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Howard Liddle

Research Interests:
Research Interests:
This retrospective non-experimental study examined the short-term (2-year) and longer-term (5-year and 8-year) sustainment of 137 programs in Europe and North America implementing a single evidence-based practice (EBP), Multidimensional... more
This retrospective non-experimental study examined the short-term (2-year) and longer-term (5-year and 8-year) sustainment of 137 programs in Europe and North America implementing a single evidence-based practice (EBP), Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT). MDFT implementation and sustainment is based on the Stages of Implementation (SIC) model outlined by Saldana and colleagues. The study had two primary objectives: (1) to examine short-term and longer-term sustainment rates of MDFT in Europe and North America, and (2) to explore potential factors that may be associated with sustainment of MDFT in particular, and the potential implications for behavioral health EBPs more generally. Results show that 90% of MDFT programs were sustained for at least 2 years, 87% of the programs sustained for at least 5 years, and 70% for at least 8 years. These findings compare favorably with the previous research on implementing and sustaining evidence-based practices. The findings support the gro...
For some adolescent gamers, playing online games may become problematic, impairing functioning in personal, family, and other life domains. Parental and family factors are known to influence the odds that adolescents may develop... more
For some adolescent gamers, playing online games may
become problematic, impairing functioning in personal,
family, and other life domains. Parental and family factors
are known to influence the odds that adolescents may
develop problematic gaming (PG), negative parenting and
conflictual family dynamics increasing the risk, whereas
positive parenting and developmentally supportive family
dynamics protecting against PG. This suggests that a treatment
for adolescent PG should not only address the gaming
behaviors and personal characteristics of the youth, but
also the parental and family domains. An established
research-supported treatment meeting these requirements
is multidimensional family therapy (MDFT), which we
adapted for use as adolescent PG treatment. We report here
on one adaptation, applying in-session gaming.
In-session demonstration of the “problem behavior” is
feasible and informative in PG. In the opening stage of
therapy, we use in-session gaming to establish an alliance
between the therapist and the youth. By inviting them to
play games, the therapist demonstrates that they are taken
seriously, thus boosting treatment motivation.
Later in treatment, gaming is introduced in family sessions,
offering useful opportunities to intervene in family
members' perspectives and interactional patterns revealed
in vivo as the youth plays the game. These sessions can
trigger strong emotions and reactions from the parents and
youth and give rise to maladaptive transactions between
the family members, thus offering ways to facilitate new
discussions and experiences of each other. The insights
gained from the game demonstration sessions aid the
therapeutic process, more so than mere discussion about
gaming.
This retrospective non-experimental study examined the short-term (2-year) and longer-term (5-year and 8-year) sustainment of 137 programs in Europe and North America implementing a single evidence-based practice (EBP), Multidimensional... more
This retrospective non-experimental study examined the short-term (2-year) and longer-term (5-year and 8-year) sustainment of 137 programs in Europe and North America implementing a single evidence-based practice (EBP), Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT). MDFT implementation and sustainment is based on the Stages of Implementation (SIC) model outlined by Saldana and colleagues. The study had two primary objectives: (1) to examine short-term and longer-term sustainment rates of MDFT in Europe and North America, and (2) to explore potential factors that may be associated with sustainment of MDFT in particular, and the potential implications for behavioral health EBPs more generally. Results show that 90% of MDFT programs were sustained for at least 2 years, 87% of the programs sustained for at least 5 years, and 70% for at least 8 years. These findings compare favorably with the previous research on implementing and sustaining evidencebased practices. The findings support the growing consensus that not only start-up funding but also ongoing financing either through governments or third-party payors may be essential for longer-term sustainability of EBPs in both Europe and North America. This study also highlights the potential value of multi-site program networks. Future research directions are suggested, such as examination of the potential importance of the quality and nature of the EBP itself, adaptability to different organizations and clients, and providing high-quality structured and empowering training and quality assurance to sustain evidence-based behavioral health interventions. These programmatic and clinician-level factors are critical areas for further investigation into the sustainment of EBPs.
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Abstract 1. Attempts to move beyond the general guideline-proposing stage regarding the integration of approaches to family therapy by discussing some of the issues and problems inherent in a developing formulation of a... more
Abstract 1. Attempts to move beyond the general guideline-proposing stage regarding the integration of approaches to family therapy by discussing some of the issues and problems inherent in a developing formulation of a structural-strategic family therapy that relies heavily on such constructs as dialectics, the expandability and contractability of therapeutic contexts, and coevolution. A key area of focus in model construction will be in the decision-making process about such issues as what to include or omit.(49 ref)(PsycINFO Database Record ...
This article summarizes the 30+-year evidence base of Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT), a comprehensive treatment for youth substance abuse and antisocial behaviors. Findings from four types of MDFT studies are discussed: hybrid... more
This article summarizes the 30+-year evidence base of Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT), a comprehensive treatment for youth substance abuse and antisocial behaviors. Findings from four types of MDFT studies are discussed: hybrid efficacy/effectiveness randomized controlled trials, therapy process studies, cost analyses, and implementation trials. This research has evaluated various versions of MDFT. These studies have systematically tested adaptations of MDFT for diverse treatment settings in different care sectors (mental health, substance abuse, juvenile justice, and child welfare), as well as adaptations according to treatment delivery features and client impairment level, including adolescents presenting with multiple psychiatric diagnoses. Many published scientific reviews, including meta-analyses, national and international government publications, and evidence-based treatment registries, offer consistent conclusions about the clinical effectiveness of MDFT compared with...
This paper argues for a broadening of the very mission of family therapy training. This challenge to family therapy trainers is organized according to the following four-tiered schema: a) within family therapy, b) between family therapy... more
This paper argues for a broadening of the very mission of family therapy training. This challenge to family therapy trainers is organized according to the following four-tiered schema: a) within family therapy, b) between family therapy and psychotherapy, c) among family therapy and other related fields, and d) between family therapy and society. At each of these levels, important questions for family therapy trainers are posed and discussed.
BACKGROUND FACTORS AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS The main title of Danzer’s article—“Helping Adolescents Just Say No to Drugs”—invites clarification of both the orientation and specific methods of MDFT. In virtually any context, simply invoking... more
BACKGROUND FACTORS AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS The main title of Danzer’s article—“Helping Adolescents Just Say No to Drugs”—invites clarification of both the orientation and specific methods of MDFT. In virtually any context, simply invoking youth and drug use easily prompts associations to historically significant U.S. cultural events such as the War on Drugs and the Just Say No to Drugs campaigns. While planting adolescent substance abuse in our nation’s consciousness, the intervention strategies accompanying these efforts were starkly dissimilar to today’s researchsupportedapproaches.Contemporary thinkingandtechniques rely on contextual and developmental frameworks; on dynamic systems conceptualizations of human and multisystem processes; on interventions that include logic models of change incorporating theoretical and empirical elements; and on manual-guided prescriptions about an intervener’s multifaceted role and the intervention’s social context. Today’s notions about treating youth drug misuse represent a paradigm shift apart from a “Just Say No” strategy. Early reviews of research on teen drug treatment bemoaned methodological imperfections and, more fundamentally, the scarcity of controlled studies. Over the years a
This book was first published in 2006. Adolescent drug abuse is one of the most challenging disorders to treat. It impacts on schools, community-based programs, mental health and medical facilities, and juvenile justice settings. This... more
This book was first published in 2006. Adolescent drug abuse is one of the most challenging disorders to treat. It impacts on schools, community-based programs, mental health and medical facilities, and juvenile justice settings. This book provides practitioners, program developers and policy makers with practical information for improving outcomes in adolescent substance abuse. The authors cover a range of issues, including empirically based treatment development protocols, how to incorporate innovative treatment models into diverse clinical settings; research advances; interventions with special populations, culturally based intervention guidelines, and recommendations for practice and policy.
Abstract 1. This book presents a thorough and concise historical overview of the emerging science of family intervention, which is considered the applied branch of family psychology. Leading experts in the field present therapy... more
Abstract 1. This book presents a thorough and concise historical overview of the emerging science of family intervention, which is considered the applied branch of family psychology. Leading experts in the field present therapy techniques, procedures, and research strategies that are empirically based. Contributors stress the need to link research and practice so that questions targeted by researchers are those confronted by clinicians and results can directly influence the practice of family therapy. Also emphasized is the need to identify specific ...
Family-based treatments for adolescent drug abuse and related behavior problems have been developed and evaluated with success. Empirical support exists for the efficacy of family-based treatments, and process studies have begun to... more
Family-based treatments for adolescent drug abuse and related behavior problems have been developed and evaluated with success. Empirical support exists for the efficacy of family-based treatments, and process studies have begun to identify mechanisms by which these treatments may achieve their effects. This article discusses theory and related clinical refinements in a contemporary family-based intervention, multidimensional family therapy. Expansions in the theoretical basis of the model are discussed. I highlight 2 aspects of the ...
Page 1. Cannabis Youth Treatment Study Treatment Models: Principles, Interventions, & Mechanisms Susan H. Godley, RhD,* Guy Diamond, PhD., & Howard Liddle, EdD. Funded by: The Center for Substance Abuse Treatment... more
Page 1. Cannabis Youth Treatment Study Treatment Models: Principles, Interventions, & Mechanisms Susan H. Godley, RhD,* Guy Diamond, PhD., & Howard Liddle, EdD. Funded by: The Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT) Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA) US Department of Health & Human Services (DHHS) Page 2. Cannabis Youth Treatment Cooperative Agreement Executive Steering Committee Jean Donaldson, MA Project Officer Center for Substance Abuse Treatment Rockville, MD ...
1. Discusses the sociopolitical impact of teaching and learning family therapy in an intrapsychically oriented academic department. The author describes typical systemic resistances to family therapy training and the usual trainee... more
1. Discusses the sociopolitical impact of teaching and learning family therapy in an intrapsychically oriented academic department. The author describes typical systemic resistances to family therapy training and the usual trainee resistances to learning this new viewpoint. Recommendations for dealing with such difficulties are offered for both trainers and trainees.(11 ref)(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)
Page 1. Index (F[3, 1192]=3.5, p<.05), a measure of the frequency and intensity of recent drug use, the Substance Problem Index (F[3, 1192]=4.7, p<.0l), a count of the number of dependence and abuse symptoms experienced ...
1. this chapter is a comprehensive critical analysis of the family-therapy training and supervision literature/considers these developments to arrive at a contemporary assessment of family-therapy training and supervision (PsycINFO... more
1. this chapter is a comprehensive critical analysis of the family-therapy training and supervision literature/considers these developments to arrive at a contemporary assessment of family-therapy training and supervision (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Public Domain Notice All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission from SAMHSA or CSAT. Citation of the source is appreciated. However, this publication may not be... more
Public Domain Notice All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission from SAMHSA or CSAT. Citation of the source is appreciated. However, this publication may not be reproduced or distributed for a fee without the specific, written authorization of the Office of Communications, SAMHSA, DHHS.
... Nancy Angelovich, MA7, Rodney Funk, BS1, David Hodgkins, MCSE1, Tracy L. Karvinen, MA1, Jodi J. Leckrone, MA4, Susie Mindel-Panichelli ... c) have used marijuana in the past 90 days (or 90 days prior to being in a controlled... more
... Nancy Angelovich, MA7, Rodney Funk, BS1, David Hodgkins, MCSE1, Tracy L. Karvinen, MA1, Jodi J. Leckrone, MA4, Susie Mindel-Panichelli ... c) have used marijuana in the past 90 days (or 90 days prior to being in a controlled environment), and d) meet ASAM (1996) patient ...
Abstract This paper describes the training and supervisory components of a doctoral level, pre-internship clinical experience, designed to teach Ph. D. candidates a contextual or systemic approach to therapy. The training occurred in a... more
Abstract This paper describes the training and supervisory components of a doctoral level, pre-internship clinical experience, designed to teach Ph. D. candidates a contextual or systemic approach to therapy. The training occurred in a university-based departmental clinic which balanced the three interdependent areas of training, service and research. The therapeutic orientation was a problem-focused, goal-oriented, directive therapy candidates a contextual or systemic approach to therapy. The training designed to view and treat ...
Disconnection and disengagement are frequent characteristics of interactions between parents and adolescents who present with substance use disorders. Excessive blame, defensiveness, and recrimination characterize day-to-day interactions... more
Disconnection and disengagement are frequent characteristics of interactions between parents and adolescents who present with substance use disorders. Excessive blame, defensiveness, and recrimination characterize day-to-day interactions within these families. Developmental psychopathology research reveals both shortand long-term effects of negative emotional patterns between parents and adolescents on the young person’s development, as well as on the parents’ functioning and their parenting practices in particular. Persistent expression and experience of negative emotions are also associated with poor treatment outcome, as they act as barriers to treatment engagement and change. This article demonstrates how research-based knowledge can guide therapeutic strategy and how emotions can be transformed in an empirically supported, family-based treatment: multidimensional family therapy. Transcripts with commentary from an adolescent, a parent, and from family therapy sessions illustrate emotion-related interactional transactions and interventions.
Adolescent drug and alcohol abuse remains a serious health problem. Family-based treatments are recognized as among the most effective interventions for youth with drug and alcohol problems. This chapter presents the state of the science... more
Adolescent drug and alcohol abuse remains a serious health problem. Family-based treatments are recognized as among the most effective interventions for youth with drug and alcohol problems. This chapter presents the state of the science of the family-based adolescent substance abuse treatment field, summarizing the advances, methodological features, and outcomes of 36 randomized controlled trials, representing 18 distinct models of family-based therapies for youth substance abuse. The chapter reviews developments and gaps in this specialty, including theory issues, treatment development, research, and services for referred youths. The chapter also discusses the unknowns of the field, including the topic of treatment mechanisms and moderators, and deliberates on the complicated topic of implementing evidence-based therapies in usual care settings.
This study tested a family-based human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention approach integrated within an empirically supported treatment for drug-involved young offenders, Multidimensional Family... more
This study tested a family-based human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention approach integrated within an empirically supported treatment for drug-involved young offenders, Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT). A randomized, controlled, two-site community-based trial was conducted with 154 youth and their parents. Drug-involved adolescents were recruited in detention, randomly assigned to either MDFT or Enhanced Services as Usual (ESAU), and assessed at intake, 3, 6, 9, 18, 24, 36, and 42-month follow-ups. Youth in both conditions received structured HIV/STI prevention in detention and those in MDFT also received family-based HIV/STI prevention as part of ongoing treatment following detention release. Youth in both conditions and sites significantly reduced rates of unprotected sex acts and STI incidence from intake to 9 months. They remained below baseline levels of STI incidence (10%) over the 42-month follow-up period. At Site A, adolesce...
In October 1996, the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Prevention Research Branch convened experts in family-based prevention and intervention for a workshop titled" Measurement Issues for Family Prevention... more
In October 1996, the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Prevention Research Branch convened experts in family-based prevention and intervention for a workshop titled" Measurement Issues for Family Prevention Intervention." This 2-day symposium was devoted to the discussion and identification of outstanding family measures appropriate for use in studies of drug abuse prevention and intervention with youth. Researchers from the Oregon Social Learning Center (OSLC), the University of Miami's Center for Family ...
Abstract 1. Investigated the nature and scope of course work and practica training available within all 108 American Psychological Association-approved clinical and counseling psychology programs and 125 departments of counselor education... more
Abstract 1. Investigated the nature and scope of course work and practica training available within all 108 American Psychological Association-approved clinical and counseling psychology programs and 125 departments of counselor education granting the doctorate. Findings indicate that at least two-thirds of all faculty and students believe that there is departmental support for marriage and family therapy (MFT) training. 66% of clinical and counseling psychology departments and 33% of counselor education departments were ...
Abstract 1. This chapter provides an overview of the subspecialty within family psychology of family psychology intervention science and proposes areas of future study and expansion. The authors conclude that further work is required to... more
Abstract 1. This chapter provides an overview of the subspecialty within family psychology of family psychology intervention science and proposes areas of future study and expansion. The authors conclude that further work is required to develop reliable and valid measures that can be applied to the diversity of families as well as methodologies that can consider the variety of family structures and relationship patterns. The development of ways to successfully recruit and retain participants in longitudinal studies, particularly those from ...
Research Interests:

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