μ opioid receptors (MOR), exacerbates the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) in the CNS by disrupting glial homeostasis, increasing inflammation, and decreasing the threshold for pro-apoptotic events in neurons. Neurons are affected directly and indirectly by opiate-HIV interactions. Although most opiates drugs have some affinity for κ (KOR) and/or δ (DOR) opioid receptors, their neu-rotoxic effects are largely mediated through MOR. Besides direct actions on the neurons themselves, opiates directly affect MOR-expressing astrocytes and microglia. Because of their broad-reaching actions in glia, opiate abuse causes widespread metabolic derangement, inflammation, and the disruption of neuron-glial relationships, which likely contribute to neuronal dysfunction, death, and HIV encephalitis. In addition to direct actions on neural cells, opioids modulate inflammation and disrupt normal intercellular interactions among immu-nocytes (macrophages and lymphocytes), which on balance further promote neuronal dysfunction and death. The neural pathways involved in opiate enhancement of HIV-induced inflammation and cell death, appear to involve MOR activation with downstream effects through PI3-kinase/Akt and/or MAPK signaling, which suggests possible targets for therapeutic intervention in neuroAIDS.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

(AC):

adenylyl cyclase

(CXCR):

alpha chemokine receptor

(Apaf-1):

apoptosis protease activity factor

(CCL):

beta chemokine ligand

(CCR):

beta chemokine receptor

(β-FNA):

β-funaltrex-amine

(CAD):

caspase activated DNAse

(JNK):

c-jun-N-terminal kinase

(CREB):

cAMP response element binding protein

(DOR):

δ-opioid receptor

(EAAT2):

excitatory amino acid transporter-2

(ERK):

extracellular-regulated kinase

(GPCR):

G-protein coupled receptor

(GSK3β):

glycogen synthase kinase 3β

(FKHRL) or (FOXO):

forkhead transcription factor

(HCV):

hepatitis C virus

(HAD):

HIV associated dementia

(HIV):

human immunodeficiency virus

(HIVE):

human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis

(IKK):

IκB kinase

(IP3):

inositol trisphosphate

(IFN):

interferon

(IL):

interleukin

([Ca2+]i):

intracellular Ca2+

(KOR):

κ-opioid receptor

(LDLRP):

low-density lipoprotein; receptor-related protein

(mannose receptor):

mannose R

(MAPs):

microtubule associated proteins

(MAPK):

mitogen-activated protein kinase

(MCP-1 or CCL2):

monocyte chemoattractant protein-1

(MOR):

μ-opioid receptor

(NO):

nitric oxide

(nor-BNI):

nor-binaltorphimine

(NFκB):

nuclear factor κB

(O2A):

oligodendroctye-type-2 astrocyte progenitor cell

(PI3- kinase or PI3K):

phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

(PDK1):

phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1

(PLCγ):

phospholi-pase C-γ

(PTEN):

phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10

(PH):

pleckstrin homology

(PKA):

protein kinase A

(PKB, also known as Akt):

protein kinase B

(PKC):

protein kinase C

(RANTES):

regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted

(ROS):

reactive oxygen species

(Tat):

transactivator of transcription

(TNF-α):

tumor necrosis factor-α

References

  • Adler MW, EB Geller, TJ Rogers, EE Henderson and TK Eisenstein (1993) Opioids, receptors, and immunity.Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 335,13–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ai W, J Gong and L Yu (1999) MAP kinase activation by mu opioid receptor involves phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase but not the cAMP/PKA pathway.FEBSLett. 456, 196–200.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson CE, GS Tomlinson, B Pauly, FW Brannan, A Chiswick, R Brack-Werner, P Simmonds and JE Bell (2003) Relationship of Nef-positive and GFAP-reactive astrocytes to drug use in early and late HIV infection.Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 29, 378–388.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ansari AA (2004) Drugs of abuse and HIV — a perspective.

  • Anthony IC, DH Crawford and JE Bell (2004) Effects of human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis and drug abuse on the B lymphocyte population of the brain.J.Neurovirol. 10, 181–188.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arango JC, P Simmonds, RP Brettle and JE Bell (2004) Does drug abuse influence the microglial response in AIDS and HIV encephalitis?AIDS. 18 (Suppl.1), S69-S74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ariumi Y, A Kaida, M Hatanaka and K Shimotohno (2001) Functional cross-talk of HIV-1 Tat with p53 through its C-terminal domain.Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 287, 556–561.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avison M, JR Berger, JC McArthur and A Nath (2003) HIV meningitis and dementia, In:Clinical Neurovirology (Nath A, and JR Berger, Eds.) (Marcel Dekker: New York), pp 251–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker SA, D Lujan and BS Wilson (1999) Multiple roles for PI 3-kinase in the regulation of PLCgamma activity and Ca2+ mobilization in antigen-stimulated mast cells.J. Leukoc. Biol. 65, 321–329.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belcheva MM, Z Vogel, E Ignatova, T Avidor-Reiss, R Zippel, R Levy, EC Young, J Barg and CJ Coscia (1998) Opioid modulation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase activity is ras-dependent and involves Gβγ subunits.J. Neurochem. 70, 635–645.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belcheva MM, PD Haas, Y Tan, VM Heaton and CJ Coscia (2002) The fibro-blast growth factor receptor is at the site of convergence between mu-opioid receptor and growth factor signaling pathways in rat C6 glioma cells.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 303, 909–918.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belcheva MM, Y Tan, VM Heaton, AL Clark and CJ Coscia (2003) μ Opioid transactivation and down-regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor in astrocytes: implications for mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling.Mol. Pharmacol. 64, 1391–1401.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell JE (1998) The neuropathology of adult HIV infection.Rev. Neurol. (Paris)154, 816–829.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell JE, RP Brettle, A Chiswick and P Simmonds (1998) HIV encephalitis, pro-viral load and dementia in drug users and homosexuals with AIDS. Effect of neocortical involvement.Brain 121, 2043–2052.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bell JE, JC Arango, R Robertson, RP Brettle, C Leen and P Simmonds (2002) HIV and drug misuse in the Edinburgh cohort.J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 31 (Suppl. 2), S35-S42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berger JR and A Nath (1997) HIV dementia and the basal ganglia.Intervirology. 40, 122–131.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beyrer C, MH Razak, K Lisam, J Chen, W Lui and XF Yu (2000) Overland heroin trafficking routes and HIV-1 spread in south and south-east Asia.AIDS 14, 75–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bidlack JM (2000) Detection and function of opioid receptors on cells from the immune system.Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 7, 719–723.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bidlack JM, JP McLaughlin and MP Wentland (2000) Partial opioids. Medications for the treatment of pain and drug abuse.Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 909, 1–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birkenkamp KU and PJ Coffer (2003) Regulation of cell survival and proliferation by the FOXO (Forkheadbox, class O) subfamily of Forkhead transcription factors.Biochem. Soc. Trans. 31, 292–297.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bohn LM, MM Belcheva and CJ Coscia (2000) Mu-opioid agonist inhibition of kappa-opioid receptor-stimulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation is dynamin-dependent in C6 glioma cells.J. Neurochem. 74, 574–581.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brack-Werner R(1999) Astrocytes, HIV cellular reservoirs and important partcipants in neuropathogenesis.AIDS 13, 1–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buttner A, G Mall, R Penning and S Weis (2000) The neuropathology of heroin abuse.Forensic Sci. Int. 113, 435–442.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cardone MH, N Roy, HR Stennicke, GS Salvesen, TF Franke, E Stanbridge, S Frisch and JC Reed (1998) Regulation of cell death protease caspase-9 by phosphorylation.Science 282, 1318–1321.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carr DJ and M Serou (1995) Exogenous and endogenous opioids as biological response modifiers.Immunopharmacology 31, 59–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carr DJ, TJ Rogers and RJ Weber (1996) The relevance of opioids and opioid receptors on immunocompetence and immune homeostasis.Proc. Soc.Exp. Biol. Med. 213, 248–257.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang SL, GD Wu, NA Patel, EL Vidaland, M Fiala (1998) The effects of interaction between morphine and interleukin-1 on the immune response.Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 437, 67–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chao CC, S Hu, TW Molitor, Y Zhou, MP Murtaugh, M Tsang and PK Peterson (1992) Morphine potentiates transforming growth factor-β release from human peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 262, 19–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chao CC, G Gekker, S Hu, WS Sheng, KB Shark, DF Bu, S Archer, JM Bidlack and PK Peterson (1996) kappa Opioid receptors in human microglia down-regulate human immunodeficiency virus 1 expression.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 8051–8056.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chao CC, S Hu, KB Shark, WS Sheng, G Gekker and PK Peterson (1997) Activation of mu opioid receptors inhibits microglial cell chemotaxis.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 281, 998–1004.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chao CC, G Gekker, WS Sheng, S Huand PK Peterson (2001) U50488 inhibits HIV-1 expression in acutely infected monocyte-derived macrophages.Drug Alcohol Depend. 62, 149–154.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen C, J Li, G Bot, I Szabo, TJ Rogers and LY Liu-Chen (2004) Heterodimerization and cross-desensitization between the mu-opioid receptor and the chemokine CCR5 receptor.Eur. J.Pharmacol. 483, 175–186.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chu B, F Soncin, BD Price, MA Stevenson and SK Calderwood (1996) Sequential phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase and glycogen synthase kinase 3 represses transcriptional activation by heat shock factor-1.J. Biol. Chem. 271, 30847–30857.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conant K, A Garzino-Demo, A Nath, JC McArthur, W Halliday, C Power, RC Gallo and EO Major (1998) Induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in HIV-1 Tat-stimulated astrocytes and elevation in AIDS dementia.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA95, 3117–3121.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crain SM and KF Shen (1990) Opioids can evoke direct receptor-mediated excitatory effects on sensory neurons.Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 11, 77–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cross TG, D Scheel-Toellner, NV Henriquez, E Deacon, M Salmon and JM Lord (2000) Serine/threonine protein kinases and apoptosis.Exp. Cell. Res. 256, 34–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crowder RJ and RS Freeman (1998) Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt protein kinase are necessary and sufficient for the survival of nerve growth factor-dependent sympathetic neurons.J. Neurosci. 18, 2933–2943.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Datta SR, H Dudek, X Tao, S Masters, H Fu, Y Gotoh and ME Greenberg (1997) Akt phosphorylation of BAD couples survival signals to the cell-intrinsic death machinery.Cell 91, 231–241.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies J, IP Everall, S Weich, J McLaughlin, F Scaravilli and PL Lantos (1997) HIV-associated brain pathology in the United Kingdom, an epidemiological study. AIDS11, 1145–1150.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson G, SA Dawson and R Goswami (1997) Chronic exposure to kappa-opioids enhances the susceptibility of immortalized neurons (F-11kappa 7) to apoptosis-inducing drugs by a mechanism that may involve ceramide.J. Neurochem. 68, 2363–2370.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Castro S and E Sabate (2003) Adherence to heroin dependence therapies and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome infection rates among drug abusers.Clin. Infect Dis. 37 (Suppl. 5), S464-S467.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dimitrijevic M, S Stanojevic,V Kovacevic-Jovanovic, T Miletic, V Vujic-Redzic and J Radulovic (2000) Modulation of humoral immune responses in the rat by centrally applied Met-enk and opioid receptor antagonists: functional interactions of brain OP1, OP2 and OP3 receptors.Immunopharmacology. 49, 255–262.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donahoe RM (2004) Multiple ways that drug abuse might influence AIDS progression: clues from a monkey model.J. Neuroimmunol. 147, 28–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donahoe RM and A Falek (1988) Neuroimmunomodulation by opiates and other drugs of abuse: relationship to HIV infection and AIDS.Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmacol. 44, 145–158.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donahoe RM and D Vlahov (1998) Opiates as potential co factors in progression ofHIV-1 infections to AIDS.J. Neuroimmunol. 83, 77–87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dou H, K Birusingh, J Faraci, S Gorantla, LY Poluektova, SB Maggirwar, S Dewhurst, HA Gelbard and HE Gendelman (2003) Neuroprotective activities of sodium valproate in a murine model of human immunodeficiency virus-1 encephalitis.J. Neurosci. 23, 9162–9170.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Droge W (2002) Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function.Physiol.Rev. 82, 47–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dronda F, J Zamora, S Moreno, A Moreno, JL Casado, A Muriel, MJ Perez- Elias, A Antela, L Moreno and C Quereda (2004) CD4 cell recovery during successful antiretroviral therapy in naive HIV-infected patients: the role of intravenous drug use.AIDS 18, 2210–2212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duckworth BC and LC Cantley (1997) Conditional inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade by wortmannin. Dependence on signal strength.J.Biol. Chem. 272, 27665–27670.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dudek H, SR Datta, TF Franke, MJ Birnbaum, R Yao, GM Cooper, RA Segal, DR Kaplan and ME Greenberg (1997) Regulation of neuronal survival by the serine-threonine protein kinase Akt.Science 275, 661–665.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ]Eisenstein TK and ME Hilburger (1998) Opioid modulation of immune responses: effects on phagocyte and lymphoid cell populations.J. Neuroimmunol. 83, 36–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Hage N, JA Gurwell, IN Singh, PE Knapp, A Nath and KF Hauser (2005) Synergistic increases in intracellular Ca2+, and the release of MCP-1, RANTES, and IL-6 by astrocytes treated with opiates and HIV-1 Tat.Glia. 50, 91–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson PS, E Hansson and L Rönnbäck (1990) Delta and kappa opiate receptors in primary astroglial cultures from rat cerebral cortex.Neurochem. Res. 15, 1123–1126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson PS, E Hansson and L Rönnbäck (1991) Mu and delta opiate receptors in neuronal and astroglial primary cultures from various regions of the brain-coupling with adenylate cyclase: localisation on the same neurones and association with dopamine (D1) receptor adenylate cyclase.Neuropharmacology 30, 1233–1239.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson PS, E Hansson and L Rönnbäck (1992) Delta and kappa opiate receptors in primary astroglial cultures. Part II: Receptor sets in cultures from various brain regions and interactions with β-receptor activated cyclic AMP.Neurochem. Res. 17, 545–551.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Estanislao L, A Geraci, DM Simpson and A Di Rocco (2003) HIV myelopathy, peripheral neuropathy, and myopathy, In:Clinical Neurovirology (Nath A and JR Berger, Eds.) (Marcel Dekker, New York), pp277–2966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Everall IP (2004) Interaction between HIV and intravenous heroin abuse?J. Neuroimmunol. 147, 13–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Everall I, P Luthert and P Lantos (1993) A review of neuronal damage in human immunodeficiency virus infection: its assessment, possible mechanism and relationship to dementia.J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 52, 561–566.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Everall IP, C Bell, M Mallory, D Langford, A Adame, E Rockestein and E Masliah (2002) Lithium ameliorates HIV-gp120-mediated neurotoxicity.Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 21, 493–501.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Factor SA, M Troche-Panetto and SA Weaver (2003) Dystonia in AIDS: report of four cases.Mov. Disord. 18, 1492–1498.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faden AI (1996) Neurotoxic versus neuroprotective actions of endogenous opioid peptides: implications for treatment of CNS injury.NIDA Res. Monogr. 163, 318–330.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forman HJ and M Torres (2001) Redox signaling in macrophages.Mol. Aspects Med. 22, 189–216.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francis H (2003) Substance abuse and HIV infection.Top. HIV Med. 11, 20–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franke TF, SI Yang, TO Chan, K Datta, A Kazlauskas, DK Morrison, DR Kaplan and PN Tsichlis (1995) The protein kinase encoded by the Akt proto-oncogene is a target of the PDGF-activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.Cell 81, 727–736.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman DJ, AG Li, G Wei, HH Li, N Kertesz, R Lesche, AD Whale, H Martinez-Diaz, N Rozengurt, RD Cardiff, X Liu and H Wu (2003) PTEN tumor suppressor regulates p53 protein levels and activity through phospha-tase-dependent and-independent mechanisms.Cancer Cell 3, 117–130.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fulton BP, JF Burne and MC Raff (1992) Visualization of O-2Aprogenitor cells in developing and adult rat optic nerve by quisqualate-stimulated cobalt uptake.J. Neurosci. 12, 4816–4833.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garden GA (2002) Microglia in human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurodegeneration.Glia 40, 240–251.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garden GA, SL Budd, E Tsai, L Hanson, M Kaul, DM D’Emilia, RM Friedlander, J Yuan, E Masliah and SA Lipton (2002) Caspase cascades in human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurodegeneration.J. Neurosci. 22, 4015–4024.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gekker G, S Hu, MP Wentland, JM Bidlack, JR Lokensgard and PK Peterson (2004) Kappa-opioidreceptorligands inhibit cocaine-inducedHIV-1 expression in microglial cells.J.Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 309, 600–606.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gendelman HE, Y Persidsky, A Ghorpade, J Limoges, M Stins, M Fiala and R Morrisett (1997) The neuropathogenesis of the AIDS dementia complex.AIDS 11, 35–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Genis P, M Jett, EW Bernton, T Boyle, HA Gelbard, K Dzenko, RW Keane, L Resnick, Y Mizrachi, DJ Volsky, LG Epstein and HE Gendelman (1992) Cytokines and arachidonic metabolites produced during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected macrophage-astroglia interactions: implications for the neuropathogenesis of HIV disease.J. Exp. Med. 176, 1703–1718.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Georgoussi Z, M Merkouris, I Mullaney, G Megaritis, C Carr, C Zioudrou and G Milligan (1997) Selective interactions of mu-opioid receptors with pertussis toxin-sensitive Gproteins: involvement of the third intracellular loop and the c-terminal tail in coupling.Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1359, 263–274.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glass JD, SL Wesselingh, OA Selnes and JC McArthur (1993) Clinical-neuropathologic correlation in HIV-associated dementia.Neurology 43, 2230–2237.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glass JD, H Fedor, SL Wesselingh and JC McArthur (1995) Immunocytochemical quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus in the brain: correlations with dementia.Ann. Neurol. 38, 755–762.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodkin K, P Shapshak, LR Metsch, CB McCoy, KA Crandall, M Kumar, RK Fujimura, V McCoy, BT Zhang, S Reyblat, KQ Xin and AM Kumar (1998) Cocaine abuse and HIV-1 infection: epidemiology and neuropathogenesis.J.Neuroimmunol. 83, 88–101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goswami R, SA Dawson and G Dawson (1998) Cyclic AMP protects against staurosporine and wortmannin-induced apoptosis and opioid-enhanced apoptosis in both embryonic and immortalized (F-11kappa7) neurons.J. Neurochem. 70, 1376–1382.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goswami R, J Kilkus, SA Dawson and G Dawson (1999) Overexpression of Akt (protein kinase B) confers protection against apoptosis and prevents formation of ceramide in response to pro-apoptotic stimuli.J. Neurosci. Res. 57, 884–893.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goswami R, SA Dawson and G Dawson (2000) Multiple polyphosphoinositide pathways regulate apoptotic signalling in a dorsal root ganglion derived cellline.J. Neurosci. Res. 59, 136–144.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gosztonyi G, V Schmidt, R Nickel, MA Rothschild, S Camacho, G Siegel, E Zill, G Pauli and V Schneider (1993) Neuropathologic analysis of postmortal brain samples of HIV-seropositive and-seronegative i.v. drug addicts.Forensic Sci. Int. 62, 101–105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GrayGosztonyi F, H Adle-Biassette, F Chretien, G Lorin de la Grandmaison, G Force and C Keohane (2001) Neuropathology and neurodegeneration in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pathogenesis of HIV-induced lesions of the brain, correlations with HIV-associated disorders and modifications according to treatments. Clin. Neuropathol. 20, 146–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grode ML and MR Murray (1973) Effects of methadone-HCl on dorsal root ganglia in organotypic culture.Exp. Neurol. 40, 68–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gurwell JA, MJ Duncan, K Maderspach, A Stiene-Martin, RP Elde and KF Hauser (1996) Kappa-opioid receptor expression defines a phenotypically distinct subpopulation of astroglia: relationship to Ca2+ mobilization, development, and the antiproliferative effect of opioids.Brain Res. 737, 175–187.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gurwell JA, A Nath, Q Sun, J Zhang, KM Martin, Y Chen and KF Hauser (2001) Synergistic neurotoxicity of opioids and human immunodeficiency virus-1 Tat protein in striatal neuronsin vitro.Neuroscience 102, 555–563.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haughey NJ, CP Holden, A Nath and JD Geiger (1999) Involvement of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-regulated stores of intracellular calcium in calcium dysregulation and neuron cell death caused by HIV-1 Protein Tat.J. Neurochem. 73, 1363–1374.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hauser KF and D Mangoura (1998) Diversity of the endogenous opioid system in development: novel signal transduction translates multiple extracellular signals into neural cell growth and differentiation.Perspect. Dev. Neurobiol. 5, 437–449.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hauser KF and A Stiene-Martin (1991) Characterization of opioid-dependent glial development in dissociated and organotypic cultures of mouse central nervous system: critical periods and target specificity.Dev. Brain Res. 62, 245–255.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hauser KF, JA Gurwell and CS Turbek (1994) Morphine inhibits Purkinje cell survival and dendritic differentiation in organotypic cultures of the mouse cerebellum.Exp. Neurol. 130, 95–105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hauser KF, A Stiene-Martin, MP Mattson, RP Elde, SE Ryan and CC Godleske (1996) Mu-opioid receptor-induced Ca2+ mobilization and astroglial development: morphine inhibits DNA synthesis and stimulates cellular hypertrophy through a Ca2+-dependent mechanism.Brain Res. 720, 191–203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hauser KF, ME Harris-White, JA Jackson, LA Opanashuk and JM Carney (1998) Opioids disrupt Ca2+ homeostasis and induce carbonyl oxyradical production in mouse astrocytesin vitro: transient increases and adaptation to sustained exposure.Exp. Neurol. 151, 70–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hauser KF, VK Khurdayan, RJ Goody, A Nath, JR Pauly and A Saria (2003) Selective vulnerability of cerebellar granule neuroblasts and their progeny to drugs with abuse liability.The Cerebellum 2, 184–195.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heckman TG, JA Kelly, LM Bogart, SC Kalichman and DJ Rompa (1999) HIV risk differences between African-American and white men who have sex with men.J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 91, 92–100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu S, PK Peterson and CC Chao (1998) Kappa-opioid modulation of human microglial cell superoxide anion generation.Biochem. Pharmacol. 56, 285–288.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu S, WS Sheng, JR Lokensgard and PK Peterson (2002) Morphine induces apoptosis of human microglia and neurons.Neuropharmacology 42, 829–836.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang L-YM (1995) Cellular mechanisms of excitatory and inhibitory actions of opioids, In:The Pharmacology of Opioid Peptides(Tseng LF, Eds.) (Harwood Academic Publishers:), pp 131-149.

  • Iglesias M, MF Segura, JX Comella and G Olmos (2003) Mu-opioid receptor activation prevents apoptosis following serum withdrawal in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells and cortical neurons via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.Neuropharmacology 44, 482–492.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ignatova EG, MM Belcheva, LM Bohn, MC Neuman and CJ Coscia (1999) Requirement of receptor internalization for opioid stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase: biochemical and immunofluorescence confocal microscopic evidence.J. Neurosci. 19, 56–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ignatowski TA and JM Bidlack (1999) Differential kappa-opioid receptor expression on mouse lymphocytes at varying stages of maturation and on mouse macrophages after selective elicitation.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 290, 863–870.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James HJ, LR Sharer, Q Zhang, HG Wang, LG Epstein, JC Reed and HA Gelbard (1999) Expression of caspase-3 in brains from paediatric patients with HIV-1 encephalitis.Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 25, 380–386.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen RS, AJ Saykin, L Cannon, J Campbell, PF Pinsky, NA Hessol, PM O’ Malley, AR Lifson, LS Doll and GW Rutherford (1989) Neurological and neuropsychological manifestations ofHIV-1 infection, association with AIDS-related complex but not asymptomatic HIV-1 infection.Ann. Neurol. 26, 592–600.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones DM, BA Tucker, M Rahimtula and KM Mearow (2003) The synergistic effects of NGF and IGF-1 on neurite growth in adult sensory neurons, convergence on the PI 3-kinase signaling pathway.J. Neurochem. 86, 1116–1128.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kandel ES and N Hay (1999) The regulation and activities of the multifunctional serine/threonine kinase Akt/PKB.Exp. Cell. Res. 253, 210–229.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kao AW and RW Price (2004) Chemokine receptors, neuralprogenitor cells, and the AIDS dementia complex.J. Infect. Dis. 190, 211–215.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kapasi AA, SA Coscia, MP Pandya and PC Singhal (2004) Morphine modulates HIV-1 gp160-induced murine macrophage and human monocyte apoptosis by disparate ways.J. Neuroimmunol. 148, 86–96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaul M, GA Garden and SA Lipton (2001) Pathways to neuronal injury and apoptosis in HIV-associated dementia.Nature 410, 988–994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaytor MD and HT Orr (2002) The GSK3 beta signaling cascade and neurode-generative disease.Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 12, 275–278.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley TW, MM Graham, AI Doseff, RW Pomerantz, SM Lau, MC Ostrowski, TF Franke and CB Marsh (1999) Macrophage colony-stimulating factor promotes cell survival through Akt/protein kinase B.J. Biol. Chem. 274, 26393–26398.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy SG, AJ Wagner, SD Conzen, J Jordan, A Bellacosa, PN Tsichlis and N Hay (1997) The PI 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway delivers an anti-apoptotic signal.Genes Dev. 11, 701–713.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khurdayan VK, S Buch,N El-Hage, SE Lutz, SMGoebel, IN Singh, PE Knapp, J Turchan-Cholewo, A Nath and KF Hauser (2004) Preferential vulnerability of astroglia and glial precursors to combined opioid and HIV-1 Tat exposurein vitro.Eur. J. Neurosci. 19, 3171–3182.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khwaja A, P Rodriguez-Viciana, S Wennstrom, PH Warne and J Downward (1997) Matrix adhesion and Ras transformation both activate a phos-phoinositide 3-OH kinase and protein kinase B/Akt cellular survival pathway.EMBOJ. 16, 2783–2793.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim MS, YP Cheong, HS So, KM Lee, TY Kim, J Oh, YT Chung, Y Son, BR Kim and R Park (2001) Protective effects of morphine in peroxynitrite-induced apoptosis of primary rat neonatal astrocytes, potential involvement of G protein and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3 kinase).Biochem. Pharmacol. 61, 779–786.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kofke WA, AF Attaallah, H Kuwabara, RH Garman, EH Sinz, J Barbaccia, N Gupta and JP Hogg (2002) The neuropathologic effects in rats and neuro-metabolic effects in humans of large-dose remifentanil.Anesth. Analg. 94, 1229–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krathwohl MD and JL Kaiser (2004) HIV-1 promotes quiescence in human neural progenitor cells.J. Infect Dis. 190, 216–226.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kruman II, A Nath and MP Mattson (1998) HIV-1 protein Tat induces apoptosis of hippocampal neurons by a mechanism involving caspase activation, calcium overload, and oxidative stress.Exp. Neurol. 154, 276–288.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar R, C Torres, Y Yamamura, I Rodriguez, M Martinez, S Staprans, RM Donahoe, E Kraiselburd, EB Stephens and A Kumar (2004) Modulation by morphine of viral set point in rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus and simian-human immunodeficiency virus.J. Virol. 78, 11425–11428.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lannuzel A, JV Barnier, C Hery, VT Huynh, B Guibert, F Gray, JD Vincent and M Tardieu (1997) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and its coat protein gp120 induce apoptosis and activate JNK and ERK mitogen-activated protein kinases in human neurons.Ann. Neurol. 42, 847–856.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence DM, LC Durham, L Schwartz, P Seth, D Maric and EO Major (2004) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of human brain-derived progenitor cells.J. Virol. 78, 7319–7328.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarini F, P Casanova, TN Tham, E De Clercq, F Arenzana-Seisdedos, F Baleux and M Dubois-Dalcq (2000) Differential signalling of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by stromal cell-derived factor 1 and the HIV glycoprotein in rat neurons and astrocytes.Eur.J.Neurosci. 12, 117–125.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leoni C, A Menegon, F Benfenati and F Valtorta (1997) Downregulation of MAP kinase activity signalled by HIV-1-gp120 coat protein in granular neurons and glial cells from rat cerebellum.Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 240, 683–686.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, T Zhang, SD Douglas, JP Lai, WD Xiao, DE Pleasure and WZ Ho (2003) Morphine enhances hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicon expression.Am. J. Pathol. 163, 1167–1175.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, L Qin, BC Wilson, L An, JS Hong and B Liu (2002) Inhibition by naloxone stereoisomers of beta-amyloid peptide (1–42)-induced superoxide production in microglia and degeneration of cortical and mesencephalic neurons.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 302, 1212–1219.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Ilasaca M, P Crespo, PG Pellici, JS Gutkind and R Wetzker (1997) Linkage of G protein-coupled receptors to the MAPK signaling pathway through PI 3-kinase gamma.Science 275, 394–397.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luo Y, MA Berman, SR Abromson-Leeman and ME Dorf (2003) Tumor necrosis factor is required for RANTES-induced astrocyte monocyte che-moattractantprotein-1 production.Glia 43, 119–127.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma W, WH Zheng, K Powell, K Jhamandas and R Quirion (2001) Chronic morphine exposure increases the phosphorylation of MAP kinases and the transcription factor CREB in dorsal root ganglion neurons: anin vitro andin vivo study.Eur.J. Neurosci. 14, 1091–1104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Machelska H and C Stein (2000) Pain control by immune-derived opioids.Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 27, 533–536.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maggirwar SB, N Tong, S Ramirez, HA Gelbard and S Dewhurst (1999) HIV-1 Tat-mediated activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta contributes to Tat-mediated neurotoxicity.J. Neurochem. 73, 578–586.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahajan SD, SA Schwartz, TC Shanahan, RP Chawda and MP Nair (2002) Morphine regulates gene expression of alpha- and beta-chemokines and their receptors on astroglial cells via the opioid mu receptor.J. Immunol. 169, 3589–3599.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mangoura D (1997) mu-Opioids activate tyrosine kinase focal adhesion kinase and regulate cortical cytoskeleton proteins cortactin and vinculin in chick embryonic neurons.J. Neurosci. Res. 50, 391–401.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mao J, B Sung, RR Ji and G Lim (2002) Chronic morphine induces downregulation of spinal glutamate transporters: implications in morphine tolerance and abnormal pain sensitivity.J. Neurosci. 22, 8312–8323.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy L, M Wetzel, JK Sliker, TK Eisenstein and TJ Rogers(2001) Opioids, opioid receptors, and the immune response.Drug Alcohol Depend. 62, 111–123.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mellon RD and BM Bayer (1998) Evidence for central opioid receptors in the immunomodulatory effects of morphine: review of potential mechanism(s) of action.J. Neuroimmunol. 83, 19–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meltzer MS, DR Skillman, PJ Gomatos, DC Kalter and HE Gendelman (1990) Role of mononuclear phagocytes in the pathogenesis ofhuman immunodeficiency virus infection.Annu. Rev. Immunol. 8, 169–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menegon A, C Leoni, F Benfenati and F Valtorta (1997) Tat protein from HIV-1 activates MAP kinase in granular neurons and glial cells from rat cerebellum.Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 238, 800–805.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meriney SD, MJ Ford, D Oliva and G Pilar (1991) Endogenous opioids modulate neuronal survival in the developing avian ciliary ganglion.J. Neurosc. 11, 3705–3717.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meriney SD, DB Gray and G Pilar (1985) Morphine-induced delay of normal cell death in the avian ciliary ganglion.Science 228, 1451–1453.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milani D, M Mazzoni, P Borgatti, G Zauli, L Cantely and S Capitani (1998) Extracellular human immunodeficiency virus type-1 Tat protein activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in PC-12 neuronal cells.J. Biol. Chem. 271, 22961–22964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller AF and JJ Falke (2004) Chemotaxis receptors and signaling.Adv. Protein Chem. 68, 393–444.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller M (2003) The dynamics of substance use and sex networks in HIV transmission.J. Urban Health 80, iii88-iii96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milligan G (2004) G protein-coupled receptor dimerization: function and ligand pharmacology.Mol. Pharmacol. 66, 1–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mirsattari SM, C Power and A Nath (1999) Primary headaches with HIV infection.Headache 39, 3–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morsica G, MT Bernardi, R Novati, C Uberti Foppa, A Castagna and A Lazzarin (1997) Detection of hepatitis C virus genomic sequences in the cerebrospi-nal fluid of HIV-infected patients.J.Med. Virol. 53, 252–254.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mullaney I, IC Carr, AR Burt, M Wilson, NG Anderson and G Milligan (1997) Agonist-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of isoforms of the shc adapter protein bythe delta opioid receptor.CellSignal 9, 423–429.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy PM (2001) Viral exploitation and subversion of the immune system through chemokine mimicry.Nat. Immunol. 2, 116–122.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nair MP, S Mahajan, R Hewitt, ZR Whitney and SA Schwartz (2004) Association of drug abuse with inhibition of HIV-1 immune responses, studies with long-term of HIV-1 non-progressors.J. Neuroimmunol. 147, 21–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nath A (1999) Pathobiology of human immunodeficiency virus dementia.Semin. Neurol. 19, 113–127.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nath A, RM Booze, KF Hauser, CF Mactutus, JE Bell, WF Maragos and JR Berger (1999a) Critical questions for neuroscientists in interactions of drugs of abuse and HIV infection.NeuroAIDS 2, 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nath A, K Conant, P Chen, C Scott and EO Major (1999b) Transient exposure to HIV-1 Tat protein results in cytokine production in macrophages and astrocytes. A hit and run phenomenon.J.Biol. Chem. 274, 17098–17102.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nath A, KF Hauser, V Wojna, RM Booze, WMaragos, M Prendergast, W Cass and JT Turchan (2002) Molecular basis for interactions of HIV and drugs of abuse.J. Acquk Immune Defic Syndr. 31 (Suppl. 2), S62-S69.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nath A, M Jones, W Maragos, R Booze, C Mactutus, J Bell, KF Hauser and M Mattson (2000) Neurotoxicity and dysfunction of dopamine systems associated with AIDS dementia.Psychopharmacol. 14, 222–227.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Navia BA, ES Cho, CK Petito and RW Price (1986a) The AIDS dementia complex: II Neuropathology.Ann.Neurol. 19, 525–535.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Navia BA, BD Jordan and RW Price (1986b) The AIDS dementia complex: L Clinical features.Ann. Neurol. 19, 517–524.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson CJ, GM Schneider and DT Lysle (2000) Involvement of central mu- but not delta- or kappa-opioid receptors in immunomodulation.Brain Behav. Immunol. 14, 170–184.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nestler EJ (2001) Molecular neurobiology of addiction.Am. J. Addict. 10, 201–217.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neumeyer JL, XH Gu, LA van Vliet, NJ DeNunzio, DE Rusovici, DJ Cohen, SS Negus, NK Mello and JM Bidlack (2001) Mixed kappa agonists and mu agonists/antagonists as potential pharmacotherapeutics for cocaine abuse, synthesis and opioid receptor binding affinity of N-substituted derivatives of morphinan. Bioorg.Med.Chem. Lett. 11, 2735–2740.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ng SB, YH Tan and GR Guy (1994) Differential induction of the interleukin-6 gene by tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1.J.Biol. Chem. 269, 19021–19027.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nottet HS, M Jett, CR Flanagan, QH Zhai, Y Persidsky, A Rizzino, EW Bernton, P Genis, T Baldwin and J Schwartz (1995) A regulatory role for astrocytes in HIV-1 encephalitis. An overexpression of eicosanoids, platelet-activating factor, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by activated HIV-1-infected monocytes is attenuated by primary human astrocytes.J. Immunol. 154, 3567–3581.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Novick DM, M Ochshorn and MJ Kreek (1991)In vivo andin vitro studies of opiates and cellular immunity in narcotic addicts.Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 288, 159–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nyland SB, S Specter, J Im-Sin and KE Ugen (1998) Opiate effects onin vitro human retroviral infection.Adv. Exp. Med. Bid 437, 91–100.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oehmichen M, C Meissner, A Reiter and M Birkholz (1996) Neuropathology in non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected drug addicts: hypoxic brain damage after chronic intravenous drug abuse.Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.)91, 642–646.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oh JW, LM Schwiebert and EN Benveniste (1999) Cytokine regulation of CC and CXC chemokine expression by human astrocytes.J. Neurovirol. 5, 82–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ozawa T, T Nakagawa, K Shige, M Minami and M Satoh (2001) Changes in the expression of glial glutamate transporters in the rat brain accompanied with morphine dependence and naloxone-precipitated withdrawal.Brain Res. 905, 254–258.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pellegrino T and BM Bayer (1998)In vivo effects of cocaine on immune cell function.J. Neuroimmunol. 83, 139–147.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peng H, Y Huang, J Rose, D Erichsen, S Herek, N Fujii, H Tamamura and J Zheng (2004) Stromal cell-derived factor 1-mediated CXCR4 signaling in rat and human cortical neural progenitor cells.J. Neurosci. Res. 76, 35–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peng X, DM Mosser, MW Adler, TJ Rogers, JJ Meissler and TK Eisenstein (2000) Morphine enhances interleukin-12 and the production of other pro-inflammatory cytokines in mouse peritoneal macrophages.J. Leukoc.Biol. 68, 723–728.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Persidsky Yand HE Gendelman (2003) Mononuclear phagocyte immunity and theneuropathogenesisofHIV-1 infection.J.Leukoc. Biol. 74, 691–701.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Persson AI, T Thorlin, C Bull and PS Eriksson (2003a) Opioid-inducedproliferation through the MAPK pathway in cultures of adult hippocampal progenitors.Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 23, 360–372.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Persson AI, T Thorlin, C Bull, P Zarnegar, R Ekman, LTerenius and PS Eriksson (2003b) Mu- and delta-opioid receptor antagonists decrease proliferation and increase neurogenesis in cultures of rat adult hippocampal progenitors.Eur.J. Neurosci. 17, 1159–1172.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peruzzi F, J Gordon, N Darbinian and S Amini (2002) Tat-induced deregulation of neuronal differentiation and survival by nerve growth factor pathway.J. Neurovirol. 8 (Suppl. 2), 91–96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson PK, BM Sharp, G Gekker, PS Portoghese, K Sannerud and HH Balfour Jr. (1990) Morphine promotes the growth of HIV-1 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell cocultures.AIDS 4, 869–873.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson PK, G Gekker, R Schut, S Hu, HH Balfour Jr. and CC Chao (1993a) Enhancement of HIV-1 replication by opiates and cocaine: the cytokine connection.Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 335, 181–188.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson PK, TW Molitor and CC Chao (1993b) Mechanisms of morphine-induced immunomodulation.Biochem. Pharmacol. 46, 343–348.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson PK, G Gekker, S Hu, WS Sheng, TW Molitor and CC Chao (1995) Morphine stimulates phagocytosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by human microglial cells: involvement of a G protein-coupled opiate receptor.Adv. Neuroimmunol. 5, 299–309.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson PK, TW Molitor and CC Chao (1998) The opioid-cytokine connection.J. Neuroimmunol. 83, 63–69.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson PK, G Gekker, S Hu, J Lokensgard, PS Portoghese and CC Chao (1999) Endomorphin-1 potentiates HIV-1 expression in human brain cell cultures, implication of an atypical mu-opioid receptor.Neuropharmacology. 38, 273–278.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson PK, G Gekker, JR Lokensgard, JM Bidlack, A Chang, X Fang and PS Portoghese (2001) kappa-Opioid receptor agonist suppression of HIV-1 expression in CD4(+) lymphocytes.Biochem. Pharmacol. 61, 1145–1151.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Philpott KL, MJ McCarthy, A Klippel and LL Rubin (1997) Activated phospha-tidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt kinase promote survival of superior cervical neurons.J.Cell.Biol. 139, 809–815.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polakiewicz RD, SM Schieferl, AC Gingras, N Sonenberg and MJ Comb (1998) mu-Opioid receptor activates signaling pathways implicated in cell survival and translational control.J. Biol. Chem. 273, 23534–23541.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poli G and AS Fauci (1992) The role of monocyte/macrophages and cytokines in thepathogenesis of HIV infection.Pathobiology 60, 246–251.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radkowski M, J Wilkinson, M Nowicki, D Adair, H Vargas, C Ingui, J Rakela and T Laskus (2002) Search for hepatitis C virus negative-strand RNA sequences and analysis of viral sequences in the central nervous system: evidence of replication.J. Virol. 76, 600–608.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raff MC, RH Miller and M Noble (1983) A glial progenitor cell that developsin vitro into an astrocyte or an oligodendrocyte depending on culture medium.Nature 303, 390–396.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahim RT, JJ Meissler, L Zhang, MW Adler, TJ Rogers and TK Eisenstein (2003) Withdrawal from morphine in mice suppresses splenic macrophage function, cytokine production, and costimulatory molecules.J. Neuroimmunol. 144, 16–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahim RT, P Feng, JJ Meissler, TJ Rogers, L Zhang, MW Adler and TK Eisenstein (2004) Paradoxes of immunosuppression in mouse models of withdrawal.J. Neuroimmunol. 147, 114–120.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reznikov K, KF Hauser, G Nazarevskaja, Y Trunova, V Derjabin and G Bakalkin (1999) Opioids modulate cell division in the germinal zone of the late embryonic neocortex.Eur.J. Neurosci. 11, 2711–2719.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rock RB, G Gekker, S Hu, WS Sheng, M Cheeran, JR Lokensgard and PK Peterson (2004) Role of microglia in central nervous system infections.Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17, 942–964.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers TJ and PK Peterson (2003) Opioid G protein-coupled receptors, signals at the crossroads of inflammation.Trends. Immunol. 24, 116–121.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers TJ, AD Steele, OM Howard and JJ Oppenheim (2000) Bidirectional heterologous desensitization of opioid and chemokine receptors.Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 917, 19–28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rohn JL, AO Hueber, NJ McCarthy, D Lyon, P Navarro, BM Burgering and GI Evan (1998) The opposing roles of the Akt and c-Myc signalling pathways in survival from CD95-mediated apoptosis.Oncogene 17, 2811–2818.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rouveix B (1992). Opiates and immune function. Consequences on infectious diseases with special reference to AIDS.Therapie 47, 503–512.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruzicka BB, CA Fox, RC Thompson, H Ami and SJ Watson (1994) Opioid receptor mRNA expression in primary cultures of glial cells derived from different rat brain regions.Regul. Pept. 54, 251–252.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruzicka BB, CA Fox, RC Thompson, F Meng, SJ Watson and H Akil (1995) Primary astroglial cultures derived from several rat brain regions differentially express mu, delta and kappa opioid receptor mRNA. Mol.Brain Res. 34, 209–220.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan EL, S Morgello, K Isaacs, M Naseer and P Gerits (2004) Neuropsychiatric impact of hepatitis C on advanced HIV.Neurology 62, 957–962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sawynok J (1986) The therapeutic use ofheroin: a review of the pharmacological literature.Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 64, 1–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheid MP, KM Schubert and V Duronio (1999) Regulation of bad phos-phorylation and association with Bcl-x(L) by the MAPK/Erk kinase.J. Biol. Chem. 274, 31108–31113.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharp BM, G Gekker, MD Li, CC Chao and PK Peterson (1998a) Delta-opioid suppression of human immunodeficiency virus-1 expression in T cells (Jurkat).Biochem. Pharmacol. 56, 289–292.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharp BM, S Roy and JM Bidlack (1998b) Evidence for opioid receptors on cells involved in host defense and the immune system.J. Neuroimmunol. 83, 45–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheng WS, S Hu, G Gekker, S Zhu, PK Peterson and CC Chao (1997) Immunomodulatory role of opioids in the central nervous system.Arch. Immunol. Ther.Exp. (Warsz.)45, 359–366.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheng WS, S Hu, JR Lokensgard and PK Peterson (2003) U50,488 inhibits HIV-1 Tat-inducedmonocyte chemoattractantprotein-1 (CCL2) production by human astrocytes.Biochem. Pharmacol. 65, 9–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silva C, K Zhang, S Tsutsui, JK Holden, MJ Gill and C Power (2003) Growth hormone prevents human immunodeficiency virus-induced neuronal p53 expression.Ann. Neurol. 54, 605–614.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh IN, RJ Goody, C Dean, NM Ahmad, SE Lutz, PE Knapp, A Nath and KF Hauser (2004) Apoptotic death of striatal neurons induced by HIV-1 Tat and gp120: differential involvement of caspase-3 and endonuclease G.J. Neurovirol. 10, 141–151.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singhal PC, P Sharma, AA Kapasi, K Reddy, N Franki and N Gibbons (1998) Morphine enhances macrophage apoptosis.J. Immunol. 160, 1886–1893.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singhal P, A Kapasi, K Reddy and N Franki (2001) Opiates promote T cell apoptosis through JNK and caspase pathway.Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 493, 127–135.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singhal PC, M Bhaskaran, J Patel, K Patel, BS Kasinath, S Duraisamy, N Franki, K Reddy and AA Kapasi (2002) Role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and Fas-Fas ligand interaction in morphine-induced macrophage apoptosis.J. Immunol. 168, 4025–4033.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinz EH, WA Kofke and RH Garman (2000) Phenytoin, midazolam, and naloxone protect against fentanyl-induced brain damage in rats.Anesth. Analg. 91, 1443–1449.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sippy BD, FM Hofman, D Wallach and DR Hinton (1995) Increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptors in the brains of patients with AIDS.J.Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.Hum. Retrovirol. 10, 511–521.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Songyang Z, D Baltimore, LC Cantley, DR Kaplan and TF Franke (1997) Interleukin3-dependent survival by the Akt protein kinase.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA94, 11345–11350.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stambolic V, A Suzuki, JL de la Pompa, GM Brothers, C Mirtsos, T Sasaki, J Ruland, JM Penninger, DP Siderovski and TW Mak (1998) Negative regulation of PKB/Akt-dependent cell survival by the tumor suppressor PTEN.Cell 95, 29–39.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stambolic V, D MacPherson, D Sas, Y Lin, B Snow, Y Jang, S Benchimol and TW Mak (2001) Regulation of PTEN transcription by p53.Mol. Cell. 8, 317–325.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stiene-Martin A and KF Hauser (1990) Opioid-dependent growth of glial cultures: suppression of astrocyte DNA synthesis by Met-enkephalin.Life Sci. 46, 91–98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stiene-Martin A and KF Hauser (1991) Glial growth is regulated by agonists selective for multiple opioid receptor typesin vitro. J. Neurosci. Res. 29, 538–548.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stiene-Martin A, R Zhou and KF Hauser (1998) Regional, developmental, and cell cycle-dependent differences in μ, δ, and κ-opioid receptor expression among cultured mouse astrocytes.Glia 22, 249–259.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stiene-Martin A, PE Knapp, KM Martin, JAGurwell, S Ryan, SR Thornton, FL Smith and KF Hauser (2001) Opioid system diversity in developing neurons, astroglia, and oligodendroglia in the subventricular zone and striatum: impact on gliogenesisin vivo. Glia 36, 78–88.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun H, R Lesche, DM Li, J Liliental, H Zhang, J Gao, N Gavrilova, B Mueller, X Liu and H Wu (1999) PTEN modulates cell cycle progression and cell survival by regulating phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5,-trisphosphate andAkt/protein kinaseB signaling pathway.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 6199–6204.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sundar KS, LS Kamaraju, J Dingfelder, J McMahon, S Gollapudi, WH Wilson, LY Kong, JS Hong, JM Weiss and JE Lee (1995) Beta-endorphin enhances the replication of neurotropic human immunodeficiency virus in fetal peri-vascular microglia.J. Neuroimmunol. 61, 97–104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki A, JL de la Pompa, V Stambolic, AJ Elia, T Sasaki, I del Bb, A Ho, A Wakeham, A Itie,W Khoo, M Fukumoto and TW Mak(1998) High cancer susceptibility and embryonic lethality associated with mutation of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene in mice.Curr.Biol. 8, 1169–1178.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki S, LF Chuang, P Yau, RH Doi and RY Chuang (2002) Interactions of opioid and chemokine receptors: oligomerization of mu, kappa, and delta with CCR5 on immune cells.Exp. Cell. Res. 280, 192–200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki S, LF Chuang, RH Doi and RY Chuang (2003) Morphine suppresses lymphocyte apoptosis by blocking p53-mediated death signaling.Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 308, 802–808.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sykova E (2005) Glia and volume transmission during physiological and pathological states.J. Neural Transm. 112, 137–147.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan M, M Groszer, AM Tan, A Pandya, X Liu and CW Xie (2003) Phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade facilitates mu-opioid desensitization in sensory neurons by altering G-protein-effector interactions.J. Neurosci. 23, 10292–10301.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thorlin T, PS Eriksson, PA Persson, ND Aberg, E Hansson and L Rönnbäck (1998) Delta-opioid receptors on astroglial cells in primary culture, mobilization of intracellular free calcium via a pertussis sensitive G protein.Neuropharmacology 37, 299–311.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thorlin T, PA Persson, PS Eriksson, E Hansson and LR önnbäck (1999) Delta-opioid receptor immunoreactivity on astrocytes is upregulated during mitosis.Glia 25, 370–378.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomassini N,F Renaud,S Roy and HH Loh (2004) Morphine inhibits Fc-mediated phagocytosis through mu and delta opioid receptors.J. Neuroimmunol. 147, 131–133.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson GS, P Simmonds, A Busuttil, A Chiswick and JE Bell (1999) Upregulation of microglia in drug users with and without pre-symptomatic HIV infection.Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 25, 369–379.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tong N, JF Sanchez, SB Maggirwar, SH Ramirez, H Guo, S Dewhurst and HA Gelbard (2001) Activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3beta) by platelet activating factor mediates migration and cell death in cerebellar granuleneurons.Eur.J.Neurosci. 13, 1913–1922.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tran PB and RJ Miller (2003) Chemokine receptors: signposts to brain development and disease.Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4, 444–455.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tran PB, D Ren, TJ Veldhouse and RJ Miller (2004) Chemokine receptors are expressed widely by embryonic and adult neural progenitor cells.J. Neurosci. Res. 76, 20–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turchan J, A Chauchan, Y Liu, S Gartner, K Conant, KF Hauser and A Nath (2002) Increased vulnerability of ApoE positive neurons to chronic morphine and Tat exposure: protection by diosgenin and selegiline.J. Neurovirol. 8, 20. (Abstr.).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyor WR and LD Middaugh (1999) Do alcohol and cocaine abuse alter the course of HIV-associated dementia complex?J. Leukoc. Biol. 65, 475–481.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tyor WR, JD Glass, S Becker, J Griffin, L Bezman, J McArthur and DE Griffin (1992) Cytokine expression in the brain during AIDS.Ann. Neurol. 31, 349–360.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tyor WR, SL Wesselingh, JW Griffin, JC McArthur and DE Griffin (1995) Unifying hypothesis for the pathogenesis of HIV-associated dementia complex, vacuolar myelopathy, and sensory neuropathy.J. AIDS Hum. Retrovir. 9, 379–388.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • UNAIDS (2003) Global summary of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, UNAIDS. 12-1-2003. http://www. unaids.org/en/default.asp (Electronic citation).

  • Vaillant AR, I Mazzoni, C Tudan, M Boudreau, DR Kaplan and FD Miller (1999) Depolarization and neurotrophins converge on the phosphatidylino-sitol 3-kinase-Akt pathway to synergistically regulate neuronal survival.J. Cell.Biol. 146, 955–966.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vargova L, P Jendelova, A Chvatal and E Sykova (2001) Glutamate, NMDA, and AMPA induced changes in extracellular space volume and tortuosity in the rat spinal cord.J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 21, 1077–1089.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaswani M and NG Desai (2004) HIV infection and high-risk behaviors in opioid dependent patients: the Indian context.Addict. Behav. 29, 1699–1705.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walker JS (2003) Anti-inflammatory effects of opioids.Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 521, 148–160.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, RA Barke, R Charboneau, HH Loh and S Roy (2003) Morphine negatively regulates interferon-gamma promoter activity in activated murine T cells through two distinct cyclic AMP-dependent pathways.J. Biol. Chem. 278, 37622–37631.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L and AR Gintzler (1994) Bimodal opioid regulation of cyclic AMP formation: Implications for positive and negative coupling of opiate receptors to adenylyl cyclase.J. Neurochem. 63, 1726–1730.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z, O Pekarskaya, M Bencheikh, W Chao, HA Gelbard, A Ghorpade, JD Rothstein and DJ Volsky (2003) Reduced expression of glutamate transporter EAAT2 and impaired glutamate transport in human primary astrocytes exposed to HIV-1 or gp120.Virology 312, 60–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z, G Trillo-Pazos, SY Kim, M Canki, S Morgello, LR Sharer, HA Gelbard, ZZ Su, DC Kang, AI Brooks, PB Fisher and DJ Volsky (2004) Effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 on astrocyte gene expression and function: potential role in neuropathogenesis.J. Neurovirol. 10 (Suppl.1), 25–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wesselingh SL, C Power, JD Glass, WR Tyor, JC McArthur, JM Farber, JW Griffin and DE Griffin (1993) Intracerebral cytokine messenger RNA expression in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome dementia.Ann. Neurol. 33, 576–582.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wetzel MA, AD Steele, TK Eisenstein, MW Adler, EE Henderson and TJ Rogers (2000) Mu-opioid induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein- 1, RANTES, and IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10 expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.J. Immunol. 165, 6519–6524.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiley CA and C Achim (1994) Human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis is the pathological correlate of dementia in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.Ann. Neurol. 36, 673–676.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson MA, AR Burt, G Milligan and NG Anderson (1997) Mitogenic signalling by delta opioid receptors expressed in rat-1 fibroblasts involves activation of the p70s6k/p85s6k S6 kinase.Biochem. J. 325, 217–222.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiong H, YC Zeng, T Lewis, J Zheng, Y Persidsky and HE Gendelman (2000) HIV-1 infected mononuclear phagocyte secretory products affect neuronal physiology leading to cellular demise: relevance for HIV-1-associated dementia.J. Neurovirol. 6 (Suppl. 1), S14-S23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yao R and GM Cooper (1995) Requirement for phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase in the prevention of apoptosis by nerve growth factor.Science 267, 2003–2006.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeung MC, F Geertsma, J Liu and AS Lau (1998) Inhibition of HIV-1 gp120-induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells by an antisense oligo-deoxynucleotide against p53. AIDS12, 349–354.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zauli G, D Milani, P Mirandola, M Mazzoni, P Secchiero, S Miscia and S Capitani(2001)HIV-1 Tat protein down-regulates CREB transcription factor expression in PC12 neuronal cells through a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/ AKT/cyclicnucleosidephosphodiesterasepathway.FASEBJ.15, 483–491.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L and AR Gintzler (1994) Bimodal opioid regulation of cyclic AMP formation: Implications for positive and negative coupling of opiate receptors to adenylyl cyclase.J. Neurochem. 63, 1726–1730.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z, O Pekarskaya, M Bencheikh, W Chao, HA Gelbard, A Ghorpade, JD Rothstein and DJ Volsky (2003) Reduced expression of glutamate transporter EAAT2 and impaired glutamate transport in human primary astrocytes exposed to HIV-1 orgp120.Virology 312, 60–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z, G Trillo-Pazos, SY Kim, M Canki, S Morgello, LR Sharer, HA Gelbard, ZZ Su, DC Kang, AI Brooks, PB Fisher and DJ Volsky (2004) Effects ofhuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 on astrocyte gene expression and function: potential role in neuropathogenesis.J. Neurovirol. 10 (Suppl.1), 25–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wesselingh SL, C Power, JD Glass, WR Tyor, JC McArthur, JM Farber, JW Griffin and DE Griffin (1993) Intracerebral cytokine messenger RNA expression in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome dementia.Ann. Neurol. 33, 576–582.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wetzel MA, AD Steele, TK Eisenstein, MW Adler, EE Henderson and TJ Rogers (2000) Mu-opioid induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein- 1, RANTES, and IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10 expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.J. Immunol. 165, 6519–6524.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiley CA and C Achim (1994) Human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis is the pathological correlate of dementia in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.Ann. Neurol. 36, 673–676.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson MA, AR Burt, G Milligan and NG Anderson (1997) Mitogenic signalling by delta opioid receptors expressed in rat-1 fibroblasts involves activation of the p70s6k/p85s6k S6 kinase.Biochem. J. 325, 217–222.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiong H,YC Zeng,T Lewis, J Zheng,Y Persidsky and HE Gendelman (2000) HIV-1 infected mononuclear phagocyte secretory products affect neuronal physiology leading to cellular demise: relevance for HIV-1-associated dementia.J. Neurovirol. 6 (Suppl. 1), S14-S23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yao R and GM Cooper (1995) Requirement for phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase in the prevention of apoptosis by nerve growth factor.Science 267, 2003–2006.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeung MC, F Geertsma, J Liu and AS Lau (1998) Inhibition of HIV-1 gp120- induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells by an antisense oligode-oxynucleotide against p53.AIDS 12, 349–354.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zauli G, D Milani, P Mirandola, M Mazzoni, P Secchiero, S Miscia and S Capitani (2001) HIV-1 Tatprotein down-regulates CREB transcription factor expression in PC12 neuronal cells through a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/ AKT/cyclic nucleoside phosphodiesterase pathway.FASEB J. 15, 483–491.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, 40536, Lexington, KY, USA

    Kurt F. Hauser, Nazira El-Hage, Shreya Buch, Annadora J. Bruce-Keller & Pamela E. Knapp

  2. Department of Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky Medical Center, 40536, Lexington, KY, USA

    Kurt F. Hauser, Annadora J. Bruce-Keller & Pamela E. Knapp

  3. Department of Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, 40536, Lexington, KY, USA

    Joseph R. Berger & Avindra Nath

  4. Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, SC29425, Charleston, USA

    William R. Tyor

  5. Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, 21287, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Kurt F. Hauser, Nazira El-Hage, Shreya Buch, Joseph R. Berger, William R. Tyor, Avindra Nath, Annadora J. Bruce-Keller & Pamela E. Knapp

Authors
  1. Kurt F. Hauser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nazira El-Hage
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Shreya Buch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Joseph R. Berger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. William R. Tyor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Avindra Nath
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Annadora J. Bruce-Keller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Pamela E. Knapp
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kurt F. Hauser.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hauser, K.F., El-Hage, N., Buch, S. et al. Molecular targets of opiate drug abuse in neuro AIDS. neurotox res 8, 63–80 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03033820

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03033820

Keywords

Search

Navigation