Topography-driven isolation, speciation and a global increase of endemism with elevation
Corresponding Author
Manuel J. Steinbauer
Department of Biogeography, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, D-95440 Germany
Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000 Denmark
Correspondence: Manuel Steinbauer, Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorRichard Field
School of Geography, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
Search for more papers by this authorJohn-Arvid Grytnes
Ecological and Environmental Change Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, Bergen, N-5020 Norway
Search for more papers by this authorPanayiotis Trigas
Laboratory of Systematic Botany, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, 11855 Greece
Search for more papers by this authorClaudine Ah-Peng
Université de La Réunion, UMR PVBMT, 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003, Saint-Denis, Cedex, 97744, La Réunion France
Search for more papers by this authorFabio Attorre
Department of Environmental Biology, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, I-00185 Italy
Search for more papers by this authorH. John B. Birks
Ecological and Environmental Change Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, Bergen, N-5020 Norway
Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT UK
Search for more papers by this authorPaulo A. V. Borges
Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (Ce3C) and Azorean Biodiversity Group, Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão Joãod´Ávila, sn 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Açores, Portugal
Search for more papers by this authorPedro Cardoso
Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (Ce3C) and Azorean Biodiversity Group, Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão Joãod´Ávila, sn 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Açores, Portugal
Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, PO Box 17, Helsinki, 00014 Finland
Search for more papers by this authorChang-Hung Chou
School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China
Search for more papers by this authorMichele De Sanctis
Department of Environmental Biology, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, I-00185 Italy
Search for more papers by this authorMiguel M. de Sequeira
GBM, Universidade da Madeira, Centro de Ciências da Vida, Campus da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal
Search for more papers by this authorMaria C. Duarte
Tropical Research Institute, Travessa Conde da Ribeira 9, Lisbon, Portugal
Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (Ce3C), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
Search for more papers by this authorRui B. Elias
Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (Ce3C) and Azorean Biodiversity Group, Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão Joãod´Ávila, sn 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Açores, Portugal
Search for more papers by this authorJosé María Fernández-Palacios
Island Ecology and Biogeography Research Group. Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38206 Spain
Search for more papers by this authorRosalina Gabriel
Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (Ce3C) and Azorean Biodiversity Group, Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão Joãod´Ávila, sn 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Açores, Portugal
Search for more papers by this authorRoy E. Gereau
Missouri Botanical Garden, PO Box 299, St Louis, MO, 63166-0299 USA
Search for more papers by this authorRosemary G. Gillespie
Environmental Science, University of California Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114 USA
Search for more papers by this authorJosef Greimler
Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg, 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
Search for more papers by this authorDavid E. V. Harter
Department of Biogeography, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, D-95440 Germany
Search for more papers by this authorTsurng-Juhn Huang
School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China
Search for more papers by this authorSeverin D. H. Irl
Department of Biogeography, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, D-95440 Germany
Search for more papers by this authorDaniel Jeanmonod
Laboratoire de Systématique Végétale et Biodiversité, Université de Genève et Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, Case Postale 60, Chambésy, 1292 Suisse
Search for more papers by this authorAnke Jentsch
Department of Disturbance Ecology, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, DE-95447 Germany
Search for more papers by this authorAlistair S. Jump
Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA UK
Search for more papers by this authorChristoph Kueffer
Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, ETH Zentrum, CHN, Zürich, CH-8092 Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorSandra Nogué
Ecological and Environmental Change Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, Bergen, N-5020 Norway
Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford Long-term Ecology Lab, Biodiversity Institute, Oxford, OX1 3PS UK
Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorRüdiger Otto
Island Ecology and Biogeography Research Group. Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38206 Spain
Search for more papers by this authorJonathan Price
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Hawai'i at Hilo 200 W, Kawili St, Hilo, HI, 96720-4091, USA
Search for more papers by this authorMaria M. Romeiras
Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (Ce3C), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
University of Lisbon, Faculty of Science, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Campo Grande, Lisbon, 1749-016 Portugal
Search for more papers by this authorDominique Strasberg
Université de La Réunion, UMR PVBMT, 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003, Saint-Denis, Cedex, 97744, La Réunion France
Search for more papers by this authorTod Stuessy
Herbarium, Museum of Biological Diversity, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH, 43212 USA
Search for more papers by this authorJens-Christian Svenning
Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000 Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorOle R. Vetaas
Department of Geography, University of Bergen, PB 7802, Bergen, N-5020 Norway
Search for more papers by this authorCarl Beierkuhnlein
Department of Biogeography, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, D-95440 Germany
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Manuel J. Steinbauer
Department of Biogeography, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, D-95440 Germany
Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000 Denmark
Correspondence: Manuel Steinbauer, Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorRichard Field
School of Geography, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
Search for more papers by this authorJohn-Arvid Grytnes
Ecological and Environmental Change Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, Bergen, N-5020 Norway
Search for more papers by this authorPanayiotis Trigas
Laboratory of Systematic Botany, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, 11855 Greece
Search for more papers by this authorClaudine Ah-Peng
Université de La Réunion, UMR PVBMT, 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003, Saint-Denis, Cedex, 97744, La Réunion France
Search for more papers by this authorFabio Attorre
Department of Environmental Biology, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, I-00185 Italy
Search for more papers by this authorH. John B. Birks
Ecological and Environmental Change Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, Bergen, N-5020 Norway
Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT UK
Search for more papers by this authorPaulo A. V. Borges
Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (Ce3C) and Azorean Biodiversity Group, Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão Joãod´Ávila, sn 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Açores, Portugal
Search for more papers by this authorPedro Cardoso
Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (Ce3C) and Azorean Biodiversity Group, Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão Joãod´Ávila, sn 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Açores, Portugal
Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, PO Box 17, Helsinki, 00014 Finland
Search for more papers by this authorChang-Hung Chou
School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China
Search for more papers by this authorMichele De Sanctis
Department of Environmental Biology, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, I-00185 Italy
Search for more papers by this authorMiguel M. de Sequeira
GBM, Universidade da Madeira, Centro de Ciências da Vida, Campus da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal
Search for more papers by this authorMaria C. Duarte
Tropical Research Institute, Travessa Conde da Ribeira 9, Lisbon, Portugal
Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (Ce3C), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
Search for more papers by this authorRui B. Elias
Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (Ce3C) and Azorean Biodiversity Group, Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão Joãod´Ávila, sn 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Açores, Portugal
Search for more papers by this authorJosé María Fernández-Palacios
Island Ecology and Biogeography Research Group. Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38206 Spain
Search for more papers by this authorRosalina Gabriel
Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (Ce3C) and Azorean Biodiversity Group, Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão Joãod´Ávila, sn 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Açores, Portugal
Search for more papers by this authorRoy E. Gereau
Missouri Botanical Garden, PO Box 299, St Louis, MO, 63166-0299 USA
Search for more papers by this authorRosemary G. Gillespie
Environmental Science, University of California Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114 USA
Search for more papers by this authorJosef Greimler
Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg, 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
Search for more papers by this authorDavid E. V. Harter
Department of Biogeography, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, D-95440 Germany
Search for more papers by this authorTsurng-Juhn Huang
School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China
Search for more papers by this authorSeverin D. H. Irl
Department of Biogeography, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, D-95440 Germany
Search for more papers by this authorDaniel Jeanmonod
Laboratoire de Systématique Végétale et Biodiversité, Université de Genève et Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, Case Postale 60, Chambésy, 1292 Suisse
Search for more papers by this authorAnke Jentsch
Department of Disturbance Ecology, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, DE-95447 Germany
Search for more papers by this authorAlistair S. Jump
Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA UK
Search for more papers by this authorChristoph Kueffer
Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, ETH Zentrum, CHN, Zürich, CH-8092 Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorSandra Nogué
Ecological and Environmental Change Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, Bergen, N-5020 Norway
Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford Long-term Ecology Lab, Biodiversity Institute, Oxford, OX1 3PS UK
Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorRüdiger Otto
Island Ecology and Biogeography Research Group. Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38206 Spain
Search for more papers by this authorJonathan Price
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Hawai'i at Hilo 200 W, Kawili St, Hilo, HI, 96720-4091, USA
Search for more papers by this authorMaria M. Romeiras
Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (Ce3C), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
University of Lisbon, Faculty of Science, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Campo Grande, Lisbon, 1749-016 Portugal
Search for more papers by this authorDominique Strasberg
Université de La Réunion, UMR PVBMT, 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003, Saint-Denis, Cedex, 97744, La Réunion France
Search for more papers by this authorTod Stuessy
Herbarium, Museum of Biological Diversity, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH, 43212 USA
Search for more papers by this authorJens-Christian Svenning
Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000 Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorOle R. Vetaas
Department of Geography, University of Bergen, PB 7802, Bergen, N-5020 Norway
Search for more papers by this authorCarl Beierkuhnlein
Department of Biogeography, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, D-95440 Germany
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Aim
Higher-elevation areas on islands and continental mountains tend to be separated by longer distances, predicting higher endemism at higher elevations; our study is the first to test the generality of the predicted pattern. We also compare it empirically with contrasting expectations from hypotheses invoking higher speciation with area, temperature and species richness.
Location
Thirty-two insular and 18 continental elevational gradients from around the world.
Methods
We compiled entire floras with elevation-specific occurrence information, and calculated the proportion of native species that are endemic (‘percent endemism’) in 100-m bands, for each of the 50 elevational gradients. Using generalized linear models, we tested the relationships between percent endemism and elevation, isolation, temperature, area and species richness.
Results
Percent endemism consistently increased monotonically with elevation, globally. This was independent of richness–elevation relationships, which had varying shapes but decreased with elevation at high elevations. The endemism–elevation relationships were consistent with isolation-related predictions, but inconsistent with hypotheses related to area, richness and temperature.
Main conclusions
Higher per-species speciation rates caused by increasing isolation with elevation are the most plausible and parsimonious explanation for the globally consistent pattern of higher endemism at higher elevations that we identify. We suggest that topography-driven isolation increases speciation rates in mountainous areas, across all elevations and increasingly towards the equator. If so, it represents a mechanism that may contribute to generating latitudinal diversity gradients in a way that is consistent with both present-day and palaeontological evidence.
Supporting Information
Additional supporting information may be found in the online version of this article at the publisher's web-site:
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| geb12469-sup-0001-suppinfo01.pdf1.2 MB | Figure S1 Relationships between the percentage of native species that are endemic to the Azores and elevation for insects and spiders on six islands in the Azores. Figure S2 Elevation–richness relationship globally. Table S1 Islands and mountains used in this study (ordered by latitude). |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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