A molecular phylogeny for the oldest (nonditrysian) lineages of extant Lepidoptera, with implications for classification, comparative morphology and life-history evolution
JEROME C. REGIER
Department of Entomology and, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, U.S.A.
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
CHARLES MITTER
Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, U.S.A.
Correspondence: Charles Mitter, Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorNIELS P. KRISTENSEN
Natural History Museum of Denmark (Zoology), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
Deceased 6 December 2014.Search for more papers by this authorDONALD R. DAVIS
Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, U.S.A.
Search for more papers by this authorERIK J. VAN NIEUKERKEN
Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorJADRANKA ROTA
Laboratory of Genetics/Zoological Museum, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Search for more papers by this authorTHOMAS J. SIMONSEN
Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, U.K.
Search for more papers by this authorKIM T. MITTER
Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, U.S.A.
Search for more papers by this authorAKITO Y. KAWAHARA
Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A.
Search for more papers by this authorSHEN-HORN YEN
Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Search for more papers by this authorMICHAEL P. CUMMINGS
Laboratory of Molecular Evolution, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, U.S.A.
Search for more papers by this authorANDREAS ZWICK
Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Canberra, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorJEROME C. REGIER
Department of Entomology and, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, U.S.A.
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
CHARLES MITTER
Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, U.S.A.
Correspondence: Charles Mitter, Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorNIELS P. KRISTENSEN
Natural History Museum of Denmark (Zoology), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
Deceased 6 December 2014.Search for more papers by this authorDONALD R. DAVIS
Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, U.S.A.
Search for more papers by this authorERIK J. VAN NIEUKERKEN
Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorJADRANKA ROTA
Laboratory of Genetics/Zoological Museum, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Search for more papers by this authorTHOMAS J. SIMONSEN
Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, U.K.
Search for more papers by this authorKIM T. MITTER
Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, U.S.A.
Search for more papers by this authorAKITO Y. KAWAHARA
Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A.
Search for more papers by this authorSHEN-HORN YEN
Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Search for more papers by this authorMICHAEL P. CUMMINGS
Laboratory of Molecular Evolution, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, U.S.A.
Search for more papers by this authorANDREAS ZWICK
Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Canberra, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Within the insect order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), the so-called nonditrysian superfamilies are mostly species-poor but highly divergent, offering numerous synapomorphies and strong morphological evidence for deep divergences. Uncertainties remain, however, and tests of the widely accepted morphological framework using other evidence are desirable. The goal of this paper is to test previous hypotheses of nonditrysian phylogeny against a data set consisting of 61 nonditrysian species plus 20 representative Ditrysia and eight outgroups (Trichoptera), nearly all sequenced for 19 nuclear genes (up to 14 700 bp total). We compare our results in detail with those from previous studies of nonditrysians, and review the morphological evidence for and against each grouping The major conclusions are as follows. (i) There is very strong support for Lepidoptera minus Micropterigidae and Agathiphagidae, here termed Angiospermivora, but no definitive resolution of the position of Agathiphagidae, although support is strongest for alliance with Micropterigidae, consistent with another recent molecular study. (ii) There is very strong support for Glossata, which excludes Heterobathmiidae, but weak support for relationships among major homoneurous clades. Eriocraniidae diverge first, corroborating the morphological clade Coelolepida, but the morphological clades Myoglossata and Neolepidoptera are never monophyletic in the molecular trees; both are contradicted by strong support for Lophocoronoidea + Hepialoidea, the latter here including Mnesarchaeoidea syn.n. (iii) The surprising grouping of Acanthopteroctetidae + Neopseustidae, although weakly supported here, is consistent with another recent molecular study. (iv) Heteroneura is very strongly supported, as is a basal split of this clade into Nepticuloidea + Eulepidoptera. Relationships within Nepticuloidea accord closely with recent studies based on fewer genes but many more taxa. (v) Eulepidoptera are split into a very strongly supported clade consisting of Tischeriidae + Palaephatidae + Ditrysia, here termed Euheteroneura, and a moderately supported clade uniting Andesianidae with Adeloidea. (vi) Relationships within Adeloidea are strongly resolved and Tridentaformidae fam.n. is described for the heretofore problematic genus Tridentaforma Davis, which is strongly supported in an isolated position within the clade. (vii) Within Euheteroneura, the molecular evidence is conflicting with respect to the sister group to Ditrysia, but strongly supports paraphyly of Palaephatidae. We decline to change the classification, however, because of strong morphological evidence supporting palaephatid monophyly. (viii) We review the life histories and larval feeding habits of all nonditrysian families and assess the implications of our results for hypotheses about early lepidopteran phytophagy. The first host record for Neopseustidae, which needs confirmation, suggests that larvae of this family may be parasitoids.
This published work has been registered in ZooBank: http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C17BB79B-EF8F-4925-AFA0-2FEF8AC32876.
Supporting Information
Filename | Description |
---|---|
syen12129-sup-0001-FigureS1.pdfPDF document, 296.1 KB | Figure S1. ML topology and bootstraps for nt123, 86 taxa, 19 genes. |
syen12129-sup-0002-FigureS2.pdfPDF document, 298.4 KB | Figure S2. ML topology and bootstraps for nt123, 86 taxa, five genes. |
syen12129-sup-0003-FigureS3.pdfPDF document, 291.4 KB | Figure S3. ML topology and bootstraps for degen1, 86 taxa, five genes. |
syen12129-sup-0004-FileS1.docxWord 2007 document , 19.4 KB | File S1. Additional palaephatid sequences. |
syen12129-sup-0005-TableS1.xlsxExcel 2007 spreadsheet , 61.4 KB | Table S1. Specimens sequenced, accession numbers, Genbank numbers. |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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