How would you like to reduce your annual energy costs $100 to $200 for a simple 15-minute maintenance procedure in your greenhouse? This is the potential fuel savings from properly heating a greenhouse by improving the accuracy of a heating thermostat. There are few minimum labor tasks that will give this large a return.
The above savings is based on a 30-foot-by-100-foot double covered greenhouse where the average winter temperature is 25 degrees F. and the fuel costs are $15/million Btu (equivalent to fuel oil at $1.50/gal., natural gas at $1.05/therm and propane at $0.88/gallon). It is also based on a desired night temperature of 60 degrees F. and manual thermostat setting that is 1 to 2 degrees too high.
Thermostats tend to lose accuracy over time
All thermostats should be checked for accuracy at least once a year. Start by checking the accuracy of a good thermometer by inserting it into an ice water bath. The reading should be 32 degrees F.
Place the thermometer adjacent to the thermostat sensor and allow the thermometer to reach room temperature. They should not be in direct sunlight. Slowly increase the temperature setting of the thermostat until the heater turns on. The reading should be the same temperature as the thermometer reading. If not, determine the temperature difference and mark the thermostat accordingly. More than one test may be required to determine the actual difference, but the difference between the thermometer reading and the thermostat reading indicates the inaccuracy of the thermostat settings. Next time the heating system is serviced, have the service person recalibrate it.
Also, while checking accuracy, clean the dust off the sensor coil and any interior exposed connections. If there are exposed contacts, use a contact cleaner or draw a piece of paper or a business card through them to remove corrosion. Check that all wire connections are tight and not broken.
Install the thermostat to sense plant temperature
Proper installation can also have an effect on thermostat operation. The thermostat must feel the air that the plants feel if you want to control the temperature in the plant zone. A good location is at plant height near the center of the growing area. Some growers install the thermostat so that it can be raised or lowered for different crops.
A thermostat mounted on an endwall or sidewall of the greenhouse (a location that heating equipment installers usually choose) will not give good results. Also be sure that it is not located adjacent to heat pipes or in the direct line of a duct outlet. The thermostat should be shaded so that it is out of direct sunlight.
Locating the heating and cooling system thermostats in one location is desirable. Placing them inside a closed aspirated box that is painted white will give more accurate sensing. An aspirated box has a small muffin fan that draws air past the sensors. Tests at Rutgers University showed that the temperature spread (difference between high and low) in the greenhouse was reduced from 8 degrees F. to 2 degrees F. when the heating thermostat was aspirated. Energy is wasted any time the greenhouse air temperature is heated above the optimum.
Select a thermostat for the harsh greenhouse environment
There are many types of thermostats to choose from. When selecting one, look for moisture and dust-tight boxes. Typical home thermostats have an exposed bi-metallic strip sensing element that can give erroneous signals when covered with dust or moisture. A better choice for a greenhouse is a thermostat that has a sensor activated by pressure from the expansion of a liquid or gas in a coil of closed tubing.
The movement of the switch between the on signal and the off signal of a mechanical thermostat is called the differential. This can vary between 4 to 6 degrees F. for mechanical thermostats. If you want to maintain a minimum of 60 degrees F. (thermostat setpoint) in the greenhouse, and you have a thermostat with a 5 degrees F. differential, the furnace will start when the temperature falls to 60 degrees F. and will shut off when it reaches 65 degrees F. This override increases both heat loss from the greenhouse and heating cost. It is important to select a thermostat with a small differential between the on and off signals. Some thermostats have a heat anticipator that shuts the heater off just before it reaches the shut off point. This will save some fuel.
Electronic thermostats can save considerable fuel dollars
Electronic thermostats have a smaller differential, usually +/- 1 degree F, and temperature control is more accurate than with mechanical thermostats. The electronic thermostat sensor is a thermistor and it utilizes an electronic control circuit. The smaller differential means that the furnace will shut off after a temperature rise of only a few degrees above the setpoint. This reduces fuel consumption. Electronic thermostats typically have other built-in features including remote sensing, digital display of temperature, day/night setback and variable voltage output. Remote sensing allows the sensor to be placed up to several hundred feet away from the thermostat control unit.
One disadvantage to the electronic thermostat is that the heating equipment cycles on and off more frequently. With today’s modern heaters and furnaces, the time that it takes the unit to reach peak efficiency is only a minute or two, so rapid cycling doesn’t affect efficiency much. Motors will be turned on more frequently, which could cause more wear on the starter.
The savings in energy with an electronic thermostat results from more accurate temperature control and less heat loss from the greenhouse surface as the heater shuts off only a couple of degrees above the setpoint. If we assume the same 30-foot-by-100-foot greenhouse from the above example, and compare a mechanical thermostat with a 6 degrees F. differential to an electronic thermostat with a 2 degrees F. differential, the lower average temperature created by the electronic thermostat will save about 500 gallons of fuel oil, 750 gallons of propane or 700 therms of natural gas over the heating season. This is significant and at the price of fuel today will give a short payback.
A little effort before the heating season starts can result in reduced heating costs this winter. This can make more dollars available for improvements to the greenhouse environment control system, such as a controller or computer that integrates all of the heating and cooling equipment.
Additional Resources for Greenhouse Energy Conservation and Efficiency
Introduction to Greenhouse Efficiency and Energy Conservation
Contributors
Authors
- Vern Grubinger, Professor, University of Vermont Extension
- Scott Sanford, Senior Outreach Specialist, University of Wisconsin – Madison
Peer Reviewers
- Daniel Ciolkosz, Extension Associate, Penn State
- Richard Beard, Associate Professor, Extension Agricultural Engineering, Utah State University