Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Association between inflammatory potential of diet and risk of lung cancer among smokers in a prospective study in Singapore

  • Original Contribution
  • Published:
European Journal of Nutrition Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

Diet and inflammation have been suggested to be important risk factors for lung cancer. We examined the ability of the dietary inflammatory index (DII®) to predict lung cancer in the Singapore Chinese Health Study (SCHS). The DII is a diet quality index based on the literature linking foods and nutrients with inflammatory biomarkers.

Patients and methods

Using data from the SCHS for 60,232 participants, including 1851 lung cancer cases, we investigated the associations of baseline DII scores calculated from a food frequency questionnaire with risk of developing lung cancer over an average of 17.6 years of follow-up. Hazard ratios (HR) were estimated using Cox regression, adjusting for smoking status and other risk factors.

Results

After excluding cancers diagnosed in the first 2 years of follow-up, the DII was non-significantly associated with risk of lung cancer (HRQ5vsQ1 = 1.13; 95% CI 0.94–1.35; P-trend = 0.24) after adjusting for age, dialect group, sex, interview year, education, body mass index, total calorie intake, physical activity and various smoking variables. In stratified analysis, stronger, statistically significant associations were evident in current smokers (HR 1.44; 95% CI 1.11–1.86; Ptrend = 0.03, P for interaction = 0.003) and in male ever-smokers (HRQ5vsQ1 = 1.37; 95% CI 1.07–1.77; P-trend = 0.03).

Conclusion

A pro-inflammatory diet, as shown by higher DII scores, is associated with an elevated risk of lung cancer for subjects with a history of smoking. Public health measures should be adopted to promote consumption of a healthy, anti-inflammatory diet to reduce the risk of lung cancer, especially in current and former smokers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J, Jemal A (2015) Global cancer statistics, 2012. Cancer J Clin 65(2):87–108. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Singapore Cancer Registry, Interim Annual Report (Trends in Cancer Incidence in Singapore 2010–2014)

  3. Lim WY, Tan CS, Loy EY, Omkar Prasad R, Seow A, Chia KS (2014) Lung cancer incidence in Singapore: ethnic and gender differences. Lung Cancer 84(1):23–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.01.007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Orozco-Morales M, Soca-Chafre G, Barrios-Bernal P, Hernandez-Pedro N, Arrieta O (2016) Interplay between cellular and molecular inflammatory mediators in lung cancer. Mediators Inflamm 2016:3494608. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3494608

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Chaturvedi AK, Caporaso NE, Katki HA, Wong HL, Chatterjee N, Pine SR, Chanock SJ, Goedert JJ, Engels EA (2010) C-reactive protein and risk of lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 28(16):2719–2726. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.27.0454

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Shiels MS, Pfeiffer RM, Hildesheim A, Engels EA, Kemp TJ, Park JH, Katki HA, Koshiol J, Shelton G, Caporaso NE, Pinto LA, Chaturvedi AK (2013) Circulating inflammation markers and prospective risk for lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 105(24):1871–1880. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djt309

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans (2004) International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) volume 83 (Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking, Lyon, France)

  8. Shiels MS, Katki HA, Freedman ND, Purdue MP, Wentzensen N, Trabert B, Kitahara CM, Furr M, Li Y, Kemp TJ, Goedert JJ, Chang CM, Engels EA, Caporaso NE, Pinto LA, Hildesheim A, Chaturvedi AK (2014) Cigarette smoking and variations in systemic immune and inflammation markers. J Natl Cancer Inst. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/dju294

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Arnson Y, Shoenfeld Y, Amital H (2010) Effects of tobacco smoke on immunity, inflammation and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 34(3):J258–J265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2009.12.003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. de Mello VD, Schwab U, Kolehmainen M, Koenig W, Siloaho M, Poutanen K, Mykkanen H, Uusitupa M (2011) A diet high in fatty fish, bilberries and wholegrain products improves markers of endothelial function and inflammation in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism in a randomised controlled trial: the Sysdimet study. Diabetologia 54(11):2755–2767

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Khoo J, Piantadosi C, Duncan R, Worthley SG, Jenkins A, Noakes M, Worthley MI, Lange K, Wittert GA (2011) Comparing effects of a low-energy diet and a high-protein low-fat diet on sexual and endothelial function, urinary tract symptoms, and inflammation in obese diabetic men. J Sex Med 8(10):2868–2875

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Wang M, Qin S, Zhang T, Song X, Zhang S (2015) The effect of fruit and vegetable intake on the development of lung cancer: a meta-analysis of 32 publications and 20,414 cases. Eur J Clin Nutr 69(11):1184–1192. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2015.64

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Estruch R, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Corella D, Salas-Salvado J, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Covas MI, Fiol M, Gomez-Gracia E, Lopez-Sabater MC, Vinyoles E, Aros F, Conde M, Lahoz C, Lapetra J, Saez G, Ros E (2006) Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 145(1):1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Johansson-Persson A, Ulmius M, Cloetens L, Karhu T, Herzig KH, Onning G (2013) A high intake of dietary fiber influences C-reactive protein and fibrinogen, but not glucose and lipid metabolism, in mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects. Eur J Nutr 7:7

    Google Scholar 

  15. Butler LM, Montague JA, Koh WP, Wang R, Yu MC, Yuan JM (2013) Fried meat intake is a risk factor for lung adenocarcinoma in a prospective cohort of Chinese men and women in Singapore. Carcinogenesis 34(8):1794–1799. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgt113

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Shivappa N, Steck SE, Hurley TG, Hussey JR, Hebert JR (2014) Designing and developing a literature-derived, population-based dietary inflammatory index. Public Health Nutr 17(8):1689–1696. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013002115

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Cavicchia PP, Steck SE, Hurley TG, Hussey JR, Ma Y, Ockene IS, Hébert JR (2009) A new dietary inflammatory index predicts interval changes in high-sensitivity c-reactive protein. J Nutr 139(12):2365–2372

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Shivappa N, Steck SE, Hurley TG, Hussey JR, Ma Y, Ockene IS, Tabung F, Hebert JR (2014) A population-based dietary inflammatory index predicts levels of C-reactive protein in the Seasonal Variation of Blood Cholesterol Study (SEASONS). Public Health Nutr 17(8):1825–1833. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013002565

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Tabung FK, Steck SE, Zhang J, Ma Y, Liese AD, Agalliu I, Hingle M, Hou L, Hurley TG, Jiao L, Martin LW, Millen AE, Park HL, Rosal MC, Shikany JM, Shivappa N, Ockene JK, Hebert JR (2015) Construct validation of the dietary inflammatory index among postmenopausal women. Ann Epidemiol 25(6):398–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.03.009

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Shivappa N, Hebert JR, Marcos A, Diaz LE, Gomez S, Nova E, Michels N, Arouca A, Gonzalez-Gil E, Frederic G, Gonzalez-Gross M, Castillo MJ, Manios Y, Kersting M, Gunter MJ, De Henauw S, Antonios K, Widhalm K, Molnar D, Moreno L, Huybrechts I (2017) Association between dietary inflammatory index and inflammatory markers in the HELENA study. Mol Nutr Res. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201600707

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Shivappa N, Wirth MD, Hurley TG, Hebert JR (2017) Association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and telomere length and C-reactive protein from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-1999–2002. Mol Nutr Food Res. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201600630

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Vahid F, Shivappa N, Hekmatdoost A, Hebert JR, Davoodi SH, Sadeghi M (2017) Association between Maternal Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and Abortion in Iranian Women and Validation of DII with serum concentration of inflammatory factors: case–control study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 42 (5):511–516. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2016-0274

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Wood LG, Shivappa N, Berthon BS, Gibson PG, Hebert JR (2015) Dietary inflammatory index is related to asthma risk, lung function and systemic inflammation in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy J Brit Soc Allergy Clin Immunol 45(1):177–183. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12323

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Wirth MD, Shivappa N, Davis L, Hurley TG, Ortaglia A, Drayton R, Blair SN, Hebert JR (2017) Construct validation of the dietary inflammatory index among African Americans. J Nutr Health Aging 21(5):487–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-016-0775-1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Wirth MD, Burch J, Shivappa N, Violanti JM, Burchfiel CM, Fekedulegn D, Andrew ME, Hartley TA, Miller DB, Mnatsakanova A, Charles LE, Steck SE, Hurley TG, Vena JE, Hebert JR (2014) Association of a dietary inflammatory index with inflammatory indices and metabolic syndrome among police officers. J Occup Environ Med Am Coll Occup Environ Med 56(9):986–989. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Shivappa N, Zucchetto A, Montella M, Serraino D, Steck SE, La Vecchia C, Hebert JR (2015) Inflammatory potential of diet and risk of colorectal cancer: a case–control study from Italy. Br J Nutr 114(1):152–158. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114515001828

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Shivappa N, Godos J, Hébert J, Wirth M, Piuri G, Speciani A, Grosso G (2017) Dietary Inflammatory index and colorectal cancer risk—a meta-analysis. Nutrients 9(9):1043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Shivappa N, Bosetti C, Zucchetto A, Serraino D, La Vecchia C, Hebert JR (2014) Dietary inflammatory index and risk of pancreatic cancer in an Italian case–control study. Br J Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114514003626

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Shivappa N, Hebert JR, Polesel J, Zucchetto A, Crispo A, Montella M, Franceschi S, Rossi M, La Vecchia C, Serraino D (2016) Inflammatory potential of diet and risk for hepatocellular cancer in a case–control study from Italy. Br J Nutr 115(2):324–331. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114515004419

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Shivappa N, Blair CK, Prizment AE, Jacobs DR, Hebert JR (2016) Prospective study of the dietary inflammatory index and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Mol Nutr Food Res. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201600592

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Shivappa N, Hébert JR, Rosato V, Rossi M, Libra M, Montella M, Serraino D, La Vecchia C dietary inflammatory index and risk of Bladder Cancer in a Large italian case–control study. Urology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2016.09.026

  32. Shivappa N, Hebert JR, Rosato V, Serraino D, La Vecchia C (2016) Inflammatory potential of diet and risk of laryngeal cancer in a case–control study from Italy. Cancer Causes Control 27(8):1027–1034. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-016-0781-y

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Hodge AM, Bassett JK, Shivappa N, Hebert JR, English DR, Giles GG, Severi G (2016) Dietary inflammatory index, Mediterranean diet score, and lung cancer: a prospective study. Cancer Causes Control 27(7):907–917. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-016-0770-1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Maisonneuve P, Shivappa N, Hebert JR, Bellomi M, Rampinelli C, Bertolotti R, Spaggiari L, Palli D, Veronesi G, Gnagnarella P (2016) Dietary inflammatory index and risk of lung cancer and other respiratory conditions among heavy smokers in the COSMOS screening study. Eur J Nutr 55(3):1069–1079. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-0920-3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Robbins CS, Pouladi MA, Fattouh R, Dawe DE, Vujicic N, Richards CD, Jordana M, Inman MD, Stampfli MR (2005) Mainstream cigarette smoke exposure attenuates airway immune inflammatory responses to surrogate and common environmental allergens in mice, despite evidence of increased systemic sensitization. J Immunol 175(5):2834–2842

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Shiels MS, Katki HA, Hildesheim A, Pfeiffer RM, Engels EA, Williams M, Kemp TJ, Caporaso NE, Pinto LA, Chaturvedi AK (2015) Circulating inflammation markers, risk of lung cancer, and utility for risk stratification. J Natl Cancer Inst. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djv199

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Gajanan G, Bohra C, Nanjappa S, Greene JN (2016) Chronic infections leading to squamous cell carcinoma from chronic inflammation: a case report and review of all causes. Infect Dis Clin Pract 24(3):133–137. https://doi.org/10.1097/ipc.0000000000000349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Shivappa N, Hebert JR, Rashidkhani B (2015) Dietary inflammatory index and risk of esophageal squamous cell cancer in a case–control study from Iran. Nutr Cancer 67(8):1253–1259. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2015.1082108

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Shivappa N, Zucchetto A, Serraino D, Rossi M, La Vecchia C, Hebert JR (2015) Dietary inflammatory index and risk of esophageal squamous cell cancer in a case–control study from Italy. Cancer Causes Control 26(10):1439–1447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-015-0636-y

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Shivappa N, Hebert JR, Zucchetto A, Montella M, Libra M, Garavello W, Rossi M, La Vecchia C, Serraino D (2016) Increased risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with increasing levels of diet-associated inflammation in an Italian case–control study. Nutr Cancer 68(7):1123–1130. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2016.1216137

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Shivappa N, Hebert JR, Rosato V, Garavello W, Serraino D, La Vecchia C (2017) Inflammatory potential of diet and risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer in a large case–control study from Italy. Int J Cancer 141(3):471–479. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.30711

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Hankin JH, Stram DO, Arakawa K, Park S, Low SH, Lee HP, Yu MC (2001) Singapore Chinese Health Study: development, validation, and calibration of the quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Nutr Cancer 39(2):187–195. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327914nc392_5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Seow A, Shi CY, Chung FL, Jiao D, Hankin JH, Lee HP, Coetzee GA, Yu MC (1998) Urinary total isothiocyanate (ITC) in a population-based sample of middle-aged and older Chinese in Singapore: relationship with dietary total ITC and glutathione S-transferase M1/T1/P1 genotypes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 7(9):775–781

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Willett WC, Howe GR, Kushi LH (1997) Adjustment for total energy intake in epidemiologic studies. Am J Clin Nutr 65(4 Suppl):1220S–1228S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/65.4.1220S (discussion 1229S–1231S)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Pine SR, Mechanic LE, Enewold L, Chaturvedi AK, Katki HA, Zheng YL, Bowman ED, Engels EA, Caporaso NE, Harris CC (2011) Increased levels of circulating interleukin 6, interleukin 8, C-reactive protein, and risk of lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 103(14):1112–1122. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djr216

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Plurphanswat N, Rodu B (2014) The association of smoking and demographic characteristics on body mass index and obesity among adults in the US, 1999–2012. BMC Obes 1(1):18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40608-014-0018-0

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Pries R, Wollenberg B (2006) Cytokines in head and neck cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 17(3):141–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2006.02.001

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Milagro FI, Mansego ML, De Miguel C, Martinez JA (2013) Dietary factors, epigenetic modifications and obesity outcomes: progresses and perspectives. Mol Aspects Med 34(4):782–812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2012.06.010

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Tili E, Michaille JJ, Croce CM (2013) MicroRNAs play a central role in molecular dysfunctions linking inflammation with cancer. Immunol Rev 253:167–184. https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12050

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Fosslien E (2000) Molecular pathology of cyclooxygenase-2 in neoplasia. Ann Clin Lab Sci 30(1):3–21

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Bonomi M, Patsias A, Posner M, Sikora A (2014) The role of inflammation in head and neck cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol 816:107–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0837-8_5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Schwartz AG, Cote ML (2016) Epidemiology of lung cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol 893:21–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24223-1_2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Ohsawa M, Okayama A, Nakamura M, Onoda T, Kato K, Itai K, Yoshida Y, Ogawa A, Kawamura K, Hiramori K (2005) CRP levels are elevated in smokers but unrelated to the number of cigarettes and are decreased by long-term smoking cessation in male smokers. Prev Med 41(2):651–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2005.02.002

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Palaniappan U, Starkey LJ, O’Loughlin J, Gray-Donald K (2001) Fruit and vegetable consumption is lower and saturated fat intake is higher among Canadians reporting smoking. J Nutr 131(7):1952–1958

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Alkerwi A, Baydarlioglu B, Sauvageot N, Stranges S, Lemmens P, Shivappa N, Hebert JR (2017) Smoking status is inversely associated with overall diet quality: findings from the ORISCAV-LUX study. Clin Nutr 36(5):1275–1282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2016.08.013

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Kiefer Ingrid R, Theres MK (June 2005) Eating and dieting differences in men and women. J Men’s Health Gender 2(2):194–201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Samet JM, Avila-Tang E, Boffetta P, Hannan LM, Olivo-Marston S, Thun MJ, Rudin CM (2009) Lung cancer in never smokers: clinical epidemiology and environmental risk factors. Clin Cancer Res 15(18):5626–5645. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0376

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Yuan JM, Butler LM, Gao YT, Murphy SE, Carmella SG, Wang R, Nelson HH, Hecht SS (2014) Urinary metabolites of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and volatile organic compounds in relation to lung cancer development in lifelong never smokers in the Shanghai Cohort Study. Carcinogenesis 35(2):339–345. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgt352

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Smyth MJ, Dunn GP, Schreiber RD (2006) Cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting: the roles of immunity in suppressing tumor development and shaping tumor immunogenicity. Adv Immunol 90:1–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2776(06)90001-7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Kennedy ET, Ohls J, Carlson S, Fleming K (1995) The healthy eating index: design and applications. J Am Diet Assoc 95(10):1103–1108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Jackson M, Tulloch-Reid M, Walker S, McFarlane-Anderson N, Bennett F, Francis D, Coard K (2013) Dietary patterns as predictors of prostate cancer in Jamaican men. Nutr Cancer 65(3):367–374

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Sjogren P, Becker W, Warensjo E, Olsson E, Byberg L, Gustafsson IB, Karlstrom B, Cederholm T (2010) Mediterranean and carbohydrate-restricted diets and mortality among elderly men: a cohort study in Sweden. Am J Clin Nutr 92(4):967–974. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2010.29345

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Sun Y, Li Z, Li J, Li Z, Han J (2016) A healthy dietary pattern reduces lung cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 8(3):134. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030134

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Vieira AR, Abar L, Vingeliene S, Chan DS, Aune D, Navarro-Rosenblatt D, Stevens C, Greenwood D, Norat T (2016) Fruits, vegetables and lung cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Oncol 27(1):81–96. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdv381

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Xue XJ, Gao Q, Qiao JH, Zhang J, Xu CP, Liu J (2014) Red and processed meat consumption and the risk of lung cancer: a dose–response meta-analysis of 33 published studies. Int J Clin Exp Med 7(6):1542–1553

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Kasala ER, Bodduluru LN, Barua CC, Gogoi R (2016) Antioxidant and antitumor efficacy of Luteolin, a dietary flavone on benzo(a)pyrene-induced experimental lung carcinogenesis. Biomed Pharmacother 82:568–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.05.042

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Sijtsma FP, Meyer KA, Steffen LM, Shikany JM, Van Horn L, Harnack L, Kromhout D, Jacobs DR Jr (2012) Longitudinal trends in diet and effects of sex, race, and education on dietary quality score change: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study. Am J Clin Nutr 95(3):580–586

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Wirth MD, Hebert JR, Shivappa N, Hand GA, Hurley TG, Drenowatz C, McMahon D, Shook RP, Blair SN (2016) Anti-inflammatory Dietary Inflammatory Index scores are associated with healthier scores on other dietary indices. Nutr Res 36(3):214–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2015.11.009

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Shivappa N, Hebert JR, Kivimaki M, Akbaraly T (2017) Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010, Dietary Inflammatory Index and risk of mortality: results from the Whitehall II cohort study and meta-analysis of previous Dietary Inflammatory Index and mortality studies. Br J Nutr 118(3):210–221. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114517001908

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Hodge AM, Bassett JK, Dugue PA, Shivappa N, Hebert JR, Milne RL, English DR, Giles GG (2018) Dietary inflammatory index or Mediterranean diet score as risk factors for total and cardiovascular mortality. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 28(5):461–469

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Dugué P-A, Hodge AM, Brinkman MT, Bassett JK, Shivappa N, Hebert JR, Hopper JL, English DR, Milne RL, Giles GG (2016) Association between selected dietary scores and the risk of urothelial cell carcinoma: A prospective cohort study. Int J Cancer 139(6):1251–1260

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank Siew-Hong Low of the National University of Singapore for supervising the field work of the Singapore Chinese Health Study. The Singapore Cancer Registry assisted with the identification of cancer outcomes via database linkages. Finally, we acknowledge the founding, long-standing Principal Investigator of the Singapore Chinese Health Study—Mimi C. Yu.

Funding

The Singapore Chinese Health Study was supported by Grants R01 CA144034 and UM1 CA182876 from the United States National Institute of Cancer. This imputation of dietary inflammatory index score was supported by the Italian Foundation for Cancer Research (FIRC). Drs. Shivappa and Hébert were supported by Grant number R44DK103377 from the United States National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. W-P Koh is supported by the National Medical Research Council, Singapore (NMRC/CSA/0055/2013).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nitin Shivappa.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

Dr. James R. Hébert owns controlling interest in Connecting Health Innovations LLC (CHI), a company planning to license the right to his invention of the dietary inflammatory index (DII) from the University of South Carolina to develop computer and smartphone applications for patient counseling and dietary intervention in clinical settings. Dr. Nitin Shivappa is an employee of CHI.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 24 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Shivappa, N., Wang, R., Hébert, J.R. et al. Association between inflammatory potential of diet and risk of lung cancer among smokers in a prospective study in Singapore. Eur J Nutr 58, 2755–2766 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-018-1825-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-018-1825-8

Keywords

Navigation