RESEARCH ARTICLE
Woman the hunter: The physiological evidence
Cara Ocobock,
Sarah Lacy,
Corresponding Author
Cara Ocobock
University of Notre Dame Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame Department of Gender Studies, Notre Dame, IN, USA
Eck Institute for Global Health, Institute for Educational Initiatives, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
Correspondence
Cara Ocobock, University of Notre Dame Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame Department of Gender Studies, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorSarah Lacy
University of Delaware, Department of Anthropology, Newark, DE, USA
Search for more papers by this author
Cara Ocobock,
Sarah Lacy,
Corresponding Author
Cara Ocobock
University of Notre Dame Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame Department of Gender Studies, Notre Dame, IN, USA
Eck Institute for Global Health, Institute for Educational Initiatives, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
Correspondence
Cara Ocobock, University of Notre Dame Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame Department of Gender Studies, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorSarah Lacy
University of Delaware, Department of Anthropology, Newark, DE, USA
Search for more papers by this authorLand Acknowledgment:
The University of Notre Dame is on the traditional territory of the Haudenosauneega, Miami, Peoria, all of the Bodéwadmik Potawatomi peoples, and particularly the Pokégnek Bodéwadmik/Pokagon Potawatomi.
The University of Delaware occupies lands vital to the web of life for the Lenni Lenape and Nanticoke, who share their ancestry, history, and future in this region.
Abstract
enMyths of “Man the Hunter” and male biological superiority persist in interpretations and reconstructions of human evolution. Although there are uncontroversial average biological differences between females and males, the potential physiological advantages females may possess are less well-known and less well-studied. Here we review and present emerging physiological evidence that females may be metabolically better suited for endurance activities such as running, which could have profound implications for understanding subsistence capabilities and patterns in the past. We discuss the role of estrogen and adiponectin as respective key modulators of glucose and fat metabolism, both of which are critical fuels during long endurance activities. We also discuss how differences in overall body composition, muscle fiber composition, the metabolic cost of load carrying, and self-pacing may provide females with increased endurance capacities. Highlighting these potential advantages provides a physiological framework that complements existing archaeological (Lacy and Ocobock, this issue) and cultural work reassessing female endurance and hunting capabilities as well as the sexual division of labor. Such a holistic approach is critical to amending our current understanding of hu(wo)man evolution.
Resumen
frLos mitos del hombre cazador’ y la superioridad biológica masculina persisten en interpretaciones y reconstrucciones de la evolución humana. Aunque hay incontrovertibles diferencias biológicas en promedio entre mujeres y hombres, las ventajas potenciales psicológicas que las mujeres puede poseer son menos conocidas y estudiadas. Aquí revisamos y presentamos evidencia fisiológica emergente que las mujeres pueden estar mejor adaptadas metabólicamente para actividades de resistencia tales como correr, lo cual puede tener profundas implicaciones para entender las capacidades y patrones de subsistencia en el pasado. Discutimos el rol del estrógeno y la adipona/ctina como moduladores de glucosa y metabolismo de la grasa ambos de los cuales son combustibles críticos durante actividades de larga resistencia. También discutimos cómo diferencias en la composición corporal general, composición fibrosa muscular, el costo metabólico del transporte de carga, y el auto-ritmo puede proveer a las mujeres con capacidades de resistencia mayor. Enfatizando estas ventajas potenciales provee un marco fisiológico que complementa el trabajo arqueológico (Lacy and Ocobock, en este número) y cultural existente reevaluando la resistencia de las mujeres y sus capacidades para cazar, así como la división sexual del trabajo. Tal aproximación holística es crítica para enmendar nuestro actual entendimiento de la evolución hu(wo)man (humana). [evolución, fisiología, diferencias sexuales]
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