According to the FAO, the world has 1.468 billion head of cattle.  Brazil has the largest cattle inventory in the world followed by India and China.

More than 100 countries (104) have a cattle inventory in excess of 1 million head. 

The United States has the 4th largest cattle inventory in the world, behind China and a head of Ethiopia.

World 1,467,548,724
Rank Country Head % Of Total
1 Brazil 211,764,292 14.43%
2 India 189,000,000 12.88%
3 China 113,500,000 7.73%
4 United States 89,299,600 6.08%
5 Ethiopia 54,000,000 3.68%
6 Argentina 51,095,000 3.48%
7 Sudan  41,917,000 2.86%
8 Pakistan 38,299,000 2.61%
9 Mexico 32,402,461 2.21%
10 Australia 29,290,769 2.00%
11 Tanzania 24,531,673 1.67%
12 Bangladesh 24,000,000 1.64%
13 Colombia 23,141,388 1.58%
14 Nigeria 20,000,000 1.36%
15 Russian Federation 19,930,354 1.36%
16 France 19,095,797 1.30%
17 Kenya 18,138,500 1.24%
18 Indonesia 16,607,000 1.13%
19 Venezuela 14,500,000 0.99%
20 Myanmar 14,350,000 0.98%
21 South Africa 14,000,000 0.95%
22 Turkey 13,916,924 0.95%
23 Paraguay 13,376,456 0.91%
24 Uganda 13,020,000 0.89%
25 Germany 12,587,020 0.86%
26 Canada 12,215,000 0.83%
27 Uruguay 11,500,000 0.78%
28 Niger 10,200,000 0.70%
29 New Zealand 10,182,122 0.69%
30 Uzbekistan 10,141,300 0.69%
31 Madagascar 10,030,000 0.68%
32 Mali 10,012,966 0.68%
33 United Kingdom 9,844,000 0.67%
34 Burkina Faso 8,912,532 0.61%
35 Bolivia  8,847,434 0.60%
36 Iran  8,670,000 0.59%
37 Chad 7,800,000 0.53%
38 Nepal 7,274,022 0.50%
39 Ireland 6,902,600 0.47%
40 Italy 6,091,500 0.42%
41 Poland 5,859,541 0.40%
42 Kazakhstan 5,851,227 0.40%
43 Cameroon 5,805,297 0.40%
44 Spain 5,696,910 0.39%
45 Peru 5,556,188 0.38%
46 Afghanistan 5,235,000 0.36%
47 Viet Nam 5,156,727 0.35%
48 Zimbabwe 5,150,000 0.35%
49 Thailand 5,147,521 0.35%
50 Ecuador 5,134,122 0.35%
51 Guinea 5,000,000 0.34%
52 Egypt 4,950,000 0.34%
53 Somalia 4,870,000 0.33%
54 Angola 4,790,599 0.33%
55 Ukraine 4,645,900 0.32%
56 Belarus 4,367,000 0.30%
57 CAR 4,300,000 0.29%
58 Cuba 4,092,200 0.28%
59 Japan 4,065,000 0.28%
60 Zambia 4,026,658 0.27%
61 Netherlands 3,999,220 0.27%
62 Nicaragua 3,740,000 0.25%
63 Senegal 3,430,000 0.23%
64 Guatemala 3,367,200 0.23%
65 South Korea 3,342,131 0.23%
66 Chile 3,305,365 0.23%
67 Morocco 3,172,980 0.22%
68 Dominican Republic 3,000,000 0.20%
69 Mongolia 2,909,456 0.20%
70 Cambodia 2,900,000 0.20%
71 Iraq 2,780,000 0.19%
72 Honduras 2,774,000 0.19%
73 Botswana 2,500,000 0.17%
74 Philippines 2,497,908 0.17%
75 Belgium 2,454,704 0.17%
76 Azerbaijan 2,442,373 0.17%
77 Namibia 2,370,000 0.16%
78 Turkmenistan 2,270,000 0.15%
79 Benin 2,116,000 0.14%
80 Eritrea 2,080,000 0.14%
81 Tajikistan 2,043,725 0.14%
82 Romania 2,009,135 0.14%
83 Austria 1,955,618 0.13%
84 Algeria 1,909,455 0.13%
85 Mauritania 1,850,000 0.13%
86 Panama 1,727,300 0.12%
87 Yemen 1,722,000 0.12%
88 Lao People's DR 1,700,000 0.12%
89 Mozambique 1,690,000 0.12%
90 Denmark 1,614,644 0.11%
91 Ghana 1,590,000 0.11%
92 Côte d'Ivoire 1,585,585 0.11%
93 Switzerland 1,563,214 0.11%
94 Sweden 1,496,526 0.10%
95 Portugal 1,471,000 0.10%
96 Haiti 1,465,000 0.10%
97 Kyrgyzstan 1,404,168 0.10%
98 Czech Republic 1,352,822 0.09%
99 Costa Rica 1,300,000 0.09%
100 Malawi 1,241,744 0.08%
101 Sri Lanka 1,139,520 0.08%
102 Rwanda 1,132,231 0.08%
103 Georgia 1,128,800 0.08%
104 SAR 1,113,225 0.08%
105 Serbia 913,144 0.06%
106 Finland 911,847 0.06%
107 El Salvador 893,308 0.06%
108 Norway 849,984 0.06%
109 Burundi 777,786 0.05%
110 Hungary 760,000 0.05%
111 Malaysia 751,782 0.05%
112 Congo 750,000 0.05%
113 Lithuania 729,200 0.05%
114 Greece 679,000 0.05%
115 Guinea-Bissau 670,000 0.05%
116 Lesotho 665,000 0.05%
117 Armenia 661,003 0.05%
118 Tunisia 646,157 0.04%
119 Swaziland 635,000 0.04%
120 Sierra Leone 578,000 0.04%
121 North Korea 576,000 0.04%
122 Bulgaria 526,112 0.04%
123 Saudi Arabia 510,000 0.03%
124 Slovakia 471,091 0.03%
125 Albania 468,082 0.03%
126 Israel 465,000 0.03%
127 Slovenia 460,063 0.03%
128 Bosnia 446,893 0.03%
129 Croatia 442,000 0.03%
130 Gambia 436,054 0.03%
131 Togo 435,000 0.03%
132 Latvia 393,000 0.03%
133 Puerto Rico 380,000 0.03%
134 Oman 350,000 0.02%
135 Bhutan 348,990 0.02%
136 Congo 337,000 0.02%
137 Fiji 312,000 0.02%
138 Djibouti 298,000 0.02%
139 Estonia 261,400 0.02%
140 Macedonia 238,333 0.02%
141 Libya 198,500 0.01%
142 Luxembourg 193,623 0.01%
143 Republic of Moldova 191,200 0.01%
144 Vanuatu 173,000 0.01%
145 Jamaica 170,000 0.01%
146 Timor-Leste 160,000 0.01%
147 Taiwan 143,009 0.01%
148 Belize 113,150 0.01%
149 Guyana 112,900 0.01%
150 UAE 108,500 0.01%
151 Papua New Guinea 93,000 0.01%
152 New Caledonia 92,000 0.01%
153 Montenegro 84,701 0.01%
154 Lebanon 80,500 0.01%
155 Guadeloupe 75,000 0.01%
156 Jordan 69,100 0.00%
157 Iceland 68,014 0.00%
158 Cyprus 57,080 0.00%
159 Comoros 50,000 0.00%
160 Suriname 46,060 0.00%
161 Liberia 42,000 0.00%
162 Gabon 38,000 0.00%
163 Kuwait 36,000 0.00%
164 Trinidad 34,500 0.00%
165 Palestinian Territory 33,980 0.00%
166 Réunion 30,000 0.00%
167 Samoa 30,000 0.00%
168 Cabo Verde 22,752 0.00%
169 French Guiana 18,370 0.00%
170 Martinique 17,000 0.00%
171 Malta 15,220 0.00%
172 Solomon Islands 15,000 0.00%
173 Dominica 14,000 0.00%
174 Micronesia  14,000 0.00%
175 Tonga 11,700 0.00%
176 Barbados 11,200 0.00%
177 Qatar 11,000 0.00%
178 Saint Lucia 11,000 0.00%
179 Bahrain 10,500 0.00%
180 Montserrat 10,000 0.00%
181 Virgin Islands 8,100 0.00%
182 French Polynesia 7,400 0.00%
183 Mauritius 7,000 0.00%
184 Saint Kitts  6,500 0.00%
185 Liechtenstein 6,010 0.00%
186 Equatorial Guinea 5,300 0.00%
187 Antigua  5,000 0.00%
188 Saint Vincent 5,000 0.00%
189 Grenada 4,500 0.00%
190 Falkland Islands 4,300 0.00%
191 BVI 2,400 0.00%
192 Faroe Islands 2,300 0.00%
193 Cayman Islands 1,950 0.00%
194 Hong Kong 1,700 0.00%
195 Sao Tome 1,141 0.00%
196 Brunei  800 0.00%
197 Bahamas 750 0.00%
198 Saint Helena 700 0.00%
199 Netherlands 670 0.00%
200 Bermuda 660 0.00%
201 Seychelles 300 0.00%
202 Singapore 200 0.00%
203 Guam 140 0.00%
204 Cook Islands 130 0.00%
205 Niue 115 0.00%
206 American Samoa 110 0.00%
207 Wallis 60 0.00%
208 Saint Pierre 36 0.00%
209 Greenland 15 0.00%
Source:  FAOstat.org (2013)