Abstract
Traumatic injuries pose a tremendous health burden globally, causing more than 5 million deaths annually and resulting in more deaths than all other causes combined for people aged 5–44 years. For each injury and death due to violence, thousands of nonfatal injuries require medical treatment, many of which lead to long-term disability. Injuries place a severe physical, emotional, and financial burden on individual victims, their families, and our society. To prevent injuries, many intervention strategies have been used to change individual behaviors and/or policies or to improve technologies and the environment. Using four examples (seat belt use, smoke detector installation, bicycle helmet use, and intimate partner violence prevention), this chapter illustrates how multilevel behavioral approaches and strategies could be utilized to target changes at the individual, family, community, and policy levels to prevent violence and injuries. With widespread implementation of such interventions, thousands of lives could be saved annually.
References
Ahrens, M. (2001). The U.S. fire problem overview report: Leading causes and other patterns and trends. Quincy: National Fire Protection Association.
Akhmadeeva, L., Andreeva, V. A., Sussman, S., Khusnutdinova, A., & Simons-Morton, B. (2008). Need and possibilities for seat belt use promotion in Russia. Evaluation and Health Professions, 31, 282–289.
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Pediatric Workforce & Pletcher, B. A. (2006). Prevention of sexual harassment in the workplace and educational settings. Pediatrics, 118, 1752–1756.
Babcock, J. C., Green, C. E., & Robie, C. (2004). Does batterers’ treatment work? A meta-analytic review of domestic violence treatment. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 1023–1053.
Beck, K. H., Hartos, J. L., & Simons-Morton, B. G. (2006). The relation of parent-teen agreement on driving restrictions and teen risky driving: Results of a 9-month-follow up. American Journal of Health Behavior, 30, 533–543.
Begg, D. J., & Gulliver, P. (2008). A longitudinal examination of the relationship between adolescent problem behaviors and traffic crash involvement during young adulthood. Traffic Injury Prevention, 9, 508–514.
Bener, A., Al Humoud, S. M. Q., Price, P., Azhar, A., Khalid, M. K., Rysavy, M., & Crundall, D. (2007). The effect of seat belt legislation on hospital admissions with road traffic injuries in an oil rich fast-developing country. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 14, 103–107.
Bonnie, R. J., Fulco, C. E., & Liverman, C. T. (Eds.). (1999). Reducing the burden of injury: Advancing prevention and treatment. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press.
Campbell, B. J. (1987). Safety belt injury reduction related to crash severity and front seat position. Journal of Trauma, 27, 733–739.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Violence prevention: The social-ecological model: A framework for violence prevention. Retrieved July 21, 2011, from http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/overview/social-ecologicalmodel.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). Fire deaths and injuries: Fact sheet. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Fire-Prevention/fires-factsheet.html
Claudius, I. A., & Nager, A. L. (2005). The utility of safety counseling in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatrics, 115, e423–e427.
Cleary, B. R., & Gottman, J. M. (2012). Reducing situational violence in low-income couples by fostering healthy relationships. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 38(1), 187–198.
Coker, A. L., Sanderson, M., & Dong, B. (2004). Partner violence during pregnancy and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 18, 260–269.
Dahlberg, L. L., & Krug, E. G. (2002). Violence-A global public health problem. In E. Krug, L. L. Dahlberg, J. A. Mercy, A. B. Zwi, & R. Lozano (Eds.), World report on violence and health (pp. 1–56). Geneva: World Health Organization.
Dellinger, A. M., & Kresnow, M. (2010). Bicycle helmet use among children in the United States: The effects of legislation, personal and household factors. Journal of Safety Research, 41, 375–380.
DiGuiseppi, C., Slater, S., Roberts, I., Adams, L., Sculpher, M., Wade, A., & McCarthy, M. (1999). The “Let’s Get Alarmed!” initiative: A smoke alarm giveaway programme. Injury Prevention, 5, 177–182.
DiGuiseppi, C. & Higgins, J. P. (2001). Interventions for promoting smoke alarm ownership and function. Cochrane Database Systems Reviews, 2, CD002246.
Dong, X., Peek-Asa, C., Yang, J., Wang, S., Chen, X., Chi, G., & Ramirez, M. (2011). The association of road safety knowledge and risk behaviour with paediatric road traffic injury in Guangzhou, China. Injury Prevention, 17, 15–20.
Duchossois, G. P., Nance, M. L., Garcia-Espana, J. F., & Flores, J. (2009). Sustainability of an in-home fire prevention intervention. Journal of Trauma Nursing, 16, 194–198.
Erke, A., & Elvik, R. (2007). Making vision zero real: Preventing pedestrian accidents and making them less severe, Oslo. Retrieved July 21, 2010, from http://www.toi.no/getfile.php/Publikasjoner/T%D8I%20rapporter/2007/889-2007/8892007nett.pdf
Evans, L., & Frick, M. C. (1986). Safety belt effectiveness in preventing driver fatalities versus a number of vehicular, accident, roadway, and environmental factors. Journal of Safety Research, 17, 143–154.
Feda, D. M., Gerberich, S. G., Ryan, A. D., Nachreiner, N. M., & McGovern, P. M. (2010). Written violence policies and risk of physical assault against Minnesota educators. Journal of Public Health Policy, 31, 461–477.
Fishback, R. L., & Herbert, B. (1997). Domestic violence and mental health: Correlates and conundrums within and across cultures. Social Science & Medicine, 45, 1161–1176.
Flynn, J. D. (2010). Characteristics of home fire victims. Quincy: National Fire Protection Association.
GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. (2015). Global, regional, and national age–sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet, 385, 117–171.
Gilchrist, J., Schieber, R. A., Leadbetter, S., & Davidson, S. C. (2000). Police enforcement as part of a comprehensive bicycle helmet program. Pediatrics, 106, 6–9.
Gill, T. (2005). Cycling and children and young people: A review. London: National Children’s Bureau.
Ginnelly, L., Sculpher, M., Bojke, C., Roberts, I., Wade, A., & Diguiseppi, C. (2005). Determining the cost effectiveness of a smoke alarm give-away program using data from a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Public Health, 15, 448–453.
Go, V. F., Johnson, S. C., Bentley, M. E., Sivaram, S., Srikrishnan, A. K., Celentano, D. D., & Solomon, S. (2003). Crossing the threshold: Engendered definitions of socially acceptable domestic violence in Chennai, India. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 5, 393–408.
Governors Highway Safety Association. (2015). Seat belt laws. Retrieved from http://www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/laws/seatbelt_laws.html
Gracia, E., & Herrero, J. (2006). Acceptability of domestic violence against women in the European Union: A multilevel analysis. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60, 123–129.
Graham, J. D. (1993). Injuries from traffic crashes: Meeting the challenge. Annual Review of Public Health, 13, 515–543.
Grande, J. M. (2007). Three years of mandatory helmet use in Spain. Some results of an inconvenient law. Retrieved from http://www.ecf.com/files/2/12/16/071203_three_years_of_mandatory_cycle_helmet_usein_spain-ECF.pdf
Habib, R. A., Hamdan, M., Al-Sahab, B., Alenamack, H., & Afifi, R. (2010). The influence of parent–child relationship on safety belt use among school children in Beirut. Health Promotion International, 25, 403–411.
Haddon Jr., W. (1970). On the escape of tigers: An ecologic note. American Journal Public Health & The Nations Health, 60, 2229–2234.
Hagel, B. E., Rizkallah, J. W., Lamy, A., Belton, K. L., Jhangri, J. S., Cherry, N., et al. (2006). Bicycle helmet prevalence two years after the introduction of mandatory use legislation for under 18 year olds in Alberta, Canada. Injury Prevention, 12, 262–265.
Hall, J. R. (2001). Burns, toxic gases, and other hazards associated with fires: Deaths and injuries in fire and non-fire situations. Quincy: National Fire Protection Association, Fire Analysis and Research Division.
Hamann, C., Peek-Asa, C., Lynch, C. F., Ramirez, M., & Torner, J. (2013). Burden of hospitalizations for bicycling injuries by motor vehicle involvement: United States, 2002 to 2009. Journal of Trauma & Acute Care Surgery, 75(5), 870–876.
Hartos, J., Eitel, P., & Simons-Morton, B. (2002). Parenting practices and adolescent risky driving: A three-month prospective study. Health Education and Behavior, 29, 194–206.
Harvey, P. A., Aitken, M., Ryan, G. W., Demeter, L. A., Givens, J., Sundararaman, R., & Goulette, S. (2004). Strategies to increase smoke alarm use in high-risk households. Journal of Community Health, 29, 375–385.
Hendrie, D., Miller, T. R., Orlando, M., Spicer, R. S., Taft, C., Consunji, R., & Zaloshnja, E. (2004). Child and family safety device affordability by country income level: An 18 country comparison. Injury Prevention, 10, 338–343.
Hilton, N. Z., & Harris, G. T. (2009). Criminal justice responses to partner violence: History, evaluation and lessons learned. In D. J. Whitaker & J. R. Lutzker (Eds.), Prevention partner violence: Research and evidence based research strategies (pp. 219–243). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Hu, G., & Baker, S. P. (2009). Trends in unintentional injury deaths, U.S., 1999–2005: Age, gender, and racial/ethnic differences. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 37, 188–194.
Inwood, C., Whitley, C., & Sexton, B. (2005). Cycle helmet wearing in 2004, TRL Report TRL644. Wokingham: Transport Research Laboratory.
Istre, G. R., McCoy, M. A., Osborn, L., Barnard, J. J., & Bolton, A. (2001). Deaths and injuries from house fires. New England Journal of Medicine, 344, 1911–1916.
Istre, G. R., McCoy, M. A., Moore, B. J., Roper, C., Stephens-Stidham, S., Barnard, J. J., & Anderson, R. J. (2014). Preventing deaths and injuries from house fires: An outcome evaluation of a community-based smoke alarm installation programme. Injury Prevention, 20(2), 97–102.
Karkhaneh, K., Kalenga, J.-C., Hagel, B. E., & Rowe, B. H. (2006). Effectiveness of bicycle helmet legislation to increase helmet use: A systematic review. Injury Prevention, 12, 76–82.
Karkhaneh, M., Rowe, B. H., Saunders, L. D., Voaklander, D. C., & Hagel, B. E. (2013). Trends in head injuries associated with mandatory bicycle helmet legislation targeting children and adolescents. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 59, 206–212.
Karter, J. M. (2014). Fire loss in the United States during 2013. Quincy: National Fire Protection Association.
Klair, A. A., & Arfan, M. (2014). Use of seat belt and enforcement of seat belt laws in Pakistan. Traffic Injury Prevention, 15, 706–710.
Klein, K. S., Thompson, D., Scheidt, P. C., Overpeck, M. D., & Gross, L. A. (2005). Factors associated with bicycle helmet use among young adolescents in a multinational sample; HBSC international investigators. Injury Prevention, 11, 288–293.
Krug, E. G., Sharma, G. K., & Lozano, R. (2000). The global burden of injuries. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 523–526.
Krug, E. G., Dahlberg, K. L., Mercy, J. A., Zwi, A. B., & Lozano, R. (Eds.). (2002). World report on violence and health. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Leistikow, B. N., Martin, D. C., & Milano, C. E. (2000). Fire injuries, disasters, and costs from cigarettes and cigarette lights: A global overview. Preventive Medicine, 31, 91–99.
Liu, Y., Mack, K. A., & Diekman, S. T. (2012). Smoke alarm giveaway and installation programs: An economic evaluation. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 43(4), 385–391.
Macpherson, A., & Spinks, A. (2007). Bicycle helmet legislation for the uptake of helmet use and prevention of head injuries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, CD005401. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005401.pub2.
Mallonee, S. (2000). Evaluating injury prevention programs: The Oklahoma City Smoke Alarm Project. The Future of Children, 10(1), 164–174.
Mallonee, S., Istre, G. R., Rosenberg, M., et al. (1996). Surveillance and prevention of residential-fire injuries. New England Journal of Medicine, 335, 27–31.
Manchester, T., Meklenburg, J., Moise, K., & Potts, B. (2009). International smoke alarm legislation and technology in residential structures. Worcester: Worchester Polytechnic Institute.
Marshall, S., Runyan, C., Bangdiwala, S., Linzer, M., Sacks, J., & Butts, J. (1998). Fatal residential fires: Who dies and who survives? Journal of the American Medical Association, 279, 1633–1637.
Mock, C., Rissa, C. A., Perez, R. T., Saavedra, V. A., Zozaya, J. E., Solis, R. G., Simpson, K., & Torre, M. H. (2002). Childhood injury prevention practices by parents in Mexico. Injury Prevention, 8, 303–305.
Mueller, B. A., Sidman, E. A., Alter, H., Perkins, R., & Grossman, D. C. (2008). Randomized controlled trial of ionization and photoelectric smoke alarm functionality. Injury Prevention, 14, 80–86.
Murray, C. J. L., & Lopez, A. D. (1996). Global health statistics: A compendium of incidence, prevalence, and mortality estimates for over 200 conditions. In Global burden of disease (Vol. 2). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University on behalf of the World Health Organization and the World Bank.
Murray, C. J. L., Vos, T., Lozano, R., Naghavi, M., Flaxman, A. D., Michaud, C., et al. (2012). Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet, 380, 2197–2223.
Nagel, R. W., Hankenhof, B. J., Kimmel, S. R., & Saxe, J. M. (2003). Educating grade school children using a structured bicycle safety program. Journal of Trauma, 55, 920–923.
Netherlands Institute for Safety Nibra. (2009). Consumer fire safety: European statistics and potential fire safety measures. Arnhem: Netherlands Institute for Safety Nibra.
Nichols, J. L., Tippetts, S., Fell, J. C., Eichelberger, A. H., & Haseltine, P. W. (2014). The effects of primary enforcement laws and fine levels on seat belt usage in the United States. Traffic Injury Prevention, 15, 640–644.
Nolen, S., Ekman, R., & Lindqvist, K. (2005). Bicycle helmet use in Sweden during the 1990s and in the future. Health Promotion International, 20, 33–40.
O’Leary, D. K., & Smith Slep, A. M. (2011). Prevention of partner violence by focusing on behaviors of both young males and females. Prevention Science. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-011-0237-2.
Parkin, P. C., Degroot, J., Macpherson, A., Fuselli, P., & Macarthur, C. (2014). Canadian parents’ attitudes and beliefs about bicycle helmet legislation in provinces with and without legislation. Chronic Disease & Injuries in Canada, 34(1), 8–11.
Peden, M., McGee, K., & Krug, E. (Eds.). (2002). Injury: A leading cause of the global burden of disease, 2000. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Peden, M., McGee, K., & Sharma, G. (2002). The injury chart book: A graphical overview of the global burden of injuries. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Peek-Asa, C., & Hyder, A. A. (2008). Injury prevention and control: The public health approach, Oxford textbook of public health (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Peek-Asa, C., Allareddy, V., Yang, J., Taylor, C., Lundell, J., & Zwerling, C. (2005). When one is not enough: Prevalence and characteristics of homes not adequately protected by smoke alarms. Injury Prevention, 11, 364–368.
Peek-Asa, C., Yang, J., Hamann, C., Jones, M. P., Young, T., & Zwerling, C. (2010). Smoke alarm and battery function 42 months after installation: A randomized trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 39, 368–371.
Peek-Asa, C., Yang, J., Hamann, C., & Young, T. (2011). Smoke alarm tests may not adequately indicate smoke alarm function. Journal of Burn Care and Research, 32, e135–e139.
Peterson, T. D., Tilman, J. B., Runge, J. W., & Hunt, R. C. (1999). Motor vehicle safety: Current concepts and challenges for emergency physicians. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 34, 384–393.
Petridou, E., Trichopoulos, D., Stappa, M., Tsoufis, Y., Skalkidou, A., & Hellenic Road Traffic Police Department. (1999). Effectiveness of a comprehensive multisector campaign to increase seat belt use in the greater Athens area, Greece. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 1861–1863.
Porter, B. E., Lajunin, T., Ozkan, T., & Will, K. E. (2010). A behavioral observation study of Turkish drivers’ and children’s safety belt use. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1607–1609.
Povey, L. J., Firth, W. J., & Graham, P. G. (1999). Cycle helmet effectiveness in New Zealand. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 31, 763–770.
Pulerwitz, J., Hughes, L., Mehta, M., Kidanu, A., Verani, F., & Tewolde, S. (2015). Changing gender norms and reducing intimate partner violence: Results from a quasi-experimental intervention study with young men in Ethiopia. American Journal of Public Health, 105(1), 132–137.
Ramirez, M., Yang, J. Z., Young, T., Roth, L., Garinger, A., Snetselaar, L., & Peek-Asa, C. (2013). Implementation evaluation of steering teens safe: Engaging parents to deliver a new parent-based teen driving intervention to their teens. Health Education & Behavior, 40(4), 426–434. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198112459517.
Richard, J. B., Thélot, B., & Beck, F. (2013). Evolution of bicycle helmet use and its determinants in France: 2000–2010. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 60, 113–120.
Rivara, F. P., Koepsell, T. D., Grossman, D. C., & Mock, C. (2000). Effectiveness of automobile shoulder belt systems in motor vehicle crashes. Journal of the American Medical Association, 283, 2826–2828.
Robinson, D. L. (2006). No clear evidence from countries that have enforced the wearing of helmets. British Medical Journal, 332, 722–725.
Rodgers, G. B. (2002). Effects of stat helmet laws on bicycle helmet use by children and adolescents. Injury Prevention, 8, 42–46.
Routley, V., Ozanne-Smith, J., Li, D., Wang, J., Zhang, J., Tong, Z., Wu, M., Wang, P., & Qin, Y. (2008). China belting up or down? Seat belt wearing trends in Nanjing and Zhoushan. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 40, 1850–1858.
Rowe, B. H., Rowe, A. M., & Bota, G. W. (1995). Bicyclist and environmental factors associated with fatal bicycle-related trauma in Ontario. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 152, 45–53.
Rowland, D., DiGuiseppi, C., Roberts, I., Curtis, K., Roberts, H., Ginnelly, L., Sculpher, M., & Wade, A. (2002). A prevalence of working smoke alarms in a local authority inner city housing: Randomized controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 325, 998–1001.
Royal, S., Kendrick, D., & Coleman, T. (2007). Promoting bicycle helmet wearing by children using non-legislative interventions: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Injury Prevention, 13, 162–167.
Runyan, C. W. (1998). Using the Haddon matrix: Introducing the third dimension. Injury Prevention, 4, 302–307.
Runyan, C. W., Bangdiwala, S. I., Linzer, M. A., Sacks, J. J., & Butts, J. (1992). Risk factors for fatal residential fires. New England Journal of Medicine, 327, 859–863.
Runyan, C. W., Johnson, R. M., Yang, J., Waller, A. E., Perkis, D., Marshall, S. W., Coyne-Beasley, T., & McGee, K. S. (2005). Risk and protective factors for fires, burns, and carbon monoxide poisoning in U.S. households. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28, 102–108.
Runyan, C. W., Hargarten, S., Hemenway, D., Peek-Asa, C., Cunningham, R., Costich, J., & Gielen, A. (2010). An urgent call to action in support of injury control research centers. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 39, 89–92.
Rutherford, W. (1985). The medical effects of seat belt legislation in the United Kingdom. A critical review of the findings. Archives of Emergency Medicine, 2, 221–223.
Sacks, J. J., Holmgreen, P., Smith, S. M., et al. (1991). Bicycle-associated head injuries and deaths in the United States from 1984 through 1988. How many are preventable? Journal of the American Medical Association, 266, 3016–3018.
Salazar, M., Valladares, E., Ohman, A., & Högberg, U. (2009). Ending intimate partner violence after pregnancy: Findings from a community-based longitudinal study in Nicaragua. BMC Public Health, 9, 350.
Sangowawa, A. O., Alagh, B. T., Ekanem, S. E. U., Ebong, I. P., Faseru, B., Adekunle, B. J., & Uchendu, O. C. (2010). An observational study of seat belt use in Nigeria. Injury Prevention, 16, 85–89.
Secginli, S., Cosansu, G., & Nahcivan, N. O. (2014). Factors associated with bicycle-helmet use among 8–16 years aged Turkish children: A questionnaire survey. International Journal of Injury Control & Safety Promotion, 21(4), 367–375.
Shults, R. A., Nichols, J. L., Dinh-Zarr, T. B., Sleet, D. A., & Elder, R. W. (2004). Effectiveness of primary enforcement safety belt laws and enhanced enforcement of safety belt laws: A summary of the guide to community preventive services systematic reviews. Journal of Safety Research, 35, 189–196.
Simons-Morton, B. G., Hartos, J. L., Leaf, W. A., & Preusser, D. F. (2005). Persistence of effects of the checkpoints program on parental restrictions of teen driving privileges. American Journal of Public Health, 95, 447–452.
Stevenson, M., Yu, J., Hendrie, D., Li, L. P., Ivers, R., Zhou, Y., Su, S., & Norton, R. (2008). Reducing the burden of road traffic injury: Translating high-income country interventions to middle-income and low-income countries. Injury Prevention, 14, 284–289.
Ta, V. M., Frattaroli, S., Bergen, G., & Gielen, A. C. (2006). Evaluated community fire safety interventions in the United States: A review of current literature. Journal of Community Health, 31, 176–197.
The Commonwealth Fund. (1999). Health concerns across a woman’s lifespan: The Commonwealth Fund 1998 survey of Women’s health. New York: The Commonwealth Fund.
Thompson, D., Rivara, F., & Thompson, R. (2000). Helmets for preventing head and facial injuries in bicyclists. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, CD001855.
Trinca, G. W., & Dooley, B. J. (1977). The effects of seat belt legislation on road traffic injuries. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery, 47, 150–155.
Uthman, O. A., Lawoko, S., & Moradi, T. (2009). Factors associated with attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women: A comparative analysis of 17 sub-Saharan countries. BMC International Health & Human Rights, 9, 14.
Uthman, O. A., Moradi, T., & Lawoko, S. (2009). The independent contribution of individual-, neighbourhood-and country-level socioeconomic position on attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women in sub-Saharan Africa: A multilevel model of direct and moderating effects. Social Science & Medicine, 68, 1801–1809.
Vanderende, K. E., Yount, K. M., Dynes, M. M., & Sibley, L. M. (2012). Community-level correlates of intimate partner violence against women globally: A systematic review. Social Science & Medicine, 75(7), 1143–1155.
Vladutiu, C. J., Martin, S. L., & Macy, R. J. (2011). College- or university-based sexual assault prevention programs: A review of program outcomes, characteristics, and recommendations. Trauma, Violence and Abuse, 12, 67–86.
Vulcan, A. P., Cameron, M. H., & Watson, W. L. (1992). Mandatory bicycle helmet use: Experience in Victoria, Australia. World Journal of Surgery, 16, 389–397.
Weiss, G., Sirin, H., Levine, J. A., & Sauber, E. (2006). International survey of seat belt use exemptions. Injury Prevention, 12, 258–261.
Woodin, E. M., & O’Leary, K. D. (2010). A brief motivational intervention for physically aggressive dating couples. Prevention Science, 11, 371–383.
World Bank. (1993). World development report 1993: Investing in health. New York: Oxford University Press, World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2002). World report on violence and health: Summary. Geneva: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2004). World report on road traffic injury prevention. Geneva: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2005a). Addressing violence against women and achieving the millennium development goals. Geneva: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2005b). WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence against women: Summary report. Geneva: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2006). Road traffic injury prevention: Training manual. Geneva: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2008). Violence, injuries, and disability: Biennial 2006–2007 report. Geneva: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: Prevalence of health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Wu, B. C., & Oakes, J. M. (2005). A randomized controlled trial of sport helmet interventions in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatric Emergency Care, 21, 730–735.
Yang, J. Z., Peek-Asa, C., Jones, M. P., Nordstrom, D. L., Taylor, C., Young, T. L., & Zwerling, C. (2008). Smoke alarms by type and battery life in rural households: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35, 20–24.
Yang, J. Z., Jones, M. P., Cheng, G., Ramirez, M., Taylor, C., & Peek-Asa, C. (2011). Do nuisance alarms decrease functionality of smoke alarms near the kitchen? Findings from a randomized controlled trial. Injury Prevention, 17, 160–165.
Yang, J. Z., Campo, S., Ramirez, M., Krapfl, J. R., Cheng, G., & Peek-Asa, C. (2013). Family communication patterns and teen drivers’ attitudes toward driving safety. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 27(5), 334–341. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2012.01.002.
Yi, S., Poudel, K. C., Yasuoka, J., Palmer, P. H., Yi, S., & Jimba, M. (2010). Role of risk and protective factors in risky sexual behavior among high school students in Cambodia. BMC Public Health, 10, 477.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Yang, J., Peek-Asa, C., Welter, T.L. (2018). Preventing Violence and Injury. In: Fisher, E., et al. Principles and Concepts of Behavioral Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-93826-4_29
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-93826-4_29
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-93825-7
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-93826-4
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)