Lepidopteran Insects Status and Diversity: A Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47352/jmans.2774-3047.140Keywords:
Lepidopteran insect, butterfly, moth, larvae, diversity, status, foodAbstract
The second largest and most well-known insect order Lepidoptera includes both butterflies and moths in the world. This study was started based on secondary information from present literature from different countries on the flora and fauna. So far, much study work was completed on this subject but those workers were not existing to the extension employees, policymakers, and the public in an efficient way to date. In this review paper, we can give the recent data on etymology, distribution and diversity, external morphology, different morphological parts of caterpillar, internal morphology, digestive system, circulatory system, reproduction and growth, respiratory system, and growth and role of the olfactive process in larval and adult lepidopteran insects. There are over one hundred and eighty thousand Lepidoptera species described, divided into one hundred and twenty-six families and forty-six superfamilies, and the total number of living beings was labeled as about ten percent. A result found is that the species of moths is about one hundred sixty thousand compared to one hundred seventy thousand five hundred species of butterflies in the world. Butterflies are an important category of insects that can function as sensors of environmental change. Butterflies are insects from the order Lepidoptera's macro-lepidopteran clade Rhopalocera. The study focused on the lepidopteran insects and the diversity of the world. It presents the review of research imperfect data on specific knowledge in diverse agroecological zones. This study acknowledged investigating breaches in different countries of the world. It also provides information on lepidopterans as alternative food and financial source of the world. It also helps in the sustainable agricultural field.
References
[1] A. U. Khan. (2021). “Home Garden and Women Participation: A Mini Review”. Current Research in Agriculture and Farming. 2 (4): 46–52. 10.18782/2582-7146.152.
[2] A. U. Khan, A. U. Khan, and A. S. Afsana. “A Review on Present Status, Challenges, and Prospect of Apiculture in Bangladesh”. International Conference on Social Sciences Business Management and Education. 15 (2).
[3] A. Khan, M. Choudhury, M. Islam, and D. M. Maleque. (2018). “Abundance and Fluctuation Patterns of Insect Pests in Country Bean Abundance and Fluctuation Patterns of Insect Pests in Country Bean”. Journal of Sylhet Agricultural University. 5 (2): 167–172.
[4] A. U. Khan, M. A. R. Choudhury, J. Ferdous, M. S. Islam, and M. S. Rahaman. (2019). “Varietal Performances of Country Beans Against Insect Pests in Bean Agroecosystem”. Bangladesh Journal of Entomology. 29 : 27–37.
[5] A. Khan, M. Choudhury, C. Dash, U. Shiuly Khan, and M. Ehsanullah. (2020). “Insect Pests of Country Bean and Their Relationships With Temperature”. Bangladesh Journal of Ecology. 2 (1): 43–46.
[6] A. U. Khan, M. A. R. Choudhury, M. S. A. Talucder, M. S. Hossain, S. Ali, T. Akter, and M. Ehsanullah. (2020). “Constraints and solutions of country bean (Lablab purpureus L.) Production: A review”. Acta Entomology and Zoology. 1 (2): 37–45. 10.33545/27080013.2020.v1.i2a.17.
[7] A. U. Khan, A. U. Khan, S. Khanal, and S. Gyawali. (2020). “Insect pests and diseases of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Presi.) and their management in agroforestry system: A review”. Acta Entomology and Zoology. 1 (2): 51–59. 10.33545/27080013.2020.v1.i2a.19.
[8] A. U. Khan, M. A. R. Choudhury, A. U. Khan, S. Khanal, and A. R. M. Maukeeb. (2021). “Chrysanthemum Production in Bangladesh: Significance the Insect Pests and Diseases Management: A Review”. Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science. 1 (1): 25–35. 10.47352/jmans.v1i1.10.
[9] A. U. Khan, M. A. R. Choudhury, A. U. Khan, S. Khanal, and A. R. M. Maukeeb. (2021). “Management of insect pests and diseases of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus l.) in agroforestry system: a review”. Acta Entomology and Zoology. 2 (1): 37–46. 10.33545/27080013.2021.v2.i1a.29.
[10] A. U. Khan et al. (2021). “Review on Importance of Artocarpus heterophyllus L. (Jackfruit)”. Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science. 1 (2): 106–116. 10.47352/jmans.v1i2.88.
[11] A. U. Khan. (2020). “Status of Mango Fruit Infestation at Home Garden in Mymensingh, Bangladesh”. Current Research in Agriculture and Farming. 1 (4): 35–42. 10.18782/2582-7146.119.
[12] R. Haque, M. A. Maleque, S. M. L. Rahman, A. U. Khan, and M. A. H. L. Bhuiyan. “Evaluation of New Molecule Insecticides Against Lemon Butterfly (Papilio Demoleus L.) Infesting Jara Lemon in Sylhet.” Bangladesh Journal of Entomology. 29 (2): 1–12.
[13] A. S. Tanni, M. A. Maleque, M. A. R. Choudhury, A. U. Khan, and U. H. S. Khan. (2019). “Evaluation of Promising Exotic Okra Genotypes to Select Breeding Materials for Developing Pest Resistant High Yielding Okra Variety.” Bangladesh Journal of Entomology. 29 (1): 17–26.
[14] M. A. R. Choudhury, M. F. Mondal, A. U. Khan, M. S. Hossain, M. O. K. Azad, M. D. H. Prodhan, J. Uddain, M. S. Rahman, N. Ahmed, K. Y. Choi, and M. T. Naznin. (2021). “Evaluation of biological approaches for controlling shoot and fruit borer (Earias vitella F.) of okra grown in peri-urban area in Bangladesh”. Horticulturae. 7 (1): 1–8. 10.3390/horticulturae7010007.
[15] A. U. Khan. (2021). In “Insect Pests, Diseases, and Weeds Management”. 6375 : 1–50.
[16] A. U. Khan. (2021). In “Insect Pests, Diseases, and Weeds Management”. 6376 : 1–46.
[17] A. U. Khan. (2021). In “Insect Pests, Diseases, and Weeds Management”. 6377 : 1–35.
[18] M. Pinzari, Z. Zerunian, and M. Pinzari. (2018). “Is the alien species Clepsis peritana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) settling in Italy?”. Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research. 50 (1). 10.4081/jear.2018.7551.
[19] M. F. V. Corley, J. Rosete, and S. Ferreira. (2020). “Mondeguina, a new genus for Apatetris mediterranella Nel & Varenne, 2012, with description of a new species from Portugal (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae)”. Nota Lepidopterologica. 43 : 151–166. 10.3897/nl.43.50430.
[20] Z. Lin, J.-L. Wang, Y. Cheng, J.-X. Wang, and Z. Zou. (2020). “Pattern recognition receptors from lepidopteran insects and their biological functions”. Developmental & Comparative Immunology. 108 : 103688. 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103688.
[21] S. Bella and A. F. Aguiar. (2020). “Non-native insect pests from the Madeira Archipelago (Portugal): new records and further data (Insecta: Orthoptera; Thysanoptera; Hemiptera; Coleoptera; Diptera; Lepidoptera; Hymenoptera)”. Fragmenta Entomologica. 52 (2): 369–376. 10.4081/fe.2020.469.
[22] M. S. Engel and N. P. Kristensen. (2013). “A history of entomological classification”. Annual Review of Entomology. 58 (1): 585–607. 10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153536.
[23] E. Partridge. (1966). “Origins: an etymological dictionary of modern English, 4th ed”. Routledge.
[24] T. Sheikh, M. A. Awan, and S. H. Parey. (2021). “Checklist of Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) of Union Territory Jammu and Kashmir, India”. Records of the Zoological Survey of India. 121 (1): 127–171. 10.26515/rzsi/v121/i1/2021/154311.
[25] S. Gautam and K. Kunte. (2020). “Adaptive plasticity in wing melanisation of a montane butterfly across a Himalayan elevational gradient”. Ecological Entomology. 45 (6): 1272–1283. 10.1111/een.12911.
[26] J. B. Whitfield. (1995). “The Insects: An Outline of Entomology”. American Entomologist. 41 (3): 188–189, 1995. 10.1093/ae/41.3.188.
[27] I. N. Bolotov, M. Y. Gofarov, V. V. Gorbach, Y. S. Kolosova, A. A. Zheludkova, A. V. Kondakov, and V. M. Spitsyn. (2021). “Parnassius nebrodensis: A threatened but neglected Apollo butterfly species from Southern Europe (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)”. Ecologica Montenegrina. 40 : 140–163. 10.37828/em.2021.40.13.
[28] P. Rau. (1941). “Observations on Certain Lepidopterous and Hymenopterous Parasites of Polistes Wasps”. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 34 (2): 355–366. 10.1093/aesa/34.2.355.
[29] F. Haile, T. Nowatzki, and N. Storer. (2021). “Overview of Pest Status, Potential Risk, and Management Considerations of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) for U.S. Soybean Production”. Journal of Integrated Pest Management. 12 (1). 10.1093/jipm/pmaa030.
[30] T. W. Pyrcz, A. Zubek, P. Boyer, I. Nakamura, B. Wacławik, and K. Florczyk. (2020). “Revisional Notes on the Cloud Forest Butterfly Genus Oxeoschistus Butler in Central America (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)”. Neotropical Entomology. 49 (3): 392–411. 10.1007/s13744-019-00757-7.
[31] T. Mesaglio, A. Soh, S. Kurniawidjaja, and C. Sexton. (2021). “‘First Known Photographs of Living Specimens’: the power of iNaturalist for recording rare tropical butterflies”. Journal of Insect Conservation. 25 (5–6): 905–911. 10.1007/s10841-021-00350-7.
[32] C. Sanderson, M. F. Braby, and S. Bond. (2021). “Butterflies Australia: a national citizen science database for monitoring changes in the distribution and abundance of Australian butterflies”. Austral Entomology. 60 (1): 111–127. 10.1111/aen.12513.
[33] B. R. Shrestha, B. Timsina, Z. Münzbergová, T. Dostálek, P. Gaudel, T. B. Basnet, and M. B. Rokaya. (2020). “Butterfly-plant interactions and body size patterns along an elevational gradient in the Manang region of central Nepal”. Journal of Mountain Science. 17 (5): 1115–1127. 10.1007/s11629-019-5381-3.
[34] K.-T. Park, U.-H. Heo, and B.-K. Byun. (2020). “Two new species and three unrecorded species of Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea) from Korea, with biological data including larval host plants”. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity. 13 (4): 605–612. 10.1016/j.japb.2020.09.014.
[35] Y.-J. Zhang, D.-Y. Chen, X.-T. Chao, Z.-S. Dong, Z.-Y. Huang, X.-L. Zheng, and W. Lu. (2019). “Morphological characterization and distribution of antennal sensilla of Diaphania angustalis Snellen (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)”. Microscopy Research and Technique. 82 (10): 1632–1641. 10.1002/jemt.23329.
[36] C. M. Martinez, M. D. McGee, S. R. Borstein, and P. C. Wainwright. (2018). “Feeding ecology underlies the evolution of cichlid jaw mobility”. Evolution. 72 (8): 1645–1655. 10.1111/evo.13518.
[37] J. M. Pino Moreno and J. R.-E. Blasquez. (2021). “Taxonomic Analysis of Some Edible Insects From the State of Michoacán, Mexico”. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 8. 10.3389/fvets.2021.629194.
[38] P. Vukusic. (2006). “Structural colour in Lepidoptera”. Current Biology. 16 (16): 621–3. 10.1016/j.cub.2006.07.040.
[39] J. P. W. Hall and D. J. Harvey. (2002). “A survey of androconial organs in the Riodinidae (Lepidoptera)”. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 136 (2): 171–197. 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00003.x.
[40] C. M. Williams. (1947). “Physiology of insect diapause interaction between the pupal brain and prothoracic glands in the metamorphosis of the giant silkworm, Platysamia cecropia”. The Biological bulletin. 93 (2): 89–98. 10.2307/1538279.
[41] J. R. B. Lighton and B. G. Lovegrove. (1990). “A temperature-induced switch from diffusive to convective ventilation in the honeybee”. Journal of Experimental Biology. 154 (1): 509–516. 10.1242/jeb.154.1.509.
[42] J. Xu, P. Zhang, T. Kusakabe, H. Mon, Z. Li, L. Zhu, K. Iiyama, Y. Banno, D. Morokuma, and J. M. Lee. (2015). “Comparative proteomic analysis of hemolymph proteins from Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV)-sensitive or -resistant silkworm strains during infections”. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D: Genomics and Proteomics. 16 : 36–47. 10.1016/j.cbd.2015.07.003.
[43] L. B. Limeri and N. I. Morehouse. (2016). “The evolutionary history of the ‘alba’ polymorphism in the butterfly subfamily Coliadinae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)”. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 117 (4): 716–724. 10.1111/bij.12697.
[44] M. A. F. Noor, R. S. Parnell, and B. S. Grant. (2008). “A reversible color polyphenism in american peppered moth (Biston betularia cognataria) caterpillars”. PLoS ONE. 3 (9): 3142. 10.1371/journal.pone.0003142.
[45] K. Choudhury. (2020). “Butterflies of Guma Reserve Forest of Western Assam, India”. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences. 7 (12): 32–47. 10.22192/ijarbs.2020.07.12.005.
[46] A. B. Ruchin and G. F. Grishutkin. (2018). “Short communication: Biology and distribution of Parnassius apollo (Linnaeus, 1758) a rare species in Mordovia republic, Russia”. Biodiversitas. 19 (2): 431–436. 10.13057/biodiv/d190210.
[47] M. V. Sanderford and W. E. Conner. (1990). “Courtship sounds of the polka-dot wasp moth, Syntomeida epilais”. Naturwissenschaften. 77 (7): 345–347. 10.1007/BF01138395.
[48] C. Wiklund. (1984). “Egg-laying patterns in butterflies in relation to their phenology and the visual apparency and abundance of their host plants”. Oecologia. 63 (1): 23–29. 10.1007/BF00379780.
[49] L. E. McMillan, D. W. Miller, and S. A. Adamo. (2017). “Eating when ill is risky: immune defense impairs food detoxification in the caterpillar, Manduca sexta”. Journal of Experimental Biology. 221 (3). 10.1242/jeb.173336.
[50] J. S. Dugdale. (1996). “Natural history and identification of litter‐feeding lepidoptera larvae (insecta) in beech forests, orongorongo valley, new zealand, with especial reference to the diet of mice (Mus musculus)”. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 26 (2): 251–274. 10.1080/03014223.1996.9517513.
[51] J. T. Haug and C. Haug. (2021). “A 100 million-year-old armoured caterpillar supports the early diversification of moths and butterflies”. Gondwana Research. 93 : 101–105. 10.1016/j.gr.2021.01.009.
[52] G. W. Elmes, J. C. Wardlaw, K. Schönrogge, J. A. Thomas, and R. T. Clarke. (2004). “Food stress causes differential survival of socially parasitic caterpillars of Maculinea rebeli integrated in colonies of host and non-host Myrmica ant species”. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 110 (1): 53–63. 10.1111/j.0013-8703.2004.00121.x.
[53] C. O. Berg. (1950). “Biology of Certain Aquatic Caterpillars (Pyralididae: Nymphula spp.) Which Feed on Potamogeton”. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 69 (3): 254. 10.2307/3223096.
[54] P. R. Ehrlich and P. H. Raven. (1964). “Butterflies and Plants: A Study in Coevolution”. Evolution. 18 (4): 586. 10.2307/2406212.
[55] S. Niu, B. Li, Z. Mu, M. Yang, J. Zhang, Z. Han, and L. Ren. (2015). “Excellent Structure-Based Multifunction of Morpho Butterfly Wings: A Review”. Journal of Bionic Engineering. 12 (2): 170–189. 10.1016/S1672-6529(14)60111-6.
[56] H. V. Mayekar and U. Kodandaramaiah. (2017). “Pupal colour plasticity in a tropical butterfly, Mycalesis mineus (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)”. PLOS ONE. 12 (2): e0171482. 10.1371/journal.pone.0171482.
[57] R. J. B. Hoare. (2017). “Noctuinae (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) part 1: Austramathes, Cosmodes, Proteuxoa, Physetica”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 6 (11): 951–952. 10.7931/J2/FNZ.73.
[58] B. Jantzen and T. Eisner. (2008). “Hindwings are unnecessary for flight but essential for execution of normal evasive flight in Lepidoptera”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (43): 16636–16640. 10.1073/pnas.0807223105.
[59] N. Beerli, F. Bärtschi, L. Ballesteros‐Mejia, I. J. Kitching, and J. Beck. (2019). “How has the environment shaped geographical patterns of insect body sizes? A test of hypotheses using sphingid moths”. Journal of Biogeography. 46 (8): 1687–1698. 10.1111/jbi.13583.
[60] I. Sauman, A. D. Briscoe, H. Zhu, D. Shi, O. Froy, J. Stalleicken, Q. Yuan, A. Casselman, and S. M. Reppert. (2005). “Connecting the navigational clock to sun compass input in monarch butterfly brain”. Neuron. 46 (3): 457–467. 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.03.014.
[61] T. R. E. Southwood. (1962). “Migration of Terrestrial Arthropods in Relation To Habitat”. Biological Reviews. 37 (2): 171–211. 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1962.tb01609.x.
[62] R. L. Dennis, T. G. Shreeve, H. R. Arnold, and D. B. Roy. (2005). “Does diet breadth control herbivorous insect distribution size? Life history and resource outlets for specialist butterflies”. Journal of Insect Conservation. 9 (3): 187–200. 10.1007/s10841-005-5660-x.
[63] X. Wu, X. Fu, J. Guo, X. Zhao, and K. Wu. (2015). “Annual Migration of Cabbage Moth, Mamestra brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), over the Sea in Northern China”. PLOS ONE. 10 (7): e0132904. 10.1371/journal.pone.0132904.
[64] R. Robin Baker. (1987). “Integrated use of moon and magnetic compasses by the heart-and-dart moth, Agrotis exclamationis”. Animal Behaviour. 35 (1): 94–101. 10.1016/S0003-3472(87)80214-2.
[65] J. W. Chapman, D. R. Reynolds, H. Mouritsen, J. K. Hill, J. R. Riley, D. Sivell, A. D. Smith, and I. P. Woiwod. (2008). “Wind Selection and Drift Compensation Optimize Migratory Pathways in a High-Flying Moth”. Current Biology. 18 (7): 514–518. 10.1016/j.cub.2008.02.080.
[66] N. Nagloo, M. Kinoshita, and K. Arikawa. (2020). “Spectral organization of the compound eye of a migrating nymphalid, the Chestnut tiger butterfly, Parantica sita”. Journal of Experimental Biology. 10.1242/jeb.217703.
[67] R. B. Srygley, R. Dudley, E. G. Oliveira, and A. J. Riveros. (2006). “Experimental evidence for a magnetic sense in Neotropical migrating butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)”. Animal Behaviour. 71 (1): 183–191. 10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.04.013.
[68] R. H. Lemelin and P. F. Jaramillo-López. (2020). “Orange, black, and a little bit of white is the new shade of conservation: the role of tourism in Monarch Butterfly Conservation in Mexico”. Journal of Ecotourism. 19 (4): 291–303. 10.1080/14724049.2019.1656726.
[69] C. Le Roy, V. Debat, and V. Llaurens. (2019). “Adaptive evolution of butterfly wing shape: from morphology to behaviour”. Biological Reviews. 10.1111/brv.12500.
[70] E. Warrant, B. Frost, K. Green, H. Mouritsen, D. Dreyer, A. Adden, K. Brauburger, and S. Heinze. (2016). “The australian bogong moth Agrotis infusa: A long-distance nocturnal navigator”. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 10 : 77. 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00077.
[71] F. A. Urquhart and N. R. Urquhart. (1977). “Overwintering Areas and Migratory Routes of the Monarch Butterfly (Danaus P. Plexzppus, Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in North America, With Special Reference to the Western Population”. The Canadian Entomologist. 109 (12): 1583–1589. 10.4039/Ent1091583-12.
[72] A. Meyer. (2006). “Repeating patterns of mimicry”. PLoS Biology. 4 (10): 1675–1677. 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040341.
[73] M. H. Robinson. (1969). “Predatory behavior of Argiope argentata (fabricius)”. Integrative and Comparative Biology. 9 (1): 161–173. 10.1093/icb/9.1.161.
[74] D. A. Pérez-Aguilar, M. A. Soares, L. C. Passos, A. M. Martínez, S. Pineda, and G. A. Carvalho. (2018). “Lethal and sublethal effects of insecticides on Engytatus varians (Heteroptera: Miridae), a predator of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)”. Ecotoxicology. 27 (6): 719–728. 10.1007/s10646-018-1954-0.
[75] J. C. Santos, L. A. Coloma, and D. C. Cannatella. (2003). “Multiple, recurring origins of aposematism and diet specialization in poison frogs”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (22): 12792–12797. 10.1073/pnas.2133521100.
[76] M. I. Ullah, N. Altaf, M. Afzal, M. Arshad, N. Mehmood, M. Riaz, S. Majeed, S. Ali, and A. Abdullah. (2019). “ Effects of Entomopathogenic Fungi on the Biology of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its Reduviid Predator, Rhynocoris marginatus (Heteroptera: Reduviidae)”. International Journal of Insect Science. 11 : 117954331986711. 10.1177/1179543319867116.
[77] R. V. Dowell. (2022). “Basking raises body temperature of first-instar larvae of Papilio rutulus Lucas, 1852 (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)”. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist. 98 (3). 10.3956/2022-98.3.223.
[78] S. De Bona, J. K. Valkonen, A. López-Sepulcre, and J. Mappes. (2015). “Predator mimicry, not conspicuousness, explains the efficacy of butterfly eyespots”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 282 (1806): 20150202. 10.1098/rspb.2015.0202.
[79] D. B. Ritland and L. P. Brower. (1991). “The viceroy butterfly is not a batesian mimic”. Nature. 350 (6318): 497–498. 10.1038/350497a0.
[80] G. Jones and D. A. Waters. (2000). “Moth hearing in response to bat echolocation calls manipulated independently in time and frequency”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 267 (1453): 1627–1632. 10.1098/rspb.2000.1188.
[81] J. M. Ratcliffe, J. H. Fullard, B. J. Arthur, and R. R. Hoy. (2009). “Tiger moths and the threat of bats: Decision-making based on the activity of a single sensory neuron”. Biology Letters. 5 (3): 368–371. 10.1098/rsbl.2009.0079.
[82] L. E. Gilbert. (1972). “Pollen Feeding and Reproductive Biology of Heliconius Butterflies”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 69 (6): 1403–1407. 10.1073/pnas.69.6.1403.
[83] D. Goulson, J. Ollerton, and C. Sluman. (1997). “Foraging strategies in the small skipper butterfly, Thymelicus flavus: When to switch?”. Animal Behaviour. 53 (5): 1009–1016. 10.1006/anbe.1996.0390.
[84] H. J. Young and L. Gravitz. (2002). “The effects of stigma age on receptivity in Silene alba (Caryophyllaceae)”. American Journal of Botany. 89 (8): 1237–1241. 10.3732/ajb.89.8.1237.
[85] P. E. Oliveira, P. E. Gibbs, and A. A. Barbosa. (2004). “Moth pollination of woody species in the Cerrados of Central Brazil: A case of so much owed to so few?”. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 245 (1–2): 41–54. 10.1007/s00606-003-0120-0.
[86] P. J. Devries. (1988). “The larval ant‐organs of Thisbe irenea (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) and their effects upon attending ants”. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 94 (4): 379–393. 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1988.tb01201.x.
[87] P. J. DeVries. (1990). “Enhancement of symbioses between butterfly caterpillars and ants by vibrational communication”. Science. 248 (4959): 1104–1106. 10.1126/science.248.4959.1104.
[88] H. K. Sharma, L. Kalia, R. Sharma, M. Thakur, H. Prasad, M. Devi, P. Thakur, D. Sharma, and K. Rana. (2021). “Seasonal incidence, epidemiology and establishment of different pests and disease in laboratory reared Bombus haemorrhoidalis Smith”. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science. 41 (4): 2555–2564. 10.1007/s42690-021-00435-5.
[89] D. Rubinoff and W. P. Haines. (2005). “Ecology: Web-spinning caterpillar stalks snails”. Science. 309 (5734): 575. 10.1126/science.1110397.
[90] M. R. Goldsmith, T. Shimada, and H. Abe. (2005). “The genetics and genomics of the silkworm, Bombyx mori”. Annual Review of Entomology. 50 : 71–100. 10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130456.
[91] W. Wang, L. Xu, Y. Zou, D. Pang, W. Shi, L. Mu, E. Li, D. Lan, Y. Wang, and S. Liao. (2020). “Comprehensive Identification of Principal Lipid Classes and Tocochromanols in Silkworm ( Antheraea pernyi and Bombyx mori ) Pupae Oils”. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 122 (2): 1900280. 10.1002/ejlt.201900280.
[92] P. Vlasanek and V. Novotny. (2015). “Demography and mobility of three common understory butterfly species from tropical rain forest of Papua New Guinea”. Population Ecology. 57 (2): 445–455. 10.1007/s10144-015-0480-7.
[93] W.-H. Lee, J.-M. Jung, J. Kim, H. Lee, and S. Jung. (2020). “Analysis of the spatial distribution and dispersion of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in South Korea”. Journal of Stored Products Research. 86 : 101577. 10.1016/j.jspr.2020.101577.
[94] A. M. Acuña, L. Caso, M. M. Aliphat, and C. H. Vergara. (2011). “Edible insects as part of the traditional food system of the Popoloca town of Los Reyes Metzontla, Mexico”. Journal of Ethnobiology. 31 (1): 150–169. 10.2993/0278-0771-31.1.150.
[95] J. Ramos-Elorduy, J. M. P. Moreno, A. I. Vázquez, I. Landero, H. Oliva-Rivera, and V. H. M. Camacho. (2011). “Edible Lepidoptera in Mexico: Geographic distribution, ethnicity, economic and nutritional importance for rural people”. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 7 (2). 10.1186/1746-4269-7-2.
[96] M. Zagrobelny, A. L. Dreon, T. Gomiero, G. L. Marcazzan, M. A. Glaring, B. L. Møller, and M. G. Paoletti. (2009). “Toxic moths: Source of a truly safe delicacy”. Journal of Ethnobiology. 29 (1): 64–76. 10.2993/0278-0771-29.1.64.
[97] J. H. Diaz. (2005). “The evolving global epidemiology, syndromic classification, management, and prevention of caterpillar envenoming”. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 72 (3): 347–357. 10.4269/ajtmh.2005.72.347.
[98] J. T. Redd, R. E. Voorhees, and T. J. Török. (2007). “Outbreak of lepidopterism at a Boy Scout camp”. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 56 (6): 952–955. 10.1016/j.jaad.2006.06.002.
[99] P. A. Kowacs, J. Cardoso, M. Entres, E. M. Novak, and L. C. Werneck. (2006). “Fatal intracerebral hemorrhage secondary to Lonomia obliqua caterpillar envenoming: Case report”. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria. 64 (4): 1030–1032. 10.1590/S0004-282X2006000600029.
[100] A. Cito, E. Dreassi, R. Frosinini, A. Zanfini, C. Pianigiani, M. Botta, and V. Francardi. (2017). “The Potential Beneficial Effects of Tenebrio Molitor (Coleoptera Tenebrionidae) and Galleria Mellonella (Lepidoptera Pyralidae) on Human Health”. Redia. 125–133. 10.19263/REDIA-100.17.16.
[101] C. R. Balit, H. C. Ptolemy, M. J. Geary, R. C. Russell, and G. K. Isbister. (2001). “Outbreak of caterpillar dermatitis caused by airborne hairs of the mistletoe browntail moth (Euproctis edwardsi)”. Medical Journal of Australia. 175 (11–12): 641–643. 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143760.x.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Ahasan Ullah Khan, Nilufa Yasmin Poly, Shimanta Dutta, Ferdous Alam
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
- Authors retain copyright and acknowledge that the Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science is the first publisher, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges and earlier and greater citation of published work.
