Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

The tendency to keep secrets in adolescents has been studied in particular in their relationships with their parents and associated with psychosocial disadvantages. The current study focused on peer relationships and investigated the effects of friendship quality, loneliness in a multidimensional perspective, and self-esteem on secrecy from friends. Italian adolescents (N = 457; 47% male; 100% white) aged between 13 and 19 years (M = 16.11; SD = 1.53) reported their secrecy from friends, peer and parent-related loneliness, aversion and affinity for aloneness, their self-esteem and the quality of their relationships with their friends. The results showed that peer-related loneliness, affinity for aloneness and self-esteem in particular affect keeping secrets from friends, independent of the participant's gender. Moreover, peer-related loneliness and affinity for aloneness mediated the relationship between self-esteem and secrecy. The data were discussed in the light of adolescenc...

Mental Health Disorders Among Young Offenders in Canada
[A Systematic Literature Review]

Author: Dr.Claude R.Shema, MD.Msc(c)
Program Director: Dr.Paul Buckland
Instructor: Dr. Dean Burnett
Cardiff University, School of Medicine                                 
2018
For full text, please contact the author: claude.shema@gmail.com


SUMMARY
Background
Juvenile delinquency behavior commonly known as young offenders in Canada has caught attention of some clinicians and researchers, and causes enormous anxiety among communities due to the juvenile delinquency behavior complexity and impacts in all aspect of offenders, families and community at large, and ultimately, families are often left with burden to deal with the outcomes. However, the common questions about young offenders in Canada possibly elsewhere in dealing with young offenders,  are the factors and direct causes of the juvenile delinquency, mental health associated with their behaviors, and what is possible treatment, and management and its efficacy.
Objective: The overall objective of this study was to understanding the prevalence of mental disorders associated with young offenders’ behaviors in Canada, types of psychiatric disorders and factors/causes and possible correlation with young offending behaviors or contributing factors to the juvenile delinquency.
Methods
In searching for most prevalent mental disorders among Canadian young offenders, this systematic review was conducted, based on original research papers and professional publications  in various mental health discipline,  including child  and adolescent psychiatry and clinical psychology. Additionally, clinical reports, psychiatric and forensic reports of juvenile individuals involved with justice and mental health services from different sources with potential and relevant information on justice involved youth with mental health issues in Canada. The author also examined the current treatment approach to prevent juvenile delinquency in Canada, and proposed biopsychosocial and multi-dimensional model for effective treatment of conduct disorders among Canadian young offenders.
Results
Through biopsychosical model and appraisal, the systematic literature review suggests that conduct disorder (CD) among young offenders in Canada is the most prominent psychiatric disorder associated with criminogenic behavior and juvenile delinquency at large. The review also suggests a high comorbidity rate of other psychiatric disorders associated with CD including among others: posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, learning disability, fetal alcohol syndrome disorder ( FASD), anxiety, opposition defiant disorder,  and substance abuse among Canadian young offenders population.
Conclusion
The findings reaffirm the urgency of mental disorders and correlates to  criminogenic risk factors associated with youth and offending behaviors among Canadian young offenders. Although aboriginal or first nation population is considered minority versus Caucasian Canadian population, the findings suggest a strong evidence of overpopulated aboriginal young offenders, and the same group of population is overrepresented in terms of mental disorders in this category, and significant evidence of high rate of potential socioeconomic aspect overlapping among aboriginal young offenders as well. Is there any association between residential school era and potential PTSD impact inheritability  or risk factors among aboriginal population  associated with juvenile delinquency and psychiatric disorders?
                                                                       
                                                                   



References
( To be completed)
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Brink, J., J. Livingston, S. Desmarais, C. Greaves, V. Maxwell, E. Michalak, R. Parent, S. Verdun-Jones, and C. Weaver. 2011. A Study of How People with Mental Illness Perceive and Interact with the Police. Calgary, Alberta: Mental Health Commission of Canada. http://www.mentalhealthcommission.ca (accessed January 7, 2015).
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Gaetz, S., J. Donaldson, T. Richter, and T. Gulliver. 2013. The State of Homelessness in Canada 2013. Toronto, Ontario: Canadian Homelessness Research Network Press.
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Gur, O.M. 2010. “Persons with mental illness in the criminal justice system: Police interventions to prevent violence and criminalization.” Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations. Vol. 10, no. 1–2. p. 220–240.
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Markowitz, F.E. 2011. “Mental illness, crime, and violence: Risk, context and social control.” Aggression and Violent Behavior. Vol. 16. p. 36–44. 
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Background and aims: Our primary goal was to determine and compare the anger expression strategies used by players of the two most popular online games, League of Legends and Fortnite Battle Royale, as well as those used by non-gamers.

Methods: The study sample was comprised of 450 subjects, of whom 338 were males and 112 females. The sample was further divided into four groups: 1. Non-gamers; 2. League of Legends gamers; 3. Fortnite gamers; and 4. League of Legends and Fortnite gamers. Anger attributes were measured using the validated Hungarian version of the 20-item Anger Expression Scale (Oláh 1987; Spielberger, 1985). Multinomial Logistic Regression was used to analyze the role of age and gender of the subjects to predict whether subjects were non-gamers or gamers. Subjects were further assessed by employing the Anger Expression Scale, which determines Anger-In (turning anger inwards or suppressing anger) and Anger-Out (expressing anger outwardly) profiles of individuals. The Anger-In and Anger-Out variables were added to the model.

Results: Compared to League of Legends gamers, Fortnite gamers had a more passive (Anger-In) anger expression strategy. Fortnite and League of Legends gamers possessed a more passive anger expression strategy relative to nongamers.

Discussion and conclusion: Further research is needed to determine whether the games themselves have a determining influence on the gamers anger expression strategy, or whether the gamers personality and anger expression strategy predisposed them to choose one game over the other.

ABSTRACT IN ROMANIAN
Această prezentare își propune o sinteză practică a aspectelor esențiale de diagnostic,  tratament și prevenție a celor mai frecvente afecțiuni mentale. Se pune accentul in mod deosebit pe terapiile non-farmacologice/non-medicamentoase ale bolilor psihice si pe componenta preventivă a tratamentelor în aceste afecțiuni.
#DONATIONS. Anyone can donate for dr. Dragoi’s independent research and original music at: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=AQYGGDVDR7KH2
*
ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH
This presentation aims at a practical synthesis/review of the essential elements of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the most common mental disorders. Particular emphasis is placed on non-pharmacological / non-drug therapies of psychiatric diseases and the preventive component of treatments in these disorders.
Authors:
Dr. Maria Roman, medic primar psihiatru, șef de secție femei cronic, Spitalul Municipal Sighetu Marmației; Competențe: psihoterapie integrativă și sistemică, hipnoză Ericksoniană, sexologie (www.facebook.com/PSIHOCONFORT/)
Coautor (documentare tehnoredactare parțiale): Dr. Andrei-Lucian Drăgoi, medic specialist pediatru (www.dragoii.com)
#DONATIONS. Anyone can donate for dr. Dragoi’s independent research and original music at: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=AQYGGDVDR7KH2

BORDERS & BELONGING:      
From Adversity to Diversity in Cultural Child & Family Psychiatry

Vincenzo Di Nicola, MPhil, MD, PhD, DFAPA
Professor of Psychiatry
University of Montreal

Abstract:

Objectives: To provide a perspective on a career in community and cultural child psychiatry through the triple lenses of children, families, and culture, focusing on culture change syndromes, migration, and trauma.

Methods: Employing the lenses of children, families, and culture, Di Nicola has argued throughout his career that we cannot simply add layers to our understanding of these domains but rather that these elements have to be brought into dialogue with each other, sometimes radically challenging each other: 1) To study children across culture is to revision how we think about development. 2) To take family therapy seriously is to radically rethink how we imagine all relationships, from attachment and belonging to diverse family configurations and evolving constructions of gender and sexuality. 3) It’s also true that for cultural psychiatry and family therapy to take children seriously, they have rethink received notions of families and culture. None of these domains are fixed, stable or unchanging - they are all in flux.

Results: This layered and dialogic approach to children, families, and culture led Di Nicola to forge these syntheses: 1) Cultural family therapy (transcultural psychiatry & family therapy). 2) Transcultural child psychiatry (child psychiatry & transcultural psychiatry). 3) Child- and family-centered global mental health (child & family psychiatry with the global mental health movement).

Conclusions: Beyond evidence-based medicine, child psychiatry is nourished by meaningful personal and professional values. Di Nicola concludes with metaphors that inspire his work from social adversity to cultural diversity: 1) “A stranger in the family” (title of his book on cultural family therapy that explores three levels of strangeness – the mentally ill child in the family, the family that finds itself estranged in society due to migration or other socio-cultural differences, and finally, the therapist who arrives as a stranger in their midst with often alien or estranging views of their predicament). 2) “Looking across at growing up” (developmental psychologist Charles Super’s view of anthropology's horizontal or cross-cultural approach). 3) “Cultural changelings” (children’s experience of migrating across all the domains relevant to culture, including class, gender, race, religion and other aspects of belonging and community).

Learning Objectives:

1. To provide a framework for the interaction of three crucial factors for child and family psychiatry: children (developmental psychology, developmental psychopathology), families (attachment theory, belonging, family systems theory and therapy), and culture (anthropology, cross-cultural psychology, transcultural psychiatry).

2. To demonstrate the relevance of the interaction of these domains with examples of their syntheses: (a) cultural family therapy (transcultural psychiatry with family therapy); (b) transcultural child psychiatry (transcultural psychiatry with child psychiatry; and (c) child- and family-centered global mental health (global mental health with child psychiatry and family therapy).

3. To give examples of theoretical implications of the interaction of child, family and cultural factors for culture-inclusive theories of child and family development and clinical examples of culture-bound and culture-change syndromes such as Selective Mutism and Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders.


Biography

Vincenzo Di Nicola, MPhil, MD, PhD, DFAPA is chief of child and adolescent psychiatry, Montreal University Institute for Mental Health, tenured full professor of psychiatry, University of Montreal, and clinical professor, The George Washington University. Dr. Di Nicola trained in psychology (McGill University, University of London) and medicine (McMaster University), with residencies in paediatrics and psychiatry (McGill), where his mentor was Professor Raymond Prince, and fellowships in family therapy (McGill) and child psychiatry (University of Ottawa). He later specialized in Refugee Trauma and Global Mental Health with Professor Richard Mollica at the Harvard Program in Refugee Trauma, leading to interdisciplinary investigations on trauma with a doctorate in philosophy (European Graduate School). Dr. Di Nicola was founding president of the Canadian Association of Social Psychiatry, co-founder and past chair of APA Caucus on Global Mental Health and Psychiatry, serving twice as President, APA Quebec District Branch. Currently, he is Representative to the APA Assembly and Chair, Assembly Committee on Psychiatric Diagnosis and DSM, as well as board member and Program Committee co-chair, Society for the Study of Psychiatry and Culture. He has won numerous scholarships and prizes throughout his career for both scientific and literary pursuits. Dr. Di Nicola characterizes his career as a community and cultural child and adolescent psychiatrist and cultural family therapist working with disadvantaged and cultural communities in Montreal, as well as teaching and consultations in child psychiatry and family therapy around the world, notably in Brazil and Haiti.

Povzetek Neizogibno sodelovanje med strokovnjaki v stanovanjskih skupinah in terapevtskih institucijah vseh vrst proizvaja zelo specifično in delikatno polje medsebojnih odnosov, ki so stalno na preizkušnji in v katerih se vprašanje avtoritete pogosto postavlja kot osrednje področje delovanja obeh institucij. Kot primer navaja situacijo v Vzgojnem zavodu Kranj, organiziranem v obliki petih stanovanjskih skupin, ki nama služi kot reprezentativen primer oblikovanja teh dvoumnih situacij, iz katerih težko sledi izpeljava kakršnihkoli konstruktivnih izhodišč, če celotne situacije ne preopredelimo z drugih zornih kotov. V tem primeru se izkaže, da lahko obe vrsti institucij medsebojno sodelujeta na več možnih načinov, vsi pa morajo temeljiti na jasno izraženih izhodiščih, jasnih pričakovanjih in razpoznavno razdeljenih vlogah delovanja.

[AMAZON LINK BELOW TO BOOK ITSELF
-- TOC and book summary in downloadable .pdf] 
According to the poet Elias Canetti, "All the things one has forgotten / scream for help in dreams." To the ancient Egyptians they were prophecies, and in world folklore they have often marked visitations from the dead. For Freud they were expressions of "wish fulfillment," and for Jung, symbolic representations of mythical archetypes. Although there is still much disagreement about the significance and function of dreams, they seem to serve as a barometer of current mind and body states.

In this volume, Deirdre Barrett brings together the study of dreams and the psychology of trauma. She has called on a distinguished group of psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers--among them Rosalind Cartwright, Robert J. Lifton, and Oliver Sacks--to consider how trauma shapes dreaming and what the dreaming mind might reveal about trauma. The book focuses on catastrophic events, such as combat, political torture, natural disasters, and rape. The lasting effects of childhood trauma, such as sexual abuse or severe burns, on personality formation, the nature of memories of early trauma, and the development of defenses related to amnesia and dissociation are all considered. The book also takes up trauma and adult dreams, including Vietnam veterans and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Holocaust survivors and perpetrators, rape victims, and firestorm survivors. Finally, this volume concludes with a look at the potential "traumas of normal life," such as divorce, bereavement, and life-threatening illness, and the role of dreams in working through normal grief and loss.

Taken together, these diverse perspectives illuminate the universal and the particular effects of traumatic experience. For physicians and clinicians, determining the etiology of nightmares offers valuable diagnostic and therapeutic insights for individual treatment. This book provides a way of juxtaposing the research in the separate fields of trauma and dreams, and learning from their discoveries.

Background: The study aimed to elucidate previously observed associations between morningness-eveningness and depressive symptomatology in university students. Relations between components of depressive symptomatology and morningness-eveningness were analysed.
Methods: Nine hundred and seventy-four university students completed Polish versions of the Centre for Epidemiological Studies – Depression scale (CES-D; Polish translation appended to this paper) and the Composite Scale of Morningness. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to test the structure of depressive symptoms. Pearson and partial correlations (with age and sex controlled), along with regression analyses with morning affect (MA) and circadian preference as predictors, were used.
Results: PCA revealed three components of depressive symptoms: depressed/somatic affect, positive affect, interpersonal relations. Greater MA was related to less depressive symptoms in three components. Morning circadian preference was related to less depressive symptoms in depressed/somatic and positive affects and unrelated to interpersonal relations. Both morningness-eveningness components exhibited stronger links with depressed/somatic and positive affects than with interpersonal relations. Three CES-D components exhibited stronger links with MA than with circadian preference. In regression analyses only MA was statistically significant for positive affect and better interpersonal relations, whereas more depressed/somatic affect was predicted by lower MA and morning circadian preference (relationship reversed compared to correlations).
Limitations: Self-report assessment.
Conclusions: There are three groups of depressive symptoms in Polish university students. Associations of MA with depressed/somatic and positive affects are primarily responsible for the observed links between morningness-eveningness and depressive symptoms in university students. People with evening circadian preference whose MA is not lowered have less depressed/somatic affect.

Background: The phenomenon of learning disability is increasingly occupying the centre stage all over the world. Still, there is no commonly agreed definition for the condition. Method: This study attempts a comparative analysis of the similarities or differences between 23 official definitions of learning disability derived from various sources. By using a quantitative-cum-qualitative systematic procedure of identification and listing the attributes, prioritizing and rank ordering them, assigning of appropriate weights before deducing their conceptual meaning, observations on the nomenclature and content characteristics of the definitions were created as basic data units to be undertaken in this analysis. Results: There is plurality of definitions amidst varying emphasis on nature or content of especially seven majorly identified attributes with little agreement on what qualities characterize the condition of learning disability. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of the need for quantifying or establishing the empirical veracity of the identified attributes before explicating a cohesive or meaningful overall re-statement on definition of learning disabilities. The need for cross cultural and transnational research is highlighted.

Ο Οδηγός Εφαρμογής Πρωτοκόλλου, συνοδεύει το Πρωτόκολλο Διερεύνησης, Διάγνωσης και Διαχείρισης Kακοποίησης και Παραμέλησης Παιδιών και αποτελεί το βασικό εργαλείο εκπαίδευσης για τους επαγγελματίες που καλούνται να ανταποκριθούν σε περιστατικά κακοποίησης και παραμέλησης παιδιών, γιατί έρχονται σε επαφή με παιδιά ή ασχολούνται ειδικά με παιδική θυματοποίηση ή ενδοοικογενειακή βία.

Depresja jest jedną z najczęściej rozpowszechnionych chorób psychicznych na świecie.
Młodzież niedostosowania społecznie obejmuje bardzo zróżnicowane grono jednostek
pod względem objawów. Niniejsza praca dyplomowa powstała na kanwie zainteresowań
badacza oraz znajomości miejsca, gdzie dokonywano badań – Młodzieżowego Ośrodka
Księży Orionistów przy ulicy Barskiej w Warszawie. Celem badań była ocena poziomu
depresyjności nastolatków w MOW-ie. Próba badana stanowiła 30 chłopców w wieku
14-18 lat. W przeprowadzonych badaniach posłużono się dwoma metodami – metodą
szacowania oraz metodą sondażu diagnostycznego. Wykorzystano odpowiednio dwie
techniki badawcze - skalę pomiarową (Skalę Depresji Hamiltona) oraz kwestionariusz
ankiety badający poziom niedostosowania społecznego. Na kanwie celu sformułowano
trzy pytania badawcze oraz odpowiednio do nich – hipotezy badawcze. Przy analizie
wyników badań posłużono się testem Shapiro-Wilka, współczynnikiem korelacji r
Pearsona oraz jednoczynnikową analizą wariancji. Z analizy można wysnuć kilka
następujących wniosków:
1. u 4 na 5 badanych (80%) występuje depresja o przynajmniej łagodnym
nasileniu,
2. najczęściej występującymi symptomami depresyjności wśród badanych są:
wczesne budzenie się nad ranem, nastrój depresyjny, lęk, niepokój i podniecenie
psychoruchowe oraz niechęć do podejmowania aktywności.
3. zachodzi istotny statystycznie, ujemny związek między wiekiem, a nasileniem
depresji; korelacja ta jest umiarkowanie silna – im wyższy wiek, tym mniejsze
nasilenie depresji,
4. nie potwierdzono istotnej statystycznie korelacji między nasileniem depresji, a
poziomem niedostosowania społecznego.

Street Children in Latin America examines the phenomenon of street-connected youth in Latin American countries, in particular, associations with mental illness and substance abuse. Children may be street-connected for many reasons, including being homeless. However, many street children do have family homes to return to, and their unsupervised presence in the urban environment is a consequence of their need to work. Nevertheless, exposure to traumatic events is extremely common among street children, some of which is due to family dysfunction, but also to the vulnerability associated with living or spending long periods in the urban environment. Evidence is limited, but street children in Latin American countries appear to be at high risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety disorders. Substance abuse is also a considerable problem, further challenging the mental health of street-connect youth. For geographical reasons, cocaine use is particularly associated with street children in Latin America. Inhalant abuse is also problematic, but as with other substances, this may be more associated with homeless street children as compared to domiciled and working children. Overall, street children in Latin America face a great number of challenges and risks to their mental health, most of which are consequences of the various correlates of extreme poverty, including lack of available mental health care, vulnerability to abuse, and family dysfunction.

"Il presente studio indaga la relazione tra il grado di autodeterminazione al comportamento solitario, il sentimento di solitudine e l’attitudine nei confronti di tale esperienza. A 1143 adolescenti di eta compresa tra i 14 e i 20 anni (M=16.71; DS= 1.52) sono stati somministrati il Frequency of and Autonomy for Solitary and Interpersonal Behavior (FASIB; Beiswenger, 2008) e il Louvain Loneliness Scale for Children and Adolescents (LLCA; Marcoen, Goossens, e Caes, 1987). Un’indagine sulle proprieta psicometriche del FASIB ne ha mostrato l’applicabilita nel contesto italiano (Studio 1). L’analisi delle correlazioni di Pearson ha evidenziato una relazione positiva tra motivazione autonoma al comportamento solitario e l’affinita per la solitudine. Il sentimento di solitudine nei confronti dei pari e correlato con la motivazione esterna al comportamento solitario e con l’assenza di motivazione (Studio 2). I dati supportano la teoria dell’autodeterminazione, sottolineando il ruolo dell’autonomia nella messa in atto dei comportamenti solitari.

Keywords: Solitudine, autodeterminazione, adolescenza, motivazione autonoma, motivazione controllata

The aim of this study was to investigate how individuals;who had been victims of school bullying;perceived their bullying experiences and how these had affected them;and to generate a grounded theory of being a victim of bullying at school. Twenty-one individuals;who all had prior experiences of being bullied in school for more than one year;were interviewed. Qualitative analysis of data was performed by methods from grounded theory. The research identified a basic process of victimising in school bullying;which consisted of four phases: (a) initial attacks;(b) double victimising;(c) bullying exit and (d) after-effects of bullying. Double victimising refers to a process in which there was an interplay between external victimising and internal victimising. Acts of harassment were repeatedly directed at the victims from their social environment at school – a social process that constructed and repeatedly confirmed their victim role in the class or the group. This external victimising affected the victims and initiated an internal victimising;which meant that they internalised the socially constructed victim-image and acted upon this image;which in turn often supported the bullies’ agenda and confirmed the socially constructed victim-image. The findings also indicate the possible positive effect of changing the social environment.

"The reviews of recent literature in the field reveal a significant growth in
the number of research studies on social anxiety disorder (SAD) in children and
adolescents. However, there is a lack of information and on-going debates on
different issues related to this disorder. This paper presents a look ahead toward
critical steps to extend our knowledge and improve the understanding of this
disorder. In particular, this paper reviews the nature of social anxiety symptoms
as well as etiological explanations for the disorder. Additionally, the issue of
evidence-based assessment and treatment of SAD is discussed, with a particular
focus on cognitive-behavioral interventions. We conclude with a discussion of
future directions for the field."

(abstract): The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V) should ensure systematic attention to age-specific manifestations and selective modifications of the diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among children and adolescents. The authors propose developmental refinements to the conceptual framework for PTSD based on an appreciation of the different neurosignatures of danger and safety, and maturational processes that underlie symptom presentation. This includes preliminary evidence for the developmental salience of additional dimensions for PTSD (e.g., recklessness and thrill-seeking). The authors provide conservative recommendations for DSM-V diagnostic criteria that primarily highlight age-related developmental manifestations that, if included in the accompanying text, would bring a richer appreciation of developmentally linked symptom presentations.

This column provides an overview
of child and adolescent mental
health services in Mexico, where
prevalence rates of mental disorders
among young people are up
to twice as high as U.S. and Canadian
rates. The mental health care
system in Mexico is underdeveloped
and underfunded, and for
the approximately 40% of the population
with no insurance, access
to and quality of care are particularly
poor. This column offers policy
recommendations aimed at
better meeting the needs of this
vulnerable population.

Adolescence is a crucial period for developing and maintaining social and emotional habits thus mental health issue among youth is not a new concern. This silent crisis among teenagers is usually disregarded and untreated. As students adapt to online learning during the pandemic, students experience difficulties in their studies due to academic pressure in a new environment learning. The research shows the correlation between distance learning and the student's mental health. Additionally, this will exhibit strategies in coping up with mental stressors.

Emotions in adolescence can be consideredfrom a variety of viewpoints. Although it is not uncommon to address this topic within nonclinical and clinical populations, examination of emotions in adolescence from a treatment or intervention perspective is more unusual. This article discusses the emotions in adolescence literature from the vantage point of a particular, empirically-testedfamily-based intervention model, multidimensionalfamily therapy. Addressing the contemporary challenge to specify how research can influence practice, the article shows how research-based concepts guideformulation of therapeutic strategy, as well as a therapist's in-session behavior. Transcripts with commentaryfrom afamily therapy sessionfocus on a core emotion-relatedproblem with clinical and mtany nonclinical adolescents and their parents-chronic, stable, quick-to-escalate negative emotional exchanges between an adolescent and parent.

İnsanoğlunun hayat serüveninde belki de en fazla zorlandığı evre ergenlik evresidir çünkü bu evrede yavaş yavaş çocukluktan çıkıp yetişkinliğe geçiş yapmakta olan bir birey, artık ne çocuktur ne de tam anlamıyla bir yetişkindir. Bu evre sadece ergenler için değil aynı zamanda ergenlik çağında çocuğu olan anne babalar, ergen öğrencileri olan öğretmenler ve hatta ergenlerle çalışan psikolojik danışmanlar için de oldukça zorludur.
Bu nedenle ergenler ve gençlerle çalışan psikolojik danışmanların bu evrenin doğasını iyi tanımaları, ergenlerin ve gençlerin karşı karşıya kalabilecekleri temel zorlukları iyi bilmeleri ve bu özel gruba yardım ederken hangi teknik ve stratejileri kullanmaları gerektiği konusunda iyi yetişmiş olmaları gerekir.
İşte hem kuram hem de uygulamada engin deneyime sahip Kathryn Geldard ve David Geldard tarafından kaleme alına bu kitap, ergenler ve gençlerle çalışan okul psikolojik danışmanları, psikologlar ve psikiyatristlerin ihtiyaçlarına göre hazırlanmıştır. Kuşkusuz kitabın, anılan mesleklere hazırlanan öğrenciler için de bir başvuru kitabı olduğu gözden kaçırılmamalıdır.
Kitapta, gençlerin ihtiyaçlarına yanıt verecek beceri ve stratejilere ayrıntılı bir biçimde yer verilmiş, bu beceri ve stratejiler örneklerle zenginleştirilmiştir. Her bölümün sonunda yer alan "Önemli Noktalar" o bölümde yer alan konuları sade bir biçimde özetlemektedir. Kitapta ayrıca, gençlerle çalışan danışmanlar için etik konulara da yer verilmiştir.

Cet article propose de prendre appui sur les apports théoriques de D.W. Winnicott pour penser le soin psychique auprès d’adolescents borderline accueillis en établissements médico-sociaux. En déployant un modèle psychothérapique
basé sur l’expérience des liens précoces parent-nourrisson
et les fonctions mobilisées dans les soins maternels, Winnicott a introduit un parallèle singulier avec les fonctions propres à la psychothérapie, s’éloignant parfois des enjeux strictement psychanalytiques. Des concepts tels que le holding, le handling et l’object presenting, déployés pour décrire les soins maternels, nous apparaissent ainsi être des analyseurs féconds pour penser le soin psychothérapique. À partir de réflexions sur les notions d’alliance thérapeutiques et de l’investissement dans le soin, cet écrit tend à mettre en avant l’idée de certaines fonctions spécifiques aux soins d’adolescents carencés au travers de ces quelques notions winnicottiennes.

Mots-clés : Winnicott, préoccupation soignante primaire,
investissement, alliance thérapeutique, cadre, dispositif,
adolescent, psychothérapie.
Summary
Starting from the theoretical contributions of D. W. Winnicott, this article proposes to think the psychic care with deprived borderline adolescents in medico-social institutions. By deploying a psychotherapeutic model, based on the experience of early parent-infant relationships and functions mobilized in maternal care, Winnicott has introduced a remarkable parallel with the psychotherapy functions, sometimes away from strictly psychoanalytic issues. Concepts such as the “holding”, the “handling” and the “object presenting”, made to describe maternal care, appear to be good analyzers in order to think the psychotherapeutic cure. Starting from reflections on therapeutic alliance and investment concepts in the care, this writing tends to emphasize the idea of specific functions in the cure of deprived adolescents through these few winnicottians notions.

Key words: Winnicott, primary caring preoccupation,
investment, therapeutic alliance, frame, setting, adolescent,
psychotherapy

Introduction
Early recognition and identification of gifted children in preschool age and the individual characteristics  is a matter of crucial importance for the further development in school, adolescence and adulthood. This study take place in Greece and is part of the doctoral research by the Psychology Department of the University «South-West University Neofit Rilski»

Purpose
The purpose of this study is : a) to identify and categorize the cognitive and emotional characteristics of gifted children aged 5-6 years and b) to recognize the psycho-emotional and learning needs of gifted children in school life.

Materials and Method
The sample consisted of 25 kindergarten students evaluated with the psychodiagnostic tool  WIPPSI -III  and with a informal semi-structured interview constructed by the researcher. The sample selection was based on the teacher’s descriptions for the abilities of these students. The analysis of the result based on the SPSS statistic program.

Results
The results support that the most frequent signs of giftedness found in this study included long attention span, excellent memory, early and extensive vocabulary development, psychomotor ability, curiosity, early reading ability, rapidity of learning, problem solving ability and exceptional aptitude for mathematical reasoning. The first results support the tendency of students to be communicative, have humour and good general knowledge. Many studies suggest that certain personality traits of the gifted child may appear early in life: perfectionism, emotional sensitivity, compassion, intensity. Almost all of the children studied appeared to have signs of emotional overexcitability. 

Conclusions
There is a clearly need for early identification of gifted students. Development of these children should be followed closely, with careful records, to assist identification. Personality characterics should be evaluated and not be confused with other diagnostic categories in child development. Psychological and emotional needs of these students, if sidelined, may involve in the future an increased risk for developing psychological and learning difficulties.

Global Mental Health & Psychiatry Review Special issue on the COVID-19 pandemic

GLOBAL MENTAL HEALTH & PSYCHIATRY REVIEW, Vol. 1 No. 2, Spring/Summer 2020, pp. 6-7.

"A Canadian Perspective on the Biomedical and Psychosocial Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children and Families"

Vincenzo Di Nicola, MPhil, MD, PhD, FRCPC, DFAPA

This brief article reviews what we know about COVID-19 in children and its psychosocial impacts on their health and mental health.

An overview of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, with an emphasis of its impact on children and families. The article examines the impacts of three public health practices: - Social distancing - Confinement - Adverse Childhood Events (ACE) - "The longest shadow"

Highlights

•  Benefit of parental involvement in therapy when parents exhibit high expressed emotion (EE).
•  Addition of parent training improves child's symptom reduction and diagnosis remission.
•  At follow-up, adolescents’ treatment outcomes were maintained.
• Parents’ EE status changed from high to low after receiving parent training.
. Decrease in parental EE level had further impact on the child's improvement.

Abstract
The role that parents’ involvement may play in improving their child's social anxiety is still under debate. This paper aimed to investigate whether training parents with high expressed emotion (EE) could improve outcomes for adolescent social anxiety intervention. Fifty-two socially anxious adolescents (aged 13–18 years), whose parents exhibited high levels of expressed emotion, were assigned to either (a) a school-based intervention with an added parent training component, or (b) a school-based program focused solely on intervening with the adolescent (no parental involvement). Post-treatment and 12-month follow-up findings showed that school-based intervention with parent training was superior to the adolescent-specific program, yielding significant reductions in diagnosis remission, social and depressive symptomatology, particularly when the EE status of parents changed. Overall, the findings suggest that high-EE parents of children with social anxiety need to be involved in their child's therapy.

Formal reading tests are unavailable in the country. This study seeks to develop, standardize and validate a reading protocol to profile reading errors and ascertain grade level performance. A standard group comparison design is used to empirically validate 'foundation' and 'intermediate' levels of a proposed 3-layered protocol comprising of 17-item examination list covering a sample of 302 children with learning disabilities with lag in reading between nursery-class four. Following standard procedure of tool construction, the developed instrument is shown to be amenable for routine clinical administration, scoring and interpretation based on norms derived in this study. Results show a developmental trend in achieving reading competencies with an identified list of errors. The reliability-validity estimate of the tool and qualitative observations on item analysis are reported while claiming its utility in diagnostic decision making as well as for planning remediation programs for such affected children.

Recent years have seen a substantial change in how children who challenge gender norms (referred to in this article as ‘‘Gender Independent’’) are regarded by professionals, by their families and by the public at large. Pathologized and treated for decades as a mental illness, childhood gender non-conformity would seem to be imbued with new meaning, as evidenced by a growing number of public voices claiming gender variance as part of human diversity. Call it a paradigm shift: from disorder to diversity, from treatment to affirmation, from pathology to pride, from cure to community. This commentary article reflects on recent shifts in language, shifts in identity options, and shifts in the focus of intervention with gender non-conforming children. Drawing on existing research and public discourse, I consider what the field of human sexuality can learn from ‘‘Gender Independence.’’

Résumé
La question du consentement aux soins est aujourd’hui centrale lorsque l’on traite de questions liées à l’éthique médicale. Elle concerne le respect de l’autonomie de la personne qui est au cœur de la loi de 2002 sur le droit des patients qui oblige le corps médical à recueillir le consentement du malade avant de lui administrer un traitement. Cette obligation est néanmoins problématique lorsqu’il s’agit d’enfants ou d’adolescents, qui sont sous la responsabilité de leurs tuteurs légaux. Peut-on s’autoriser à se passer de leur consentement sous prétexte que l’on n’y est pas obligé par la loi ? Il s’agit d’une question éthique cruciale, principalement dans le domaine de la psychiatrie où la relation entre le thérapeute et le patient est déterminante. Doit-on considérer qu’un patient parce qu’il est un enfant ou un adolescent souffrant de troubles psychiatriques n’a pas à donner son avis ? Ou doit-on tenter de rechercher avec lui le moyen de faire valoir sa parole pour qu’il devienne acteur de sa maladie et de ses traitements.

Abstract
The issue of consent to care is central today when dealing with issues related to medical ethics. It concerns respect for the autonomy of the person, which is at the heart of the Patient Rights Act of 2002, which requires the medical profession to obtain the patient's consent before administering treatment. This obligation is nevertheless problematic when it comes to children or adolescents who are under the responsibility of their legal guardians. Can we allow ourselves to do without their consent on the pretext that we are not obliged by law? This is a crucial ethical issue, mainly in the area of psychiatry where the relationship between the therapist and the patient is crucial. Should we consider that a patient, because he is a child or a teenager suffering from psychiatric disorders, does not have to give his opinion? Or should we help them to look for a way to make their voices heard so that they become an actor of their illness and its treatment?

L’auteur propose d’interroger un aménagement du dispositif dans le cadre de psychothérapies avec des « adolescents limites » au travers de leur utilisation des mediums multimédia et plus particulièrement de la musique. L’usage de la musique en séance convoque une expérience singulière tant pour le thérapeute que pour l’adolescent, pouvant conduire à un échange réciproque d’une expérience émotionnelle formant alors un véritable « Squiggle musical ». Cet aménagement figure une forme de communication où l’adolescent s’implique dans le dispositif en se l’appropriant. Le squiggle musical semble permettre de remobiliser des processus propres à l’expérience transitionnelle désormais bien connue chez le jeune enfant.
Mots-clés:
adolescence, communication, destin de l’objet transitionnel, dispositif, jeu, médium malléable, musique, squiggle, transitionnalité

The musical Squiggle
The author proposes to examine the adjustment of a setting in psychotherapies with “borderline teenagers”, through their use of multimedia mediums and music especially. The use of music in a therapeutic session recalls a singular experience for the therapist as well as for the adolescent, which can lead to a reciprocal exchange of an emotional experience forming a true “musical squiggle game”. This adjustment draws a form of communication which the teenager seizes and therefore involves himself in the setting. The musical squiggle seems to allow the remobilization of processes specific to the transitional experience henceforth well known concerning the young child.

Mastery of locomotor and language skills expands its participation in the outside world and stimulates omnipotent fantasies of wider exploration and conquest.
mode participation - active and intrusive
manifested - fervent curiosity and genital preoccupations, competitiveness, and physical aggression.
The Oedipus complex - child competes with the same-sex parent for the fantasized possession of the other parent.
Erikson - climax in a final contest for a favored position with one of the parents: failure leads to guilt and anxiety.