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14 pages, 875 KiB  
Review
The Microbial Community of Natural Whey Starter: Why Is It a Driver for the Production of the Most Famous Italian Long-Ripened Cheeses?
by Erasmo Neviani, Alessia Levante and Monica Gatti
Fermentation 2024, 10(4), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10040186 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The remarkable global diversity in long-ripened cheese production can be attributed to the adaptability of the cheese microbiota. Most cheese types involve intricate microbial ecosystems, primarily represented by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The present study aims to review the microbial community’s diversity in [...] Read more.
The remarkable global diversity in long-ripened cheese production can be attributed to the adaptability of the cheese microbiota. Most cheese types involve intricate microbial ecosystems, primarily represented by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The present study aims to review the microbial community’s diversity in dairy fermentation processes, focusing on two famous Italian cheeses, Grana Padano and Parmigiano Reggiano, produced using natural whey starter (NWS). NWS, created by retaining whey from the previous day’s cheese batches, forms a microbiological connection between daily cheese productions. Through this technique, a dynamic microbiota colonizes the curd and influences cheese ripening. The back-slopping method in NWS preparation ensures the survival of diverse biotypes, providing a complex microbial community in which interactions among microorganisms are critical to ensuring its technological functionality. As highlighted in this review, the presence of microbial cells alone does not guarantee technological relevance. Critical microorganisms can grow and colonize the curd and cheese. This complexity enables NWS to adapt to artisanal production technologies while considering variations in raw milk microbiota, inhibitory compounds, and manufacturing conditions. This critical review aims to discuss NWS as a key factor in cheese making, considering microbial communities’ ability to evolve under different selective pressures and biotic and abiotic stresses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Application of Starter Cultures)
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20 pages, 7029 KiB  
Article
Protective Effect of Curcumin on D-Galactose-Induced Senescence and Oxidative Stress in LLC-PK1 and HK-2 Cells
by Semiramis Stephania García-Trejo, Tania Gómez-Sierra, Dianelena Eugenio-Pérez, Omar Noel Medina-Campos and José Pedraza-Chaverri
Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040415 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
D-galactose has been widely used as an inducer of cellular senescence and pathophysiological processes related to aging because it induces oxidative stress. On the other hand, the consumption of antioxidants such as curcumin can be an effective strategy to prevent phenotypes related to [...] Read more.
D-galactose has been widely used as an inducer of cellular senescence and pathophysiological processes related to aging because it induces oxidative stress. On the other hand, the consumption of antioxidants such as curcumin can be an effective strategy to prevent phenotypes related to the enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as aging and senescence. This study aimed to evaluate the potential protective effect of curcumin on senescence and oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by D-galactose treatment in Lilly Laboratories Culture-Porcine Kidney 1 (LLC-PK1) and human kidney 2 (HK-2) proximal tubule cell lines from pig and human, respectively. For senescence induction, cells were treated with 300 mM D-galactose for 120 h and, to evaluate the protective effect of the antioxidant, cells were treated with 5 µM curcumin for 24 h and subsequently treated with curcumin + D-galactose for 120 h. In LLC-PK1 cells, curcumin treatment decreased by 20% the number of cells positive for senescence-associated (SA)-β-D-galactosidase staining and by 25% the expression of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and increased by 40% lamin B1 expression. In HK-2 cells, curcumin treatment increased by 60% the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA, 50% Klotho levels, and 175% catalase activity. In both cell lines, this antioxidant decreased the production of ROS (20% decrease for LLC-PK1 and 10 to 20% for HK-2). These data suggest that curcumin treatment has a moderate protective effect on D-galactose-induced senescence in LLC-PK1 and HK-2 cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulatory Effects of Curcumin)
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18 pages, 6432 KiB  
Article
A Single-Phase Lightweight Double-Leaf Multi-Stage Acoustic Black Hole Model of Metamaterial
by Lixia Li, Shanhe Jiang, Jin Bai, Kun Su, Haiteng Hu and Lei Zhang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2875; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072875 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
In this paper, a novel single-phase double-leaf multi-stage acoustic black hole (SDM-ABH) is proposed. Compared with the traditional double-leaf ABH metamaterials, the unit cell consists of multiple sub-ABH structures arranged in a gradient periodically along the length direction. The energy band structure of [...] Read more.
In this paper, a novel single-phase double-leaf multi-stage acoustic black hole (SDM-ABH) is proposed. Compared with the traditional double-leaf ABH metamaterials, the unit cell consists of multiple sub-ABH structures arranged in a gradient periodically along the length direction. The energy band structure of the SDM-ABH metamaterial is calculated by the finite element method, and it is found that its weight decreases with the increase in the number of stages, but the bandgap ratio and attenuation both increase. By analysing the vibration modes at special points and the vibration displacement response of finite construction, it is revealed that strong attenuation at a low-frequency broadband is caused by the increase in the number of sub-ABHs that appear to have ABH effects due to the increase in the number of stages. In addition, the effect of structural parameters on the bandgap is investigated, and it is found that SDM-ABH metamaterials can be modulated at low frequencies by changing the truncation thickness and the power exponent of the sub-acoustic black hole, in which the increase in the truncation thickness t leads to the gradual weakening of the ABH effect of the sub-ABH until it disappears. The strong low-frequency attenuation properties of SDM-ABH metamaterials provide a method for a lightweight vibration damping design of metamaterials. Full article
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18 pages, 5933 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Increased Induced Voltages on the Sheath of Double-Circuit Underground Transmission Lines Guaranteeing Ampacity
by Jesus Enrique Guevara Asorza, Jaimis Sajid Leon Colqui, Sérgio Kurokawa and José Pissolato Filho
Energies 2024, 17(7), 1637; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071637 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
This paper quantifies and discusses the increase in induced voltage on a sheath due to changes in duct banks in terms of type and dimensions along an underground transmission line, guaranteeing the ampacity required for a project. The four most common duct banks [...] Read more.
This paper quantifies and discusses the increase in induced voltage on a sheath due to changes in duct banks in terms of type and dimensions along an underground transmission line, guaranteeing the ampacity required for a project. The four most common duct banks in double-circuit underground transmission lines with phase transposition were considered in this study, along with two special cross-bonding techniques: continuous cross-bonding (CCB) and sectionalized cross-bonding (SCB). These techniques aim to reduce sheath currents and enhance the distribution of the induced voltage on the sheath. The analysis considers two distinct scenarios in which the profile of the induced voltage is calculated: the first one accounts for underground obstructions, intersections with important traffic avenues, and ground with high excavation costs that force changes in the duct bank dimensions and configuration, which is the most exact and realistic case. The second one solely considers one typical configuration of a duct bank along the route. This last scenario is normally applied to calculate the induced voltage when an underground transmission design is required. The results show that when installing cables at a greater depth, it is imperative to increase the distance between them to guarantee the ampacity. The induced voltage on the sheath will rise as the distance increases. Furthermore, the results reveal that instead of calculating the induced voltage by considering the scenario that is exact and most like a real case, it is enough to calculate following the second scenario and then add a scaling factor according to each duct bank configuration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)
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27 pages, 7405 KiB  
Article
Informing the Design of an Accessible Arabic Typeface: A Visual Analysis to Identify Letterform Features of Dyslexia-Friendly Typefaces
by Muneera Mohamed Hejres and Amanda J. Tinker
Societies 2024, 14(4), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14040045 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Dyslexia-friendly typefaces for the Latin script have been proliferating during the past decade. The typefaces are designed to tackle the challenges faced in a dyslexic reading experience by manipulating their letter forms and typographic attributes; several studies reported a positive effect on the [...] Read more.
Dyslexia-friendly typefaces for the Latin script have been proliferating during the past decade. The typefaces are designed to tackle the challenges faced in a dyslexic reading experience by manipulating their letter forms and typographic attributes; several studies reported a positive effect on the reading experience. To this date, no working dyslexia-friendly Arabic typefaces are available for the public. The present study is part of a larger practice-based research, where a novel dyslexia-friendly Arabic typeface is designed using a user-centred design approach. The current visual analysis marks the developmental phase, identifying the letterform features of dyslexia-friendly Latin typefaces that can be mapped to the Arabic script. This article explores the typographic features of dyslexia-friendly Latin typefaces by conducting a qualitative visual analysis; a proposed modified version of Leeuwen’s Typographic Distinctive Features Framework is employed. The results are discussed considering the Arabic script’s visual implications in a dyslexic reading experience. The findings of this study are used to create a list of design considerations for a dyslexia-friendly Arabic typeface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Visual Arts and Design: Practice-Based Research)
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9 pages, 323 KiB  
Communication
Mechanistic Assessment of Cardiovascular State Informed by Vibroacoustic Sensors
by Ali Zare, Emily Wittrup and Kayvan Najarian
Sensors 2024, 24(7), 2189; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072189 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Monitoring blood pressure, a parameter closely related to cardiovascular activity, can help predict imminent cardiovascular events. In this paper, a novel method is proposed to customize an existing mechanistic model of the cardiovascular system through feature extraction from cardiopulmonary acoustic signals to estimate [...] Read more.
Monitoring blood pressure, a parameter closely related to cardiovascular activity, can help predict imminent cardiovascular events. In this paper, a novel method is proposed to customize an existing mechanistic model of the cardiovascular system through feature extraction from cardiopulmonary acoustic signals to estimate blood pressure using artificial intelligence. As various factors, such as drug consumption, can alter the biomechanical properties of the cardiovascular system, the proposed method seeks to personalize the mechanistic model using information extracted from vibroacoustic sensors. Simulation results for the proposed approach are evaluated by calculating the error in blood pressure estimates compared to ground truth arterial line measurements, with the results showing promise for this method. Full article
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12 pages, 384 KiB  
Article
Association of Insomnia and Obstructive Sleep Apnea with Worse Oral Mucositis and Quality of Life in Head and Neck Cancer Patients Undergoing Radiation Therapy
by Austin J. Iovoli, Kelsey Smith, Han Yu, Melissa A. Kluczynski, Carla R. Jungquist, Andrew D. Ray, Mark K. Farrugia, Fangyi Gu and Anurag K. Singh
Cancers 2024, 16(7), 1335; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16071335 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background: Patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) undergoing radiation therapy (RT) often experience sleep disturbances that may contribute to oral mucositis (OM) and quality of life (QOL). Methods: Patients with HNC treated with RT at a single institution were examined. Sleep questionnaires [...] Read more.
Background: Patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) undergoing radiation therapy (RT) often experience sleep disturbances that may contribute to oral mucositis (OM) and quality of life (QOL). Methods: Patients with HNC treated with RT at a single institution were examined. Sleep questionnaires were given on the first day of RT to assess for insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Patient-reported QOL and oral mucositis were assessed during RT. Associations between insomnia and OSA with QOL were assessed using the Mann–Whitney U test. Linear mixed models assessed associations with OM. Results: Among 87 patients, 34 patients (39%) had subthreshold or greater insomnia and 47 patients (54%) screened positive for OSA. Upon RT completion, patients with subthreshold or greater insomnia had worse physical function (p = 0.005), fatigue (p = 0.01), insomnia (p < 0.001), and sticky saliva (p = 0.002). Patients screening positive for OSA had worse physical function (p = 0.01), sticky saliva (p = 0.02), fatigue (p = 0.007), insomnia (p = 0.009), and pain (p = 0.005). Upon linear mixed model evaluation, subthreshold or greater insomnia (p = 0.01) and positive OSA screen (p = 0.002) were associated with worse OM. Conclusion: Insomnia and OSA are highly prevalent in patients with HNC undergoing RT. These sleep disturbances are associated with worse QOL and OM during treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer)
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16 pages, 6324 KiB  
Article
Simultaneous High-Speed Video Laryngoscopy and Acoustic Aerodynamic Recordings during Vocal Onset of Variable Sound Pressure Level: A Preliminary Study
by Peak Woo
Bioengineering 2024, 11(4), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11040334 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Voicing: requires frequent starts and stops at various sound pressure levels (SPL) and frequencies. Prior investigations using rigid laryngoscopy with oral endoscopy have shown variations in the duration of the vibration delay between normal and abnormal subjects. However, these studies were not physiological [...] Read more.
Voicing: requires frequent starts and stops at various sound pressure levels (SPL) and frequencies. Prior investigations using rigid laryngoscopy with oral endoscopy have shown variations in the duration of the vibration delay between normal and abnormal subjects. However, these studies were not physiological because the larynx was viewed using rigid endoscopes. We adapted a method to perform to perform simultaneous high-speed naso-endoscopic video while simultaneously acquiring the sound pressure, fundamental frequency, airflow rate, and subglottic pressure. This study aimed to investigate voice onset patterns in normophonic males and females during the onset of variable SPL and correlate them with acoustic and aerodynamic data. Materials and Methods: Three healthy males and three healthy females were studied by simultaneous high-speed video laryngoscopy and recording with the production of the gesture [pa:pa:] at soft, medium, and loud voices. The fiber optic endoscope was threaded through a pneumotachograph mask for the simultaneous recording and analysis of acoustic and aerodynamic data. Results: The average increase in the sound pressure level (SPL) for the group was 15 dB, from 70 to 85 dB. The fundamental frequency increased by an average of 10 Hz. The flow was increased in two subjects, reduced in two subjects, and remained the same in two subjects as the SPL increased. There was a steady increase in the subglottic pressure from soft to loud phonation. Compared to soft to medium phonation, a significant increase in glottal resistance was observed with medium-to-loud phonation. Videokymogram analysis showed the onset of vibration for all voiced tokens without the need for full glottis closure. In loud phonation, there is a more rapid onset of a larger amplitude and prolonged closure of the glottal cycle; however, more cycles are required to achieve the intended SPL. There was a prolonged closed phase during loud phonation. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis of the kymography waveform signal showed a more significant second- and third-harmonic energy above the fundamental frequency with loud phonation. There was an increase in the adjustments in the pharynx with the base of the tongue tilting, shortening of the vocal folds, and pharyngeal constriction. Conclusion: Voice onset occurs in all modalities, without the need for full glottal closure. There was a more significant increase in glottal resistance with loud phonation than that with soft or middle phonation. Vibration analysis of the voice onset showed that more time was required during loud phonation before the oscillation stabilized to a steady state. With increasing SPL, there were significant variations in vocal tract adjustments. The most apparent change was the increase in tongue tension with posterior displacement of the epiglottis. There was an increase in pre-phonation time during loud phonation. Patterns of muscle tension dysphonia with laryngeal squeezing, shortening of the vocal folds, and epiglottis tilting with increasing loudness are features of loud phonation. These observations show that flexible high-speed video laryngoscopy can reveal observations that cannot be observed with rigid video laryngoscopy. An objective analysis of the digital kymography signal can be conducted in selected cases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Biophysics of Vocal Onset)
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13 pages, 2406 KiB  
Article
Genomoviruses in Liver Samples of Molossus molossus Bats
by Roseane da Silva Couto, Wandercleyson Uchôa Abreu, Luís Reginaldo Ribeiro Rodrigues, Luis Fernando Marinho, Vanessa dos Santos Morais, Fabiola Villanova, Ramendra Pati Pandey, Xutao Deng, Eric Delwart, Antonio Charlys da Costa and Elcio Leal
Microorganisms 2024, 12(4), 688; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040688 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
CRESS-DNA encompasses a broad spectrum of viruses documented across diverse organisms such as animals, plants, diatoms, fungi, and marine invertebrates. Despite this prevalence, the full extent of these viruses’ impact on the environment and their respective hosts remains incompletely understood. Furthermore, an increasing [...] Read more.
CRESS-DNA encompasses a broad spectrum of viruses documented across diverse organisms such as animals, plants, diatoms, fungi, and marine invertebrates. Despite this prevalence, the full extent of these viruses’ impact on the environment and their respective hosts remains incompletely understood. Furthermore, an increasing number of viruses within this category lack detailed characterization. This investigation focuses on unveiling and characterizing viruses affiliated with the Genomoviridae family identified in liver samples from the bat Molossus molossus. Leveraging viral metagenomics, we identified seven sequences (MmGmV-PA) featuring a circular DNA genome housing two ORFs encoding replication-associated protein (Rep) and capsid protein (Cap). Predictions based on conserved domains typical of the Genomoviridae family were established. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the segregation of these sequences into two clades aligning with the genera Gemycirculavirus (MmGmV-06-PA and MmGmV-07-PA) and Gemykibivirus (MmGmV-01-PA, MmGmV-02-PA, MmGmV-03-PA, MmGmV-05-PA, and MmGmV-09-PA). At the species level, pairwise comparisons based on complete nucleotide sequences indicated the potential existence of three novel species. In summary, our study significantly contributes to an enhanced understanding of the diversity of Genomoviridae within bat samples, shedding light on previously undiscovered viral entities and their potential ecological implications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Virology)
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16 pages, 3107 KiB  
Review
The Interplay between Glioblastoma Cells and Tumor Microenvironment: New Perspectives for Early Diagnosis and Targeted Cancer Therapy
by Assunta Virtuoso, Giuseppa D’Amico, Federica Scalia, Ciro De Luca, Michele Papa, Grazia Maugeri, Velia D’Agata, Celeste Caruso Bavisotto and Agata Grazia D’Amico
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040331 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) stands out as the most tremendous brain tumor, constituting 60% of primary brain cancers, accompanied by dismal survival rates. Despite advancements in research, therapeutic options remain limited to chemotherapy and surgery. GBM molecular heterogeneity, the intricate interaction with the tumor [...] Read more.
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) stands out as the most tremendous brain tumor, constituting 60% of primary brain cancers, accompanied by dismal survival rates. Despite advancements in research, therapeutic options remain limited to chemotherapy and surgery. GBM molecular heterogeneity, the intricate interaction with the tumor microenvironment (TME), and non-selective treatments contribute to the neoplastic relapse. Diagnostic challenges arise from GBM advanced-stage detection, necessitating the exploration of novel biomarkers for early diagnosis. Using data from the literature and a bioinformatic tool, the current manuscript delineates the molecular interplay between human GBM, astrocytes, and myeloid cells, underscoring selected protein pathways belonging to astroglia and myeloid lineage, which can be considered for targeted therapies. Moreover, the pivotal role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in orchestrating a favorable microenvironment for cancer progression is highlighted, suggesting their utility in identifying biomarkers for GBM early diagnosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience)
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13 pages, 3895 KiB  
Article
Advancing Sustainable Marine Exploration: Highly Efficient Photonic Radar for Underwater Navigation Systems under the Impact of Different Salinity Levels
by Aras Aldawoodi and Hasan Şakir Bilge
Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 2851; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072851 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The exploration of underwater environments for applications like environmental monitoring, scientific research, and surveillance has propelled the significance of underwater wireless navigation. Light waves have emerged as a promising solution, offering the potential to achieve the required data rates and propagation speeds. However, [...] Read more.
The exploration of underwater environments for applications like environmental monitoring, scientific research, and surveillance has propelled the significance of underwater wireless navigation. Light waves have emerged as a promising solution, offering the potential to achieve the required data rates and propagation speeds. However, underwater optical wireless navigation faces challenges, particularly limited range. This research investigates a novel FMCW (frequency-modulated continuous wave)-based photonic radar system’s efficacy in detecting underwater vehicles across diverse salinity levels and distances. Numerical simulation evaluations reveal distinct signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) and detected power peaks corresponding to varying salinity levels, demonstrating the system’s sensitivity. At 5 g/L salinity, the detected power peaked at −95 dBm, decreasing to −105 dBm at 15 g/L. SNR analysis indicates robust detection within a 4 m range, with challenges emerging at extended ranges and higher salinity. Despite these challenges, the system shows promise for near-range underwater navigation, contributing to sustainable marine exploration by enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of underwater monitoring systems. This advancement aligns with the goals of sustainable development by supporting the protection of marine ecosystems, promoting scientific understanding of underwater environments, and aiding in the sustainable management of marine resources. Full article
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16 pages, 4537 KiB  
Article
Variations in Essential Oil Biological Activities of Female Cones at Different Developmental Stages from Azorean Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex L.f.) D. Don (Cupressaceae)
by Alexandre Janeiro, Ana Lima, Filipe Arruda, Tanner Wortham, Tânia Rodrigues, José Baptista and Elisabete Lima
Separations 2024, 11(4), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11040102 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
In the Azores Archipelago, Cryptomeria japonica is, currently, the most cultivated forestry tree for timber production, landscaping, and gardening, generating large amounts of foliage waste that is used for local essential oils (EOs) production. However, the existing literature on the biological potential of [...] Read more.
In the Azores Archipelago, Cryptomeria japonica is, currently, the most cultivated forestry tree for timber production, landscaping, and gardening, generating large amounts of foliage waste that is used for local essential oils (EOs) production. However, the existing literature on the biological potential of EOs from different C. japonica foliage parts, such as female cones (FC), remains limited. Thus, in the present study, EOs extracted by hydrodistillation from Azorean C. japonica immature and mature FC (IFC and MFC), as well as some major EO components, were screened for their: (i) antioxidant capacity, evaluated by DPPH free-radical-scavenging activity (FRSA) and β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching activity (BCBA), (ii) antimicrobial activities, assessed by the disc diffusion method against eight bacteria and one fungus, and (iii) toxicity against Artemia salina. Among both FC EO samples, the IFC EO exhibited the best DPPH–FRSA, BCBA, and growth inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, and Penicillium italicum, as well as a slightly increased toxic potential, due to their differential compositions, as assessed by GC–MS analysis. Thus, the FC’s maturation process decreased their EOs’ bioactivities. In conclusion, this finding could help in determining the optimal developmental stage for enhancing the antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds content in FC EOs. In turn, this contributes to increasing the commercial potential of C. japonica’s EO industry. Full article
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16 pages, 2817 KiB  
Systematic Review
Mapping the Neural Substrates of Cocaine Craving: A Systematic Review
by Letícia Silvestri Paludetto, Luiza Larrubia Alvares Florence, Julio Torales, Antonio Ventriglio and João Maurício Castaldelli-Maia
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040329 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Craving is one of the most important symptoms of cocaine use disorder (CUD) since it contributes to the relapse and persistence of such disorder. This systematic review aimed to investigate which brain regions are modulated during cocaine craving. The articles were obtained through [...] Read more.
Craving is one of the most important symptoms of cocaine use disorder (CUD) since it contributes to the relapse and persistence of such disorder. This systematic review aimed to investigate which brain regions are modulated during cocaine craving. The articles were obtained through searches in the Google Scholar, Regional BVS Portal, PubMed, and Scielo databases. Overall, there was a selection of 36 studies with 1574 individuals, the majority being participants with CUD, whereby about 61.56% were individuals with CUD and 38.44% were controls (mean age = 40.4 years). Besides the methodological points, the neurobiological investigations comprised fMRI (58.34%) and PET (38.89%). The induction of cocaine craving was studied using different methods: exposure to cocaine cues (69.45%), stressful stimuli, food cues, and methylphenidate. Brain activations demonstrated widespread activity across the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes, basal ganglia, diencephalon, brainstem, and the limbic system. In addition to abnormalities in prefrontal cortex activity, abnormalities in various other brain regions’ activity contribute to the elucidation of the neurobiology of cocaine craving. Abnormalities in brain activity are justified not only by the dysfunction of dopaminergic pathways but also of the glutamatergic and noradrenergic pathways, and distinct ways of inducing craving demonstrated the involvement of distinct brain circuits and regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reviews in Neuropsychology)
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12 pages, 1113 KiB  
Article
Genome-Wide Association Analysis Uncovers Genes Associated with Resistance to Head Smut Pathotype 5 in Senegalese Sorghum Accessions
by Ezekiel Ahn, Louis K. Prom, Sunchung Park, Zhenbin Hu and Clint W. Magill
Plants 2024, 13(7), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13070977 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
A newly documented pathotype 5 of the soil-borne fungus Sporisorium reilianum, causing head smut in sorghum, was tested against 153 unexplored Senegalese sorghum accessions. Among the 153 sorghum accessions tested, 63 (41%) exhibited complete resistance, showing no signs of infection by the [...] Read more.
A newly documented pathotype 5 of the soil-borne fungus Sporisorium reilianum, causing head smut in sorghum, was tested against 153 unexplored Senegalese sorghum accessions. Among the 153 sorghum accessions tested, 63 (41%) exhibited complete resistance, showing no signs of infection by the fungus. The remaining 90 accessions (59%) displayed varying degrees of susceptibility. Sorghum responses against S. reilianum were explored to analyze the potential link with previously known seed morphology-related traits and new phenotype data from 59 lines for seed weight. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) screened 297,876 SNPs and identified highly significant associations (p < 1 × 10−5) with head smut resistance in sorghum. By mapping these significant SNPs to the reference genome, this study revealed 35 novel candidate defense genes potentially involved in disease resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Biology and Genomics of Plant-Pathogen Interactions)
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8 pages, 228 KiB  
Perspective
Sustainable-by-Design Approach of Active Catalysts to Produce Reactive Oxygen Species in Water Matrices
by Prisco Prete
Sustain. Chem. 2024, 5(2), 60-67; https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem5020005 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
An overview of the latest advances in the design of active catalysts with the ability to promote (photo) Fenton processes in water from a Green Chemistry perspective is discussed herein. A critical evaluation of the most relevant advances has been disclosed, and a [...] Read more.
An overview of the latest advances in the design of active catalysts with the ability to promote (photo) Fenton processes in water from a Green Chemistry perspective is discussed herein. A critical evaluation of the most relevant advances has been disclosed, and a brief perspective is presented about what is needed to fill the gap of knowledge in this field. Full article
15 pages, 2078 KiB  
Article
Synergistic Antibacterial Effects of Gallate Containing Compounds with Silver Nanoparticles in Gallate Crossed Linked PVA Hydrogel Films
by John Jackson and Claudia Helena Dietrich
Antibiotics 2024, 13(4), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13040312 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Currently available silver-based antiseptic wound dressings have limited patient effectiveness. There exists a need for wound dressings that behave as comfortable degradable hydrogels with a strong antibiotic potential. The objectives of this project were to investigate the combined use of gallates (either epi [...] Read more.
Currently available silver-based antiseptic wound dressings have limited patient effectiveness. There exists a need for wound dressings that behave as comfortable degradable hydrogels with a strong antibiotic potential. The objectives of this project were to investigate the combined use of gallates (either epi gallo catechin gallate (EGCG), Tannic acid, or Quercetin) as both PVA crosslinking agents and as potential synergistic antibiotics in combination with silver nanoparticles. Crosslinking was assessed gravimetrically, silver and gallate release was measured using inductively coupled plasma and HPLC methods, respectively. Synergy was measured using 96-well plate FICI methods and in-gel antibacterial effects were measured using planktonic CFU assays. All gallates crosslinked PVA with optimal extended swelling obtained using EGCG or Quercetin at 14% loadings (100 mg in 500 mg PVA with glycerol). All three gallates were synergistic in combination with silver nanoparticles against both gram-positive and -negative bacteria. In PVA hydrogel films, silver nanoparticles with EGCG or Quercetin more effectively inhibited bacterial growth in CFU counts over 24 h as compared to films containing single agents. These biocompatible natural-product antibiotics, EGCG or Quercetin, may play a dual role of providing stable PVA hydrogel films and a powerful synergistic antibiotic effect in combination with silver nanoparticles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocarriers-Based Antimicrobial Drug Delivery)
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12 pages, 1102 KiB  
Article
PRESERFLO™ Microshunt: 1-Year Results of a 25-Gauge vs. 27-Gauge Needle Tract
by Stefan Steiner, Hemma Resch, Barbara Kiss and Clemens Vass
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(7), 1979; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13071979 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the PreserFlo™ microshunt (PMS) using a 25-Gauge vs. 27-Gauge needle tract. Methods: This is a prospective postoperative examination of 60 glaucoma eyes that received a PMS. The main [...] Read more.
Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the PreserFlo™ microshunt (PMS) using a 25-Gauge vs. 27-Gauge needle tract. Methods: This is a prospective postoperative examination of 60 glaucoma eyes that received a PMS. The main outcome measures were intraocular pressure (IOP), glaucoma drug score (GDS), Kaplan–Meier success rates, complications, and secondary intervention rates. Two subgroups were formed for data comparison: 27-Gauge (27G), and 25-Gauge (25G). Success was defined as IOP < 18 mmHg together with ≥20% IOP reduction with medication allowed (qualified success = QS18) or not (full success = FS18). Results: IOP and GDS were reduced from baseline to the 1-year study visit as follows: All eyes from 23.4 ± 8.6 mmHg (3.1 ± 0.9) to 15.1 ± 5.9 mmHg (0.8 ± 1.1); 25G from 24.2 ± 7.3 mmHg (3.0 ± 0.8) to 12.7 ± 2.7 mmHg (0.5 ± 0.8); and 27G from 23.1 ± 9.2 mmHg (3.1 ± 1.0) to 16.2 ± 6.7 mmHg (0.9 ± 1.2). IOP at one year was lower in the 25G group compared to the 27G group (p = 0.035). Bleb needling was required in eight (13.3%) eyes and open bleb revisions in three (5.0%). Transient hypotony occurred in 21% and choroidal effusion in 8% of all eyes. Choroidal effusions were more frequent in the 25G group (21%) compared to the 27G group (2%, p = 0.031). One-year success rates were significantly higher in the 25G group compared to the 27G group for both QS18 (25G: 67.9% vs. 27G: 35.7%, p = 0.002) and FS18 (25G: 63.6% vs. 27G: 29.2%, p = 0.007). Conclusions: The PreserFlo microshunt is an effective and safe glaucoma surgery with a low rate of bleb revisions or needlings. We show that the 25G needle tract might be more efficient for IOP control at the cost of increased IOP-related complications compared to 27G. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ophthalmology)
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3 pages, 158 KiB  
Editorial
Advanced Polarimetry and Polarimetric Imaging
by Xiaobo Li, Fei Liu and Jian Liang
Photonics 2024, 11(4), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11040317 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Polarization, a core attribute of light waves, offers insights into light’s physical properties and its interactions with materials [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polarimetry and Polarimetric Imaging)
16 pages, 3885 KiB  
Article
HBCR_DMR: A Hybrid Method Based on Beta-Binomial Bayesian Hierarchical Model and Combination of Ranking Method to Detect Differential Methylation Regions in Bisulfite Sequencing Data
by Maryam Yassi, Ehsan Shams Davodly, Saeedeh Hajebi Khaniki and Mohammad Amin Kerachian
J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14(4), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14040361 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
DNA methylation is a key epigenetic modification involved in gene regulation, contributing to both physiological and pathological conditions. For a more profound comprehension, it is essential to conduct a precise comparison of DNA methylation patterns between sample groups that represent distinct statuses. Analysis [...] Read more.
DNA methylation is a key epigenetic modification involved in gene regulation, contributing to both physiological and pathological conditions. For a more profound comprehension, it is essential to conduct a precise comparison of DNA methylation patterns between sample groups that represent distinct statuses. Analysis of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) using computational approaches can help uncover the precise relationships between these phenomena. This paper describes a hybrid model that combines the beta-binomial Bayesian hierarchical model with a combination of ranking methods known as HBCR_DMR. During the initial phase, we model the actual methylation proportions of the CpG sites (CpGs) within the replicates. This modeling is achieved through beta-binomial distribution, with parameters set by a group mean and a dispersion parameter. During the second stage, we establish the selection of distinguishing CpG sites based on their methylation status, employing multiple ranking techniques. Finally, we combine the ranking lists of differentially methylated CpG sites through a voting system. Our analyses, encompassing simulations and real data, reveal outstanding performance metrics, including a sensitivity of 0.72, specificity of 0.89, and an F1 score of 0.76, yielding an overall accuracy of 0.82 and an AUC of 0.94. These findings underscore HBCR_DMR’s robust capacity to distinguish methylated regions, confirming its utility as a valuable tool for DNA methylation analysis. Full article
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17 pages, 1335 KiB  
Review
Alterations in Proteostasis Mechanisms in Niemann–Pick Type C Disease
by Iris Valeria Servín Muñoz, Daniel Ortuño-Sahagún, Christian Griñán-Ferré, Mercè Pallàs and Celia González-Castillo
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(7), 3806; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073806 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Niemann–Pick Type C (NPC) represents an autosomal recessive disorder with an incidence rate of 1 in 150,000 live births, classified within lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs). The abnormal accumulation of unesterified cholesterol characterizes the pathophysiology of NPC. This phenomenon is not unique to NPC, [...] Read more.
Niemann–Pick Type C (NPC) represents an autosomal recessive disorder with an incidence rate of 1 in 150,000 live births, classified within lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs). The abnormal accumulation of unesterified cholesterol characterizes the pathophysiology of NPC. This phenomenon is not unique to NPC, as analogous accumulations have also been observed in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders. Interestingly, disturbances in the folding of the mutant protein NPC1 I1061T are accompanied by the aggregation of proteins such as hyperphosphorylated tau, α-synuclein, TDP-43, and β-amyloid peptide. These accumulations suggest potential disruptions in proteostasis, a regulatory process encompassing four principal mechanisms: synthesis, folding, maintenance of folding, and protein degradation. The dysregulation of these processes leads to excessive accumulation of abnormal proteins that impair cell function and trigger cytotoxicity. This comprehensive review delineates reported alterations across proteostasis mechanisms in NPC, encompassing changes in processes from synthesis to degradation. Additionally, it discusses therapeutic interventions targeting pharmacological facets of proteostasis in NPC. Noteworthy among these interventions is valproic acid, a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) that modulates acetylation during NPC1 synthesis. In addition, various therapeutic options addressing protein folding modulation, such as abiraterone acetate, DHBP, calnexin, and arimoclomol, are examined. Additionally, treatments impeding NPC1 degradation, exemplified by bortezomib and MG132, are explored as potential strategies. This review consolidates current knowledge on proteostasis dysregulation in NPC and underscores the therapeutic landscape targeting diverse facets of this intricate process. Full article
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8 pages, 732 KiB  
Case Report
Phenotypic Description of A Patient with ODLURO Syndrome and Functional Characterization of the Pathogenetic Role of A Synonymous Variant c.186G>A in KMT2E Gene
by Mario Benvenuto, Sofia Cesarini, Giulia Severi, Enrico Ambrosini, Angelo Russo, Marco Seri, Pietro Palumbo, Orazio Palumbo, Marco Castori, Emanuele Panza and Massimo Carella
Genes 2024, 15(4), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15040430 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
O’Donnell-Luria-Rodan (ODLURO) syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the KMT2E gene. The clinical phonotype of the affected individuals is typically characterized by global developmental delay, autism, epilepsy, hypotonia, macrocephaly, and very mild dysmorphic facial features. In this report, we [...] Read more.
O’Donnell-Luria-Rodan (ODLURO) syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the KMT2E gene. The clinical phonotype of the affected individuals is typically characterized by global developmental delay, autism, epilepsy, hypotonia, macrocephaly, and very mild dysmorphic facial features. In this report, we describe the case of a 6-year-old boy with ODLURO syndrome who is a carrier of the synonymous mutation c.186G>A (p.Ala62=) in the KMT2E gene, predicted to alter splicing by in silico tools. Given the lack of functional studies on the c.186G>A variant, in order to assess its potential functional effect, we sequenced the patient’s cDNA demonstrating its impact on the mechanism of splicing. To the best of our knowledge, our patient is the second to date reported carrying this synonymous mutation, but he is the first whose functional investigation has confirmed the deleterious consequence of the variant, resulting in exon 4 skipping. Additionally, we suggest a potential etiological mechanism that could be responsible for the aberrant splicing mechanism in KMT2E. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Basis and Genetics of Intellectual Disability)
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12 pages, 788 KiB  
Article
Myelodysplastic Neoplasms (MDS) with Ring Sideroblasts or SF3B1 Mutations: The Improved Clinical Utility of World Health Organization and International Consensus Classification 2022 Definitions, A Single-Centre Retrospective Chart Review
by Shamim Mortuza, Benjamin Chin-Yee, Tyler E. James, Ian H. Chin-Yee, Benjamin D. Hedley, Jenny M. Ho, Lalit Saini, Alejandro Lazo-Langner, Laila Schenkel, Pratibha Bhai, Bekim Sadikovic, Jonathan Keow, Nikhil Sangle and Cyrus C. Hsia
Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(4), 1762-1773; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31040134 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS) with ring sideroblasts (RS) are diagnosed via bone marrow aspiration in the presence of either (i) ≥15% RS or (ii) 5–14% RS and an SF3B1 mutation. In the MEDALIST trial and in an interim analysis of the COMMANDS trial, lower-risk [...] Read more.
Myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS) with ring sideroblasts (RS) are diagnosed via bone marrow aspiration in the presence of either (i) ≥15% RS or (ii) 5–14% RS and an SF3B1 mutation. In the MEDALIST trial and in an interim analysis of the COMMANDS trial, lower-risk MDS-RS patients had decreased transfusion dependency with luspatercept treatment. A total of 6817 patients with suspected hematologic malignancies underwent molecular testing using a next-generation-sequencing-based genetic assay and 395 MDS patients, seen at our centre from 1 January 2018 to 31 May 2023, were reviewed. Of these, we identified 39 evaluable patients as having lower-risk MDS with SF3B1 mutations: there were 20 (51.3%) males and 19 (48.7%) females, with a median age of 77 years (range of 57 to 92). Nineteen (48.7%) patients had an isolated SF3B1 mutation with a mean variant allele frequency of 35.2% +/− 8.1%, ranging from 7.4% to 46.0%. There were 29 (74.4%) patients with ≥15% RS, 6 (15.4%) with 5 to 14% RS, one (2.6%) with 1% RS, and 3 (7.7%) with no RS. Our study suggests that a quarter of patients would be missed based on the morphologic criterion of only using RS greater than 15% and supports the revised 2022 definitions of the World Health Organization (WHO) and International Consensus Classification (ICC), which shift toward molecularly defined subtypes of MDS and appropriate testing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Molecular Pathology of Myelodysplastic Syndromes)
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19 pages, 4668 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Feasibility and Socioecological Benefits of Climate-Smart Practices at the Watershed Scale
by Debora Lithgow, Juan José Von Thaden, Daniel A. Revollo-Fernández, María del Pilar Salazar-Vargas and Aram Rodríguez de los Santos
Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 2852; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072852 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Resource allocation in climate-smart productive practices depends on the explicit recognition and accountability of the expected costs and benefits in socioeconomic and ecological terms. This study assessed the private and social costs and benefits of 10 practices compatible with the transition to sustainable [...] Read more.
Resource allocation in climate-smart productive practices depends on the explicit recognition and accountability of the expected costs and benefits in socioeconomic and ecological terms. This study assessed the private and social costs and benefits of 10 practices compatible with the transition to sustainable agricultural practices under an integrated landscape management (ILM) approach. First, the financial and economic viability of the alternatives was evaluated with a cost-benefit analysis. Then, the potential contribution of these practices in terms of carbon sequestration and landscape connectivity was determined in an ILM scenario where at least three practices (live fences, isolated trees in pastures, and riparian vegetation recovery) could be implemented and assessed at the watershed scale. These practices were evaluated in three Mexican pilot watersheds with contrasting biophysical and sociocultural contexts but with high importance in biodiversity conservation and cattle production. The results showed that most climate-smart practices are viable in the medium and long term from a private standpoint. However, more significant benefits are achievable over a shorter period when social co-benefits are included. The results could contribute to decision-making in terms of public policy, providing evidence of the financial and economic feasibility of the analyzed climate-smart practices that also have ecological benefits. In this sense, decision-makers who promote such practices have more arguments to seek funding for implementation. Full article
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